A27 - Solving Triangles

Solutions of Triangles
Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman
Meeting 27
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
1 / 23
Outline
Triangles
Solving Right Triangles
Solving Oblique Triangles
Applications
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
2 / 23
Triangles
Notation for triangles
1
A, B, C: vertices
a, b, c: lengths of the respective opposite sides
, , : measures of the respective interior angles
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
3 / 23
Triangles
A, B, C: vertices
Recall:
+ + = 180
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
4 / 23
Triangles
A, B, C: vertices
Recall:
+ + = 180
Triangle Inequality The sum of the lengths of two sides of a triangle is
greater than the length of the third side.
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
4 / 23
Triangles
A, B, C: vertices
Recall:
+ + = 180
Hinge Theorem In a 4, the side opposite the larger angle is the
longer side.
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
4 / 23
Triangles
A, B, C: vertices
Recall:
+ + = 180
Hinge Theorem In a 4, the side opposite the larger angle is the
longer side.
Pythagorean Theorem If 4ABC is a right triangle with hypotenuse
of length c, then a2 + b2 = c2 .
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
4 / 23
Definition
A triangle that is not a right triangle is called an oblique triangle.
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
5 / 23
Definition
A triangle that is not a right triangle is called an oblique triangle.
GOAL:
Solving a triangle means solving for the length of its sides and the measure
of its interior angles.
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
5 / 23

: acute angle in a right triangle
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
6 / 23

Place the 4 on the Cartesian plane such that is in standard position
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
6 / 23

(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
6 / 23

hy
opposite
us
en
t
po
adjacent
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
6 / 23

hy
opposite
us
en
t
po
adjacent
x = adjacent, y = opposite, r = hypotenuse
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
6 / 23

hy
opposite
us
en
t
po
adjacent

sin =
opposite
hypotenuse
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
6 / 23

hy
opposite
us
en
t
po
adjacent

sin =
adjacent
opposite
, cos =
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
6 / 23

hy
opposite
us
en
t
po
adjacent

sin =
adjacent
opposite
opposite
, cos =
, tan =
hypotenuse
adjacent
hypotenuse
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
6 / 23
Theorem
For an acute angle in a right triangle, we have
sin =
opposite
hypotenuse
cos =
adjacent
hypotenuse
tan =
(IMath, UPD)
opposite
adjacent
Meeting 27
7 / 23

Example: Solve the triangle with b = 12, = 15 ,
and = 90 .
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
=
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 )
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
sin 15 =
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
sin 15 =
(IMath, UPD)
c
12
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23 22
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23 22 21
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23 22 21

6 2
= 12
4
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23 22 21

6 2
= 12
=3 63 2
4
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23 22 21

6 2
= 12
=3 63 2
4
cos 15 =
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23 22 21

6 2
= 12
=3 63 2
4
cos 15 =
(IMath, UPD)
a
12
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23 22 21

6 2
= 12
=3 63 2
4
cos 15 =
(IMath, UPD)
a
12
= a = 12 cos 15
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23 22 21

6 2
= 12
=3 63 2
4
cos 15 =
(IMath, UPD)
a
12
= a = 12 cos 15 = cos(45 30 )
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23 22 21

6 2
= 12
=3 63 2
4
a
= a = 12 cos 15 = cos(45 30 )
cos 15 = 12
= a = 12 (cos 45 cos 30 + sin 45 sin 30 )
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23 22 21

6 2
= 12
=3 63 2
4
a
= a = 12 cos 15 = cos(45 30 )
cos 15 = 12
= a = 12 (cos 45 cos 30 + sin 45 sin 30 )
= a
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23 22 21

6 2
= 12
=3 63 2
4
a
= a = 12 cos 15 = cos(45 30 )
cos 15 = 12
cos 30 + sin 45 sin 30 )
= a = 12 (cos
45

6+ 2
=
= a = 12
4
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23

and = 90 .
Solution:
= 180 (90 + 15 ) = 75
c
sin 15 = 12
= c = 12 sin 15 = 12 sin(45 30 )
= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

= 12 22 23 22 21

6 2
= 12
=3 63 2
4
a
= a = 12 cos 15 = cos(45 30 )
cos 15 = 12
cos 30 + sin 45 sin 30 )
= a = 12 (cos
45

6+ 2
=3 6+3 2
= a = 12
4
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
8 / 23
Sine Law
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
9 / 23
Sine Law
Drop a perpendicular segment from C to AB.
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
9 / 23
Sine Law

Then, sin
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
9 / 23
Sine Law

Then, sin = hb
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
9 / 23
Sine Law

Then, sin = hb and sin
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
9 / 23
Sine Law

Then, sin = hb and sin = ha .
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
9 / 23
Sine Law

Then, sin = hb and sin = ha . Hence,
h=
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
9 / 23
Sine Law

h = b sin
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
9 / 23
Sine Law

h = b sin = a sin
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
9 / 23
Sine Law

h = b sin = a sin
sin
sin
=
a
b
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
9 / 23
Sine Law

h = b sin = a sin
sin
sin
=
a
b
Theorem (Sine Law)

For a triangle with interior angles , , opposite sides with lengths a, b, c
sin
sin
sin
respectively:
=
=
a
b
c
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
9 / 23
Example: Solve the triangle with c = 8, = 45 , and = 60 .
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
10 / 23

Solution:
= 180 (60 + 45 ) = 75
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
10 / 23

Solution:
= 180 (60 + 45 ) = 75
sin 75
sin 60
=
8
b
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
10 / 23

Solution:
= 180 (60 + 45 ) = 75
8 sin 60
sin 75
sin 60
b=
=
=
sin 75
8
b
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
10 / 23

Solution:
= 180 (60 + 45 ) = 75
sin 75
8
sin 60
b
(IMath, UPD)
b=
8 sin 60
sin 75

3
2

6+ 2
4
Meeting 27
10 / 23

Solution:
= 180 (60 + 45 ) = 75
sin 75
8
sin 60
b
(IMath, UPD)
b=
8 sin 60
sin 75

3
2

6+ 2
4
= 12 2 4 6
Meeting 27
10 / 23

Solution:
= 180 (60 + 45 ) = 75
sin 75
8
sin 60
b
b=
8 sin 60
sin 75

3
2

6+ 2
4
= 12 2 4 6
sin 75
sin 45
=
8
a
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
10 / 23

Solution:
= 180 (60 + 45 ) = 75
sin 75
8
sin 60
b
b=
8 sin 60
sin 75

3
2

6+ 2
4
= 12 2 4 6
sin 75
sin 45
8 sin 45
=
a=
=
8
a
sin 75
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
10 / 23

Solution:
= 180 (60 + 45 ) = 75
sin 75
8
sin 60
b
b=
8 sin 60
sin 75
sin 75
sin 45
8 sin 45
=
a=
=
8
a
sin 75
(IMath, UPD)

3
2

6+ 2
4

8 22

6+ 2
4
= 12 2 4 6
Meeting 27
10 / 23

Solution:
= 180 (60 + 45 ) = 75
sin 75
8
sin 60
b
b=
8 sin 60
sin 75
sin 75
sin 45
8 sin 45
=
a=
=
8
a
sin 75
(IMath, UPD)

3
2

6+ 2
4

8 22

6+ 2
4
= 12 2 4 6
=8 38
Meeting 27
10 / 23
Cosine Law
Set 4ABC on the Cartesian plane as shown below:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
11 / 23
Cosine Law
Let (x, y) be the coordinates of A. Then
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
11 / 23
Cosine Law

cos =
(IMath, UPD)
x
b
and sin =
y
b
Meeting 27
11 / 23
Cosine Law

cos =
x
b
and sin =
y
b
Therefore, (x, y) = (b cos , b sin ).
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
11 / 23
Cosine Law

cos =
x
b
and sin =
y
b
Therefore, (x, y) = (b cos , b sin ).
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
11 / 23
Cosine Law
By the distance formula,

c2 = (b cos a)2 + (b sin 0)2
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
12 / 23
Cosine Law
By the distance formula,

c2 = (b cos a)2 + (b sin 0)2
c2 = b2 cos2 2ab cos + a2 + b2 sin2
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
12 / 23
Cosine Law
By the distance
c2
c2
c2
(IMath, UPD)
formula,
= (b cos a)2 + (b sin 0)2
= b2 cos2 2ab cos + a2 + b2 sin2
= a2 + b2 (sin2 + cos2 ) 2ab cos
Meeting 27
12 / 23
Cosine Law
By the distance
c2
c2
c2
c2
(IMath, UPD)
formula,
= (b cos a)2 + (b sin 0)2
= b2 cos2 2ab cos + a2 + b2 sin2
= a2 + b2 (sin2 + cos2 ) 2ab cos
= a2 + b2 2ab cos
Meeting 27
12 / 23
Cosine Law
By changing the side of the triangle fixed on the positive x-axis, we get:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
13 / 23
Cosine Law
Theorem (Cosine Law)

a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
13 / 23
Cosine Law

Note: When one of the angles, say , is 90 , the formula becomes
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
13 / 23
Cosine Law

Note: When one of the angles, say , is 90 , the formula becomes
c2 = a2 + b2 .
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
13 / 23

Example: Solve the triangle with a = 10, b = 10, and c = 10 3.
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
14 / 23

Solution:
(10 3)2 = 102 + 102 2(10)(10)(cos )
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
14 / 23

Solution:
(10 3)2 = 102 + 102 2(10)(10)(cos ) cos = 12
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
14 / 23

Solution:
(10 3)2 = 102 + 102 2(10)(10)(cos ) cos = 12

= Arccos 21 =
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
14 / 23

Solution:
(10 3)2 = 102 + 102 2(10)(10)(cos ) cos = 12

= Arccos 21 = 120
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
14 / 23

Solution:
(10 3)2 = 102 + 102 2(10)(10)(cos ) cos = 12

= Arccos 21 = 120
Since 4ABC is isosceles,
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
14 / 23

Solution:
(10 3)2 = 102 + 102 2(10)(10)(cos ) cos = 12

= Arccos 21 = 120
Since 4ABC is isosceles, = .
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
14 / 23

Solution:
(10 3)2 = 102 + 102 2(10)(10)(cos ) cos = 12

= Arccos 21 = 120
==
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
14 / 23

Solution:
(10 3)2 = 102 + 102 2(10)(10)(cos ) cos = 12

= Arccos 21 = 120
==
(IMath, UPD)
180 120
2
=
Meeting 27
14 / 23

Solution:
(10 3)2 = 102 + 102 2(10)(10)(cos ) cos = 12

= Arccos 21 = 120
==
(IMath, UPD)
180 120
2
= 30
Meeting 27
14 / 23
Solve all triangles ABC satisfying a = 18, c = 8, = 30 , if any.
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
15 / 23
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
15 / 23
sin
18
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
15 / 23
sin 30
sin
=
8
18
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
15 / 23
sin 30
sin
=
8
18
sin
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
15 / 23
sin 30
sin
=
8
18

1
18 2
sin =
8
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
15 / 23
sin 30
sin
=
8
18

1
18 2
9
sin =
=
8
8
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
15 / 23
sin 30
sin
=
8
18

1
18 2
9
sin =
= >1
8
8
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
15 / 23
sin 30
sin
=
8
18

1
18 2
9
sin =
= >1
8
8
NO SOLUTION!
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
15 / 23
Solve all triangles ABC satisfying b = 5 2, c = 5 3, = 60 , if any.
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
sin
5 2
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
sin
sin 60
=
5 2
5 3
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23

5 2 23
sin
sin 60
= sin =
5 2
5 3
5 3
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
5 2 23
sin
sin 60
2
= sin =
=
2
5 2
5 3
5 3
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
5 2 23
sin
sin 60
2
= sin =
=
2
5 2
5 3
5 3
= 45 or 135 .
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
5 2 23
sin
sin 60
2
= sin =
=
2
5 2
5 3
5 3
= 45 or 135 . But, if = 135 , then + > 180 .
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
5 2 23
sin
sin 60
2
= sin =
=
2
5 2
5 3
5 3
= 45 or 135 . But, if = 135 , then + > 180 .
= 45 ,
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
5 2 23
sin
sin 60
2
= sin =
=
2
5 2
5 3
5 3
= 45 or 135 . But, if = 135 , then + > 180 .
= 45 , = 180 (45 + 60 )
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
5 2 23
sin
sin 60
2
= sin =
=
2
5 2
5 3
5 3
= 45 or 135 . But, if = 135 , then + > 180 .
= 45 , = 180 (45 + 60 ) = 105
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
5 2 23
sin
sin 60
2
= sin =
=
2
5 2
5 3
5 3
= 45 or 135 . But, if = 135 , then + > 180 .
= 45 , = 180 (45 + 60 ) = 105
5 3
a
=
sin 105
sin 60
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
5 2 23
sin
sin 60
2
= sin =
=
2
5 2
5 3
5 3
= 45 or 135 . But, if = 135 , then + > 180 .
= 45 , = 180 (45 + 60 ) = 105

5 3 6+4 2
5 3
a
=
a=
3
sin 105
sin 60
2
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
5 2 23
sin
sin 60
2
= sin =
=
2
5 2
5 3
5 3
= 45 or 135 . But, if = 135 , then + > 180 .
= 45 , = 180 (45 + 60 ) = 105

5 3 6+4 2
5 6+ 2
5 3
a
=
a=
=
3
sin 105
sin 60
2
2
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
16 / 23
Applications
Definition
E: observers eye,
(IMath, UPD)
O: point being observed
Meeting 27
17 / 23
Applications
Definition
E: observers eye,
line of sight line joining E and O
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
17 / 23
Applications
Definition
E: observers eye,

angle formed by the horizontal and the line of sight:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
17 / 23
Applications
Definition
E: observers eye,

angle of elevation, if O is above the horizontal through E
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
17 / 23
Applications
Definition
E: observers eye,

angle of elevation, if O is above the horizontal through E
angle of depression, if O is below the horizontal through E
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
17 / 23
Example: Roni, standing 6 ft away from a lamp post, observed that the
angle of elevation to the top of the lamp post is 30 , while the angle of
depression to the bottom of the lamp post is 45 . How high is the lamp
post?
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30 =
(IMath, UPD)
a
6
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30 =
a
6
a = 6 tan 30
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30 =
a
6
a = 6 tan 30 = 6
(IMath, UPD)

3
3
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30 =
a
6
a = 6 tan 30 = 6
(IMath, UPD)

3
3
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30 =
a
6
a = 6 tan 30 = 6
(IMath, UPD)

3
3
=2 3
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30 =
a
6
a = 6 tan 30 = 6

3
3
=2 3
tan 45
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30 =
a
6
a = 6 tan 30 = 6
tan 45 =
(IMath, UPD)

3
3
=2 3
b
6
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30 =
a
6
a = 6 tan 30 = 6

3
3
=2 3
tan 45 = 6b
b = 6 tan 45
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30 =
a
6
a = 6 tan 30 = 6

3
3
=2 3
tan 45 = 6b
b = 6 tan 45 = 6(1) = 6
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30 =
a
6
a = 6 tan 30 = 6

3
3
=2 3
tan 45 = 6b
b = 6 tan 45 = 6(1) = 6
height
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30 =
a
6
a = 6 tan 30 = 6

3
3
=2 3
tan 45 = 6b
b = 6 tan 45 = 6(1) = 6
height = a + b
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
18 / 23
post?
Solution:
tan 30 =
a
6
a = 6 tan 30 = 6

3
3
=2 3
tan 45 = 6b
b = 6 tan 45 = 6(1) = 6
height = a + b = 6 + 2 3
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
18 / 23
Example: Lana the Ant observed that the top of a jar of sugar has an
angle of elevation of 30 . After walking 1 ft towards the jar, the new angle
of elevation is 60 . What is the height of the jar?
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
19 / 23
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
19 / 23
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
19 / 23
Solution:
tan 60 =
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
19 / 23
Solution:
tan 60 =
(IMath, UPD)
h
a
Meeting 27
19 / 23
Solution:
tan 60 =
(IMath, UPD)
h
a
a=
h
tan 60
Meeting 27
19 / 23
Solution:
tan 60 =
(IMath, UPD)
h
a
a=
h
tan 60
Meeting 27
h
3
19 / 23
Solution:
tan 60 =
h
a
a=
h
tan 60
h
3
tan 30 =
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
19 / 23
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
tan 60 =
h
a
tan 30 =
h
a+1
a=
h
tan 60
Meeting 27
h
3
19 / 23
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
tan 60 =
h
a
tan 30 =
h
a+1
a=
h
h
h
tan 60 = 3
= 33 (a + 1)
Meeting 27
19 / 23
Solution:
tan 60 =
h
a
tan 30 =
h
a+1
a=
h
h
h
tan 60 = 3
= 33 (a + 1)
h=
(IMath, UPD)
3 h
3 ( 3
+ 1) =
Meeting 27
19 / 23
Solution:
tan 60 =
h
a
tan 30 =
h
a+1
a=
h
h
h
tan 60 = 3
= 33 (a + 1)
h=
(IMath, UPD)
3 h
3 ( 3
+ 1) =
h
3
3
3
Meeting 27
19 / 23
Solution:
tan 60 =
h
a
tan 30 =
h
a+1
a=
h
h
h
tan 60 = 3
= 33 (a + 1)
h=
(IMath, UPD)
2h
3
3 h
3 ( 3
3
3
+ 1) =
h
3
3
3
Meeting 27
19 / 23
Solution:
tan 60 =
h
a
tan 30 =
h
a+1
a=
h
h
h
tan 60 = 3
= 33 (a + 1)
h=
2h
3
3 h
3 ( 3
3
3
+ 1) =
h
3
3
3
h=
(IMath, UPD)
3
2
ft
Meeting 27
19 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
20 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
bearing or direction of P from O: measure of the acute angle which
OP makes with the northsouth line
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
20 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
course (navigation): measure of the angle formed by the path of a
plane or ship with the line due north, measured clockwise
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
20 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
20 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
First figure:
bearing of P from O:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
20 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
First figure:
bearing of P from O: N75 E
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
20 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
First figure:
The path to P from O has course
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
20 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
First figure:
The path to P from O has course 75 .
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
20 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
21 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
Second figure:
bearing of P from O:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
21 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
Second figure:
bearing of P from O: S60 W
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
21 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
Second figure:
The path to P from O has course
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
21 / 23
Definition
O, P : points
Second figure:
The path to P from O has course 240 .
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
21 / 23
Example: A ship traveled 10 km N30 E. Then, it changed its course to

S15 E and traveled a distance of 20 2 km. How far is the ship now from
its origin?
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
Let c be the distance of the ship
from its origin.
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
from its origin.
c2 = 102 + (20 2)2
2(10)(20 2) cos 45
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
from its origin.
c2 = 102 + (20 2)2
2(10)(20 2) cos 45
c2 = 100 + 800

2(10)(20 2) 22
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
from its origin.
c2 = 102 + (20 2)2
2(10)(20 2) cos 45
c2 = 100 + 800

2(10)(20 2) 22
c2 = 900 400
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
from its origin.
c2 = 102 + (20 2)2
2(10)(20 2) cos 45
c2 = 100 + 800

2(10)(20 2) 22
c2 = 900 400
c2 = 500
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23

its origin?
Solution:
from its origin.
c2 = 102 + (20 2)2
2(10)(20 2) cos 45
c2 = 100 + 800

2(10)(20 2) 22
c2 = 900 400
c2 = 500
c = 10 5 km
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
22 / 23
EXERCISES:
1 Solve all triangles ABC (if any) satisfying:
1
2
a=
3, b = 4, c = 7
a = 6, b = 2, = 45
A tree stands vertically on top of a hill whose

angle of inclination is
30 . The top and base of the tree are 4 3 and 4 meters, respectively,
from a point P at the foot of the hill. What is the angle subtended
by the tree at point P?
At a distance of 6 feet from the base of the Oblation, the angle of

elevation of the head and feet of the statue (on the pedestal) are 60
and 30 , respectively. How high is the statue?
Two airplanes leave an airport at the same time. Plane A flies on a

course of 35 at 150 kph and Plane B moves on a course of 125 at
200 kph. Find after 2 hours, (a) the distance between the two planes,
(b) the bearing from Plane A to Plane B and (c) the bearing from
Plane B to Plane A.
(IMath, UPD)
Meeting 27
23 / 23

A27 - Solving Triangles

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A27 - Solving Triangles

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Solutions of Triangles

Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Oblique Triangles

a, b, c: lengths of the respective opposite sides

, , : measures of the respective interior angles

a, b, c: lengths of the respective opposite sides

, , : measures of the respective interior angles

a, b, c: lengths of the respective opposite sides

, , : measures of the respective interior angles

a, b, c: lengths of the respective opposite sides

, , : measures of the respective interior angles

a, b, c: lengths of the respective opposite sides

, , : measures of the respective interior angles

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

x = adjacent, y = opposite, r = hypotenuse

Solving Right Triangles

x = adjacent, y = opposite, r = hypotenuse

Solving Right Triangles

x = adjacent, y = opposite, r = hypotenuse

Solving Right Triangles

x = adjacent, y = opposite, r = hypotenuse

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles

= 12 (sin 45 cos 30 cos 45 sin 30 )

Solving Right Triangles