Copia - ENG P44x Technical Presentation MARS 2005

Hardware Presentation
MiCOM P440
Available Models
P441 - Housing 8 (40TE)
Three-phase trip and auto-reclosure
8 opto-insulated inputs
14 output contacts
6 N/O
8 C/O
Option:
Check Sync
Conventional Instrument Transformer or NCIT (IEC61850 - 9 - 2)
Till 2011
Available Models
Three-phase and single phase trip and auto-reclosure

21 output contacts
9 N/O
12 C/O
Options: Voltage control - IRIG-B synchronization
Voltage control for Check Sync
IRIG-B synchronization
IEC60870 - 5 / 103 Optical Fibre Converter
Second rear communication port/InterMICOM/UCA2
Available Models
Three-phase and single phase trip and auto-reclosure

32 (up to 46max-model H) output contacts
24 N/O
8 C/O
Options:
Voltage control for Check Sync
IRIG-B synchronization
IEC60870 - 5 / 103 Optical Fibre Converter
Second rear communication port/InterMiCOM/UCA2
Rated Values of Inputs/Outputs
Analogue Voltage transformers:
Voltage: 80 - 140Vca ph-ph
Analogue Current tranformers:
Dual CT inputs 1A/5A
Or Digital Acquisition for Non Conventional Instrument Transformers (Optical Fibre

Input - IEC 61850 -9 - 2 protocol)
Auxiliary Voltage:
19 - 65 Vcc
37 - 150Vcc or 24 - 110Vca
87 - 300Vcc or 80 - 265Vca
Field voltage (for external use) : 48V DC

(current limit: 112 mA)
Rated Values of Inputs/Outputs
8,16 or 24 opto universal inputs (24 - 250Vcc)
6N/O, 8C/O Outputs or 9N/O, 12C/O or 24N/O, 8C/O
Contact characteristics:
Make and Carry: 30A during 3s
Carry continuous : 5A
Breaking Capacity: 62.5W with L/R=40ms
Watchdog Contact 1N/O, 1N/C
Breaking Capacity : 15W with L/R=40ms
Hardware Architecture (P441 & P442)

Power
Supply
Relay
PCB
8
Outputs
8 Relay
PCB
isolated
inputs
(P442)
Relay
PCB
8
Outputs
Relay PCB
8 Outputs
(P442)
8 opto inputs &

isolated &
Analogue PCB
16 bits ADC
Transformer
PCB
4 VT, 4 TC
64-way ribbon cable (BUS)

Main processor & User interface
(DSP TMS 320C33 150 MHz)
Co-processor PCB
Samples acquisition
Electronic Filtering
Threshold calculation
Distance Algorithms
Backup Protection
Disturbance Recorder
Fixed Scheme Logic
Programmable Scheme Logic
Comm. and HMI Management
Battery
SK2
SK1
IRIG-B PCB
(P442)
BNC
Rx1
Tx1
Or
Second Com. port

(P442)
BNC
SK4 SK5
Hardware Architecture (P444)

Power Relay PCB Relay PCB
7 Output
Supply 8 Output
contacts
PCB
contacts
Relay PCB
7 Output
contacts
Opto
input
PCB
8 Inputs
8 opto inputs &

Analogue PCB
16 Bits ADC
Transformer
PCB
4 VT, 4 CT
64-way ribbon cable (BUS)

Relay PCB
8 Output
Relay
PCB
Contacts
8 Output
contacts
Relay
PCB
8 Ouput
contacts
Co-processor PCB
Relay
PCB 8
opto
inputs
Samples acquisition
Electronic Filtering
Threshold calculation
Distance Algorithms
Main processor and user

interface PCB
Backup Protection
Disturbance Recorder
Fixed Scheme Logic
Comm. and HMI Management
Battery
SK2
SK1
IRIG-B PCB
(P442)
BNC
Rx1
Tx1
Or
Second Com. port

(P442)
BNC
SK4 SK5
MiCOM P444
Hardware Description
Front panel included

Main Processor &
User Interface Board
(MiCOM Px40 series standard)
64 way ribbon cable
MiCOM P444 - Front Opened

9
MiCOM P444 Hardware Description

Power supply module
included
one outputs board
3 Opto Universal Boards

8 inputs per board
24 inputs per P444
4 Output Boards
Transformer Module
8 OMRON relays per board

32 outputs per P444 (24 n/o & 8 c/o)
+2 PCB 7relays = 46 outputs in H version
Optional IRIG-B Board
Co-processor Board
MiCOM P444 - Position of the boards inside the case

10
MiCOM P441-442-444 Hardware Description

1A / 5A current & voltage
Optional
input terminals
IRIG-B Board
(Terminal block C)
(Not for P441)
Programmable digital Power supply

outputs (32 relays) connection
connection
(Terminal block J, K, L & M) (Terminal block N)
Others options:
- ethernet
-2nd rear
-InterMicom
(Not for P441)
Option:Programmable digital
Optional
outputs (2x7relays) connection
Fibre optic connection
(Terminal block G & H)
IEC60870-5-103
Programmable
(Not for P441)
24 digital inputs connection
(Terminal block D, E & F)
1st Rear Communication
port RS485
MiCOM P444 - Rear view
11
P44x Phase 2 Development Last Version A4.8 & more

- Since August 2004
Addition of the Fault Location Cell in IEC60870-5/103 protocol

Optional 2nd rear communication port (Courier protocol only):
P44x??7????????? : 2nd rear port only
P44x??8????????? : 2nd rear port and IRIGB
Language:
Courier always
IRIG-B
Second rear port

Courier Port since A4.0
(RS232/RS485)
InterMiCOM (RS232)
available since C1.0
SK4
SK5
Physical links:
RS 232
or
RS 485 (polarity sensitive)
or
K-Bus (non polarity sensitive)
Cortec selection:P44???x
(No options for P441)
MiCOM P442-444Hardware
Description(Options)
IRIG-B Board
Fibre optic connection

IEC60870-5-103
optical port
2nd rear port

Courier
(RS232/RS485)
Ethernet
10/100MHz
Copper port
Inter-MiCom
Port (RS232)
Cortec selection:P44?????x
1st Rear port
Rear view - Communications options

13
P44x Phase 2 Development
Version C1.0 - available from April 2004

Version C2.2 - available from Sept 2004
Integration of the new CPU board at 150 MHz

Optional fast static outputs
Optional 46 outputs in P444-model 20H/ 30H
Addition of a settable time delay to prevent maloperation due to zone evolution from zone n
to zone n-1 by CB operation
Addition of a tilt characteristic for zone 1 (independent setting for phase-to-ground and
phase-to-phase). Settable between 45
Addition of a tilt characteristic for zone 2 and zone P (common setting for phase-to-ground
and phase-to-phase/Z2 and Zp). Settable between 45
Additional DDB signal - Distance Earth Fault
Integration of special RTE weak infeed logic (PAP)
Integration of uncompressed disturbance recorder with resolution of 24 samples
Addition of Control input Buttons (Hotkeys)

Integration of InterMiCOM (serial communication from relay to relay) Addition of

an independent Tp Transmission Time Delay for Aided Trip Logic for DEF
Modification of DEF Time Delay step from 100 ms to 2ms
SBEF with 4 stages (IN>1 to IN>4)
Extraction of the internal TRACE (windows tool not yet available)

Power Swing Logic modified:

Detection is now realised by using phase-to-phase loops to ensure a better phase-toground resistance coverage.
Additional Delta Fault Detector used during Power Swing condition to unblock
distance element by 3 phase fault independently of the faulty current value.
Additional Delta Fault Selector used to determinate the faulty phase if a fault occurs
during power fault (previous firmware force a 3 phase fault selection).
Relay is able to differentiate an out-of-step condition from a stable power swing (sign
of R). Out-of-step tripping can be realised by PSL.
A trip can be issued using PSL when a certain number of Out-of-step or/and stable
power swing conditions has been reached
Zone Decision is filtered by Power Swing Logic during TOR condition to avoid an
instantaneous trip if reclosing on power swing condition and if any of 6 loops within
the distance characteristic.
CT Requirements
Recent RTDS testing have been conducted to verify the CT
requirements with the new version C1.0:
CT Knee Point Voltage for Phase Fault Distance Protection
Vk
Where:
Vk
KRPA
0.6
IF Z1
KRPA x IF Z1 x (1+ X/R) . (RCT + RL)
=
=
Required CT knee point voltage (volts),

Fixed dimensioning factor
= always
X/R
RCT
RL
=
=
=
Max. secondary phase fault current at Zone 1

reach point (A),
Primary system reactance / resistance ratio,
CT secondary winding resistance (),
Single lead resistance from CT to relay ().
CT Requirements
Recent RTDS testing have been conducted to verify the

CT requirements with the new version C1.0:
CT Knee Point Voltage for Earth Fault Distance Protection
Vk
KRPA x IFe Z1 x (1+ Xe/Re) . (RCT + 2RL)

Where:
KRPA = Fixed dimensioning factor = always 0.6
IFe Z1 = Max. secondary earth fault current at Zone 1 reach
point (A),
Xe/Re = Primary system reactance / resistance ratio for
earth loop.

Version C2.x
Model 30H/30G/30J (Cortec modified)

Thermal overload function (as P540) - dual time constant
Measurement 3:
Thermal status
Alarm : 50% - 100%
Log curves
Dual alarm between copper & oil
UCA2 - DNP3/Kbus/ModBus/103 61850-8-1 soon

Input synchro included in the DDB
Opto configuration - with/without filtering - included or not in the events
DEF settings: IN Rev Factor (0,6 - 1)
30J: Dual Optos for chinas market
MiCOM P44x new firmware

P44x* 10A
* P441, P442, P444
Commercially Available in July 2011

CyberSecurity
Phase 1
IEC61850
Phase 3
MiCOM
P44x 10A
Settable
PSL
Timers
New
technical
Manual
DEF
enhancement
Additional
Protection Fct
New firmware model for hardware J

P44x-10A is a project for a new model C7 for
Hardware J.
The first version of C7 model is C7.A_S
(P44x C7.A_S doesnt supersedes any existing
versions).
Extract from software
issues summary all
phases - LN data
base
Cyber-Security
Phase 1
Cyber-security Phase 1 features:

Need to use MiCOM S1 Studio 3.4.0 (bugs corrected in .1)
4 levels of Password (encrypted)
Device hardening (disability of unused applications and physical
ports)
Security logs (additional events for security, additional data
recorded (events cannot be cleared)
User Banner
No possibility to enable/disable security feature
NERC Compliant (not NERC by default)
Benefits:
None of our competitor is NERC compliant today
IEC61850
Phase 3
IEC 61850 8.1 platform major enhancements:

Controls
Improved GOOSE processing
Buffered reports
User friendly configuration (configurable
datasets)
Settable
PSL
Timers
Settable time option for PSL timers in setting groups
DEF
enhancement
Directional Earth Fault Protection :

Change of DEF blocking condition when pole dead
detection is active:
Drop-off time to maintain blocking now fully user
settable
Benefit:
during phase ARC cycle.
Additional
Protection Fct
Additional Protection Functions

Frequency Protection function
Undercurrent Protection function
New settings for Over and Under-voltage
protections
Benefit: In line with Hardware J
New
technical
Manual
New technical manual: P44x/EN T/H85

P44x technical doc reworked + new page setting in line with other
MiCOM products documentations.
Coming soon on P44x page within Schneider-Electric website:
Analogue to Digital Conversion and Filtering

24 Samples per cycle (AX)
12 Samples per cycle (AX)

24 Samples per cycle (>B1.x)
48 Samples per cycle (>B1.x)

Anti aliasing
Lowpass
filter
Analogue to
digital
conversion
FIR
current
derivative
Anti
aliasing
U
24 samples
per cycle
1 Sample
delay
Lowpass
filter
1 Sample
delay
F sampling for Dist.Rec. is 24 samples/cycle

since version B1.X
di/dt
Analog to Digital Conversion and Filtering

((AX) 24 samples - (>B1.x) 48 Samples )
Analogue & Numerical Filters
Anti-aliasing
Digital Filters
Fc << 300Hz
Analog Filters
C.A.N
Analog
Channels
1 sample / 2
T.F.D
Harmonic 1 and 2 (50 and 100Hz)

Low Pass Filter: frequency cut out
150 Hz, 250 Hz, 350 Hz, 500 Hz & 600 Hz
Filtre passe-bas
1.4
1.2
Amplitude
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
100
200
300
Frquence
400
500
600

((AX) 12 samples - (>B1.x) 24 Samples )
Numerical Filters
Low Pass
Derivative Filter
High Pass Filter
Delay
Posit&Negat seq. Filter

High Pass Filter: frequency cut out
0 Hz, 300 Hz & 462 Hz.
Filtre passe-haut
2.5
Amplitude
1.5
0.5
0
0
100
200
300
Frquence
400
500
600

Derivated Filter: frequency cut out
0 Hz, 300 Hz & 462 Hz.
Fitre drivateur
1200
1000
Amplitude
800
600
400
200
100
200
300
Frquence
400
500
600
Hardware Overview
MiCOM P440
MiCOM Hardware - Example of Front Housing View

80TE (1)
LCD - 3 lines
Programmable
LEDs
Fixed
LEDs
Bottom Flap Masking RS232 COM port and Battery
MiCOM Hardware - Example of Front Housing View 80TE (2)

Serial N and
CORTEC Code
identifying the
product
2 Hot Keys
Consultation/Effacement
Compte Rendus
SK2: DB 25 points
- Text editor
- Flash Version
Navigation
Arrow
Battery:
Disturbance Event
Maintenance Message
SK1: DB 9 points
- Settings / PSL
- Extraction (evt/Pert)
- Reset Leds
Available Informations of Front Housing
MiCOM Hardware 80TE case front view

From 04/2011
Serial N and
CORTEC Code
identifying the
product
2 Hot Keys
Consultation/Effacement
Compte Rendus
SK2: DB 25 points
- Text editor
- Flash Version
Navigation
Arrow
Battery:
Disturbance Event
Maintenance Message
SK1: DB 9 points
- Settings / PSL
- Extraction (evt/Pert)
- Reset Leds
Available Informations of Front Housing
MiCOM HardwareTeminal Blocks Rear View

Ethernet
Module
Inputs/Outputs
Module
Analogical
Module
Module
IRIGB
Rear View of the Housing 40-60-80TE
Protection Features
MiCOM P440
P440 Distance & Other Protection Functions
Distance
Protection
Power Swing
Blocking
Out Of Step
Logic
Channel Aided
Distance / DEF
Broken
Conductor
Detection
Switch on to
Fault & Trip
on Reclose
Negative
Directional Sequence
Overcurrent
Directional /
non Directional
Overcurrent
Thermal
Overload
Breaker
Failure
Directional /
non Directional
Earth Fault
Under / Over
Voltage
P440 Distance Protection

Distance
Protection
Algorithms
Trip on Reclose
Switch on to fault
Parallel Line
Zone 1 Extension
Loss of Load
Channel
Aided Trip
Weak Infeed
and Echo Mode
PAP
Distance Protection Algorithms Full Scheme

Distance Protection
Five Quadrilateral Zones
(Tilt in option)
X
Z3
Zp
Additional Fwd. /
Rev.Programmable
Zone p
Z2
Z1
R
Z4
Directional Line
fixed at: - 30
(Deltas & Classical)
Distance Protection Algorithms Distance Scheme

Distance operation settable (21P, 21G or
both)
Zone operation settable (Z1X, Z2, Zp, Z3 &
Z4)
Zp Direction programmable
Zone overlapping or zone selection
Single or three pole tripping (P442 & P444)
Impedance Measurement Algorithms

R and X Measurement
Compute R and X for 6 impedance loops
(ZAN, ZBN, ZCN, ZAB, ZBC, ZCA)
Line characteristics:
R = line resistance (
/km)
X = line reactance (
/km)
D
ZSource
ZLine
Fault characteristics:
I
U
RFault
D = calculated position of the fault (km)

I = fault current on the faulty phase(s) as
measured by the relay (A)
RF= apparent fault resistance (
)
V = (R + jX) x I = linear voltage drop on
the line (V/km)
U = voltage measured by the relay (V)
J = fault current through the fault
U =D x V + RFault x J
=D x (R + jX) x I + RFault x J
resistance(A)
Ir = residual current
Setting Applied for Ground Fault Detection

A-N Zone 1 shown:
IA
ZS
Z1 Gnd
IA
Line Ground Reach

VA
VS
IN
kZn x Z1 Gnd
R1 Gnd
Fault
Line Residual Reach

Xa
Z1 gnd
Z1
R1gnd/
1+kZN
Ground Loop Model

Ra
Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X Measurement

Location of Relay
Z
Z
s
i3
V1
Z Fault
Z
i1
V2
ZL
V3
R Fault/(1 + K0)
i2
X /phase
kS
ZS
V V V
1
kL
ZL
R /phase
RFault
Phase-to-ground loop impedance:

VN = ZL x D x (I + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J
with = (A, B or C)
And J = 3I0 during the first 2 cycles and then J = I
k0 =
Z0 - Zd
3 x Zd
Impedance Measurement Algorithms R and X

Measurement
For phase-to-earth loop impedance:

VAN = ZL x D x (IA + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J
VBN = ZL x D x (IB + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J
VCN = ZL x D x (IC + kO x 3I0) + RFault x J
x 4 kO residual compensation factors = 12 loops
The derived faulted phase current is used for measurement

after the first 2 cycles for fault in zone 2, 3, P and 4 because
the zero sequence current 3I0 can be erroneous due to a singlephase CB opening in the network.

1.1.1.
C A RAC TE RIS TIQ U E M O NO A VE C ZO NE P AV A L
For phase-to-earth loop impedance:

Z on e 3
Z on e P
Z on e 2
Z on e 1
K0 3
Z3
R3 G
K0 p
Zp
K0 2
RpG
Z2
K0 1
R2 G
Z1
R1 G
R
Z on e 4
Z1, Z2, Z3, Zp, Z4

R 1G , R 2G , R 3G , R pG
: lim ites des zones 1, 2, 3, p, 4

: porte en rsistance des zones 1, 2, 3, p, 4 pour les
dfauts m onophass.
K01, K02, K03, K0p
: coefficient de com pensation rsiduelle des zones 1,
2, 3, p
Les zones 1, 2, 3 et P peuvent avoir des portes en rsistances et des coefficients de com pensation
rsiduelle diffrents. Les zones 3 et 4 ont les m m es portes en rsistances et coefficients de
com pensation rsiduelle. Les coefficients de com pensation rsiduelle dpendent de la
caractristique de la ligne sur chaque zone.
angle de ligne :
pg
2 * Z 1 + Zx 0
= Arg
o Zx 0 est lim pdance hom opolaire pour la zone x et
Z 1 est lim pdance directe.
Setting Applied for Phase Fault Detection

A-B Zone 1 shown:
IA - IB
ZS
Z1 Ph
Line Phase Reach
VS
VAB
Xab
R1 Ph / 2
Fault
Z1 ph
Z1
R1ph/2
Positive Sequence Model

Rab

Measurement
Location of Relay
Zs
Zs
ZL
i3
V2N
V1N
ZL
V V V
1
Phase-to-phase loop impedance:

V = ZL x D x I + RFault /2 x J
with = (AB, BC or CA) and with J = I
R Fault/2
ZL
ZL
i2
Zs i
1
V3N
X /phase
RFault
Z Fault
R /phase

Measurement
For phase-to-phase loop impedance:
VAB = ZL x D x IAB + RFault /2 x J
VBC = ZL x D x IBC + RFault /2 x J
VCA = ZL x D x ICA + RFault /2 x J
= 3 loops
The protection has 15 measurement loops.

The measurements are true reactance measurements,
i.e. insensitive to effects of load current and fault
resistance.
All 15 loops will be computed every 0,69 ms at 60 Hz.
(24 samples per cycle)

1.1.1.
CARACTERISTIQUE BIPHASEE AVEC ZONE P AVAL
For phase to phase loop impedance:
Z3
Zone3
Zp
R3Ph
ZoneP
Z2
Zone2
RpPh
Z1
Zone1
R2Ph
R1Ph
Zone4
Z1, Z2, Z3, Zp, Z4

R1Ph, R2Ph, R3Ph, RpPh
: limites des zones 1, 2, 3, p, 4

: porte en rsistance des zones 1, 2, 3, p pour les
dfauts biphass.
Dans le cas dune caractristique biphase, toutes les zones ont le mme angle de ligne :
largument de Z1 (impdance directe).

Measurement
Gauss-Seidel
(Last mean square iterative mathematics method)
Fault distance D :
DN
U x V - R fault N-1 x V x J
(V)
Fault resistance R Fault :

=
R Dfaut N
U x J - D N-1 x V x J
(J)

Measurement - Gauss-Seidel
V 1 = ZL . D . I1 + RF. IF1 + 1
V i =
V n =
( i) = ( V i
2
ZL . D . Ii + RF. IFi + i
ZL . D . I n + RF. IFn + n
ZL . D . Ii - RF. IFi) 2
(La st m ea n sq ua re m etho d )
(i) / (ZL.D) = 0 et (i) / RF = 0

2
2
2
( i) / (ZL.D) = (V i-ZL.D.Ii-RF. IFi) / (ZL.D) - Deriva te c a lc ula tion = [ 2.( V i-ZL.D.Ii-RF. IFi) .(-Ii)=0]
2
( i) / RF
= (V i-ZL.D.Ii-RF. IFi) 2/ RF
= [ 2.( V i-ZL.D.Ii-RF. IFi).(-IFi) =0]
(Vi . Ii) = ZL.D. (Ii)2
+ RF. (Ii . IFi)
(Vi . IFi) = ZL.D. (Ii . IFi) + RF. (IFi)2

The above system is solved by iterative method:
ZL.D n = [ (Vi . Ii) RF n-1. (Ii . IFi)] / (Ii)2
RF n =[ (Vi . IFi) - ZL.D n-1. (Ii . IFi) ] / (IFi)2
Distance Protection Algorithms

Dual distance protection algorithms
The operation of MiCOM P440 is based on
the combined use of two types of algorithms
for a fault detection:
Algorithm 1: Fault detection using superimposed
quantities: Delta algorithm (Startup: I or V )
Algorithm 2: Fault detection using resistance/reactance:
Conventional algorithm (Startup: minZ )
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms
Delta algorithms
The patented algorithm has been proven with 15 years of
service at all voltage levels.
The P440 relay has ultimate reliability of phase selection
and directional decision far superior to standard distance
techniques.
The delta algorithms are based on transient components.
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta Algorithms/Principle
Delta algorithm using superimposed values

Fault confirmation
T = 1/2 cycle
Forward fault detection
Phase selection
Convergence of calculated R and X within
quadrilateral zone
Trip time with new coprocessor board:
Fastest Trip Time 0.85 cycle
Typical 1.1 cycle
Faulted Phase Selection

All P44x Use Superimposed Current
Compares pre-faulted system

Acts as a fault detector and faulted phase detector
Can quickly recognize evolving faults and power swings
Provides secure phase selection for complex fault conditions
Sensitive to any fault type
Works Automatically - with no settings needed
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta

Algorithms/Principle
Predicted and Superimposed Values
Y(t-2T) = Sample two cycles prior to t
Y(t-T) = Sample one cycle prior to t
Yp(t)
= Predicted value of Y at time t

= 2.Y(t-T) - Y(t-2T)
Y(t) = Y(t) - Yp(t)
Y(t) currents or voltages
Sampled waveform y
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta

Algorithms/Principle
Calculation of Superimposed Values
IApf
Unfaulted line (predicted)
VApf
VFpf
IA
Faulted line
VA
F
Rfault
IA
Superimposed Delta
values:
VA=VA-VApf
IA=IA-IApf
VA
-VFpf
Rfault

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms/Principle
A transition is detected if:
I > 20% In OR V >10% Vn
Then three tasks are starting in parallel:
Fault confirmation: I AND V

Faulty phase selection
Fault direction determination
(classical directionnal computed in parallel)
(3 consecutive samples)
Start
Confirmation
Phase selection
Direction

Delta Algorithms/Phase Selection
Phase Selection
Current derivative values are used to eliminate the
effect of dc transients
Derivative currents are squared prior to magnitude
comparison Sx = ( I'x)
for the six loops
Phase-to-phase values are sorted into ascending
order and compared
Example SAB < SBC < SCA
If SAB << SBC , the fault has had minimal effect on the loop AB. The
fault is single-phase (C).

Delta Algorithms/Phase Selection
Phase selection
If no single phase fault is detected, phase values are
sorted into ascending order and compared
Example SA < SB < SC
Fault affects at least the ring main (B,C)

If SA << SB , the fault is phase-to-phase (B,C)
If SAB SBC SBC and SA SB SC the fault is three-phase (A,B,C)

Delta Algorithms/Fault Direction
Fault direction is determined according to the sign of transient energy characterising the
fault. Transition energy is the energy created by the fault and is given by:
- S = U x I x dt
The sign of the energy is used for detection of fault direction as follows:

For forward faults I is in reverse direction to the relays CT orientation

The power supplied through the relay is:
P = - I. Zs
The energy is:

S = - I. Zs. dt, which is always negative
Zone 1
Forward fault

For a reverse fault V = I. Zs is positive while I is in same direction as the relays CT

orientation, hence:
The power supplied through the relay is:
P = - I. Zs
The energy is:

(S = + I . Zs. dt,) always positive for a reverse fault.
Zone 1
Reverse fault
I
Delta Directional Comparison:

Forward Fault Decision
Forward direction
Forward fault
V
Delta I lags inverted Delta V
- V
-Zs
Delta I lags -
V according to the
characteristic angle of the source
impedance behind the relay
60 degrees for lines (by default),
0 degrees used for series compensated line
applications (Series Cmp. Line = Enabled in
P442).
P442
P443

The fault direction is determined by the sign of the transient
energy S calculated by phase:
SA=
UA x IA ,
SB=
UB x IB ,
SC=
UC x IC
If fault in AN
If fault in BN
If fault in CN
then S = SA
then S = SB
then S = SC
If fault in AB
If fault in BC
If fault in CA
If fault in ABC
and if SA or SB<0
and if SB or SC<0
and if SC or SA<0
and if SA or SB or SC< 0
If S<0 then Forward Fault

If S>0 then Reverse Fault
then
Forward Fault
otherwise
Reverse Fault

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms
Validity conditions:
Power system frequency is being measured and tracked

Line is not open
All voltages are between 70% and 130% of the nominal value
The residual current is less than 10% of the nominal value +
3.3% of the maximum current flowing on the line
There is no power swing
2 cycles of healthy pre-fault data are stored

Conventional Algorithms
Conventional algorithms use the 15 measuring loops

of impedance (AN, BN,CN, AB, BC, CA)
Under impedance Z< starting
Start when at least 1 of the 15 measuring loops
converges within the start-up characteristic
(Z3 and Z4)

Phase selection
Current phase selection
Amplitudes IA, IB and IC derived from the three phase
currents IA, IB and IC are measured and compared to each
other and to the two thresholds S1 (= 3 x IN) and S2 (= 5 x IN)
Example IA < IB < IC
If IC > S2, IB > S1 and IA > S1, the fault is three-phase

If IC > S2, IB > S1 and IA < S1, the fault is two-phase (BC)
If IC > S2, IB < S1, the fault is single-phase (CN)
If IC < S2, the current phase selection cannot be used.

Impedance phase selection
Impedance phase selection is obtained by checking the
convergence of the various measuring loops within the
start-up characteristic
T = presence of zero-sequence voltage or current
ZAN = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop AN
ZBN = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop BN
ZCN = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop CN
ZAB = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop AB
ZBC = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop BC
ZCA = Convergence within the characteristic of the loop CA

In addition, the following are also defined:
RAN = ZAN . /ZBC with /ZBC = no convergence within the
characteristic of the loop BC
RBN = ZBN . /ZCA with /ZCA = no convergence within the
characteristic of the loop CA
RCN = ZCN . /ZAB with /ZAB = no convergence within the
characteristic of the loop AB
RAB = ZAB . /ZC with /ZC = no convergence within the
characteristic of the loop CN
RBC = ZBC . /ZA with /ZA = no convergence within the
characteristic of the loop AN
RCA = ZCA . /ZB with /ZB = no convergence within the
characteristic of the loop BN

The different phase selection are:
single phase A to ground
SAN = T . RA . /RB . /RC
fault
SBN = T . RB . /RA . /RC
single phase B to ground
fault
SCN = T . RC . /RA . /RB
single phase C to ground
fault
SAN = T . RA . /RB . /RC
single phase A to ground
fault
SAB = T . RAB . ZA . ZB
phase-to-phase AB to ground fault
SBC = T . RBC . ZB . ZC
phase-to-phase BC to ground fault
SCA = T . RCA . ZC . ZA
phase-to-phase CA to ground fault
SAB = /T . RAB . /RBC . /RCA phase-to-phase AB fault
SBC = /T . RBC . /RCA . /RAB phase-to-phase BC fault
SCA = /T . RCA . /RAB . /RBC phase-to-phase CA fault
SABC = ZA . ZB . ZC . ZAB . ZBC . ZCA 3 phase fault

Directional decision
Phase shift between the pre-fault voltage and
the fault current
For single-phase loops:
Phase shift between the stored voltage and the
current derivative I + kO x 3I0 with = (A, B or C)
For two-phase loops:

Phase shift between the stored voltage and the
derivative of the current I with = (AB, BC or CA)
Directional angle is fixed between -30 and

+150
Theoretical Distance Relay Operating

Requirements
X
1) Trip for internal fault

2) Stable for all loading
ZLine
Fault + arc impedance

region
Z load
R
Load impedance
Effects of Infeed and Outfeed:

Apparent Arc Resistance Change
X
load import
ZLine
load export
Arc impedance with

Remote end infeed
Z load
R
Load impedance
region
Using P442 family relays Setting of Right-Hand

resistive reach
Five Quadrilateral Zones
X
Z3
Zp
Z2
Z1
This line serves

as the load
blinder, and the
resistive
coverage, in one
setting
R
Z4
Directional Line
Protection de Distance Algorithmes Classiques - Slection de

phase minZ sur dfaut Bi-Terre (exemple:ABN)
Surveillance des 3 boucles AB, BN,AN
Position des boucles dans diffrentes zones (AN=Z1/AB=Z2/BN en dehors)
Solution applique: Afin d viter une sl.de phase mono Z1, la caratristique est
tendue (X3tendue=2R3)
Z i
s
BN
BN
Z
Z
BN
AB
AN
VB
VA
V V V
A B C
R
Dfaut
Quadrilateral Characteristic Advantages

Zone reach setting (Z) and Resistive reach (R)
setting are independent
Allows resistive reach to be set exactly according to
the fault arc coverage required
No need to rely on characteristic expansion - you
get what you set!
Resistive reach setting acts as the load blinder

Makes characteristic applicable to lines of all
lengths, without risking load encroachment trips
Characteristic simplicity - easy to test and

commission
Resistive reach is constant throughout the length of
the zone
Distance Protection Algorithms Delta/Conventional

Algorithms
Trip Decision on X/R Convergence in Zone

All zone timers started at the instant of fault detection
Rn-1 < Ri and Rn < Ri and |Rn-1 - Rn| < 10% x Ri
Xn-1 < Xi and Xn < Xi and |Xn-1 - Xn| < k% x Xi
With k= 5% for zone 1 and 10% for other zones
With i=1,1X,2,p,3 and 4
4..
R
Directional Line
Distance Protection AlgorithmsDelta/Conventional

Algorithms
Trip Decision on X/R Convergence in Zone
<10% change in between R & X

iterations gives convergence n=n+1
<5% change in between R &
X iterations gives convergence
n=n+2
n= 6 zone decision
for Z1, Z1X, Z2 and Zp
n= 2 zone decision
for Z3 and Z4
4..
R

Delta Algorithms

Delta Algorithms (Example in Version A4.x)
Classic Algorithms:
ZAC Convergence
Trip
Delta Algorithms:
Start V or I
Delta Algorithms: Delta Algorithms: Sending

Direction
AC Phase
Selection
Zone Decision:
Zone 1
Distance Protection Algorithms Algorithms Chaining
Acquisition and
filtering of samples
Line open
Switch-on-to-fault
Impedance measurements
on all 15 loops
N
N
Convergence
in characteristic
of all 6 loops
Phase selection
Network
healthy
N
Y
Y
Detection of
transition
Fault
confirmation
Y
Phase selection
Direction
Tripping logic
Decision to trip using delta algorithms during 40 ms
Decision to trip using classic algorithms
Direction

Version B1.2 - available from June 2003
Modification of the distance algorithm chaining
Distance Start:
(U OR I) with U > 10% Vn and I 20% > In
OR
Z< (classical)
Directional Decision:
The sign of transient energy ( U x I) is used if (V AND I) is verified,
ELSE
Direction decision of the classical algorithms is used (angle between pre-fault

voltage and faulty current)
Phase Selection:
I phase selector is used if I verified (S = I)
OR
Classical Current Phase Selector is used

ELSE
Classical Impedance Phase Selector is used
Distance Protection - Algorithms Chaining detailed

FAST ALGORITHM
DIST START A* (DDB 249)
SA = (Iad ) 2 ...
DIST START B* (DDB 250)

DIST START C* (DDB 251)
DISTANCE PHASE
SELECTION
VA
VB
VC
IMPEDANCE
MONITORING
GAUSS-SIDEL
15 Loops
DIST CONVERGENCY (DDB 345)
FAST ALGORITHM
Distance Convergency
IA
IB
IC
DIST START N (DDB 354)
CLASS. ALGORITHM
I Phase selection
Phase selection
&
DIST FWD
&
DIST REV
S = ( Va * Ia + ...)
DIST FWD NO FILT (DDB 343)
MEMORY
VOLTAGE
DIRECTIONAL
Fault
Detection
DIST REV NO FILT (DDB344)
CLASS. ALGORITH.
Phase(Vmemory, I+ K0Ir)
&
Pulse
TrevG
DIST REV GUARD (DDB 270)
V , I
PREDICTIVES VALUES
AND DELTA
Gp(t) = 2G(t-T)-G(t-2T)
Delta detected
FAST ALGORITHM
12 mono loops using
K0*Ir
3 biphase quantities
loops
IMPEDANCE
CALCULATION
FOR
MEASUREMENTS
CLASS. ALGORITHM
15 loops using
phase/ biphase quantities
Start All
Timers
Z1NOT FILTERED (DD349)

Z1X
ZONE
CONVERGENCY
CRITERIA
Z2
ZP
Z3
X , R
Z4
T1(DDB 261)
T2 (DDB 262)
TZP (DDB265)
T3 (DDB 263)
T4 (DDB 264)
Tp (Transmission time)
* As to be combinated respectively with Weak Infeed start A, B, C

Adaptable Distance Zones
All zones have individually adjustable (Z, RPh, RG,

kZ0 Residual Compensation amplitude and angle)
This is an advantage for hybrid lines (overhead to
cable) and transformer protection as P440 more
accurately models the line
Quadrilateral distance zones set to give good fault
arc resistive coverage whilst avoiding load
Four alternative setting groups available to suit
switched feeding arrangements
Distance Protection Algorithms Adaptable Distance Zones

Exact adaptation of Z1
setting to Z0 angle of the
protected section
Hybrid Line: Cable / Overhead line
Gas Isolated
Substation
Z1A= 1,2 ZC
Z0C < C
Overhead
Substation
Z0L < L
Z1B= 1,2 ZL
K0 = (Z0 Zd)/3Zd = K0r + jK0x
K0r = (Rd*(R0-Rd)+Xd*(X0-Xd))/(3*(Rd+Xd))
K0x = (Rd*(X0-Xd)-Xd*(R0-Rd))/(3*(Rd+Xd))
Protection de Distance Caractristique en Forme de

Paralllogramme
Rsistance de couverture par zone utilise dans le cas dune protection de

ligne courte: R/X = 10
Limites de caractristique en RBi et Rmono (possibilit de
recouvrir la zone de charge
Limite Dtection
Bande de Pompage
Boucles Bi
Limite Mise en Route
des boucles monos
X
Z3
Rbi
Mono
R
Zone de Charge
Channel Aided Distance

MiCOM P440
Channel Aided Distance Schemes

P440 Pilot Logic Schemes (21P, 21G)
Direct Intertrip (using PSL)
Blocking (BOP)
POP with weak infeed logic, and weak

infeed trip
Permissive Underreach
(PUP)
Unblocking on Loss of Guard in FSK

Power Line Carrier Schemes
Permissive Overreach (POP)
Unblocking on Loss of Carrier in NonPLC Schemes
POP with weak infeed logic

On Channel Fail: LOL or Z1X

Distance Protection: Basic Scheme
T3A
T2A
T1A
CB CB
CB
PA
Z2B=1.2 ZL
ZL
T2B
T3B
Z2A=1.2 ZL
ZL
Z1A=0.8 ZL
CB
PB
Z1B=0.8 ZL
T1B
Sequence 1

Distance Protection: Fault in Z1
T3A
T2A
T1A
ZL
Z1A=0.8 ZL
CB
CB
T1A
Z2B=1.2 ZL
T3B
ZL
T2B
CB
PA
Z1B=0.8 ZL
PB
Z2A=1.2 ZL
CB
T1B
T1B
Sequence 2

Distance Protection: Internal fault in Z2
T3A
T2A
T1A
ZL
Z1A=0.8 ZL
CB
CB
T2A
CB
PA
PB
Z2A=1.2 ZL
CB
T1B
(delayed)
Z2B=1.2 ZL
T3B
ZL
T2B
Z1B=0.8 ZL
T1B
Sequence 3

Distance Protection: External fault in Z2
(Beyond relay C)
T3A
T2A
T1A
Z
Z1A=0.8 ZL
CB
CB
CB
PA
Z2B=1.2 ZL
T3B
ZL
T2B
Z1B=0.8 ZL
PB
T1B
Z2A=1.2 ZL
CB
T1C
PC
T1C
T2C
Sequence 4

Channel Aided Permissive Underreach scheme (PUP)
T3A
T2A
T1A
Aided tripping
ZL
Z1A=0.8 ZL
Z2A=1.2 ZL
Send = Z1B
CB
CB
>T1A
Z2B=1.2 ZL
T3B
ZL
T2B
CB
PA
PB
Z1B=0.8 ZL T1B
T1B
CB
PC

Channel Aided Permissive Overreach Zone1
(POP Z1)
T2A
T1A
Z
Z1A=1,2 ZL
Send = Z1A
CB
CB
T1A
T2B Z1B=1,2 ZL
Send = Z1B
PA
CB
PB
ZL
T1B
T1B
CB
PC

Channel Aided Permissive Overreach Zone 2
(POP Z2)
T2A
T1A
ZL
Z2A=1.2 ZL
Send = Z2A
CB
CB
T1A
Z2B=1.2 ZL
ZL
Send = Z2B
PA
CB
PB
T2B
T1B
T1B
CB

Channel Aided Blocking Overreach Zone 2
(BOP Z2)
T3A
T2A
T1A
Z1A=0.8 ZL
Forward Z2
Send Z4B
ZL
Reverse B
Z2A=1.2 ZL
(Blocking signal)
CB
CB
CB
PA
Z2B=1.2 ZL
ZL
T2B
Z1B=0.8 ZL
PB
T1C
T1B
T1C
T2C
T3B
Sequence 1: External Fault in Z2A
CB
TZ4B

Channel Aided Blocking Overreach Zone 2
(BOP Z2)
T3A
T2A
T1A
Forward Z2
Z1A=0.8 ZL
Z2A=1.2 ZL
Blocking
signal
CB
CB
CB
PA
Tp>T1A
Z2B=1.2 ZL
T3B
ZL
T2B
Z1B=0.8 ZL
PB
CB
T1B
T1B
Sequence 2: Internal fault in Z2A
Weak Infeed Mode or PAP

(RTE application)
MiCOM P440
Weak Infeed Mode

P
IR
R
I#0
Weak source
VAN = ZL x D x (IA + kO x IR) + RFault x (IR + IR) with IR > IR , ZL

x D and RFault high values
Single or three pole tripping
Phase selection using U<
Check of CB position or Line open condition
EB
Protection of T line (RTE application)

Implantation of T line (passive antenna) in conformity with RTE
specifications
Single and Three-phase trip
Phase selection by voltmetric balances

Composition
(1/2)
Functional decomposition:
Measurement and analysis functions
Measurement function (starting from analogical sizes)
Analysis function (supplying commissionings)
A treatment function:
Channel-aided trip function
time delayed trip function
Presence of residual current function

Composition
(2/2)
Inputs sizes:
From the process (HT/THT network)
Three phase voltages VA, Vb, Vc,
Ir Residual curent,
Channel-aided trip reception, interlocks.
From the Configuration:

Commissioning/out of service function,
Ir, Thresholds commissioning voltage.

Measurement Function
=> Gives a phase selection information
=> Lockout with a distance start
Measurement and Analysis Function Scheme

Start Prot. Distance
Analysis
Function
Single
Multiple
Note: Residual current pickup is maintained 600ms after dropOff.

Analysis Function
=>Gives a commissioning information
(phase or residual current):
Mr A, Mr B, Mr C
Single or three-phase selection,
Ir pickup,
Commissioning by Ir
Note: Commissioning residual current is only active if no

selection phase is validate and measurement of a residual
current.

Analysis Logic
Start Prot. Distance
Single
Multiple

Treatment
(1/6)
Channel-aided trip:
(IHM commissioning/out of service)
Goal:
Allow a quick elimination of faults from TAC reception
Action on the process:
Single or Three-phase trip (according to selection phase)
with logic information reception.
Channel-aided trip coming from the other limit.
Auto-Recloser launching
Note : TAC reception is memorised 650 ms

Treatment
(2/6)
Logic channel-aided trip:

Channel-aided
trip ON
Teledec
Cmd Channel-aided
trip
cmd Teledec
Multiple
Poly
A Channel-aided
trip
Teledec
A
Mr A
Multiple
Poly
B Channel-aided
trip
Teledec
B
Mr B
Multiple
Poly
Mr C
MrIr
Autoris_Ir
Lr Authorization
C Channel-aided
trip
Teledec
C
Teledec
Ir
lr Channel-aided
trip

Treatment
(3/6)
Time delayed trip:

(IHM commissioning/out of service)
Goal:
Allow faults elimination in a time delayed way when
channel-aided trip is not possible
Action on the process:

Time delayed trip (settable time delay)
Auto-Recloser launching

Treatment
(4/6)
Specific parameters:
Time delayed trip (Tm & Tt)
Single trip authorization (P1)
DEC possible confirmation of single on lr presence (P2)
Inhibition of three-phase trip (except selection phase
informations) (P3)
Time delayed trip blocking conditions:

PAP External active time delayed interlock (TS)
Logic input no breakdown transmission active (TS)
Fuse failure line pickup (internal or external), except if lr
presence

Treatment
(5/6)
Logic function Time delayed trip :

PAP time-delay TS interlock
TS s transmission breakdown abscence
Detection line fusion fuse
Time delayed trip

under-function
Single
Multiple
EN/HS Time delayed trip
A Time delayed trip
B Time delayed trip
C Time delayed trip

Treatment
(6/6)
Residual current presence:

Goal:
Signal presence of a residual current beyond a 10 seconds
fixed duration.
Action of the process:

Indication (TC)

PAP and Auto-recloser
Teledec
A Channel-aided
tripA
(1/4)
Dec
A
PAPPAP
A Trip
A Time delayed
trip A
DecTemp
B Channel-aided
trip B
Teledec
PAPPAP
B Trip
Dec
B
DecTemp
B Time delayed
trip B
Teledec
C Channel-aided
tripC
PAPPAP
C Trip
Dec
C
C
C TimeDecTemp
delayed trip
Verrouille
ARS
ARS Interlock
DjDJ
Closed
ferm
Discordance
Out of
dePole
ple
0
50
Note: The auto-recloser start on a channel-aided trip or a time delayed trip.

PAP and Auto-recloser: associated inputs/outputs
(2/4)
Specific logic inputs (5):

Channel-aided trip reception (1),
=>
Channel-aided trip
External interlock
=>
Only interlock time

delayed trip
No fault channel-aided trip link (2)
=>
Usually always at 1
Breaker closed (3)

Out of pole (3)

PAP and auto-recloser: associated inputs/outputs
(3/4)
Note (1): independant inputs or not the one of main

protection (no confirmation)
Note (2) : coming from the process or from the other limit
(no confirmation)
Note (3) : not used inputs in V1E version
Trip outputs (specific):
DEC PAP A, DEC PAP B, DEC PAP C
(DEC Px A, B, C more informations)

PAP and Auto-recloser: associated inputs/outputs
Specific output indications:
Selector operation (PAP starting)
Supply on residual current (PAP)
Trip lr supply on residual current
PAP A, B, C Trip
Non specific output indications:

Phase selection A, B, C, Three or single fault
Auto-recloser interlock,
Fault equipment.
(4/4)

Micom S1 settings = WinEPAC Page (p1/3)
Delayed one pole

Trip
Trip allowed

Page P44x IHM MiCOM S1-settings (p2/3)

Page P44x IHM MiCOM S1- PSL settings (In/out) - (p3/3)
Extended Zone
MiCOM P440
Zone 1 Extended
Zone 1 Extended
DJ1
DJ2
Zone 1
DJ1
DJ2
Auto-reclosure is widely used on radial overhead line circuits to re-establish supply

following a transient fault. A Zone 1 extension scheme may therefore be applied to a
radial overhead feeder to provide high speed protection for transient faults along the whole
of the protected line. Figures above shows the alternative reach selections for zone 1: Z1 or
the extended reach Z1X.
Zone 1 Extended
In this scheme, zone 1X is enabled and set to overreach the protected line. A fault on the
line, including one in the end 20% not covered by zone 1, will now result in instantaneou
tripping followed by autoreclosure. Zone 1X has resistive reaches and residual
compensation similar to zone 1. The autorecloser in the relay is used to inhibit tripping
from zone 1X such that upon reclosure the relay will operate with Basic scheme logic
only, to coordinate with downstream protection for permanent faults. Thus, transient
faults on the line will be cleared instantaneously, which will reduce the probability of a
transient fault becoming permanent. The scheme can, however, operate for some faults on
an adjacent line, although this will be followed by autoreclosure with correct protection
discrimination. Increased circuit breaker operations would occur, together with transient loss
of supply to a substation.
The time delays associated with extended zone Z1X are:
The Zone 1 Extension scheme is selected by setting the Z1X Enable bit in the Zone Status
(distance scheme menu) function links to 1.
NOTE: To enable the Z1X logic (see section 3.5.2), the DDB: 'Z1X extension'
cell must be linked in the PSL (to an opto input or to reclaim time)
Acceleration Phase
by Opening Opposite limit
Operate for three- phase trip

Operate only for single, phase-to-phase or phase-to-phase-toground faults
Require a preliminary load current
Principle:
The fault located beyond 80% of the line is instantaneously
tripping by the remote end distance relay (fault detected in zone 1)
After 3 phase opening of the remote CB, there is no more any
load current on the healthy phase(s)
Presence of faulty current + above condition= Loss of load
condition - zone 2 tripping accelarated
Loss of load Logic

T2
Z1
Z2
T1
CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
CB
Loss of load Logic

Z2 tripping
accelarated
after remote CB
opening
Z2
T1
CB
I=0
CB
CB
I=0
CB
CB
I
0
CB
DJA
DJB
Switch on to Fault & Trip on Reclose

MiCOM P440
Switch on to Fault (SOTF) (1)
X
X
X
Fast tripping for faults on line energisation, even where line

VTs provide no prefault voltage memory
In service for 500ms following CB Closure (Input)
Switch on to Fault (SOTF)
(2)
Fast tripping using:

I>3 overcurrent protection
or
Level detector
or
Distance protection (zone operation settable
Z1, Z2, Zp, Z3 or Z< starting) with supervision
by Inrush Current Detection
Fastest operating time:
10 ms (I>3)
20 ms (Z<)
Trip On Reclose (TOR) (3)

As SOTF:
Except if:
Zone 1 extension,
or
Channel Aided Distance (directional comparison)
Differentiation between 3 pole TOR and SOTF can

made using a settable line open time delay.
Fault on Reclose (SOTF/TOR logic) (4)

S1 Settings:
TOR Settings:
SOTF Settings:

TOR-SOTF Logic Scheme (starting)
TOR-SOTF Logic scheme (Trip)
Parallel Lines
MiCOM P440
Parallel Lines Current Reversal Guard

Z4
Z2
Z1
Z2
Z2
Z4
Z2
Parallel Line Differential Algorithm/Fault location
Differential Algorithms for phase selection:

AN fault forward
AN fault forward
BN fault reverse
BN fault forward
Z1 AN fault Z2 ABN fault
AN
Z2 ABN fault
Z1 BN fault
BN
Extra CT input for mutual compensation (only used for fault location)
Radial LineDifferential Algorithms

Differential Algorithms for phase selection:
Z1 ABN fault
Z1 BN fault
ABN
Trip three phase
Trip single
phase
BN
if phase-to-phase fault AB
SA = VA x IA and SB = VB x IB
if both directional are forward: forward AB fault
if both directional are reverse: reverse AB fault
if one of both directional is forward: A forward and B reverse = forward AN fault
on protected line
Parallel LineCross Country Fault/Directional Decision
Parallel Line Cross Country Fault/Directional Decision
Distance Protection AlgorithmsDelta Algorithms
Distance Protection Algorithms: Delta Algorithms
Power Swing Blocking

MiCOM P440
Power Swing Detection: Stable swing /

Out of Step
X
Out Of Step
X lim
Z3
+R
R
-R
+R
-R lim
Z4
R lim
Stable swing
R
-X lim
+R
In the case of a power swing, the apparent impedance first moves into
the power swing boundary and later into the start-up characteristic. The
speed of entry into the start-up characteristic is slower that in the case of
a three-phase fault.
In case of out Of Step the loop cross the quad from +R to -R (opposite
sign).
Unblocking for Faults During a Power Swing

During a power swing the absence of zero sequence
current (no earth fault) and negative sequence
current (no phase-to-phase) should be verified (in
the event of asymmetry, a FAULT inception is
detected with unbalance condition).
The power swing current should be smaller than a
settable overcurrent threshold (if not, a three-phase
FAULT inception is detected).
An unblocking timer can be set to remove the power
swing block for persistent unrecoverable swinging.
Power Swing Blocking (Power Swing and Fault)
Fault
Power
swing
50ms
I
PSB active
PSB removed
Power Swing Blocking (Power Swing and Fault)
Unblocking for Faults During a Power Swing

Fault
Inception
Continuous I
During Swing
Minimal I
Present
P441/2/4 trips for all faults occurring during a power swing.

The power swing block is removed instantly for an
unbalanced fault, on reselection by the phase selectors.
In the unlikely event of a 3 phase fault, a step change in I
resets the block.
Power Swing Detection

R = 1,3 x tan ( x f x t) x (Rlim + Z)/Z
With:
t = 5ms,
f = power swing frequency (typical value 4Hz),
Rlim = R34 resistance reach for zone 3 and 4,
Z = Z3 + Z4.
Typical value
R = 5 by IN = 1A
R = 1 by IN = 5A
Simplified equation: R = 0.032 x f x Z min

Load
Power Swing Detection Out Step Protection

S1 Settings:
R/X Limits
Distance Element unblocking

on current presence
Block zone
Number of swing cycles
S1-PSL Settings:
Directional /Non Directional Overcurrent MiCOM P440
Directional/Non Directional Phase Overcurrent

Protection
IEC Curves
Operating Time (s)
1000
100
IEC SI
IEC VI
IEC EI
IEC LTS
Four independent stages:
1 and 2 stages:
10
0.1
1
10
100
Current (Multiples of Is)
IDMT/DT stages 1 and 2

DT on stages 3 and 4
Non directional
Directional forward
Directional reverse
IEC & IEEE IDMT curves
Directional/Non Directional Phase Overcurrent

Protection
IEEE Curves
Operating Time (s)
100
Standard phase O/C protection:
10
TMS range: 0.025 to 1.2
Time dial: 0.5 to 15
Definite time: 0 to 100s
Adjustable reset time for

stages 1 and 2
Emergency phase fault O/C on fuse failure (stages 1

and 2)
0.1
1
10
100
0.08 x In - 4 x In stages 1 and 2

0.08 x In - 32 x In stages 3 and 4
Backup Phase Overcurrent

Protection 50/51/67
Time
I>1
I>2
Z3,tZ3
Z4, tZ4
Zp,tZp
Z2,tZ2
Reverse
Z1,tZ1
Forward
Two backup elements, IDMT and/or DT
Typical application shown above
DT delays can be reduced during VTS pickup, with overcurrent elements

mimicking distance zone reaches
I>3 used for close-up fault (and SOTF/TOR)
Backup Phase Overcurrent

Protection 50/51/67
VC
VB
VA
Threshold
detection
A
Direct Calculation
IA
>
IB
>
IC
>
Direct Calculation
>
Direct Calculation
Direct Calculation
Direct Calculation
Direct Calculation
VCA
VBC
AB
BC
CA
VAB
>
IDMT
3P trip
I>4 Element: Stub Bus Protection

Busbar 1
VT
V=0
Protection blocking using VTs
I>0
Stub Bus Protection: I >4
Busbar 2
Open isolator
Negative Sequence Directional

Overcurrent - MiCOM P440
Back-Up Protection
Negative phase sequence overcurrent

Not dependent on voltage dip
Responsive to phase-phase or phase-earth faults
Directional capability
More complex setting calculation
Thermal Overload Detection

MiCOM P440
Overload Protection (as P540) (1)
Overcurrent protection designed for fault conditions

Thermal replica provides better protection for overload
Current based
Flexible characteristics
Single or dual time constant
Reset facility
Non-volatile
Time
Current
MiCOM-P540171
Overload Protection (2): Dual Characteristic for

Transformers
Trip time (s)
10000
Single
characteristic:
= 120 mins
1000
Dual characteristic
100
10
1
Current (multiple of thermal setting)
Single
characteristic:
= 5 mins
Overload Protection (3)
S1Settings:
PSL Cells - Input:
PSL Cells - Output:
Broken Conductor Detection

MiCOM P440
Broken Conductor Protection
Majority of system faults are a result of short circuits
Easily detectable
Possibility of open
circuit faults exist
Difficult to detect with
conventional
protection
Broken Conductor Detection
Existing detection methods:
Combination of under/overcurrent logic
Negative phase sequence overcurrent
Consider suitability for all load conditions
P440 uses a ratio technique:
I2 is high for open circuit fault condition

I1
Load conditions have minimal effect
Earth Protection:
- Directional Comparison (DEF)
- PW
- IN> (4 thresholds)
Directional Earth Fault Protection (DEF)
High resistance ground faults

Instantaneous or time delayed
IEC and IEEE curves
Single or shared signalling channel
Directional Earth Fault Protection Aided Channel

DEF
High resistance ground faults
AIDED DEF: Instantaneous
Parallel main protection to distance

Single or three pole tripping
Polarisation:
Zero sequence voltage

Negative sequence voltage
Directional Earth Fault Protection Aided Channel

DEF
Independent Aided Channels (1/2)
R AB Fault
21
21
Shared
signalling channel
67N
67N
(21 keep priority on 67N)
Directional Earth Fault Protection Aided Channel DEF

Independent Aided Channels (2/2)
R AN Fault
21
21
Independent
signalling channel
67N
67N
(priority 21 = priority 67N)
Directional Earth Fault Protection (DEF)
MiCOM S1 Settings:
Directional/Non Directional Earth Fault Protection

IEC Curves
Operating Time (s)
1000
IEC SI
IEC VI
IEC EI
IEC LTS
100
10
Two independent stages:
1 and 2 stages:
0.1
1
10
100
Non directional
Directional forward
Directional reverse
Polarisation:
IDMT/DT stage 1
DT on stage 2
Zero sequence voltage

Negative sequence voltage
IEC & IEEE IDMT curves
Directional/Non Directional Earth Fault Protection

IEEE Curves
Operating Time (s)
100
Standard earth fault
10
0.1
1
10
100
0.08 x In - 4 x In stage 1
0.08 x In - 32 x In stage 2
TMS range: 0.025 to 1.2
Time dial: 0.5 to 15
Definite time: 0 to 100s
Adjustable reset time for stage 1
Emergency earth fault O/C on fuse failure (stage

1)
Directional/Non Directional Earth Fault

Protection
Settings MiCOM S1:
PW: Zero Sequence Power Protection
The zero sequence power is maximum, at the fault and

decrease along the network for being nul at the neutral
transformers
That protection is delayed by a fixed timer to cover the 1P
cycle & by an inverse timer to provide selectivity
RTE specifications
Vrmax
Vrmin
DJ
DJ
3Io
DJ
DJ
Settings MiCOM S1:

PW Function: Characteristic
Idea: detection of Phase-ground resistives fault - not eliminated by the Distance
Protection
Action:
Trip 3P for Fwd resistive fault
Tripping time with inverse curve
Zsp Timer Block
Dclenchement
Triphas
Ir(t)
Ir(t) > Ir
Vr(t)
Sr(t) = Vr(t)*Ir(t)*cos(phi-phi0)
&
Sr(t) > Sr
Zsp Trip
Tb
Ta
Zsp Start

Directional Caracteristics in PW
RCA axis +75
Z3
Zp
Forward
Z2
Z1
Z4
Very resistant Fault

R
Directional: -15
(since B1.3)

PW Function: Principle (1/4)
Calculation of residual Power Sr:
Sr = Vr*Ir*cos(
- 0)
Vreff, Ireff = rms values of residual voltage & current.
Phi = phase shift value between Vr & Ir.
Phi0 = 255 (to get a sensibility max at 75/ fixed line angle).
Trip Logic:
Tbase expiration
Tinv expiration
PW Trip
PW: Zero sequence Power Protection

Signals associated to trip:
CB trip order
Start Information
Trip Slow protection (TC21) information
Trip Signal (for ADD - CB fail logic)
Start Disturbance
Directionnal Fwd Information
PW Starting

Tripping Time:
Tinv (Sr) = (k*Sref)/Sr compensated:
With :
k = adjust time constant
Sref = Compensated Residual Power:
10VA for IN = 1A
50 va for IN + 5A
Compensated Sr is a variable compensated residual power
calculation
PW: Zero sequence Power Protection

Micom S1 settings = WinEPAC Page (p4/4)
S1 / WinEpac
With C2.0 Version
Under / Over Voltage

MiCOM P440
Voltage Protection
Reasons for voltage deviations:
Regulation problems
Load variation
Fault conditions
Requirements of protection depends upon application:
Line or phase voltage measurement

Operation for all or any phase
Suitable time delays
Alarm/Trip
P440 under/over voltage elements suitable for all

applications
Backup Phase Under-Overvoltage

Protection 27 - 59
Sel PhaseA
Sel PhaseB
Sel PhaseC
Threshold
detection
VA / VAB
>
VB / VBC
>
VC / VCA
>
>
IDMT
Breaker Failure
MiCOM P440
Circuit Breaker Failure (50BF)

Backtrip
Two stage
Fast reset external initiation
Blocking scheme compatible
Reset
Retrip
Trip
BF
INIT
From other
device
By undercurrent
By protection tripping
By CB aux. contacts
Breaker Failure Protection (50 BF)

50BF
50BF
Busbar 1
50BF
87BB
Busbar 2
Back Trip Order
(4)
CB Failed
(2)
Trip Order
(1)
Other
protection
CB Fail Signal
(3)
50BF
50BF
Non Protection Functions

MiCOM P440
MiCOM P440 Non Protection Functions
4 Setting
Groups
Autoreclose and
Check Synch.
Fault Analysis
Tools
Bay Monitoring
& Control
Fault Locator
Measurements
Self Diagnostics &

Commissioning Tools
CT / VT/CVT
Supervision
Materials
Communications
Setting Groups
MiCOM P440
Use of Alternative Setting Groups
Spare Line Relay Applications (Transfer Bus)
Setting
selection
inputs
1 2 3 4
Four groups available
SCADA
or PLC
VT/CVT/CT Supervision
MiCOM P440
VT Supervision (1)
A
B
C
1
and 2
logic
3f on load
logic
VTS
3f on
energisation
logic
MCB digital
input
Alarms
Event record
Blocking
Adaptive setting
VT Supervision (2)
Loss of all 3 phase voltages
under load
P440
I
&
Voltage
collapse
VTS alarm
VTS block
LCD
Event records
VT Supervision (3)
Loss of all 3 phase voltages
upon line energisation (via PSL)
P440
VTS I>Inhibit
&
No
Voltage
VTS alarm
VTS block
LCD
Event records
CT Supervision
A
B
C
Alarms
Blocking
IO
&
VO
Event
record
Capacitive Voltage Transformers Supervision - (CVTS)
CVTS Function
Characteristics
Principles
MiCOM S1
Since version B1.0

Function CVTS: Characteristics
Detect internal failure of CVT by using the residual voltage measurement
Signaliasation by output contact TCT anomaly
TCT activation
function
Vr
Vr > Vr Threshold
Threshold Vr
0
tTCT
TCT Anomaly
Va
Uab > 0.8*Un
Vb
Uab < 0.4*Un
Vc
Voltage control

CVTS Function: Principle (1/1)
Monitoring of Vr threshold pickup (settabled)
Monitoring of P/P U AB voltage (with hysteresis) fixed:
Set: 80% Un
Reset: 40% Un
Signal of delayed alarm CVTS (settabled from 0 to 5mn, by step of

30s)
TCT
Supervision
Fault
TCT
Anomaly
indication

Function CVT: Page MiCOM S1/WinEPAC
Supervision: VTS & CTS & CVT

Settings MiCOM S1:
Fault Locator
MiCOM P440
Distance to Fault Locator

With Mutual Current Compensation
16%
3.8
16km
10miles
Autoreclose and Check Synchronism

MiCOM P440
Integrated Autorecloser with Voltage Control
Up to 4 cycles of reclosing:
First fast cycle can be single phase (P442 P444)
3 time delayed cycles
Starting selection elements/autorecloser

interlock
Integrated Autorecloser with Voltage Control

Voltage control function allows:
Autoreclose on live line / live bar

Autoreclose on dead line / live line
Autorecloser on live line / dead bar
Safety checking prior to manual close authorisation (remote or local)
PSL dedicated to increase the wait window to close conditions
CB Control & Monitoring MiCOM P440
Supervision
Trip circuit supervision

CB state
CB supervision
Number of trip
Sum Ix, 1.0 < x < 2.0
Operation time
Control of Bay
Circuit breaker control

Multiple settings groups (4)
Programmable scheme logic
A Users View - Interface MiCOM P440

Programmable Scheme Logic - Settings - Distance
Com...
MiCOM S1 (P20-P30-P40) Setting Software
Edition/Modification of settings
and text in the protection
MiCOM S1 Studio 5.3.0

New
EASERGY 6.0.0
Edition/Modification of logic
schemes
Extraction of event log records
Supervision
Extraction of disturbance
records
Analysis of those records
New Software from April 2016
Interface HMI
PSL (Programmable Scheme Logic)
MiCOM P440
Programmable Scheme Logic (Introduction)
Relay
contacts
Opto
Gate Logic
Protection
elements
Timers
Fixed
scheme
logic
LEDs
User programmable scheme logic
Programmable Scheme Logic (1/9)

In
Gate Logic
Out
Protection
elements
Timers
Fixed
scheme
logic
Programmable Scheme Logic (PSL) (2 /9)

Possible Choice with S1(hysteresis & filtering):
TOR opto-isolated input

selected from the list
TOR opto-isolated input

added to an internal DDB of the relay
and selected in the list

One more timer
Link throught:
Led - Output relay

Different options by element:
Different options by PSL:
Up to 256 gates
Logic Functions
Gate OR
Gate AND
Reversers
Timers
Peer to peer com:

InterMicom
Goose
Control Input...
Trip Circuit
Supervision
Trip
P440
52 b
52 a
CB coil
Alarm
Trip Circuit Monitoring Using

Programmable Scheme Logic (8/9)
Customisation
256 gates
8 timers
Feedback
Default schemes
Validity checks
Event driven
Blocked Distance Protection

Using Programmable Scheme Logic (9/9)
Incomer
Block Z1
element
Established technique providing:
Improved BB fault
clearance times
In order to facilitate this function,

P440 provides:
Directional start signals

(Directional Comparison Scheme)
Feeder 1
Feeder 2
Feeder 3
HMI Interface MiCOM P440

Measurements (Monitoring)
Measurements
MiCOM P440
MiCOM Support Software

MiCOM S1 V2
Programming (set & PSL) of relays

Extraction of information from relays
Assists with commissioning
(fault record, event,monitor control)
Supports analysis of power system
disturbances (comtrade format)
Compatible with existing
products using the
Courier language
MiCOM Support Software
NEW MiCOM Support Software
Measurements (1)
Possibility to extend measurement
To remove subsidiary instrumentations
Reduces wiring and space
Assists with commissioning
Analysis of power system
Measurements (2)
Instantaneous Measurements:
Phase to phase voltage and single phase
voltage
Residual voltage (3Vo)
Residual and current phase
Positive , negative and zero sequence
current and voltage
Frequency
IA Amplitude
980.2A
Active, reactive and apparent power

Active and reactive energy
Check Sync Voltage
Zero-phase-sequence current of parallel
line (used for the mutual compensation)
Possibility to print a report
Integrated Values:
Peak, average & Rolling
demand:
Ia Ib Ic
W VAr
Wh VArh
HMI Interface
Events - Disturbance Records
MiCOM P440
Diagnostics Help MiCOM P440

Event record
Fault record
Disturbance
Recorder
ZGraph
Diagnostics Aid
Complete fault display report

Time tag at 1ms
Recording criterions choice
Non-volatile backup memory
Easy access via User s interface
Event log
Fault report
Disturbance records
Fault locator
Trace
Event Log
Events:
Fault report:
250 records (500)
5 last faults
Non-volatile memory
Non-volatile memory
Start A
10ms
Fault record
I1>
10ms
V<
15ms
Trip ABC
15ms
CB52 Open
60ms
Disturbance Records
8 Analogue channels
32 Digital channels
Configurable record criterion
Variable trigger point
24 Samples per cycle (no compression)
28 Records (3sec each)
Record duration of 10.5s
Non-volatile memory
Extended recording time
Pre-fault
Post-fault
MiCOM S1 saves file in the

COMTRADE format
Self-Diagnostics & Commissioning

MiCOM P440
Self Diagnostics & Commissioning
Event driven maintenance

Improved availability
Commissioning available to user

Inputs
Power-on diagnostics
Outputs
Continual self-monitoring
Internal states
Measurements
Communications
MiCOM P440
Local Communications
Settings
Records
Control
Measurements
Commissioning
Maintenance
Menu text
Remote Communications
MiCOM P440
Remote Communications
Courier
(front/rear1/2nd rear)
IEC60870-5-103
DNP3.0
MODBUS
UCA2.0
IEC61 850 -8-1(Soon)
Digital Control
Systems
Selection of Hardware Options
Available as a prototype (n units <10 by order)
Available with protocols UCA2 & IEC61850
Hardware modification to integrate

Ethernet (UCA2 and IEC61850)


Ethernet Interface (P*40)
Fibre/copper ports available

10MHz/100MHz options for fibre
Indication of Link and activity
MAC address is unique hardware address
of card
Used by UCA2 and IEC61850
Typical Example Showing Use of Two Rear

Comm. Ports
Modem
CK222
RS232
MiCOM S1 software
Multiple rear ports
Com 1
Com 2
RS232 Front port connection
CENTRAL PROCESSOR
RS232 Modem
POWER SUPPLY
R.T.U.
RS485
CK222
RS485
CK222 not needed where

either MODEM or RTU
accept RS485 directly
UCA/IEC61850
NCIT
Future Trend
Technical Services
7
Station Level
9
Function B
Function A
61850-8-1
Bay Level
Bay Level
3
Protection
HV Equipment
8
Control
61850-9-2
61850-8-1
3
Protection
Control
HV Equipment
61850-9-1
IEC61850 Compliance Levels - Comm. Protocols

Strategy for Protection Range
IEC61850 Full
IEC61850 Extended
IEC61850 Basic
GOOSE I/O
TIME SYNC
DATA
EVENTS
REPORTS
SETTINGS
METERING
Real Time Values
DISTURBANCE
RECORDING
IEC61850 Basic: Available

IEC61850 Extended: End 2005 ...
IEC61850 Full: TBD
Remote setting can be done either over

Ethernet or via 2nd rear port
P44x: Sept 2005
COMMANDS
One Box Solutions
P30/P40: Ethernet board is already available

(UCA2 protocol implemented for NiCAP
project)
Data Model
Processing
TCP/IP Ethernet
High-Level
Procedures
IEC60870-5-103
Courier
Modbus
DNP3
RS232 / RS485 / ...
P20/30/40
Settings File
P20/30/40 Data
Models
MiCOM S1
IEC103/Modbus/Courier
based Front & Rear Port
Communication
S&R-xxx joins Ethernet / IEC61850
IEC61850 / Ethernet based

Rear Port Communication
MiCOM S1 Based on IEC61850
CIGRE Demo
MU-IEDs Typical Architecture

MU-BB VT1
MU-BB VT2
MU-Main 1
(80 or 256 s/cycle)
Distance P44X
CS/AR/Backup
Busbar
BF
MU-Main 2
(80 or 256 s/cycle)
Line Diff P54X
P742/3
Redundancy
MU-MQ
(80 or 256 s/cycle)
PQM
TFR M87x
IEC61850
Identified customers with a
strong IEC 61850 preference
(part of their specifications)
once the standard is available
(end 2003):
ESKOM
Hydro-Quebec
AEP
TERNA
ELIA
RTE
NGT
ISA
Vattenfall
EVN
RWE
IECo
SIG
PowerGrid (India)
TENNET
Volkswagen
SHELL
etc
SOLVAY
Transmission & large industries, first in

Europe but expanding to Rest Of the World
Windfarm to come through IEC 61400 (IEC
61850 derivative: new objects)
SONELGAZ
IsThere a Need for Inter-operability Inside of a

Substation ?
Non exhaustive list of existing examples includes:
Use of different protection manufacturers for a feeder
protection (security)
Re-use of existing or qualified relay (line differential)
Use of an imposed HMI
The current practice is to use the following protocols

IEC 60870-5-101/103/104, DNP3, OPC
IEC 61850 could provide further benefits

Peer-to-peer (automation)
XML exchanges (configuration)
What are the Advantages to Use IEC 61850 Instead of

Existing Technologies ?
Customer Requirements:
Reduced installation costs

Reduced configuration costs
Reduced maintenance costs
Improved functionality/network reliability
Reduced effects of substation transients on
protection and control applications
Adaptive applications
What are the Advantages to Use IEC 61850 Instead

of Existing Technologies ?
Solutions:
Communications based interface between the

sensors and the IEDs
No hard wires - fiber only
Self-description of the IEDs
Distributed peer-to-peer communications of
state changes
Distributed peer-to-peer communications of
analog and sampled values
InterMiCOM
(17pages)
InterMiCOM Predecessor
LFZP141
Generator
Protection
SETTINGGROUP
FAULTNo
F ED CB A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
AUXTIMER
AUX1
AUX2
AUX3
*
-*
--*
ALARM
TRIP
HEALTHY
0
RESET
LFCB, PQ741 and MiCOM

P540 Current Differential
Use of intertrip and PIT
commands between line ends
K-Series Overcurrent
Proven logic
interconnection
schemes between
adjacent relays
InterMiCOM
HSDI Digital Intertripping
CRC-8 polynomial for
optimum security
MODULEX MX3 Line
In-service inter-relay
schemes using
LONWORKS
InterMiCOM?
What is InterMiCOM?
Px40/Px30
Tx
01100011
Rx
Rx
01001100
Tx
Px40/Px30
InterMiCOM
InterMiCOM on Distance Protection Devices P430 (Example)
Digital communication link

for the transmission of protective signals
Key Features
InterMiCOM
Point to point transmission of 8 digital

signals
User independently settable signals
Common message format across 30 and 40
series
High security and fast operating time
Testing facilities
Channel statistic
Main Benefits
InterMiCOM
To respond to increased market requirements for

better relay
interconnections that enhance applications
To speed up the transfer of commands at high security

To reduce wiring and auxiliary equipment
To provide less dependency on power line carrier
communications channels
To ease an integration of other relays into MiCOM
schemes
InterMiCOM
Possible InterMiCOM connections between 40 series relays

Via modem (opto links or telephone lines or VF or wireless Microwave link)
RS232
<15m
8 signals
MODEM
MODEM
8 signals
RS232
<15m
Direct connection between relays (unlikely configuration)

RS232
8 signals
RS232
8 signals
<15m max
Different ways of 40 series relay connections for InterMiCOM application
InterMiCOM
Possible InterMiCOM connections between 30 series relays

For distance above 1km
RS485 or FO
8 signals
MODEM
<1 km
RS485 or FO
MODEM
8 signals
<1 km
Direct connection between 30 series relays

RS485 or FO
8 signals
RS485 or FO
8 signals
<1 km
max
Different ways of 30 series relay connections for InterMiCOM application
InterMiCOM
Possible connections between 30 and 40 series relays

For distance above 1km
RS485 RS485/RS232
or FO
(CK222)
or
<1 km FO/RS232
8 signals
MODEM
RS485
MODEM
8 signals
<15m
Px40
Px30
Direct connection between 30 series relays
8 signals
RS485 or FO
(850nm)
8 signals
Px30
<1 km max
RS485/RS232
(CK222)
or
FO/RS232
Px40
<15m max
Different ways of 30 and 40 series InterMiCOM connections
InterMiCOM
Buchholz
KBCH
KBCH
SETTINGGROUP
FAULTNo
F ED CB A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
AUXTIMER
SETTINGGROUP
FAULTNo
AUX1
AUX2
AUX3
*
-*
--*
ALARM
F ED CB A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
AUXTIMER
AUX1
AUX2
AUX3
*
-*
--*
ALARM
TRIP
HEALTHY
TRIP
HEALTHY
RESET
0
RESET
RS232
PSL
<15m
Px40
DIT
MODEM
MODEM
DIT
RS232
PSL
<15m
example of other protections

integration into InterMiCOM
via MiCOM PSL
Px40
InterMiCOM
Protection using Telecommunications acc to IEV 448-15
Underreach protection:
Intertripping underreach protection (IUP) (IEV 448-1512)
Direct underreaching transfer trip protection (USA)
(DUTT)
Permissive underreach protection (PUP) (IEV 448-1511)
Permissive underreaching transfer trip protection
(USA) (PUTT)
Accelerated underreach protection (AUP) (IEV 448-1513)
InterMiCOM
Protection using Telecommunications acc to IEV 448-15
Overreach protection:
Permissive overreach protection (POP) (IEV 44815-16)
Permissive overreaching transfer trip protection
(USA) (POTT)
Blocking overreach protection (IEV 448-15-14)
Blocking directional comparison protection (USA)
For protection schemes using telecommunication a binary signal is
transmitted from one end to the other end of the protected line.
InterMiCOM
InterMiCOM signals (commands)
Blocking signals
Permissive Intertrips (PIT)
Direct trips (DIT)
Three teleprotection command levels are supported by InterMiCOM
InterMiCOM
Characteristics of Teleprotection Systems acc to IEC 60834-1
Speed ( transmission time):

Time elapsed between the instant of change in state at the command input and the instant of
the corresponding change in state at the command output, excluding propagation time
Security:
Security relates to the ability to prevent interference and noice from generating a command
at the receiving end when no command signal is transmitted.
Dependability:
Dependability relates to the ability to issue and receive a valid command in the presence of
interference and/or noise.
Command type teleprotection systems have to assure the characteristics

speed, security and dependability to an extremely high degree.
InterMiCOM
Requirements on Teleprotection Systems acc to BS 7494-1
Speed
Permissive
Accelerated
Blocking
20 ms
40 ms
60 ms
Direct
10-2
10-4
10-6
Security
10-2
10-4
10-6
Dependability
InterMiCOM
Message Format
InterMiCOM message
start
B1
B2
B3
BLOCK or DIT
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
CRC stop
PIT or DIT
each message consists of:

start bit-field
address bit-field (R)
8 user settable command bit-field (B1-B8)
CRC calculation bit-field
stop bit-field
Each B1 - B4 can be set independently to either BLOCKING SIGNAL or DIT.
Each B5 - B8 bit can be set independently to either PIT or DIT.
InterMiCOM
Signal selection, one way transmission shown for simplicity
link
4
6
Tx
Rx
comms
4
6
link
LOCAL relay
REMOTE relay
(sending end)
(receiving end)
Simplified example that shows assignment of digital signals 4 and 6

at local relay and their transmission to the remote relay
InterMiCOM - Modem Selection

RS232 Analogue Channel
Da ta Ra te @ the
Rela y Interfa ce
(ITU- V)
Sta nda rd
BLOCKIN G
Tra nsmission
Time
PIT
Tra nsmission
Time
DIT
Tra nsmission
Time
1200
V.22
8.33 ms
25.00 ms
25.00 ms
2400
V.22 bis
4.16 ms
12.50 ms
12.50 ms
4800
V.27
2.08 ms
6.250 ms
6.250 ms
9600
V.32
1.04 ms
3.125 ms
3.125 ms
19200
V.32
0.52 ms
1.562 ms
1.562 ms
Conclusion
MiCOM P440
P440 Summary
Versatile distance relay for all MVEHV applications
Extremely secure - Delta techniques, for fault detection,

directionality and phase selection
Overhead line and/or cable applications
Full complement of distance and DEF schemes
Menu-driven software for setting and analysis
Comprehensive back up protection
Integrated four shot autoreclosure with check synch
Summary of P440 Functions
21G Ground distance protection, 3

forward elements, 1 reverse
element, 1 selectable element,
quadrilateral zones.
21P Phase distance protection, 3
forward elements, 1 reverse
element, 1 selectabe element,
quadrilateral zones.
85 Channel-aided protection.
50 Phase overcurrent, High set,
for Stub bus application.
67/46
Negative sequence overcurrent
49
Thermal Protection - overload
50/27 Switch onto fault and trip on

reclose
50/51 Phase overcurrent, DT or
IDMT
50/51N
Ground overcurrent, DT or
IDMT
51FF Fuse failure overcurrent
67
Phase directional overcurrent
67N DEF, communication aided
32N Power swing detection, used
to selectively permit or block
tripping
68
Power swing blocking Out of step tripping

(using PSL)
VTS Voltage transformer
supervision
CVTS Capacitive Voltage
transformer supervision
CTS Current transformer

supervision
50BF
46BC
25
79
59,27
Circuit Breaker failure

Broken conductor detection
Check synchroniser
Autorecloser
Overvoltage/Undervoltage

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Hardware Presentation

Three-phase trip and auto-reclosure

Conventional Instrument Transformer or NCIT (IEC61850 - 9 - 2)

Three-phase and single phase trip and auto-reclosure

Options: Voltage control - IRIG-B synchronization

Voltage control for Check Sync

Three-phase and single phase trip and auto-reclosure

Voltage control for Check Sync

Rated Values of Inputs/Outputs

Analogue Voltage transformers:

Voltage: 80 - 140Vca ph-ph

Analogue Current tranformers:

Dual CT inputs 1A/5A

Or Digital Acquisition for Non Conventional Instrument Transformers (Optical Fibre

Field voltage (for external use) : 48V DC

Rated Values of Inputs/Outputs

8,16 or 24 opto universal inputs (24 - 250Vcc)

6N/O, 8C/O Outputs or 9N/O, 12C/O or 24N/O, 8C/O

Make and Carry: 30A during 3s

Breaking Capacity: 62.5W with L/R=40ms

Watchdog Contact 1N/O, 1N/C

Breaking Capacity : 15W with L/R=40ms

Hardware Architecture (P441 & P442)

8 opto inputs &

64-way ribbon cable (BUS)

Second Com. port

Hardware Architecture (P444)

8 opto inputs &

64-way ribbon cable (BUS)

Main processor and user

Second Com. port

Front panel included

64 way ribbon cable

MiCOM P444 - Front Opened

MiCOM P444 Hardware Description

3 Opto Universal Boards

8 OMRON relays per board

Optional IRIG-B Board

MiCOM P444 - Position of the boards inside the case

MiCOM P441-442-444 Hardware Description

Programmable digital Power supply

P44x Phase 2 Development Last Version A4.8 & more

Addition of the Fault Location Cell in IEC60870-5/103 protocol

Second rear port

Fibre optic connection

2nd rear port

1st Rear port

Rear view - Communications options

P44x Phase 2 Development

Version C1.0 - available from April 2004

Integration of the new CPU board at 150 MHz

P44x Phase 2 Development

Version C1.0 - available from April 2004

Integration of InterMiCOM (serial communication from relay to relay) Addition of

Modification of DEF Time Delay step from 100 ms to 2ms

SBEF with 4 stages (IN>1 to IN>4)

Extraction of the internal TRACE (windows tool not yet available)

P44x Phase 2 Development

Power Swing Logic modified:

KRPA x IF Z1 x (1+ X/R) . (RCT + RL)

Required CT knee point voltage (volts),

Max. secondary phase fault current at Zone 1

Recent RTDS testing have been conducted to verify the