Referencing and Citation

Referencing is a system used in the academic community to indicate where

ideas, theories, quotes, facts and any other evidence and information used
to undertake an assignment, can be found. There are many types of
referencing are available. But the below two methods are widely used and
most popular in the academic writing works.
01. Harvard Referencing & Citation
02. APA Referencing & Citation
01. Harvard Referencing & Citation

The term referencing describes references to cited documents given in

a list at the end of the text.

These are usually described as

bibliographic references.
In the Harvard System, the references are listed in alphabetical order

of authors' surnames.
If you have cited more than one item by a specific author they should
be listed chronologically (earliest first), and by letter (1993a, 1993b) if

more than one item has been published during a specific year.
Whenever possible, elements of a bibliographical reference should be

taken from the title page of the publication.

Each reference should use the elements and punctuation given in the
following examples for the different types of published work you may
have referenced.

Examples - Harvard Referencing

Reference to a book

Author's Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Title.Edition. (if not the first),
Place of publication, Publisher.
e.g.Mercer, P.A. and Smith, G., 1993. Private viewdata in the UK. 2nd ed.
London: Longman.

Reference to an article in a journal

Author's Surname, Initials., Year of publication, Title of journal, Volume

number and (part number), Page numbers of contribution.
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e.g. Evans, W.A., 1994, Approaches to intelligent information retrieval.

Information processing and management, 7 (2), 147-168

Reference to a conference paper

Contributing author's Surname, Initials., Year of publication. Title of

contribution. Followed by In: Initials. Surname, of editor of conference
proceedings (if applicable), Title of conference proceedings including date
and place of conference, Place of publication, Publisher, Page numbers of
contribution.
e.g.

Silver, K., 1991. Electronic mail: the new way to communicate.

In: D.I. Raitt, ed 9th international online information meeting, London 3-5
December 1990. Oxford: Learned Information, 323-330.

Reference to a publication from a corporate body (e.g. a government

department or other organization).

Name Of Issuing Body, Year of publication, Title of publication, Place of

publication, Publisher, Report Number (where relevant).
e.g. Unesco, 1993. General information programme and UNISIST. Paris:
Unesco, (PGI-93/WS/22).

Reference to a thesis

Author's Surname, Initials., Year of publication, Title of thesis, Designation,

(any type), Name of institution to which submitted.
e.g. Agutter, A.J., 1995. The linguistic significance of current British slang,
Thesis (PhD). Edinburgh University.

Electronic material - following the Harvard System

This section taken from:

Holland, M. (1996). Harvard system [online]. Bournemouth University.
Available from:
http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service-depts/newslis/LIS
Gen.citation/harvardsystint.html [15 Apr 1996].

Harvard Citation
A citation is the part of the reference that you include within the main body
of your work whenever you directly quote from, paraphrase, summarize or
refer to work produced by another author. In the Harvard style, the
citation includes the author's surname and year of publication.
It is good practice to vary the way you incorporate in-text citations; this will
help enhance the flow and style of your academic writing.
You may sometimes use the author's name in the text or just refer to the
author in brackets and citations might appear at the start, middle or end of
your sentences.
You can also refer to multiple authors at once; this will not only help to make
your writing more succinct, but will improve the synthesis of sources,
research or ideas within your assignments.
Examples
Citing in the text One author
When the author name is not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of
the author's surname and the date of publication in brackets:
Example:
It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones, 2011).
If you have already named the author in the text, only the year needs to be
included in brackets.
Example:
Jones (2011) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.
Citing in the text Two authors
If a source has two authors, both names should be given.
When the authors' names are not mentioned in the text, the citation consists
of the authors' surnames and the date of publication in brackets:

Example:
It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones and
Baker, 2011).
If you have already named the authors in the text, only the year needs to be
included in brackets.
Example:
Jones and Baker (2011) emphasised that citations in a text should be
consistent.
You should also include page numbers if you quote directly from the text,
paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table,
etc from a source.

Citing in the text Two or more authors

If a source has three or more authors' it is usual for the name of the first
author to be given, followed by the phrase "et al." (which means "and
others").
Example:
When the authors' names are not mentioned in the text, the citation consists
of the first author's surname and "et al.", followed by the date of publication,
in brackets:
It was emphasized that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones et al.,
2011).
If you have already named the authors in the text, only the year needs to be
included in brackets.
Example:
Jones et al. (2011) emphasized that citations in a text should be consistent.
You should also include page numbers if you quote directly from the text,
paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table,
etc from a source.
02. APA Referencing & Citation
Academic conventions and copyright law require that you acknowledge when
you use the ideas of others. In most cases, this means stating which book or

journal article is the source of an idea or quotation. This guide draws from
the: American Psychological Association.
Examples - APA Referencing
Reference to a book
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of book. Location of
publication: Publisher.
e.g. Ibn Abdulaziz, T. (2004). Classic experiments in psychology. Westport,
CT: Greenwood.

Reference to an article in a journal

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of article. Journal Title, volume

number(issue number), pagepage. doi:xxxx
e.g. Matney, G. T. (2014). Early mathematics fluency with CCSSM. Teaching
Children Mathematics, 21(1), 27-35.

Reference to a conference paper

Presenter, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper or poster. Paper or poster

session presented at the meeting of Organisation Name, Location.
e.g. Jodel, F., Russell, F, Tepper, K., Todd, P. & Zahora, T. (2009,
September). Joined at the hip: Partnerships between librarians and learning
skills advisers. Poster session presented at the International Congress of
Medical Librarianship, Brisbane.

Reference to a publication from a corporate body (e.g. a government

department or other organization).

Author, A.A. (year of publication). Title of publication (Number of report).

Place of publication: Publisher.
e.g. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and
care (No. 4402.0). Canberra, ACT: Author.

Reference to a thesis

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of thesis or dissertation (Doctoral

dissertation or Master's thesis). Retrieved from Name of database.
(Accession or Order no.)

e.g. Bozeman, A. Jr. (2007). Age of onset as predictor of cognitive

performance in children with seizure disorders. (Doctoral dissertation).
Retrieved from Proquest Dissertations and Theses. (UMI 3259752)

Electronic material - following the Harvard System

Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of work. Retrieved

from URL
Singh, L. (2011). The critcal decade: Climate change and health. Retrieved
from
http://climatecommission.gov.au/report/the-critical-decade-climatechange-and-health/
APA Citation
In APA style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so
that it is clear what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose
information is being cited.
Examples:

Works by a single author

The last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the
text at the appropriate point.
from theory on bounded rationality (Simon, 1945)
If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative, cite
only missing information in parentheses.
Simon (1945) posited that

Works by multiple authors

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the
reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical material join the names with an
ampersand (&). as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998)

In the narrative text, join the names with the word "and."

as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstrated

When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors
the first time the reference occurs.
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Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found

In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the

surname of the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and
others") and the year of publication.

Kahneman et al. (1991) found

Footnote
The Footnote/ Bibliography method requires two elements: footnotes
throughout your assignment, and a bibliography or list of references at the
end.
Footnotes (sometimes just called notes) are what they sound likea note
(or a reference to a source of information) which appears at the foot (bottom)
of a page. In a footnote referencing system, you indicate a reference by:
putting a small number above the line of type directly following the source
material. This number is called a note identifier. It sits slightly above the line
of text.
It looks like this.