CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB II

(CDB 3052)
EXPERIMENT 6:
SEDIMENTATION STUDIES APPARATUS
GROUP 1 MEMBERS

1) NAZRIL DANIEL BIN ABDULLAH

18996

2) NOOR HAFIZAINIE BINTI MOHD ZOHAN

19323

3) SAIDATUL SYAFIQAH BTE ABDUL RASHID

19417

4) AHMAD FARHAN BIN AHMAD AZHAR

18806

5) KOI ZI KANG

18868

LAB DEMONSTRATOR

: MS. TAN XIN BEI

DATE

: 3rd MARCH 2016

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION

2. RESULT AND ANALYSIS

3. DISCUSSION

23

4. CONCLUSION

26

5. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

27

6. REFERENCES

29

1|Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Sedimentation is the process of suspended particle in a solution to settle down and form its on
barrier or layer usually at the bottom. The driving force for sedimentation may be due to gravity,
centrifugal acceleration and even electromagnetism.
Settling is the process of which suspended particle falls through the liquid while
sedimentation marks the end of the settling process itself. At the beginning of this experiment
the solid are evenly distributed in the liquid. The initial depth of suspension are recorded as Zo.
Aster a certain time, the liquid will divide into 4 zone. Zone D is the clear liquid zone, zone C is
the transition layer, zone B is the original liquid zone and Zone A is the settling zone.
As settling continues, the depth of zone A and D will increase and Zone B will decrease
while Zone C remains nearly constant. After some time, Zone B will disappear and the solids were
transferred to Zone C and D. at the same time, the accumulation of the solids at the bottom will
act as a force that compress the settled solid at the bottom, forcing the remaining liquid in Zone
A to spurt into other layers. Settling process will stop when the weight of the solid is balanced by
the compressive strength of the flocs. This marks the end of sedimentation process where the
settling process has stopped.
The main objective of the first part of the experiment is to study the effect of different
initial heights and concentration on the settling rate of corn starch while the second part of the
experiment focus more on the effect of volume of flocculants on the settling rate.

2|Page

Figure 1.1 The cylinder are observed under

back panel illumination for easeness of
observation of each layer.

Figure 1.2 The powder are being accurately

weighted before the solution are prepared.

Figure 2.3 Preparation of the solutions.

3|Page

Theory of Sedimentation Process

At the beginning of a batch sedimentation process, the solid is uniformly distributed in
the liquid, as shown in Figure 1a. The total depth of the suspension is Zo. After a short while, the
solids have settled to give a zone clear liquid, zone A and zone D of settled solids as in Figure 1b.
Above zone D is a transition layer, zone C, in which the solids content varies from that in the
original pulp to that in zone D. In zone B, the concentration is uniform and equal to the original
concentration since the settling rate is the same throughout this zone. The boundaries between
zones D and C and between C and B may not be distinct but the boundary between zones A and
B is usually sharp.
The depth of zones D and A increase as settling continues. The depth of zone C remains
nearly constant and that of zone B decreases as shown in Figure 2. Eventually, zone B disappears
and the solids are all in zones C and D (see Figure 2). Meanwhile, the gradual accumulation of
solid puts stress on the material at the bottom, which compresses solids in layer D. Compression
breaks down the structure of the flocs or aggregates and liquids is expelled into the upper zones.
Sometimes liquid in the flocs spurts out of zone D like small geysers as layer D compresses. Finally,
when the weight of the solid is balanced by the compressive strength of the flocs, the settling
process stops. This entire process is called sedimentation.
Slurries vary greatly in their settling rates and in the relative heights of various zones
during settling. The initial rate is a function of the feed concentration but in the late stages, the
settling rate also depends on the initial height Zo, since compression effects are more important

4|Page

with the thicker sludge layers. The design of an industrial thickener will need for experimental
studies on the settling rate for different initial heights and concentrations.
Figure 1 shows the method of determining the settling velocities and all the mechanism of
settling:

Figure 1 : Settling Mechanism

Where,
Zo = total depth of the suspension
A = clear liquid zone
B = equal to the original mixture concentration
C = transition layer
D = settled solids

5|Page

PROCEDURE
Experiment A: Settling rate for different initial heights and concentrations.
1. 5 empty cylinder are being prepared before starting the experiment.
2. 5 corn starch solutions are prepared as follow :
a. Cylinder 1 (C1)
Concentration: 50g of corn starch in 2L of water
Zo: 90 cm
b. Cylinder 2 (C2)
Concentration: 100g of corn starch in 2L of water
Zo: 90 cm
c. Cylinder 3 (C3)
Concentration: 50g of corn starch in 2L of water
Zo: 60 cm
d. Cylinder 4 (C4)
Concentration: 50g of corn starch in 2L of water
Zo: 60 cm
e. Cylinder 5 (C5)
Concentration: 100g of corn starch in 2L of water
Zo: 30 cm
3. The solution are stirred until we get uniform distribution of suspended particle.

6|Page

4. The prepared solution are being poured into 5 different cylinder with same dimension for
the cylinder. The cylinder are being put for observation with back panel illumination
behind it.
5. The stopwatch was started at t=0 and the height of clear liquid interface are being
measured every 5 minutes until settling process stopped.
6. Final time (tf ) and final height (Zf) for each cylinder are being recorded.
7. The result are tabulated in a table and a graph of Z vs t are being plotted.
Experiment B: Settling rate for different volume of flocculants
1. 5 empty cylinder are being prepared before starting the experiment.
2. Flocculants is prepared by mixing 2g of Aluminium Oxide (Alum) in 100ml of water.
3. 5 corn starch solutions are prepared as follow :
a. Cylinder 1 (C1)
Concentration: 50g of corn starch in 2L of water
Zo: 90 cm
Flocculent: 5 mL
b. Cylinder 2 (C2)
Concentration: 100g of corn starch in 2L of water
Zo: 90 cm
Flocculent: 10 mL
c. Cylinder 3 (C3)
Concentration: 50g of corn starch in 2L of water
Zo: 60 cm
7|Page

Flocculent: 15 mL
d. Cylinder 4 (C4)
Concentration: 100g of corn starch in 2L of water
Zo: 60 cm
Flocculent: 20 mL
e. Cylinder 5 (C5)
Concentration: 100g of corn starch in 2L of water
Zo: 30 cm
Flocculent: 25 mL
4. The solution are stirred until we get uniform distribution of suspended particle.
5. The prepared solution are being poured into 5 different cylinder with same dimension for
the cylinder. The cylinder are being put for observation with back panel illumination
behind it.
6. The stopwatch was started at t=0 and the height of clear liquid interface are being
measured every 5 minutes until settling process stopped.
7. Final time (tf ) and final height (Zf) for each cylinder are being recorded.
8. The result are tabulated in a table and a graph of Z vs t are being plotted.

8|Page

2.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Settling Process
For settling particles that are considered individually, i.e. dilute particle solutions, there are two
main forces enacting upon any particle. The primary force is an applied force, such as gravity, and
a drag force that is due to the motion of the particle through the fluid. The applied force is usually
not affected by the particle's velocity, whereas the drag force is a function of the particle velocity.
For a particle at rest no drag force will be exhibited, which causes the particle to accelerate due
to the applied force. When the particle accelerates, the drag force acts in the direction opposite
to the particle's motion, retarding further acceleration, in the absence of other forces drag
directly opposes the applied force. As the particle increases in velocity eventually the drag force
and the applied force will approximately equate, causing no further change in the particle's
velocity. This velocity is known as the terminal velocity, settling velocity or fall velocity of the
particle. This is readily measurable by examining the rate of fall of individual particles.
The terminal velocity of the particle is affected by many parameters, i.e. anything that will alter
the particle's drag. Hence the terminal velocity is most notably dependent upon grain size, the
shape

(roundness

and

sphericity)

and

density

of

the

grains,

as

well

as

to

the viscosity and density of the fluid.

Single Particle Drag

9|Page

I.

Stokes Drag

For dilute suspensions, Stokes' law predicts the settling velocity of small spheres in fluid, either
air or water. This originates due to the strength of viscous forces at the surface of the particle
providing the majority of the retarding force. Stokes' law finds many applications in the natural
sciences, and is given by:

(Eq. 2.1)
where w is the settling velocity, is density (the subscripts p and f indicate particle and fluid
respectively), g is the acceleration due to gravity,r is the radius of the particle and is the
dynamic viscosity of the fluid.
Stokes' law applies when the Reynolds number, Re, of the particle is less than 0.1.
Experimentally Stokes' law is found to hold within 1% for
for

and within 9%

, within 3%

.[2] With increasing Reynolds numbers, Stokes law

begins to break down due to the increasing importance of fluid inertia, requiring the use of
empirical solutions to calculate drag forces.
II.

Newtonian Drag

Defining a drag coefficient,

, as the ratio of the force experienced by the particle divided by

the impact pressure of the fluid, a coefficient that can be considered as the transfer of available
fluid force into drag is established. In this region the inertia of the impacting fluid is responsible
for the majority of force transfer to the particle.

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(Eq. 2.2)
For a spherical particle in the Stokes regime this value is not constant, however in the
Newtonian drag regime the drag on a sphere can be approximated by a constant, 0.44. This
constant value implies that the efficiency of transfer of energy from the fluid to the particle
is not a function of fluid velocity.
As such the terminal velocity of a particle in a Newtonian regime can again be obtained by
equating the drag force to the applied force, resulting in the following expression

(Eq.2.2.1)

III.

Transitional Drag

In the intermediate region between Stokes drag and Newtonian drag, there exists a transitional
regime, where the analytical solution to the problem of a falling sphere becomes problematic.
To solve this, empirical expressions are used to calculate drag in this region. One such empirical
equation is that of Schiller and Naumann, and may be valid for

:[3]

(Eq.2.3)
The choice of equation is made based on Reynolds number.

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The following is a diagram of the correlation between Reynold's Number and Drag Coefficient
for Rigid Spherical Bodies.

Method to measure settling velocity experimentally

After measuring height of clear liquid interface as it changes over time, the plotted graph will
be as below

The average settling velocity for a particular plot at any given time is then equivalent to
settling velocity = (height at time 1 - original height) / (time required to reach current height)

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Tables and Graphs

Experiment A
TIME
(min)

Interface Height,Z (cm)

C2
C3
C4
89.3
61.4
61.0
89.0
60.0
60.4
88.7
59.5
60.2
88.5
59.3
60.0
88.4
59.1
59.8
88.2
58.1
59.6
87.7
57.9
59.5
87.4
57.9
59.3
87.1
57.8
59.0
87.0
57.7
58.9
86.8
57.5
58.9
86.4
57.4
58.5
86.2
57.4
58.5

C1
91.4
90.0
89.7
89.2
89.1
88.6
88.2
88.0
87.5
87.4
87.2
87.0
86.9

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60

C5
30.8
30.6
30.2
29.9
29.5
29.4
29.3
29.0
28.9
28.9
28.9
28.9
28.9

Table 2.1: Interface height at different time interval for experiment A

Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time (min)

100.0

(C1)y = -0.0673x + 0.9055

90.0
(C2)y = 0.0518x + 0.0011

Interface Height, Z (cm)

80.0
70.0

C1
(C4) y =- 0.0384x + 0.3418

60.0

C2
C3

(C3) y = -0.0578x + 1.1275

50.0

C4

40.0

C5
Linear (C1)

30.0

Linear (C2)

(C5) y = -0.0326x + 0.344

20.0

Linear (C3)
Linear (C4)

10.0

Linear (C5)

0.0
-10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Time (min)

Graph 2.1.1: Interface Height vs Time (Combined)

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Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time (min)

92.0

Interface Height, Z (cm)

91.0
90.0

C1

89.0
88.0
Linear (C1)

87.0
y = -0.0673x + 90.495
86.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Time (min)

Graph 2.1.2: Interface Height vs Time (C1)

Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time (min)

89.5

Interface Height, Z (cm)

89.0
88.5

C2

88.0
87.5
y = -0.0518x + 89.299

87.0

Linear (C2)
86.5
86.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Time (min)

Graph 2.1.3: Interface Height vs Time (C2)

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Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time

(min)

62.0

Interface Height, Z (cm)

61.0
60.0

C3

59.0
58.0
Linear (C3)

57.0

y = -0.0578x + 60.273

56.0
0

20

40

60

80

Time (min)

Graph 2.1.4: Interface Height vs Time (C3)

Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time (min)

61.5

Interface Height, Z (cm)

61.0
60.5
60.0

C4

59.5
59.0
Linear (C4)

y = -0.0384x + 60.658

58.5
58.0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Time (min)

Graph 2.1.5: Interface Height vs Time (C4)

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Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time (min)

31.0

Interface Height, Z (cm)

30.5
30.0
C5

29.5
29.0
Linear (C5)

28.5

y = -0.0326x + 30.456

28.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Time (min)

Graph 2.1.6: Interface Height vs Time (C5)

Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time (min)

Interface Height, Z (cm)

92.0
91.0
90.0

89.0

C1
y = -0.0673x + 90.495

88.0

C2
Linear (C1)

87.0

Linear (C2)

y = -0.0518x + 89.299

86.0
85.0
0

20

40

60

80

Time (min)

Graph 2.1.7: Interface Height vs Time (C1 & C2)

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Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time (min)

Interface Height, Z (cm)

62.0
61.0
y = -0.0384x + 60.658

60.0

C3

59.0

C4

58.0

Linear (C3)

57.0

y = -0.0578x + 60.273

Linear (C4)

56.0
0

20

40

60

80

Time (min)

Graph 2.1.8: Interface Height vs Time (C3 & C4)

Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time (min)

Interface Height,Z (cm)

100.0
80.0

C2

y = -0.0518x + 89.299

60.0

C4
y = -0.0384x + 60.658

40.0

C5
Linear (C2)

20.0

y = -0.0326x + 30.456

Linear (C4)

0.0

20

40

60

80

Linear (C5)

Time (min)

Graph 2.1.9: Interface Height vs Time (C2, C4 & C5)

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Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time (min)

Interface Height,Z(cm)

100.0
80.0

y = -0.0673x + 90.495

60.0

C1

40.0

C3

y = -0.0578x + 60.273

Linear (C1)

20.0

Linear (C3)
0.0
0

20

40

60

80

Time (min)

Graph 2.1.10: Interface Height vs Time (C1 & C3)

Experiment B
Time
(min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60

C1
90.0
89.9
89.5
89.0
88.9
88.8
88.6
88.5
88.4
88.3
88.0
87.8
87.7

Interface Height,Z (cm)

C2
C3
C4
89.8
60.5
60.7
89.2
60.3
60.4
89.2
60.2
60.0
89.0
60.0
59.8
88.7
59.5
59.8
88.4
59.3
59.7
88.3
59.0
59.3
88.0
58.9
59.0
88.0
58.9
58.9
87.8
58.5
58.8
87.7
58.2
58.5
87.7
58.1
58.5
87.6
58.1
58.4

C5
30.8
30.3
30.0
29.9
29.8
29.7
29.5
29.1
28.9
28.9
28.9
28.7
28.6

Table 2.2: Interface height at different time interval for experiment B

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Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time (min)

100.0
90.0

y = -0.037x + 89.834

Interface Height, Z (cm)

80.0
70.0
60.0

C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Linear (C1)
Linear (C4)
Linear (C5)

y = -0.0382x + 60.516

50.0
40.0
30.0

y = -0.0341x + 30.491

20.0
10.0
0.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Time (min)

Graph 2.2.1: Interface Height vs Time (Combined)

Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time (min)

90.5

Interface Height, Z (cm)

90.0
89.5
89.0

C1

88.5
88.0
Linear (C1)
87.5

y = -0.037x + 89.834

87.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Time (min)

Graph 2.2.2: Interface Height vs Time (C1)

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90.0

Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time

(min)

89.0

C2

88.5
Linear
(C2)

88.0

Linear
(C2)

87.5
y = -0.0353x + 89.474
87.0
0

20

40

60

80

Time (min)

Graph 2.2.3: Interface Height vs Time (C2)

61.0
60.5

Interface Height, Z (cm)

Interface Height, Z (cm)

89.5

Interface Height, Z (cm) vs

Time (min)

60.0
C3

59.5
59.0
58.5

Linear
(C3)

58.0

y = -0.0434x + 60.495

57.5
0

20

40

60

80

Time (min)

Graph 2.2.4: Interface Height vs Time (C3)

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Interface Height, Z (cm) vs

Time (min)

61.0

Interface Height, Z (cm)

60.5
60.0

C4
59.5
59.0
Linear
(C4)

58.5
y = -0.0382x + 60.516

58.0
0

20

40

60

80

Time (min)

Graph 2.2.5: Interface Height vs Time (C4)

Interface Height, Z (cm) vs Time

(min)
30.5
Interface Height, Z (cm)

31.0

30.0
C5
29.5
29.0
Linear
(C5)

28.5

y = -0.0341x + 30.491

28.0
0

20

40

60

80

Time (min)

Graph 2.2.6: Interface Height vs Time (C5)

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ERROR AND RECOMMENDATIONS

I.

Error: The time to start the stopwatch after shaking up the suspension and placing it back
onto the panel is not same for all the samples.
Recommendation: Make sure that all the cylinders are placed onto the panel
simultaneously so that the stopwatch can be started at the same time.

II.

Error: Parallax error in reading the heights.

Recommendation: Make sure the eyes are perpendicular to the cylinder. For a better
results, use cylinder with the measurement scales on it so that the act of reading the
heights would be easy.

III.

Error: The accumulation of particles occur very fast even before pouring it into the
cylinder.
Recommendation: Make sure to stir all the solutions thoroughly before pouring it into
the cylinder.

IV.

Error: Reaction time error in calling the time and reading the heights
Recommendation: Use some type of digital equipment which can read the heights at the
specified time intervals.

V.

Error: The brightness of back panel illumination light is low which made the clear interface
of fluid barely visible.
Recommendation: Back panel illuminations light should be brighter or using different
color of light so that the clear interface of fluid is visible enough for us to read the height.

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3.0 DISCUSSION
Experiment A: Settling rate for different initial heights and concentrations.
In this experiment, the final suspension heights were 86.9cm, 86.2cm, 57.4cm, 58.5cm and
28.9cm for initial heights of approximately 90cm, 90cm, 60cm, 60cm and 30cm. From the results
obtained, with the same concentration, comparing set 2, 3 & 5, set 5 reaches constant final height
within 45min, set 4 is within 55min and set 1 does not seem to reach constant final height after
60min. From this data, we can see that the settling rate is faster when the initial height of the
solution is lower. This may due to the non-uniform suspension. However, in general, the height
of the initial suspension does not really affect the rate of sedimentation. In terms of
concentration difference, while comparing set 3 and set 4, set 3 reaches a lower final height as
compared to set 4. This signifies that when the concentration is higher, the settling rate is slower.
This is because when the solution is having higher concentration, there are more particles in the
solution, the molecules of the solution are closer to each other, which causes less free space for
the molecules to pass through and fall. This is called hindered settling. The settling velocity for
each solution is not constant throughout the experiment and few sets such as set 1 and set 2
could not reach a constant final height within 60 min, thus the settling velocities cannot be
determined accurately.

Experiment B: Settling rate for different volume of flocculants.

In this experiment, the final suspension heights were 87.7cm, 87.6 cm,

58.1cm,

58.4cm

&

28.6cm for 5ml, 10ml, 15ml, 20ml, and 25ml of flocculants respectively. We found that the
23 | P a g e

settling rate for set 3, 4 and 5 increases as compared to experiment A. The function of flocculants
is to bring together coagulated particles into larger aggregates and settle them. Flocculation
occurs after the addition of chemical to destabilize the charges on the colloidal particles in
suspension. The particles adhere to each other via the flocculants ions on the surface of the
particles. These charged ions provide an opportunity for charged particles in a system to adhere
to them, thereby merging individual particles. This results in larger, denser flocculants that settle
more rapidly and thus increases the settling rate. However, from the results obtained, the data
does not consistently support the theory as the settling rate for set 1 and 2 did not increase. Such
error might be due to insufficient amount of flocculants used. The suspension not being stirred
uniformly might be the cause of this error too. Therefore, the more volume of flocculants used,
the faster the settling rate.

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WEAKNESSES AND IMPROVEMENT

After carrying out this experiment of sedimentation studies apparatus, we have identified several
weaknesses that had affected our experimental results and thus, we have listed some
recommendations to overcome the weaknesses and improve the efficiency of the results. Before
starting the experiment, make sure to prepare a flowchart of the entire experiment so that the
experiment will be conducted smoothly. Before using the weighing balance, the scale must be
calibrated to zero so that it shows correct reading when weighing the corn flour and the amount
of corn flour used must be precise as a slight difference in reading will cause different
concentration of substances in water. As the amount of water used must also be precise, we
need to use appropriate instrument to measure the volume of water such as volumetric flask
instead of regular container. In addition, the corn flour solution must be stirred thoroughly so
that accumulation does not take place before pouring the solution into the cylinder. All the
cylinders containing corn flour solution must be placed onto the panel simultaneously so that the
stopwatch can be started at the same time. When reading the heights of liquid, make sure that
the eyes are perpendicular to the scale measurement to avoid parallax error. For a better results,
use cylinder with the measurement scales on it so that the act of reading the heights would be
easy.

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4.0 CONCLUSION
In this experiment, we managed to achieve two learning outcomes. For the first
outcome which is to study the effect of different initial heights and concentrations on the
settling rate, we found that when the initial height of the suspension is lower, the settling rate
is faster. However, generally, the initial height of suspension does not affect the settling rate in
which we can see that there is no height being included in the equation of Stokes Law to
calculate settling velocity. The suspension not being stirred uniformly might be the cause to
such result. For concentration difference, we found that the higher the concentration of
suspension is high, the lower the settling rate. This is because higher concentration suspension
contains more particles which limit the free space for particle to settle and thus hinder the
settling process.
From experiment B, which is our second learning outcome, we managed to study the
effect different volume of flocculants on the settling rate. As we can see, most sets in
experiment B results in a faster settling rate as compared to experiment A. We found that the
higher the volume of flocculants used, the faster the settling rate of the particles. Flocculants
are chemicals that promote flocculation by causing colloids and other suspended particles in
liquids to aggregate, forming a flock. The utilization of flocculants in this experiment is to help
coagulate the lighter particles that would not settle. By doing so, the fine particle will clump
together hence forming a big lump in order to increase their density and settle faster. However,
a certain sufficient amount of flocculants is needed to achieve high settling rate. All in all, the
objectives of the experiments are achieved.

26 | P a g e

5.0 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

a) What are the weaknesses of this experiment?
1) The time to start the stopwatch after shaking up the suspension and placing it back onto
the panel is not same for all the samples.
2) Parallax error in reading the heights.
3) The accumulation of particles occur very fast even before pouring it into the cylinder.
4) Reaction time error in calling the time and reading the heights
5) The brightness of back panel illumination light is low which made the clear interface of
fluid barely visible.
b) How can we improve this experiment?
1) Make sure that all the cylinders are placed onto the panel simultaneously so that the
stopwatch can be started at the same time.
2) Make sure the eyes are perpendicular to the cylinder. For a better results, use cylinder
with the measurement scales on it so that the act of reading the heights would be easy.
3) Make sure to stir all the solutions thoroughly before pouring it into the cylinder.
4) Use some type of digital equipment which can read the heights at the specified time
intervals.
5) Back panel illuminations light should be brighter so that the clear interface of fluid is
visible enough for us to read the height.

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c) What are the factors affecting settling time of particles?

Size
The small particle tends to settle more slowly than large particle as it tends to be in
suspension in the liquid for a longer time while the large one settle faster due to the pull
of gravity. This phenomenal is sometimes called graded bedding or vertical sorting.

Shape
The round shaped particle tends to settle faster than the flat particle of equal sizes as it
experience less resistance in the water compare to the flat one at much faster rate.

Density
The higher the density of the particle, the faster the time taken for the particle to settle
down. If 2 particles with same size were put in the water, the one with higher density
will settle first.

Velocity
The velocity of the fluid also affect the settling of the particle. The higher velocity means
that the fluid has higher carrying power of the particle causing more particles are bing
carried over time and more solids to be deposited.

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6.0 REFERENCES
Coe, H.S.; Clevenger, G.H. (1916). Methods for determining the capacities of slime-settling
tanks.
Geankoplis, C. J., (1995) Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall.
McCabe, W. L., E (1993) Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall PTR.
Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 55: 356.

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