Interview Questions on Power System Components

8/3/2016
ElectricalLive:PowerSystem
footwear is a high resistance path not

much current ows through our
body).The electric train is well insulated
from its electrical system.
Q:what is the principle of motor?
A:Whenever a current carrying
conductor is placed in an magnetic eld
it produce turning or twisting movemnt
is called as torque.
Continue Reading ...
Interview Question On
Power System Part 5
Q. What are the di erent
types of transmission lines
based on capacity?
A. 1. Short transmission lines (up to 50
Km) (<20 KV)
2. Medium transmission lines (50-150
Km) (>20 KV & <100 KV)
3. Long transmission lines (>150 Km)
(>100 KV)
Q. What is per unit value?

A. Per unit of any quantity is de ned as
the ratio actual to base value expressed
in decimal.
Q. What are the advantages

of per unit system?
http://electricallive.com/search/label/Power%20System
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A. 1. The pu impedances of machines

of same type and widely di erent
ratings lie within a narrow range.
2. Per unit values referred to either
side of the transformer remains same.
Pu impedance of a 3 phase transformer
is independent of type of winding
3. Computational e orts are reduced
by a great extent.
4. The chance of confusion between
line and phase quantities in a three
phase balanced system is greatly
reduced.
5. Manufactures usually provide
impedance values in pu.
Q. What is the need for base

values?
A. The various components of a power
system may operate at di erent voltage
and power levels. So, it will be
convenient if voltage, power, current
and impedance ratings of these
components are expressed with
reference to a common value called
base value.
Q. What is a one line / Single

line diagram?
A. A Single or One line diagram is a
diagrammatic representation of a power
system, in which the components are
represented by their standard symbols
and interconnection between them is
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shown by a straight line.
Q. What is an impedance
diagram and what are the
approximations made while
drawing it?
A. The impedance diagram is the
equivalent circuit of a power system in
which various components are
represented by their approximate or
simpli ed equivalent circuits.
Approximations:
1. The neutral impedance is neglected.
2. All static loads are represented as
impedances.
3. Transmission line is represented by
its equivalent.
Q. What is a reactance
diagram?
A. The reactance diagram is drawn
omitting all static loads, neutral
impedance, resistances, magnetizing
components of each transformer and
the capacitance of the transmission line
from the impedance diagram.
Q. What are positive

sequence components?
A. The positive sequence components of
a three phase unbalanced vectors
consists of three Vectors of equal
magnitude, displaced from each other
by 120 degrees in phase and having the
Same phase sequence as the original
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vectors.
Q. What are negative

sequence components?
A. The negative sequence components
of a three phase unbalanced vectors
consists of three Vectors of equal
magnitude displaced from each other
by 120 degree in phase and having the
phase sequence opposite to that of the
original vectors.
Q. What are zero sequence

components?
A. The zero sequence components of a
three phase unbalanced vectors
consists of 3 vectors of equal magnitude
and with zero phase displacement from
each other.
Q. When do you call a fault

symmetrical and
unsymmetrical?
A. A fault is called symmetrical fault if
the fault current is equal in all the
phases. The fault is unsymmetrical fault
if the fault current is not equal in all the
phases.
Q. What is a PQ bus?
A. A bus is called PQ bus when real and
reactive components of power are
speci ed for the bus. In a load bus the
voltage is allowed to vary within
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permissible limits.
Q. What is swing bus?

A. A bus is called swing bus when the
magnitude and phase of the bus voltage
are speci ed for it. The swing bus is the
reference bus for load ow solution and
it is required for accounting line losses.
Usually one of the generator bus is
selected as swing bus.
Q. What is the need for slack

bus?
A. The slack bus is needed to account
for transmission line losses. In a power
system the total power generated will
be equal to sum of power consumed by
loads and losses. In a power system
only the generated power and load
power are speci ed for buses. The slack
bus is assumed to generate the power
required for losses. Since the losses are
unknown the real and reactive power
are not speci ed for slack bus.
Q. What is a bus admittance

matrix?
A. The matrix consisting of the self and
mutual admittances of the network of a
power System is called bus admittance
matrix.
Q. What is a bus impedance

matrix?
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matrix?
A. The matrix consisting of driving point
impedances and transfer impedances of
the Network of a power system is called
bus impedance matrix.
Q. What are ACSR

conductors and their
advantages?
A. ACSR conductors are composite
stranded conductors. The outer strands
have high conductivity and low tensile
strength (Aluminum). The central
strands have low conductivity and high
tensile strength (steel). With ACSR
conductors skin a ect can be
minimized.
Q. What is Ferranti e ect?

A. When the transmission line is
operating at no load or light load
condition, the receiving end voltage is
more than the sending voltage. This
phenomena is called Ferranti e ect. It is
prominent is long transmission lines.
Q. What are the major

components of a
distribution system?
A. Feeder: A line or conductor that
connects the major station to the
distributor is known as feeder.
Distributor: A line or conductor to which
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various consumers are connected

through service mains is known as
distributor.
Service Main: A line which connects the
consumer to the distributor is known as
service main.
Interview Question On
Power System Part 4
Q. What is a load curve?
A. The curve showing the variation of
load on the power station with respect
to (w.r.t) time is known as a load curve.
Q. What is the di erence

between base load and peak
load?
A. Base load: The unvarying load which
occurs almost the whole day on the
station is known as base load.
Peak load: The various peak demands
of load over and above the base load of
the station is known as peak load.
Q. What is power factor?

A. The cosine of angle between voltage
and current in an a.c. circuit is known as
power factor.
Q. What are the

disadvantages of low power
factor and how to improve
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factor and how to improve

it?
A. Disadvantages: Large KVA rating of
equipment, Greater conductor size,
High copper losses, Poor voltage
regulation
The low power factor is mainly due to
the fact that most of the power loads
are inductive and, therefore, take
lagging currents. In order to improve
the power factor, some device taking
leading power should be connected in
parallel with the load. One of such
devices can be a capacitor. The
capacitor draws a leading current and
partly or completely neutralizes the
lagging reactive component of load
current. This raises the power factor of
the load.
Q. Why is a.c transmission

preferred over d.c
transmission?
A. 1. The power can be generated at
high voltages.
2. The maintenance of a.c. sub-stations
is easy and cheaper.
3. The a.c. voltage can be stepped up or
stepped down by transformers with
ease and e ciency.
Although a.c transmission is preferred
due to the above reasons d.c
transmission is superior (2 conductors
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instead of 3, no inductance, capacitance,

no corona, no skin e ect etc).
Q. Why is electric power

transmitted at higher
voltages?
A. Higher the transmission voltage
lesser will be the volume of conductor
required.
E ciency will be high at higher voltages.
Percentage line drop will be less.

types of insulators in
Overhead lines?
A. Pin type insulators, Suspension type
insulators, Strain insulators, Shackle
insulators.
Q. What is string e ciency?

A. The ratio of voltage across the whole
string to the product of number of discs
and the voltage across the disc nearest
to the conductor is known as string
e ciency.

methods used to improve
string e ciency?
A. String e ciency can be improved by
using longer cross arms, by grading the
insulators and by using guard rings.
Q. What is corona?
A. The phenomenon of violet glow,
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hissing noise and production of ozone

gas in an overhead transmission line is
known as corona.
Q. What are the advantages

and disadvantages of
corona?
A. Advantages:
1. Due to corona formation, the air
surrounding the conductor becomes
conducting and hence virtual diameter
of the conductor is increased. The
increased diameter reduces the
electrostatic stresses between the
conductors.
2. Corona reduces the e ects of
transients produced by surges.
Disadvantages:
1. Corona is accompanied by a loss of
energy. This a ects the transmission
e ciency of the line.
2. Ozone is produced by corona and
may cause corrosion of the conductor
due to chemical action.
3. The current drawn by the line due to
corona is non-sinusoidal and hence
non-sinusoidal voltage drop occurs in
the line. This may cause inductive
interference with neighboring
communication lines.
Q. How to reduce the

corona e ect?
A. Corona e ect can be reduced by
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1. Increasing the conductor size

2. Increasing the conductor spacing
Q. What is sag? Explain its

importance?
A. The di erence in level between
points of supports and the lowest point
on the conductor is called sag.
If the conductors are too much
stretched between supports in a bid to
save conductor material, the stress in
the conductor may reach unsafe value
and in certain cases the conductor may
break due to excessive tension. In order
to permit safe tension in the
conductors, they are not fully stretched
but are allowed to have a dip or sag.
Q. What is skin e ect?

A. The tendency of alternating current
to concentrate near the surface of a
conductor is known as skin e ect.
Q. Why is the need for

transposition of conductors?
A. When the 3-phase line conductors
are unsymmetrically spaced, the ux
linkages and inductance of each phase
are not the same. A di erent
inductance in each phase results in
unequal voltage drops in the three
phases even if the currents in the
conductors are balanced. Therefore,
the voltage at the receiving end will not
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be the same for all phases. In order

that voltage drops are equal in all
conductors, we generally interchange
the positions of the conductors at
regular intervals along the line so that
each conductor occupies the original
position of every other conductor over
an equal distance. This is called
transposition.
What Is Corona E ect

| Phenomenon Of
Corona E ect
Hello and wellcome.
Do you know what is corona

e ect?
First consider a conductor
system to which voltage is applied. If the
potential applied is raised, gradually,
beyond a limit, a pale voilet glow will
appear. This will be accompanied by a
hissing noise indicating the ionization of
surrounding air of the conductor
surface with characterstic smell of
ozone. This phenomenon is known as
corona.
Simply we can say, phenomenon
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of violet glow, hissing noise and

production of ozone gas in an overhead
transmission line is known as corona
e ect.
High electric eld at conductor
surface provides enough energy to the
molecules of surrounding air that
causes breakdown of air.
In case of a.c. Transmission ionized
particles get attracted and repelled to
conductor once during each half cycle.
So, charge exists near the conductor
surface. But in case of d.c. Transmission,
negative and positive charges move
respectively to the conductor of
opposite polarity. So movement of
charges between conductors is
dependent on electric eld distribution
between them. But in case of a.c. It
depends on potential gradient.
PHENOMENON OF CORONA - for
an over head transmission system
atomospheric air behaves practically like
a perfect insulator when potential
di erence between conductors is small.
If we increase the
voltage, there is a corresponding
increase in the electric eld intensity.
If air is subjected to a uniform
electric eld intensity of peak value less
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than 30kv/cm, ow current between

conductors is negligible. But when
electric eld intensity increases and
reaches this critical value of 30kv/cm air
ionizes and become conducting.
This breakdown accompanied by
following phenomenon.
1. Hissing noise is produced.
2. A faint pale yellow glow appears
which is visible in the dark.
3. Production of ozone gas.
4. Radio interference occurs.
5. There is a loss of power.
If all these phenomenon occurs then we
say corona produced in a transmission.
Multiple Choice
Objective Question On
Power System Part 1
Hello Engineers.
Q.1 Feeder is designed

mainly from the point of
view ofA. Its current carrying capacity
B. Voltage drop in it
C. Operating voltage
D. Operating Frequency
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Ans: A
Q.2 Distributors are

designed from the point of
view of A. Its current carrying capacity
B. Operating voltage
C. Voltage drop in it
D. Operating frequency
Ans: C
Q.3 Transmission and

distribution of electric
power by underground
system is superior to
overhead system in respect
ofA. Apperance and public safety
B. Maintenance cost
C. Frequency of faults, power failure and
accidents
D. All of the above
Ans: D
Q.4 The main drawback(s) of

underground system over
overhead system is/areA. Exposure to lighting
B. Heavy initial cost
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C. Exposure to atmospheric hazards

such as smoke, ice, wind etc.
D. Inductive interference between
power and commuication circuit
Ans: B
Q.5 The main drawback of

ovehead system over
underground syste isA. Underground system is more exible
than overhead system
B. Higher charging current
C. Surge problem
D. High initial cost
Ans: C
Q.6 By increasing the

transmission voltage to
double of its original value
the same power can be
dispatched keeping the line
lossA. Equal to original value
B. Half the original value
C. Double the original value
D. One fourth of original value
Ans: D
Q.7 For the same voltage

drop, increasing the voltage
of a distributor n time-
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of a distributor n timeA. Reduces the x section of the

conductor by n times
B. Increases the x section of the
conductor by n times
C. Reduces the x section of conductor by
n^2 times
D. Increases the x section of the
conductor by n^2 times
Ans: A
Q.8 The volume of copper

required for an ac
transmission line is inversely
proportional toA. Current
B. Voltage
C. Power factor
D. Both b and c
Ans: D
Q.9 Improving power factorA. Reduces current for a given output

B. Increases losses in line
C. Increases the cost of station
equipment
D. None
Ans: A
Q.10 For the same
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Q.10 For the same

conductor length, same
amount of power, same
lnsse sand same maximum
voltage to earth, which
system requires minimum
conductor areaA. Single phase ac
B. 3 phase ac
C. 2 wire ac
D. 3 wire ac
Ans: D
Q. 11 Transmission line
connectsA. Generating station to a switching
station
B. Stepdown transformer station to
service transformer banks
C. Distribution transformer to consumer
premises
D. Service points to consumer permises
Answer: A
Q.12 A 3 phase 4 wire

system is commonly used
forA. Primary distribution
B. Secondary distribution
C. Primary transmission
D. Secondary transmission
Ans: B
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Q.13 The rated voltage of a

3 phase power system is
given asA. rms phase voltage
B. peak phase voltage
C. peak line to line voltage
D. rms line to line voltage
Ans: D
Q.14 Which of the following

is usually not the generating
voltageA. 6.6 kV
B. 9.9 kV
C. 11kV
D. 13.2kV
Ans:B
Q.15 In a transmission
system the feeder supplies
power toA. Transformer substations
B. Service mains
C. Distributors
D. All
Ans: C
Post your comment below.
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Thanks.
Corona MCQ's
Interview Questions.
Hello.
Q.1 Corona isA. Partial breakdown of air

B. Complete breakdown of air
C. Sparking between lines
D. None of these
Ans: B
Q.2 Which of the following

statements is true regarding
coronaA. Corona takes place at a voltage lower
than breakdown voltage
B. Corona takes place at a voltage
higher than breakdown voltage
C. Corona is a current phenomenon
D. Corona increases the transmission
line e ciency
Ans: A
Q.3 Corona is accompanied

byA.Violet visible discharge in darkness
B. Hissing sound
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C. Vibration
D. Power loss
E. Radio interference
F. Ozone
G. All of the above
Ans: G
Q.4 Ozone e ect can be

detected by
A. Presence of ozone detected by odour
B. Hissing sound
C. Faint luminous glow of bluish colour
D. All of the above
Ans: D
Q.5 Corona loss increases

with
A. Decrease in conductor size and
increase in supply frequency
B. Increase in conductor size and
decrease in supply frequency
C. Increase in both conductor size and
supply frequency
D. Decrease in both conductor size and
supply frequency
Ans: A
Q.6 The good e ect of

corona on overhead lines is
to
A. Increase the lie carrying capacity due
to conducting ionized air envelope
around conductor
B. Increase the power factor due to
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corona loss
C. Reduce the radio interference from
the conductor
D. Reduce the steepness of surge fronts
Ans: D
Q.7 Corona loss can be

reduced by the use of
hollow conductor because
A. The current density is reduced
B. The eddy current in the conductor is
eliminated
C. For a given cross section, the radius
of the conductor is increased
D. Of better ventilation in the conductor
Ans: C
Q.8 Bundled conductors

reduce
A. Surface electric stress of conductor
B. Increases the line reactance
C. Decrease the line capacitance
D. All
Ans: A
Q.9 Corona loss in a

transmission line is
dependent on
A. Diameter of the conductor
B. Material of the conductor
C. Height of the conductor
D. None
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Ans: A
Q.10 Corona occurs

between two transmission
conductors when they
A. Have high potential di erence
B. Are closely spaced
C. Carry dc power
D. Both A and B
Ans: D
Skin E ect In
Transmission Line
In case of D.C., current density is
uniform over cross section of
conductors. On the other hand, in a
conductor carrying A C there is a
tendency of current to crowd near the
surface of conductor that means
alternating current owing through a
conductor doesn't distribute uniformly
and concentrate near the surface of
conductor.
In AC System no current ows through
the core and entire current is
concentrate on surface regions. Due to
this e ective area of conductor is
reduced so ac resistance of conductor
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increases.
This phenomenon is known as Skin
E ect as it causes concentration of
current at the skin of conductor.
To explain skin e ect, we assume
conductor which is made up of a
number of concentric cylinders.
Magnetic ux linking a cylindrical
element near the centre of conductors
is greater than that linking another
element near the surface of conductor.
It is due to the fact that former elements
is surrounded by internal as well as
external ux, while latter element by
external ux only. So inner element will
possess greater self inductance and
therefore, will o er a large inductive
reactance that outer element. Due to
this di erence in
inductive reactance current tends to
crowd towards the surface or skin of
conductor. So distribution of current
over section of conductor will be non
uniform. As show in g.
Skin e ect depends upon:Type of conductor material
Frequency
Diameter of conductor
Shape of conductor.
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At low frequencies, this e ect is

negligible , in fact it is only of
importance with high frequencies on
with solid conductors of large cross
section.
Skin e ect increases with increase in
frequency, conductor diameter and
permeability.
In, aluminium wire e ect is same as in a
copper wire of equal conductivity.
Skin e ect is much smaller with
stranded conductor than with solid
conductors.
In parctice stranded conductors are
invaraibly used for transmision and
distribution purpose. This is used in
order to overcome adverse e ect of
Skin-E ect.
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8/3/2016

footwear is a high resistance path not

Q. What is per unit value?

Q. What are the advantages

A. 1. The pu impedances of machines

Q. What is the need for base

Q. What is a one line / Single

shown by a straight line.

Q. What are positive

Q. What are negative

Q. What are zero sequence

Q. When do you call a fault

Q. What is swing bus?

Q. What is the need for slack

Q. What is a bus admittance

Q. What is a bus impedance

Q. What are ACSR

Q. What is Ferranti e ect?

Q. What are the major

various consumers are connected

Q. What is the di erence

Q. What is power factor?

Q. What are the

factor and how to improve

Q. Why is a.c transmission

instead of 3, no inductance, capacitance,

Q. Why is electric power

Q. What are the di erent

Q. What is string e ciency?

Q. What are the di erent

hissing noise and production of ozone

Q. What are the advantages

Q. How to reduce the

1. Increasing the conductor size

Q. What is sag? Explain its

Q. What is skin e ect?

Q. Why is the need for

be the same for all phases. In order

What Is Corona E ect

Do you know what is corona

of violet glow, hissing noise and

than 30kv/cm, ow current between

Q.1 Feeder is designed

Q.2 Distributors are

Q.3 Transmission and

Q.4 The main drawback(s) of

C. Exposure to atmospheric hazards

Q.5 The main drawback of

Q.6 By increasing the

Q.7 For the same voltage

of a distributor n timeA. Reduces the x section of the

Q.8 The volume of copper

Q.9 Improving power factorA. Reduces current for a given output

Q.10 For the same

Q.10 For the same

Q.12 A 3 phase 4 wire

Q.13 The rated voltage of a

Q.14 Which of the following

Q.1 Corona isA. Partial breakdown of air

Q.2 Which of the following

Q.3 Corona is accompanied

Q.4 Ozone e ect can be

Q.5 Corona loss increases