Temple town of

Kumbakonam

The great Kumbha festival also known as

Mahamagham happens once in 12 years
here at Kumbakonam.
100 temples in and around the city.
Nerve centre of all the commercial
activities like Silk, Bronze sculpture,
Brass utensils in Tanjore district.

Bangalore
Chennai

Salem
Pakistan

Kumbakonam

Nepal

tamil nadu - Google Maps

India

Arabian
Sea

Address Tamil Nadu

Tamil NaduBay of

Bengal

Sri Lanka

Trichy
Thanjavur

Madurai

Temple town of

Kumbakonam

Temples in Kumbakonam:
Kumbeshwara
25
Mahamaham Tank
Kasi Vishwanatha

45

Sarangapani and
Someshwara
Nageshwara

59
75

Ramaswamy
Airewateshwara

89
101

Travelling Helpline
How to reach
Going around
Where to stay
What to eat
Important Numbers
Tamil Phrase

127
131
133
136
137
139

Kudanthai Makkal
A photoessay of the pulse
of Kumbakonam

25

45

59

75

Travelling Helpline

Airavateshwara Temple

Ramaswamy Temple

Nageshwara Temple

3
7
9
15
19
23

Sarangapani Temple

Overview
Mythology
History
Temples
Bronze
Silk

Mahamaham Tank

A photoessay.

Kumbeshwara Temple

Temple Town
of Kumbakonam
Glimpses of Kumbakonam

Introduction

CONTENT

89 101 127

Temple town of

Kumbakonam

Mahamaham Festival:
This Festival occurs when the sun is in the Zodiacal
sign of Aquarius(Kumbha), Jupiter transists
Leo(Simha) and the Moon is in conjunction with
the constellation Maham. Generally all the these
astronomical combination takes place on a full
moon day of the Tamil Month of Masi(Solar Kumbha
Month) i.e. either in the latter half of February or in
the first week of March. The festival comes off once
in 12 years. The festival was celebrated in 2004 and
next will happen in 2016.

2016 is the next when

you should come to see this

Its all about Temples

in Kumbakonam

Kumbakonam has more than 100 temples in

and around the city. They range from 5th century
to 15th century B.C. The most prominent temples
are built by the Cholas and Nayakas.

Life like Bronze

Sculptures to see

Swamimalai, a small village near Kumbakonam is famous for

its Bronze Sculptures. It is still made by the traditional Lost Wax
Method. The Sculptures are world famous. These are pieces of
excellent craftsmanship and skill.

Spend on exclusive
Silk Sarees from Thanjavur

Silk sarees from Kumbakonam is another important

trade for them. They have a huge market for Silk Sarees
everywhere. Main base of Silk Saree production is in
the town near Kumbakonam called Thanjavur.

Entire Tamil Nadu uses

Brass utensils made in
Kumbakonam

All the South Indian, Brass pooja

articles and utensils are manufactured
in Kumbakonam. These articles are
manufactured nowhere in South
India other than Kumbakonam.
KuthuVilakku and Statues are famous
articles. Stainless Steel utensils are
also manufactured.

Take the Dieties for a ride

Number of festivals are celebrated
here in the same old traditional method.
Processions are the most interesting
part of the festivals, where the Gods and
Goddesses are taken for ride in the town.

Witness 1000 yr old culture and traditions

The town even today is a true example of age old
tradition and culture of South Indians. People here
follow the customs and traditions which were
followed hundreds of years ago.

Introduction

Quick facts:

India

State:
District:
Coordinates:
Main Highway:
Altitude:
Pin code:
STD code:

Tamil Nadu
Thanjavur
10 58 N, 7923E
NH 45 C
24m
612001
0435

Names for Kumbakonam:

Tamil Nadu

Coombaconum
Thirukundanthai
Kudanmooku
Kudanthai
Baskarashetram

Location:
Kumbakonam is a town in Thanjavur District of Tamil Nadu.
Kumbakonam is located 273 km south of Chennai, 90 km east
of Tiruchirappalli, and about 40 km north-east of Thanjavur.
The town is bounded by two rivers, the Kaveri River on the
north and Arasalar river on the south.
There is a gentle slope from north of the town to south.
Located in the southern region
of India in Tamil Nadu, at 10.97
N, 79.38E.
273 km
96 km
40 km
313 km
385 km
18 km
25 km

South of Chennai
East of Tiruchirappalli.
North east of Thanjavur.
East of Coimbatore
South west of Bangalore
Navagraha Sthalas
Thirumanancheri

Bangalore
Chennai

Salem

Kumbakonam
Trichy
Thanjavur

Madurai

Temple Town of

Highlights:
The great Kumbha festival known as
Mahamagham happens once in 12 years here at Kumbakonam.

Introduction

Kumbakonam

100 temples in and around the city.

Nerve centre of all the commercial activities like Silk,
Bronze sculpture, Brass utensils in Tanjore district.

Kumbakonam, known as the Kashi on Cauvery, is a picturesque

temple town located in the Cauvery river basin. It occupies
a unique position in Hindu Myth and legend, because of
the invaluable inscription, iconography and religious
architecture. The city of kumbakonam is a traditionally rich
city, where the modern globalization has not yet affected
the culture of the people. People here are still in touch to the
traditions their ancestors followed many thousands of years
ago. Located in the Southern region of Tamil Nadu, one can reach
Kumbakonam easily from Thanjavur, Tiruchirapalli or Chennai.
4

Introduction

Kumbakonam is known for its temple

architecture and epigraphy. The city
originated as a religious cit y, with
areas like Kumbeshwara Temple and
Mahamaham Tank in the core of the
city. Kumbakonam was also the capital
of the historically important Chola
dynasty who ruled the region during the
medieval period.
They built many important temples
in and around the city. Kumbakonam
is known for its temple architecture
and epig raphy. The cit y orig inated
as a relig ious cit y, w it h areas like
Kumbeshwara and Mahamaham Tank
in the core of the city.

Lord Shiva aiming

at the pot of creation
preserved by Brahma

Kumbeshwara Gopuram
and Nageshwara
Chariot, two examples
of temple architecture in
Kumbakonam

The town occupies a unique position in

the Hindu Myth and legend, because of
the invaluable inscription, iconography
and religious architecture. This is the
place where Lord Shiva broke the pot
of creation preserved by Brahma. Thus
it has a very important place in Hindu
mythology. Also it is the centre for the
Navgraha temples pilgrim.

The city celebrates the great Mahamaham festival, once in 12

years which is an equivalent to the Kumbha festival of north.
It attracts large number of crowd and is a very important
festival for people in South India.
During the time of british rule, it became the prominent
centre of European education and Hindu culture; and thus
was commonly referred to as the Cambridge of South India.

Introduction

It has been an established economic centre for trade and

commerce and arts and crafts. Bronze tradition is one of the
oldest living tradition here. Lost wax technique is still used to
create master pieces which is a unique piece of beautiful art
and heritage.
Silk is another important trade of the people in Kumbakonam.
They are very famous in whole of South India and are called
Thanjavur silk sarees. Brassware, specially puja utensils,
lamps etc. are all produced here, and Kumbakonam supplies it
to the entire South Indian region.

Kumbakonam is also the birthplace of the

great mathematician Srinivas Ramanuja.
His house is now converted into a museum.
Raja Veda Pathshala in Kumbakonam is
400 yrs old in which 1000s of scholar get Srinivas Ramanuja
the great Mathematician.
their knowledge based on Sanskrit.
Today Kumbakonam is a special grade municipality of the
Thanjavur district. The temples in the town are all living
except for few. Many are under the heritage foundation and
are being conserved, whereas many are maintained by the
locals. These temples are the soul of the city and because
there are so many the city is called the temple town.
6

Introduction

(Making of the city)

Kumbakonam is associated with the cosmogonic myth of
Shiva as Adikumbeshwara or Lord of the Pot. As per the
myth, the creator (Brahma) seeks to preserve the most
precious things from destruction, which completes a cosmic
cycle. So, he places the Hindu scriptures and the seed of
creation in a golden pot, which floats south on the cosmic
flood, till it is shattered by Shivas arrow who is disguised as
a hunter. There by, releasing the embryonic amrita (nectar),
which flows and congests to form Kumbakonams tanks and
temples, marking the start of a new creation.

Introduction

The Sthala Puranam:

The Banapurishvara temple, for example, marks the spot where

Shiva launched his arrow, while the place where the pot was
ruptured is celebrated today as Adikumbeshwara Temple.
The two holy tanks of Kumbakonam, Mahamaham tank
and Pottamarai tank, are considered the most sacred
and beautiful, as the tie up with the legend they are the
pools of nectar that fell from Shivas pot of creation.

Brahma, anticipating the deluge prays

to Lord Shiva to save the creation from
destruction, and then as instructed
by Lord Shiva worshipped the Kumba
containing Amuda and seeds of
creation.

Introduction

History:
Kumbakonam dates back to the Sangam period and was ruled
by the Early Cholas, Pallavas, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas,
Pandyas, the Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur
Nayaks and the Thanjavur Marathas.
It rose to be a prominent city between the 7th and 9th centuries
AD, when it served as a capital of the Medieval Cholas
From 7th century to 13th century, Chola kings developed
a characteristically Tamil aggregative urbanism and were
the first to recognize the Cauvery river delta as an ideal
place to settle, as it was rich in alluvial soil, which was best
suited for agriculture. They set up their capital at Uraiyur
in Tiruchirapalli. Kumbakonam was the second capital of
Cholas, who ruled since 3rd century.
Sangam Period:
300 B.C - 300 A.D
The Sangam period is the earliest historical
period in the history of Tamil Nadu, spanning
about the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD. It
is named for the Tamil Sangams or assemblies.
Approximately during this period Tamilakam
was ruled by the three Tamil dynasties of Chola,
Pandya and Chera, and a few independent
chieftains, the Velir.
In Old Tamil, the term Tamilakam referred to
the whole of the Ancient Tamil country, as
distinct from the many kingdoms that existed
within its boundaries, corresponding roughly to
the area known as South India today, including
the territories of the present-day Indian states
of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Laccadives, parts of
Andhra Pradesh and some parts of Karnataka,
as well as the Maldives. South India was known
as Damirica, Dramira or Lymirik to GrecoRoman geographers.

Introduction

Kumbakonam was the religious centre organised around its

several temples, while Palaiyari, a few kilometers to the south
west, was the imperial centre, with its palaces, royal and
sepulchral temples, as well as administrative and military
establishments. It was developed as a religious centre
organized around several temples. Most of the old Shiva
temples, mandapa and padithore belong to this period.
Pallava and Pandya Period:
300 A.D - 500 A.D

The Pallava dynasty was a Tamil dynasty of South

India which ruled the northern Tamil Nadu region
and the southern Andhra Pradesh region with
their capital at Kanchipuram. Pallavas are most
noted for their patronage of architecture, still
seen today in Mahabalipuram. The Pallavas, who
left behind magnificent sculptures and temples,
established the foundations of medieval south
Indian architecture.
Shore Temple at
Mahabalipuram,
built by the Pallavas.

10

Introduction

It can be easily discerned that Kumbakonams primary

underpinnings as city refer back to its Chola foundations
more than a thousand years ago. The fifteenth to seventeenth
century Vijaynagara-Nayaka reappropriation, together with
the eighteenth century Maratha intervention, was a spatial
embodiment of subtle negotiation between historical and
cosmic time, as well as the sacred, the royal, and the laity.
Over and above this, the nature of Kumbakonams fluvial
myths and their primacy as transferred down to present day
elevate the city to pan-Hindu tirtha, pilgrimage site, ne which
is as primordial as the Cauvery itself.
Chola Period:
900 A.D - 1200 A.D

The Chola dynasty was a Tamil dynasty which

was one of the longest-ruling in some parts of
southern India. The heartland of the Cholas was
the fertile valley of the Kaveri River, but they
ruled a significantly larger area at the height of
their power from the later half of the 9th century
till the beginning of the 13th century.
Their patronage of Tamil literature and their zeal
in building temples have resulted in some great
works of Tamil literature and architecture. The
Chola kings were avid builders and envisioned the
temples in their kingdoms not only as places of
worship but also as centres of economic activity.
3 big temples made by Cholas Gangaikonda,
Brihadeshwara and Airaveteshwara Thanjavur
and World Heritage Sites.

Gangaikonda Cholapuram built

by the Cholas.

11

Introduction
Temples in Hampi built
by Vijayanagara rulers

Vijaynagar and Nayak Period:

1400 A.D- 1800 A.D

The Vijayanagara Empire was a South Indian

empire based in the Deccan Plateau. Established
in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya
I. The empires legacy includes many monuments
spread over South India, the best known being the
group at Hampi. The empires patronage enabled
fine arts and literature to reach new heights in the
languages of Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit,
while Carnatic music evolved into its current form.

12

Introduction

The Pandyas of Madurai came into power in 13th century.

Hoysalas ruled from 14th century onwards, who were
overpowered by the Vijayanagara kings, who appointed
Nayaka to rule the region. The Nayakas made addition to the
existing Shiva temples and made new Vaishnava temples.
Art, architecture, craft, literature, music and dance were
patronized by Chola, Nayaka and Maratha rulers in the region.
Through its complex evolution, Kumbakonam has earned
itself the exalted reputation of a panch krosha, or five -fold
ritual landscape.
Pandya revival and Muslim rule:
1200 A.D -1400 a.d

The dynasty revived under Kadungon in the early 6th century, pushed the
Kalabhras out of the Tamil country and ruled from Madurai. They again
went into decline with the rise of the Cholas in the 9th century and were
in constant conflict with them. The Pandyas allied themselves with the
Sinhalese and the Cheras in harassing the Chola empire until they found
an opportunity for reviving their fortunes during the late 13th century.
Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple a historic Hindu
temple located in the holy city of Madurai, was build
by Pandya king Malayadwaja Pandya.

13

Kumbakonam was eventually ceded to the British East India

Company in 1799 by the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Serfoji II
and reached the zenith of its prosperity in the late 19th and
early 20th century when it emerged as an important centre
of Brahminism, Hindu religion and European education in the
Madras Presidency. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869
fostered trade contacts with the United Kingdom. In 1877,
railway lines were completed linking Kumbakonam with the
ports of Madras, Tuticorin and Nagapattinam. The Tanjore
district court was established in Kumbakonam in 1806 and
functioned from 1806 to 1863.

Introduction

British Rule Independence and Democracy:

1800 A.D - Present

Town of Kumbakonam continued to grow even af ter

Indias independence though it fell behind the nearby town
of Thanjavur in terms of population and administrative
importance. The population growth rate began to fall sharply
after 1981. This decline has been attributed to limited land
area and lack of industrial potential.
The Kumbakonam municipality was officially constituted in the
year 1866. Initially, the municipality exercised its jurisdiction
over an area of 7.68 km and its affairs were administered by
a town-level committee or municipal committee. Later it
was constituted special-grade municipality and currently,
exercises its authority over an area of 12.58 km out of the
town's total area of 64.02 km. It comprises 45 wards and is
the second biggest municipality in Thanjavur district.

14

15

Introduction

Saivite Temple
Kumbeswara Temple
Nageswara Temple
Someswara Temple
Kalika Parameswari
Temple

Vaishanavite Temple
Sarangapani Temple
Chakrapani Temple
Ramaswamy Temple

Holy Tanks

Temples in Kumbakonam:
The town is known for its architecture
and epig raphy. Temple dot ted tow ns
evolved due to the rise of Brahmadeyas
which led to mobilization of resources.
Kumbakonam is a temple oriented city
with many temples, mostly very ancient.

Introduction

Temples in
Kumbakonam:

Kumbakonam is a city where temples

are sprinkled all over the cit y. The
city originated as a religious city, with
areas like Kumbeshwara Temple and
Mahamakam tank in the core of the city.

Mahamaham Tank
Potramarai Tank

Kumbakonam has temples dedicated to

all three deities Shiva (twelve shrines),
Other minor
Vishnu ( four shrines), Brahma (one
Temples
Adikampatta Vinayagar shrine). The Shiva temples belonging to the
Chola period, are more ancient than the
Uchchipilliar Koil
Karumbayiran
Vaishnavite temples, which belong to the
Vinayagar Temple
Nayaka period. The main Shaiva temples
Banapuriswarar
Varaha perumal Koil
Kalathisvarar Koil
Peria Madam
Kanchi Kamakoti Mutt

Temples on the
outskirts
Darasuram
Pattisvaram
Pazhayarai
Thiru Nagesvaram
Oppiliappan
Thirubuvanam
Thiruvidaimarudur
Swamimalai
Thiruvalanchuli
Thirupurambiam

are Kashivishvanatha on the northern bank

of Mahamaham tank, the Somanathadeva
temple in the middle of Kumbakonam, and
the Somalingeshvara temple in the north
east quarter of Kumbakonam. The core of
Chola Vaishnava establishment was the
Sarangapani temple which enshrined the
reclining form of Vishnu as Narayana.
Airavateshvara or Darasuram, located in
the northern quater of Palaiyarai, about
5km southwest of Kumbakonam, is one of
the finest examples of the Chola religious
architecture in the region.

16

Introduction

In 16th and 17th century, the Kumbakonam

religious topography changed due to the
shift in royal patronage from Shaiva to
Vaishnava. So the Chola temples declined,
the Adikumbeshvara gained preference over
Nageshvara temple. The Ramaswamy and
Chakrapani along with the old Sarangapani
gained popularity.
Standing near the northern terminus of the
bazaar street, the Chakrapani temple is the
sole religious monument at Kumbakonam
to be elevated on a series of terraces. The
temple is dedicated to Vishnu as a bearer of
the chakra, hence the name.
By far the most artistic monument of the
era is the Sarangapani temple backing
onto the Pottremarai tank. The grandiose
monument is entered through a twelvestoreyed Vijay nagara-per iod gopura,
the highest in Kumbakonam. As in the
Adikumbeshvara, sculptural imagery and
temple architecture invest the surrounding
urban space with mythologcal significance;
in this case, incorporating Kumbakonam in
a much wider ritual network of Vaishnava
pilgrimage centres, alongside Srirangam
and Tirupati.

The city has one of the finest temples

from the history and tells the story of
our history in the most picturesque
manner. Temples in the city are mostly
living temples, with great cultural and
traditional values.
17

18

Introduction

Introduction

Nataraja:

19

The Bharata-Natyasastra mentions 108 different kinds of dance

poses. Siva, the Mahayogi, is also Nataraja, the Lord of Dancers.
Dancing is an act of creation. Siva as the cosmic dancer is the
embodiment and manifestation of eternal energy is its five
activities: Creation, Maintenance, Destruction, Concealment,
and Favour.

Kumbakonam is also famous for its

sculpt ures and bronzes. The g reat
tradition of South Indian sculptures
that had been flourished during Andhra
and Pallava art reached its zenith
through Chola bronze. Ten and twelfth
centuries saw the tradition in its best
form. Sculptures from this phase are
distinguished by their vitality and plastic
sensibility from the over ornateness and
rigidity of the cult images.

Introduction

Bronze Casting Culture:

Parvati, consort of Lord

Shiva was favourite
with the sculptors. One
can see her alone or
the Lord.

Lost Wax Method:

The technique used to create south
Indian bronze sculpture is called
lost wa x process As described
in Shilpasastras this process is
called madhuchchhishtavidhana.
A narration of it is described in
a chapter of Manasara and also
in Vishnusamhita. But a clearer
picture can be seen in Manaollasa.
A model of the image is first made
in wax and then coated with layers
of clay to create a mould, which is
heated to allow the melting wax
to flow out through a hole at the
base. A molten alloy of five metals
(Pancha Loha) is poured into the
hollow. When it cools the mould
is broken and image is finished
and polished. Finally the images
eyes are sealed with a mixture of
Honey and Ghee, and then ritually
opened by a priest, using a golden
needle. Hence each bronze icon is
unique and the mould cannot be
used to create copies.

20

21

Introduction

Introduction

Amongst the notable examples of Chola bronze are Shiva as

Nataraja,Ardhanariswara, Kalyansundara murti,figures of
Kodanda Rama, of Parvati or Gowri,of the dancing Krishna
and Ganesha and the portrail series of the mystics and saints
of South India. The system of measurement used is the
Talamana system which is based on the dimensions of the
face from forehead to chin.
The metal sculptures are called chalabera or the moving
images in contrast to the sthirabera or the fixed deities.
They are meant to be carried out in procession around the
ambulatory of the temple as well as they are taken into the
village, into every street by turn, stopped at every door to
bless every individual devotee.
Even today, traditional artisans, known
as Sthapathis, create these images
according to a fixed set of rules and
guidelines laid down in the Shilpa
Shastra, an ancient treatise on art. The
main centre for bronze casting in Tamil
Nadu is Swamimalai.
In south India five metals were used,
panchaloha as the admixture was called,
composed of brass, copper, silver, gold
and tin. For contemporary bronzes;
copper, brass and lead are the three
main ingredients. Copper contains small
amounts of gold and silver so technically
todays bronzes are four metal bronzes.
Copper is a necessary element in bronze
because copper offers more malleability
than other metals. According to early
Chola inscriptions there are two types
of images: solid and hollow cast.

22

23

Introduction

Tribhuvanam, situated in the Tanjavur district was

founded by the last Cholas, King Kulothunga III. It
has been a silk weaving town for several centuries
and many of the weavers originally hailed from
Saurashtra in Gujarat.
What sets Tribhuvanam sarees apart is the fact
that they are made from lature silk. Their quality
and sheen are legendary. Decorated with extensive
Zari work, the sarees come with single sided
borders. Zari is gold coated pure silver thread
and Zari buttas which decorate the body. Skilled
weavers meld the border and body of the saree into
seamless flow. Kumbakonam.
The Tribhuvanam silk saree are made by the highly
skilled weavers having floral, geometric and animal
motifs on them. The designs on the complete body
of the saree are woven with gold thread and the
saree have dissimilar motifs on its arraying from
gures to temples along the border. Not only in
Tamil Nadu and India, the rich silk fabric, the
detailed weaving and the contrasting border made
the sarees renowned across the earth.

Introduction

Silk Sarees in Kumbakonam:

24

Temples in Kumbakonam

Chakrapani
Temple

Kumbeshwara
Temple
Airawateshwara
Temple

Ramaswamy
Temple

Banapureeswarar
Temple

Sarangapani
Temple

Nageshwara
Temple

Mahamaham
Tank

Railway Station

It is the most prominent feature of the temple which

is 9 storied and 128 high. It has number of mythology
stories sculpted on it. Every layer has number of
stories, related to Creation of the town, stories of Shiva,
and Vishnu Avtaar

Adi Kumbeshwara Temple

Kumbeshwara Temple

Quick facts:
Location: In the Centre of the town,
in Big Bazaar.
Deity: Shri Adhi Kumbeswara and the
lords Consort Manthrapeeteswari
Mangalambika
Holy Water: Mangala Theertham
Holy Tree: Vanni Maram
Kumbeshwara
Temple

What Clan: Biggest Saivite temple

in town.
Who Build: Built by the Cholas. It is
assumed that present temple is a
renovated one during 16th century
by the Chieftain of Achutha Nayakar
of Thanjavur Govinda Theeksithan

25

Highlights:
This temple is the namesake of the town.
Distinct with its Gopuram (45 m high)
Spread in an area of 4 acres, the real spread
cannot be felt because of the covered market all around.

Kumbeshwara Temple

KUMBESHWARA TEMPLE

In the temple town of Kumbakonam the most important

temple to visit is the Adi Kumbeshwara. It is the biggest
Saivite temple in the town. This temple was built in the Chola
period of the Tamil history. It is assumed that present temple
is a renovated one during 16th century by the Chieftain of
Achutha Nayakar of Thanjavur Govinda Theeksithan.
This is a huge temple complex.
T he temple is sit uated in
the centre of the city, in Big
Bazaar. The most prominent
feature of the temple is its large
Gopuram which is 128 high.
The main diety in the temple
is Lord AdiKumbeshwara,
and Goddess Mangalambika.
The temple covers an area of
30181 sq. ft. with a lenght and
breadth of 750 ft. and 252
ft. respectively. Number of
festivals are celebrated in this
temple all the year around and
some annual festivals are grand
processions. A very interesting
section of the temple is the
market in the temple, which is
a must visit for all.

26

Kumbeshwara Temple

History:
The place where the pot was ruptured is celebrated today as
Adikumbeshwara Temple. When Shiva sent an arrow at the
pot, the pots mouth fell in a place and this came to be called
as Kudavayil. The part of the remaining pot, other than its
mouth is called Konam. It stayed at one place, Siva made a
lingam with the nectar from the pot and the earth. The place
where a Lingam was made from the contents came to be
called Kumbesar.
The place where the Konam
remained, Shiva made a lingam with
the nectar of the pot. This place came
to be called Kumbesar.

rakara
rakara
andapa
M aha M

Swami
Mandapa

Main Sanc tum

Western
gopuram

Inner P

Administra
Of fice

Kitchen

Outer P

Motai

Kumbeshwara
Temple

27

ation

Shed

Vanni
Maram

Mangala
Theertham
Rajagopuram

Market

Bazaar Street

The temple covers an area of 30181 sq.ft. with a lenght and

breadth of 750 ft. and 252 ft. respectively. There are three
circumambulatory paths in this temple. Adjacent to the outer
wall is the Car Street along which the divine procession has
its usual route during festivities.
The distance from rajagopuram to Mulavar Shrine is about
is about 650. The temple is laid on east west axis. Thus the
axis has the main Gopuram, entry with another smaller
gopuram after the long corridor, Flagstaff, Navratri Mandapa
with the Nandi .Then comes Mahamandapa and Sabha
Mandapa followed by Swami Mandapa. Finally one enters the
Garbagriha which has Sri Adi Kumbeshwarar seated.

Kumbeshwara Temple

Layout of the Temple:

Garden

Gopuram

This temple is famous in all the three aspects of

Murti, Stala and Tirtha [Deity-place-holy water]:
The Murti is svayambhulinga. The Stala is place where the pot was aimed
by The Lord. And the Tirtha,water body is made from nectar of the pot.
Thus this temple becomes very important pilgrimage for everybody.

28

Kumbeshwara Temple

Rajagopuram:
The Raja Gopuram at the east rises
to the lofty height of 128 with nine
terraces, Every layer has number
of stories, related to Creation of
the town, stories of Shiva, and
Vishnu Avtaar .

29

It has four big towers, Rajagopuram, Kailasa

Gopuram, katta Gopuram and Mulavar Gopuram.
In the northern and western sides there are small
Gopurams and the Mottai Gopuram at the South.
The Eastern Gopuram has a long stretch of market
complex which ends in the Big Bazaar. The entire
corridor from Rajagopuram to the temple is
colourfully painted with different floral motifs.

Kumbeshwara Temple

Entrance:

Mottai Gopuram:
The Southern Entrance to the
complex is called the Mottai
Gopuram. This one doesnt have
any tower, and is more oftenly used
being on the main highway.

30

Kumbeshwara Temple

The Santum of the Mulavar:

31

Inside the first circumambulatory path are

the three mandapas, Sabha Mandapa,
Swami Mandapa and finally the Artha
Mandapa.
The centre of attraction at the inner
circumambulatory path is the shrine of the
Mulavar The Mulavar Sri Parameswara
in the self - originated linga form abides
in all splendour and grace facing east.
He is in the form of a Conical Lingam.
Ablutions are performed to him after
covering with a golden sheath.
Near the Sanctum is the shrine of the
Goddess Sri Mangala Nayaki.
From the Arthamandapa one reaches
the Swami Mandapa. At the centre of
the mandapa there abides the Nandi
followed by the sacrificial altar and
behind this is Nandi made of brass, all
facing Sanctum sanctorum. Then comes
the Sabha Mandapa. Finally you reach
the Mahamandapa.

Names of Parameshwara:

Names of Goddess:

Sri Adi Kumbheswara:

The most ancient, supremely
original, materialized from the
Kumbha and the instrumental
cause of the universe, the deity
is known as Adi Kumbeshwara.
Sri Amudesar:
As he originated from the
sweet nectar.
Sri Kirathamurty:
As He feigned as a hunter, hit
the pot of nectar with an arrow.

Sri Mangala Nayaki:

Conferring all auspiousness to
these who worship her with all
their hearts, the deity of this kshetra
is called Sri Mangala Nayaki.
Sri Manatrapeesteswari:
as the deity shines lustrously
at the mantra peeta ,one of the
distinguished Sakthi peetas.

Mandapa is situated inside the second

circumambulatory path. Nandi abides
facing the Mulavar and behind it there is
the sacrificial alter. Southwest to Nandi
there abides Vallabha Vinayaka and at
the northwest there is Shanmukha with
six faces and twelve hands. Northern
to Nandi abides Navagraha shrine.
Southeast to second circumambulatory
path is situated the temple kitchen and
at the Northeast the Yagasala. Southern
to the Yagasala there abides Lakshmi
Narayana Perumal and eastern to this
there is the flag mast of the temple.

Kumbeshwara Temple

Navaratri Mandapa:

Rathas:
Rathas were built to take the Gods
and Goddesses for processions
during festivals. These kind of
maps of the rathas are drawn on
the temple wall to explain the
architecture of these Rathas.

32

Kumbeshwara Temple

Outer Circumambulatory Path:

At the outer circumambulatory path in
the southwest, Kumbha muni siddha
abides in meditation,upon the Gopura
in bas - relief. Vinayaka of this shrine is
called Adi Vinayaka,in the northwestern
end there is AdiLinga shrine facing east.

The flag staff in the Maha Mandapa,

which leads you to the Sabha Mandapa

33

34

Kumbeshwara Temple

Kumbeshwara Temple

To the east of this circumambulatory path at the

gateway of Kailasagopura are Mutra Vinayaka to
the left and Balan Dandayuthapani to the right.

35

Govinda Dikshita was the minister

of three successive Nayaks of Thanjavur, who
ruled the region of Thanjavur inSouth India
between the 16th and 17th centuries CE.
Govinda Dikshita was a scholar, philosopher,
statesman and musicologist.

Kumbeshwara Temple

Govinda Dikshita:

Even the construction of the gigantic

Rajagopuram of Sri Adi Kumbeshwara
temple and the elaborate renovation of
the entire precincts of the temple were
attended to by him.
He was also responsible for the erection of
a series of stone stepping at the numerous
bathing ghats on all sides of the Maha Magham
Tank and the construction of sixteen Siva
Shrines on all four sides of the tank and the
purificator y ceremonies there on. He also
constructed the Sri Ramaswami temple in
Ku mba kona m a nd i s r espon sible for t he
beautiful pictorial representation of the story
of Sri Rama around the inner walls of the
temple. The shrine of Sri Mangalambika in
Kumbakonam, the construction of temples at
Patteeswaram and Tiruppalathurai were also
his contributions.

36

Kumbeshwara Temple

Around the Corridor:

Southern to the Rajagopuram is the f lower garden west
wards to the flower - bower abides the Vannimara Vinayaka
shrine facing east. Northwest to the Rajagopuram there is
Mangalakupa a well and adjacent to it is the elephant shed
and the Tirukkalyanamandapam.

Lord Shiva:
A small shrine can be seen in
the center of the holy water tank,
Mangala Theertham.

37

Kumbeshwara Temple

Elephant Shed:
Many temples have elephants
in the temple, which are used
during the time of procession.
Kumbeshwara has one for whom
a shed is built.

Managala Theertham:
Most of the temples have some
source of water. It can be a tank
or a well. Kumbeshwara has a tank
called Mangala Theertham.

38

Kumbeshwara Temple

The Holy Tree:

All the temples have a holy tree and here Kumbeshwara has Vanni Maram
as the holy tree. One can see it when you come from the Motai Gopuram on
the right hand side. Beside the tree is a small Mandapa. Also one can find
a small place meant to wash oneself before entering the temple behind
this Mandapa.

Kitchen:

While going around

in the first outer pra
kitchen of the temp

39

Kumbeshwara Temple

Shiva with Nandi:

One can see few iconography in
and around the temple walls. This
can be found on the wall of the
temple,while going around the first
outer prakara of the temple.

d the temple,
akara, one can see
ple in the corner.

40

Kumbeshwara Temple

Market:
Beside the Raja Gopuram to the east on
either side there are bazaars and the
adjourning area is the chariot shed. There
are only shops now. From the entrance at
the bazar to the Mulavar Shrine is about
980`.

Wooden Doll:
These are very popular in
Kumbakonam. These are wooden
dolls which are made with some
technique where the body parts
dance without use of any external
energy. One can buy this dancing
doll as soveniers.

41

42

Kumbeshwara Temple

Kumbeshwara Temple

Festivals:
Some of the festivals like Pradhosam, Krittigai,
Fridays and Thiruvathiral are performed followed
by ceremonies. Annual flot festival during the
month of Pangunni at the Maha Magham Tank.
During the month of Chitirai the Saptastana is
carried out when Sri Adi Kumbeshwara along
with Sri Mangala Nayaki go about on a majestic
ceremonial procession.
During the month of Valkasi Thirukkalyan
Utasavaa of Sri Mangalambhigai with Sri Adi
Kumbeshwara is celebrated
Every year during the month of Masi the Festival of
Masi Magham is celebrated for ten days.
Ever y t welth year Maha Magham festival is
celebrated.

43

Kumbeshwara Temple

The temple has some very old silver

vehicles of God which are used
during processions.

44

Kumbeshwara Temple

This is one of the most important attraction of

the city. This tank has 16 shrines and 20 wells.
The great Mahamaham Festival is celebrated in
this tank.

Mahamaham Tank

Mahamaham Tank

Quick Facts:
Location: Centre of the city, with
four streets on the bank of the Tank.
There are 16 gopurams around the
sides and corners of the tank
God and Goddess: Every gopuram
towers are believed to be the various
forms of Lord Shiva.
What clan: Saivite Temple
Who build: The temple is established
during the Chola period. The sixteen
temples that adorn the banks of this
tank was built by Govinda Dikshitar.
Mahamaham
Tank

Mahamaham Tank

45

Highlights:
Mahamaham Tank is the integral part of the grandeur religious
festival Kumbha Mela festival celebrated once in every 12 years
in the temple town of Kumbakonam

Mahamaham Tank

MAHAMAHAM TANK

There are 16 gopurams around the sides and corners of the tank
Mahamaham tank has 20 holy wells (theerthams),
which are named after 20 holy rivers in Indian continent.

Kasi Vishwanatha
Temple

If there is a tank held to be more sacred

that Ganges, it is only the Mahamagam
Tank at Kumbakonam. As Kumbamelas
are celebrated in rivers, Mahamagam is
celebrated in this tank. The Mahamagam
occurs once in 12 years.
Aham means sin. Ma means will not
approach. So the term Mahamaham
means a place where no sin will approach.
It will also mean that (Maha) big sins
will be removed.
Mahamaham Tank is believed to be
t he place where all holy r ivers in
India Ganges, Yamuna, Sarasvati River,
Sarayu, Godavari, Mahanadi, Narmada,
Pavoshnl and Kaveri meet together.

46

Mahamaham Tank

Mythology
According to the purana, when the deluge subsided, the place
where the mango leaves kept on the nectar pot fell it became
a Vanni tree, the Kusa grass became a Lingam under the tree.
The swing in which the pot was held became a Lingam. The
coconut went towards the south east and became a coconut
tree. The Bel leaves became a vilva tree. A Lingam sprouted
under the Vilva tree too. In the vilva grove a Patala Linga
appeared and sacred thread twinted round the pot became
a Lingam.

Theertham :
1. Vayu Theertham
2. Ganga Theertham
3. Bramma Theertham
4. Yamuna Theertham
5. Kubera Theertham
6. Godavari Theertham
7. Eshana Theertham
8. Narmada Theertham
9. Saraswathi Theertham
10. Indira Theertham

11. Agni Theertham

12. Cauvery Theertham
13. Yama Theertham
14. Kumari Theertham
15. Niruthi Theertham
16. Bayoshni Theertham
17. Deva Theertham
18. Varunai Theertham
19. Sarayu Theertham
20. Kanya Theertham

Here, all the nine river goddesses who

accumulated the sins of all who bathed
in them have to get rid of them and they
have been advised to go and bathe in
Mahamaham tank and be released of
all the sins. That is why we find their
temples on the bank.
Mahamaham tank has 20 holy wells
(theerthams), which are named after 20
holy rivers in Indian continent.
47

The tank is spread over 20 acres and is

not a proper rectangle. The north and
south banks are a little curved in the
centre and from an aerial view looks like
a pot. There are 16 temples all round
it, four in the north, three in the south,
three in the west, two in the east and one
in the corners. All are Lingams. Hence
they are called Shodasa (16) Mahalingas.

Mahamaham Tank

Layout:

Gopuram Tower:

Kasi Vishwanatha
Temple

Mahamaham Tank

1. Brammatheertheshwarar
2. Mukundeshwarar
3. Dhaneshwarar
4. Virushabeshwarar
5. Baaneshwarar
6. Koneshwarar
7. Bhakthikeshwarar
8. Bhairaveshwarar
9. Agasthyeshwarar
10. Vwyaneshwarar
11. Umaibakeshwarar
12. Nairutheeshwarar
13. Brammeshwarar
14. Gangatheshwarar
15. Mukthatheertheshwarar
16. Shethrabaleshwarar
When a sin committed at some
ordinary place it is washed off
by a visit to a holy place, sin
done in a sacred spot is washed
off by going on a pilgrimage to
Varanasi(Kasi). If one dares
to commit a sin in that sacred
city too, that sin is wiped off at
Kumbakonam and any sinful act
done at Kumbakonam is atoned
for there itself.

48

Mahamaham Tank

Shrines on its bank:

Abimukesar :
The place where the coconut fell and became a coconut
tree is Abimukesam. It stands on the east bank and faces
west. It is a highly revered shrine with the prime deity
as Lord Abimukeshwar (an aesthetic form of Lord Shiva).
The temple also houses Goddess Amudhavally, the consort
of Lord Abhimukeswara. The temple structure shows the
brilliance of ancient South Indian architectural styles. The
idol is attractive with divine features. It is believed that the
deity in this temple faces west to allow darshan (view) to the
nine river maidens during Mahamagam Festival. Navaratri
and Masi Maga are some of the important festivals held here.

View Of the Mahamaham Tank

49

Standing in the south west corner of the bank. Upavidesar is

the deity. Sowndara Nayaki is the goddess.
It got this name as the sacred thread of the Kalasa fell
here. Upavida means sacred thread.
Since the god blesses the sage Goutama, he got the name
Gowtamesvarar. The temple architecture is in tune with the
construction styles of other age old temples in Kumbakonam.
The gopurams and the inner sanctums are adorned with
beautiful structures and statues.

Mahamaham Tank

Gowtamesvara:

50

Mahamaham Tank

Mahamaham festival of 2004.

51

Once in 12 years, with Sun in Simha Rasi, and

Jupiter (Guru) dominant the effect of Sun,
Jupiter and Moon, changes occur in the body
and earth. To prevent any calamity, bathing in
holy waters have been prescribed. The festival
lasts for nine days.
During this festival, thousands of Hindu
devotees come to Kumbakonam, and take
bath in a tank named Mahamaham tank. Some
of them instead of taking bath in the tank,
sprinkle water from the tank on their bodies. It
is believed that taking bath or sprinkling water
of the tank on the bodies cleanses all the sins.
On the occasion of the festival, a metal image of
the deities of the main temple of Kumbakonam
is carried on palanquis or chariots and taken
around the different streets of the town.
The next Mahamaham will be celebrated in the
year 2016. During the Mahamagam festival,
the tank will be emptied and only knee deep
water will be kept for safety. The nine springs
in the tank provide water to the tank.

Mahamaham Tank

Mahamaham festival:

52

Mahamaham Tank

Kasi Visvanatha temple:

A Vinayaka welcomes us at the entrance.
In the north east part of the circuit, under a Neem tree are
some Nagas. Muruga also is here but without his spouses.
Kshetra Mahalingam is also present. In the south west corner
is a picture of Adisankara.
The next cell belongs to Nataraja. Big in size, his flowing locks
attract us. Chadikesa too is present. To fit the name River
goddess, a channel has been cut around the sanctum.
A peculiar feature in this temple is that the Dakshinamurthi
is bereft of the sages (students) usually seen. Further the
Muyalakan under his feet is pressing the throat of the cobra.
In the inner corridor are Ganapathi,
Somaskanda etc. Visalakshi the goddess
is in the south of the sanctum. The
Dvarapalakas are fierce looking and
a product of the Cholas. The goddess is
small in size. The Lingam has a tall Bana.
The Temple is in Naick style. On entering
the temple we find bangles and cradles
hanging from the roof. They were all
presented to the temple in exchange for
fulfilment of some desire. In this temple
cer t ain fest iv it ies like, present ing
sarees, bangle presentation, bridegroom
reception etc. take place.

53

Mahamaham Tank

Gopuram of Adi Vishwanatha as

seen from the tank.
54

Mahamaham Tank

Quick Facts
Location: This shrine stands on the north bank of the Tank
and faces west. The temple is a small one and there is a tin
shed in the front.
God and Goddess: Shiva in form of Visvanatha is the main God.
What clan: Saivite Temple.
Who build: The temple is established during the Chola period.
Some part seems to be made in the Naick period.

Gopuram with nine river goddesses

of the Adi Vishwanatha.
55

Here Siva entered into the mixture of

nectar and earth and became a Linga.
The legend for this temple is that, Rama
in exile wandered from place to place in
search of Sita and finally learnt that she
has been abducted by Ravana of Lanka.
Now Rama decides to fight Ravana and
rescue Sita. A doubt crosses his mind.
Suppose he becomes merciful on facing
Ravana, how can he kill him. A certain
amount of fierce valour is required to
fight Ravana and this he beseeches from
Siva. Siva was in a dilemma. How to give
fierceness to Rama. He embraced Rama
and imparted all his prowess to Rama.
It was this Visvanada who imparted the
valour to Rama.

Mahamaham Tank

Mythology:

We see the nine river

goddesses all clothed
in nine different
coloured dress.

56

MahamahamTank
Tank
Mahamaham

57

All the temples have festivals related

to Mahamaham Tank. During the
Masi Maham festival all the Gods
in various temples are taken out
in processions and taken to the
Mahamaham tank.

Sarangapani Temple

Sarangapani has the tallest Gopuram which

is 150 ft. with 9 tiers. 12 storied pyramidal
gopuram, more than 40m high. One of the largest
gopurams in South India.

Sarangapani Temple
Mahamaham
Tank

Somesvara Temple

Sarangapani Temple

Golden Lotus Tank

57

Highlights:
It is the biggest temple in the city which rises upto 150 ft. with 9
tiers. 12 storied pyramidal gopuram, more than 40m high, one
of the largest gopurams in South India.

Sarangapani Temple

SARANGAPANI TEMPLE

Conceived of, as a chariot with wheels drawn by horses and

elephants.
One of the 108 Divya Desams and Pancharanga Kshetrams.
Another peculiarity is that it has been sung by seven Alwars. It
is also one of the Pancharanga Kshetrams.
The biggest temple in this city is that of Sarangapani The
bows held by Vishnu in different aspects carry different
names. Ramas bow is called Kodandam and hence is called
Kothandaraman. There is a bow called Sarangam and the
Lord who wields it is called Sarangapani, who is housed here.
The temple is a very beautiful one with four circuits. It is in
the form of a chariot. A beautiful tank called Hema Pushkarni
separates this shrine and the Adi Kumbeshwara.

Quick facts:
Location: Located in the centre of the town, on the Sarangapani
Sannathi street. It has the Potramarai tank behind. Someshwara
is located next to the temple.
God and Goddess: The Moolavar here is Pallikondaur, while
the processional deity is Sarangapani with his consort
Kamalavalli.
What clan: Vaishnavite Temple
Who build: While the temple structure dates back to the
Pallava times and even earlier, the Lords shrine which is
in the form of a chariot, was built under the later Cholas in
the 12th century. This temple too was renovated by Govinda
Dikshita.
Temple timing: Open 6 am - 12 noon and 4pm - 8.30 pm
58

Sarangapani Temple

Mythology:
Sage Brigu once went to Vaikunda to see Vishnu, but Vishnu
was indifferent and did not even look at the sage. The sage
got angry and kicked the Lord. The action of devout Bakthas
are accepted by the Lord as a worship, but the Devi did
not take in that spirit. The sage was born as Hema Rishi in
Kumbakonam and performed penance in the banks of this
tank for the blessings of the Devi. Devi appeared in the form of
a baby in a lotus bloom and the sage took her home and reared
her till she was wedded to the Lord.

Inner P

rakara

M ah
M and

Main S

Pottramarai Tank

61

anc tum

ara
Somesv s
Temple

The temple is a very beautiful one with four circuits. It has

a 12 storied pyramidal gopurams, more than 40m high. It
has a hundred pillared hallway from the seventeenth century
(Nayak Period) as entrance. Passing through smaller gopuram
leads into a second courtyard that contains another columned
mandapa. The Vimanam has two gateways, the northern
gate, or the Uttarayana vaasal, open on Makara Sankranti.
Dakshinayana Vaayil open on Adi Perukka.

Sarangapani Temple

Layout:

Ratha
Vasanth
pa
M anda
kul
Nootra a
p
M anda

Raja Go
M anda

ha
dapa

p uram

pa

Manja m
Gopura

Raja Gopuram
Gopuram

Pancharanga Kshetram:
Pancharanga Kshetrams literally means 5 Ranganatha temples
(pancha: five; Kshetrams: holy places). These 5 temples are
situated on the banks of Kaveri.
The following constitute Pancharanga Kshetrams:
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangapatna)
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam)
Sarangapani Temple (Kumbakonam)
Sri Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple(Thirupper Nagar)
Parimala Ranganathar Temple (Thiruindaloor)
62

Sarangapani Temple

Central Shrine:
Central shrine dates from the late Chola
period with many later alterations. (Since
the lord came down from his celestial
abode to marry Komalavalli, the sanctum
is in the form of a chariot with wheels
drawn by horses, and the canopy is called
Vaidika vimana. The force of the chariot
must have been great and elephants are
seen arresting the speed.

Its entrance, within the innermost circuit, is guarded

by huge dvarpalas, identical to Vishnu. Between
the dwarpala are carved perforated stone screens
in different designs. In front of them stands a
sacred, square fireplace.
Within the sanctum Araamudan is seen in a lying
posture with his head slightly raised (to talk to
Thirumazisai Alvar), with Bhu and Sri Devi nearby,
Brahma rising from his navel, Hema sage, Sapta
Rishis, River goddesses and Devas paying homage.
One can see him in a standing posture also wielding
the Bow Sarangam in his right hand.

This temple is supposed

to have 108 Karanas,
forms of dance of
Indian classical,
Bharathnatyam .

63

Sarangapani Temple

The sanctum of Komalavalli is near the Uttarayana steps.

Andal, Perialwas, Rajagopalan with Rukmani and Satyabhama
and Kannan are all enshrined here. In a separate sanctum is
housed Rama, Sita and Laxmana. Of Srinivasa there are two
types. Mettu and Patala Srinivasas. The latter is reached by
steps below. During the day, pinpoints of light from ceiling
windows penetrate the darkness around the sanctum,
designed to resemble a chariot with reliefs of horses,
elephants and wheels.
64

Sarangapani Temple

Inner Prakara of the temple.

The elephant is pulling the main
shrine in form of a chariot. One
can also see the holy theertham.
65

Alvar means one who is "immersed"

in the experience of God, the
omnipresent mysterious One.
Tradition reckons 12 Alvars. They
come from all walks of life and all
strata of society and include in their
ranks one woman.
Between the fifth and ninth century,
in the Tamil-speaking region of
South India, these saints revitalized
the Indian religious milieu, sparking
a renewal of devotional worship
throughout the subcontinent.
Travelling from place to place,
from temple to temple, from holy
site to holy site, they composed
exceedingly beautiful poetry to
their Divine Beloved, Vishnu, as an
expression of their love for Him. The
Alvars composed approximately
4000 Tamil verses.

Sarangapani Temple

Alwars:

Thirumangai Alvar who saw this

sanctum was inspired to compose
a Ratha banth (chariot like verse)
called Thiru Ezhu Kurririkai. It is
exhibited in a painting near the
flag staff.

66

Sarangapani Temple

67

The Floating festival takes place in Masi in the

Golden Lily tank. The deity stays for some time
in the four corner mandapas, in the central
pavilion and the ashram of sage Hemarishi
during the festivals.

Located between Sarangapani and Kumbeswara temple at

Kumbakonam on Thanjavur route, approximately 2 k.m from
new bus-stand.
When Shiva in the form of Kirathamurthy (Shiva as hunter)
aimed the Puranakumbam with the bow and arrow (Banam in
Sanskrit language) and broke it, the bowl split and the Amirtham
got stagnated in two places at Portramaraikulam(golden Lotus
pond) and Mahamaham tank
A Shiva Lingam formed at the place where Kirathamurthy
aimed the Amirthakudam. Since the lord used the arrow
(Banam) the deity lingam is called Banapureeswarar

Sarangapani Temple

Potramarai Tank:

A small Mandapa can be seen in the

centre of the Tank. This tank is also
known as the Golden Lotus Tank.
68

Sarangapani Temple

Temple Cars or the Rathas:

69

In Tamil Nadu temple cars are famous.

Out of them the most famous are those
of Tiruvarur, Tiruvidaimarudar and
this temple. The car of this temple is
very big and cannot easily be drawn.
After 1933, the car festival has
not taken place. Only a small car is
drawn in Chitrai.

70

Sarangapani Temple

Sarangapani Temple

Eastern entrance to the temple also

has a Gopuram, which leads you to
the shrine.
71

Somesvara is situated in the southern portion of the

Sri Sarangapani temple that means near portmari
kulam. The prime deity in this temple is Viyazha
Someswara, one of the forms of Lord Shiva. And
goddess is Soma Nayagi Amman. The temple is
established during the Chola period.

Sarangapani Temple

Somesvara Temple:

This temple is also known as Pazhaiyarai Vadathali.

Shrines for other Gods and Goddesses including
Durga are also placed in the temple premise. The
Muruga here should be seen without fail. Not
only for the Thiruppugazh songs of Arunagiri is
he famous but also his sporting a foot- wear in
his legs. The northern side has a small tomb and
the eastern side has an entrance gate. The temple
complex has other deities Arumugam, and Thenar
Mozhi Amman

Quick facts:
Location: Somesvara is situated in the southern
portion of the Sri Sarangapani temple that means
near portmari kulam.
God and Goddess: The prime deity in this temple
is Viyazha Someswara, one of the forms of Lord
Shiva. And goddess is Soma Nayagi Amman.
What clan: Shaivite Temple
Who build: The temple is established during the
Chola period.
Temple timing: Open 6 am - 12 noon and 4pm - 8.30 pm
72

73

Sarangapani
SarangapaniTemple
Temple

Sarangapani Temple

This God removed the curse of Brihaspati to

Moon and hence got their name Someswara. The
Moon also erected a tank here after his curse was
removed. The tank is called Chandra pushkarani.
This is the birthplace of saint Mangayarkarasiyar,
one of the famous nayanmars. This also called
as Karonam, indicates that Pasupatha cult was
dominant here at one time.

74

Sarangapani Temple

The Nataraja Mandapa in the Temple is concieved

like a chariot being pulled by elephants and horses.

Nageshwara Temple

Quick facts:
Location: Near the main bus stand.
Nageshwara Temple

God and Goddess: The deity belongs

to a very ancient period. The Lord
of Periyanayaki Nageshvara is the
presiding deity. Periya Nayagi is the
goddess.
Holy Tree : Vilva
Holy well: Nagateerthamin the temple
premises.
Nageshwara
Temple

What clan: Saivite Temple

Who build: This temple is believed
to have been completed during the
reign of Parantaka I (907-c.940)
Temple timing: Open 6.30 am 12 noon and 4 - 9 pm

75

Highlights:
Possibly the oldest in Kumbakonam, the Nageshwara temple is
noted for the quality of its sculptural work, vimanas and mandapas.
The Nataraja shrine here is shaped in the form of a chariot.
The shrine dedicated to the Sun God is of great sculptural significance.

Nageshwara Temple

Nageshwara TEMPLE

Nageswara (also spelt as Nageshwara) temple, a Shivastalam

is known for its sculptural work, Vimanams and Mandapams.
Possibly the oldest in Kumbakonam, the Nageshwara temple
is one of the finest early Chola temples, noted for the quality of
its sculpture. Though the temple is small but it is known for its
marvellous architecture that exceeds many of the other Chola
temples. Niches in the outer wall of the sanctum contain large,
graceful figures in standing postures-both male and female.

Entrance to the temple. There are

two Gopurams in the east and the
south. This is second entrance in
the eastern axis.
76

Nageshwara Temple

Mythology:
It is believed that Surya is said to have
worshipped Lord Shiva here to regain
his lost splendour and hence the temple
tank is named after Lord Surya.
It is also known as Vilvavanam. It is
believed that a Vilva leaf from the pot
carrying the celestial nectar (associated
with the Kumbheswara temple) had
drif ted away and landed here. That
spot became a Linga. It is also known
as Vilvanesar.
The Serpent God Adisesha had worshiped
Lord Shiva in this temple. It is believed
that Adisesha had undergone penance
at this temple. Lord Shiva and Goddess
Parvati then blessed Adusesha with
enough strength.

Lions:
Lions can be seen in temples built by Chola,
Hoysala, Pallavas etc. As lion is considered as
sign of strength, so many kingdoms chose this
as their emblem.
77

The Temple Complex is a smaller one but one of the

oldest in Kumbakonam. Main shrine for Lord of
Periyanayaki Nagesvara, the presiding diety faces
east to facilitate the rays of the sun to fall on the
image. There is the flag staff in front of the main
shrine. Next to it in form of a chariot is the Nataraja
Mandapa. The Nritta Sabha, or the dance hall, has
an elevated Mandapam with a flight of steps. One
can see a channel like structure dug around the
Nandi and in the sanctum to fill it with water.

Nageshwara Temple

Layout:

Nandi:
All Shiva temples have the Nandi.
Here the Nandi doesnt face the
main diety shrine, but sits facing the
goddesses shrine instead.
78

Nageshwara Temple

There are two main entrances to the temples, Eastern and

southern. The main shrine faces east, nataraja mandapa in
form of a chariot in north eastern part and the Nritta Sabha
in the south eastern part. There is second entrance from
south where the gopuram is small and part of the wall. There
is a small shrine one can see when entering by the southern
gopuram. There is bali pitam and a nandi in the same axis. One
can see a small gopuram in the western end of the prahara as
well which seems to be not in use anymore.

Eastern Gopuram, which has

the main Sanctum in axis. Light
directly falls on the diety from east.

79

The suns rays fall on the lingam in the central shrine through
an opening in the eastern tower for 3 days in a year 11th,
12th and 13th day in the month of Chithrai (April/May). The
temple faces east to facilitate the rays of the sun to fall on
the image. The principal shrine to Lord Shiva, standing in a
country is connected to a Mandapam (also spelt as Mandapa).
A beautiful Ganga Ganapathi guards the entrance.

Nageshwara Temple

Sanctum:

The main niches on the sanctum wall contain sculptures;

on the north, Dakshinamurti (South-Facing Shiva as
teacher). The Dakshinamurthi bereft of the usual banyan
tree is immersed in yoga. The sanctum is of special red stone
called Chapooran and it imparts a special glow. On the west
Ardhanarishvara (male Shiva and female Shakti in one
figure) and Brahma on the south. Joining them are high-relief
near-life-size sculptures of alawar saints. All around the
shrine there are sculptures of various dance forms.

80

Nageshwara Temple

The Holy Vilva tree found

inside the inner prakara.

81

One can see other shrines dedicated to Pralaya

Kala Rudreswarar formed at the time of the deluge.
He has an Udukka in his hands and a Trisula leans
on his shoulder and Kaali (also spelt as Kali) in
the temple complex. She stands with 8 arms. She
wields a silver trishula. Her face reflects more of
shyness than valour.

Nageshwara Temple

Padaivatti Mariamman is stucco gives darshan in

red colour.
Next is Mahisasuramardini. The cell is separate
with a mandapa. It is a very beautiful image. The
threshold is of brass and the image is sheathed
in silver.

82

Nageshwara Temple

Nataraja Mandapa:
The Nataraja Mandapa, also known as
Koothandar coil. It is fashioned like a
chariot of a temple. In the spokes of the
wheel are the devatas of 12 Rasis. Two
horses 12 ft. tall and 4 fat elephants
appear to draw the chariot.

Yalli:
Yalli seen in the
columns of the Mandapa.
83

Nageshwara Temple

One has to climb the steps of the chariot to the

shrine of Nataraja and Sivakami said to be one of
the loveliest bronze images that exist. Lord Siva
is seen dancing vigorously here, and Sivakami is
shown keeping tala (the beat) for his cosmic dance.
He performs his dance surrounded by Venugopalan
and Garuda. The halo round his torso is elliptical.
Nearby stands Sivakami.

Wheel of the Chariot:

The wheel in the temple shows 24 spikes, 12 are
depicted as Gada, famous weapon of Bhima, and
other 12 are shown as DevGanas. You can see
space between the middle circle and the axel, this
shows that the wheel & axel are made in same
stone, a true marvellous craftsmanship.
84

Nageshwara Temple

Nritta Sabha:

85

The Nritta Sabha, or the dance hall, has an elevated

Mandapam with a flight of steps. The roof inside is
made of timber. One can see the Oorthava Thandava
Mandapa inside the Nritta Sabha.

There is Oorthava Thandava

Mandapa. He has 10 arms. The upper
right hand touches the top. The left
leg touches the top. The lower arms
bends down between the thigh and
perform a Tala.

Nageshwara Temple

Oorthava Thandava Mandapa:

86

Nageshwara Temple

Vehicles for God:

87

There are number of vehicles made for God to ride on during

the processions. There are vehicles in form of snake, bull, bird,
ratha and many more.

Nageshwara Temple

Ramaswamy Temple

Kudandaramar
Lord Rama:

Main Diety of the temple,

is one of the most popular
incarnations of Vishnu.
Seen here in tribhanga pose
with arrow in the right hand
and bow in the left.

Nageshwara
RamaswamyTemple
Temple

Quick facts:
Location: Almost in the centre of the
town, at the southeastern part of
porthmarai kulam which is near
the big street.
Deity: Has a unique idol in the form
of Lord Rama and his consort Sita
in the Pattabhishekam Posture.
What Clan: Vaishnavite Temple
Who Build: King Raghunatha Naicka,
who ruled Tanjore from 1614
1640 A.D. built this temple. Govinda
Dikshita,a minister of this king was
instrumental in erecting this edifice.
Temple Timing: Open 6 am- 12 noon
and 4-9 pm.

87

Highlights:
It is listed with other two great Chola temples as world heritage monuments.
108 Sivacharyas with names for some are found.
Representation of the 63 Nayanmars illustrating some event in their life.

Ramaswamy Temple

RAMASWAMY TEMPLE

Of all the temples in Kumbakonam that of Ramaswamy at the

south end of the bazaar street is the most important. It shines
as an art gallery exhibiting exquisite works of the Naick kings
of Tanjore. The Muka mandapa is filled with more than 62
massive sculptures,all illustrating Dasavathara episodes.
The prakaras in the inside are adorned with paintings of
Ramayana. The coronation scene in this temple is the prime
attraction of the pilgrims.

Entire deity is said to be made

from Saligrama monolith.
The Salagrama Shila or Saligrama
Stones are the embodiment of Lord
Vishnu. It is usually black in color
with the symbol of sudarshana
chakra. The chakras can be seen
both outside and inside. It is found
only at Gandaki River situated high in
the Himalayas in Nepal. It is believed
that the chakra symbols are formed
by river worms called Vajra Keeta.
It is believed that these wormsdrill
the stones, get inside and use the
stones a dwelling place.
88

Ramaswamy Temple

History:
The stor y of the erection of this
Rama temple is an interesting one.
Raghunath, who ruled Tanjore from
1614 1640 A.D. was a devotee of Rama.
Once he dug a tank in Darasuram,
which is west of Kudandai, and
while digging he found the idols of
Rama and Sita. That tank can still
be seen on the border of Darasuram
and is called Ramas tank. Inspired by
the discovery of these idols, the king
with the help of Govinda Dikshatar
caused temples of Rama to be built in
three places Kudandai, Srirangam and
Rama Sethu, of which that at Kudandai
achieved fame by its sculpture.

Nayak Kings of
Thanjavur
Sevappa Nayak
(1532-1580)
Achuthappa Nayak
(1560-1614)
Ragunatha Nayak
(16001634)
(He is regarded as the
greatest in the Thanjavur
Nayak dynasty. He is
famous for his patronage
of literature other
scholarly research.)
Vijaya Raghava Nayak
(16331673)

Raja Gopuram

Ardha Mandapa

Sanctum
Inner Prakara

91

Outer Prakara

Maha Mandapa

Ramaswamy temple is almost in the centre of the town and

faces north. A grand Rajagopura admits us and on entering
we face a big mandapa with huge columns all supporting
artistic images. There is a small Vimana over the Sanctum.
The temple has one pillared Mandapa with columns telling
stories of Ramayana and Dashavtara. The pillars have been
numbered and labelled to facilitate the pilgrim to understand
the episodes. These columns are beautiful pieces of art and
the temple is popular for them.

Ramaswamy Temple

Layout:

The temple has two prakaras. The inner prakara has the
whole Ramayana painted on the walls and the outer prakara
is around the temple. The Main Sanctum has Lord Rama in
his Coronation scene with Sita, Lakhshman, Bharata, and
Shatrughan . Hanuman is also there reciting the hymns
of Ramayana.

Pattabhishekam:

Scene of coronation of Lord Rama

where He is seated with his consort
Sita on equal pedestal. One can also
see His three brothers Lakhshman,
Bharat and Shatrughan standing
beside him and Hanuman with a
veena in hand singing in praise of
the Lord.

92

Ramaswamy Temple

Gopuram of the temple.

93

The entrance of the sanctum has Raghunatha

and his two queens. Opposite to them are their
two daughters.
Inside the sanctum one can see Rama and Sita
installed in a single pedestal only in this sthala.
One is facing the scene of Coronation. Bharata
is holding the parasol, Satrukana is waving the
Chamara (Fan) while Lakshmana is awaiting the
orders of Rama in Anjali hasta pose. Hanuman
with a veena in his hand is reciting the hymns
of Ramayana. The majesty of Rama, the merciful
looks of Sita, the obedience of brothers and the
devotion of Hanuman are faithfully recorded.
The walls of the sanctum too carry sculptures
like Indra on his elephant Iravadam, Narasimha,
Ragunatha Naicker, Chakrapani, Sugriva, Vibhisana,
Visvaksena, Vishnu on Hanumar etc. Even the
kitchen has not been spared. The walls contain
Gajalaxmi, Brahma, Araamudan, Madapalli.

Ramaswamy Temple

The Sanctum:

94

Ramaswamy Temple

Mandapa:
This is not a Mandapa where one can rush through
in haste. It should be studied at leisure and the
sculptures enjoyed. Varadaraja, Kothandarama,
Vishnu, Chakrapani, Radhakrishnan, Narasimha,
Parasurama, Krishna, Gajendra Moksha, Krishna
Lila, K rishna Kalinga vadha, Asvamedtham,
Vamana avatar, Krishna, Garuda sevai, wedding of
Sita and Rama, coronation of Vibhisana, coronation
of Sugriva, Ravana vadha, Mohini, Chakrapani, a
scene from Ramayana, Laxmi Narayana, Rama,
Laxmana and Guha in boat, Trivikrama, Hanuman
are some of the sculpture that have no parallel in
any other temple.

Mandapa of the temple with

columns depicting stories form
Dashavtara and Ramayana.
95

96

Ramaswamy Temple

Ramaswamy Temple

Iconography in the columns of Mandapa:

Coronation of Bali:

Coronation of Vibhisha:

Scene from Ramayana.

Lord Rama is seen
coronating Sugriva
after killing his brother
Bali. Sugriva, with
his army of monkeys
helped Rama in the war
against Ravan.

Next Lord Rama is

coronating Vibhishan,
brother of Ravana.
When Ravana had not
listened to his advice
to return Sita, he joined
Ramas army.

Wedding of
Sita and Rama:

Both in tribhanga pose,

Lord Rama holding
Sitas hand. They
are wearing lots of
ornaments. Sita has a
lotus in her left hand.

Dashavtar:
Lord Vishnu is said to have manifested himself in various incarnations,
called Avatars, for the destruction of evil or restoration of faith and justice
in the world. These incarnations are said to have been in the human form,
in the animal form and even in the combined human-animal form.
Satya Yuga

matsya

97

Kurma

Treta Yuga

Varaha

Narasimha

Vamana

Ramaswamy Temple
Mohini:

The beautiful female

form assumed by
Vishnu to deprive
the Asuras of their
legitimate share of the
ambrosia obtained
by the churning of
the ocean. She can be
seen decorated with
ornaments carrying a
vase of nectar in hand.

Krishna Avatar
(Venu-Gopala):

Trivikrama

Extremely popular
incarnation of Vishnu.
He is the supreme
statesman, warrior
and hero, a great
philosopher and
teacher. Here playing
on the flute, he stands
erect on left leg, with
right leg thrown across.

The origin of Vishnus

Vamana incarnation
can be traced to the
special characteristics
of Vishnu, his ability to
conquer Earth, Heaven,
etc., by his immense
strides. Here he is
gigantic with left leg
lifted to take stride.

(Vamana Avatara):

It is believed that out of the ten incarnations (called Dashavatar) that are
popularly believed in, nine have already been manifested while the tenth
is yet to appear.
Dwapar yuga

Parasurma

Ram

Krishna

kali yuga

Buddha

KALKI

98

Characters of Ramayana:

Ramaswamy Temple

Ramayana:
Ramayana is one of the great
epics of India. This story of Sri
Rama by the great sage Valmiki
is referred to as the Adi Kavya.
Rama, the ancient idol of the
heroic ages, the embodiment of
truth, of morality, the ideal son,
the ideal husband, and above
all,the ideal king. The Ramayana
consists of 24,000 verses in seven
books and 500 cantos, and tells
the story of Rama, whose wife
Sita is abducted by the demon
king of Lanka, Ravana.

Bala kanda: describes the birth of

Rama, his childhood and marriage
to Sita

Lord Rama: He is the hero of the tale.

Portrayed as the seventh incarnation
of the God Vishnu, he is the eldest son
of the King of Ayodhya, Dasharatha
Sita: is the beloved wife of Rama and
the daughter of king Janaka.
Hanuman: is a vanara belonging to
the kingdom of Kishkindha and an
ideal bhakta of Rama.
Lakshmana: is the Younger brother
of Lord Rama.
Ravana: a rakshasa, is the king of
Lanka. Vishnu incarnates as the
human Rama to defeat him

Aranya kanda: describes the forest

life of Rama and the kidnapping of
Sita by the demon king Ravana.

Ayodhya kanda: describes the

preparations for Ramas coronation
and his exile into the forest

99

If the outer mandapa excels in sculpture, the inner prakara

will show us the entire Rama-story in brilliant colours. The
paintings in the inner prakara are in Tanjore style. And
the last painting is embedded with coloured stones, which
sparkle. To read the whole Ramayana one has to go along
the prakara three times. The outer Prahara consists of all
219 all paintings. Alwar Sannathi, Sreenivas Sannathi, and
Gopalan Sannathi are the other Temple located within the
Temple complex

Ramaswamy Temple

Inner Prakara:

Uttara kand: describes the birth

of Lava and Kusha to Sita, their
coronation to the throne of
Ayodhya, and Ramas final departure
from the world

Sundara kanda: which narrates the

heroism of Hanuman, his flight to
Lanka and meeting with Sita.
Kishkinda kanda:
the destruction of the vanara king
Vali and the coronation of his
younger brother Sugriva

Yuddha Kanda: describes the battle

between Ramas and Ravanas armies.

100

This is one of the World Heritage site in India,

which is comes under The Great Living Chola
Temples category.

Airavateshvara Temple

Quick facts:

Airavateshwara Temple

Location: Airavateswarar Temple is

located at Darasuram to the west of
Kumbakonam.
God and Goddess: Iravadesvarar
is the Deity of the temple. The main
deitys consort is Periyanayagi Amman.
Holy Water: Yama Theertham
Holy Tree: Vilva Tress (Bell Tree)
What clan: Saivite temple
Airawateshwara
Temple

Who build: Raja Raja II (1146

1162). Renovated by Kulottunga III
Temple timing: Open 6 am - 12.30
pm and 4 - 8.30 pm

101

Highlights:
It is listed with other two great Chola
temples as world heritage monuments.
108 Sivacharyas with names for some are found.
Representation of the 63 Nayanmars
illustrating some event in their life.

Airavateshwara Temple
Airavateshwara

Airavateshvara TEMPLE

Airavateswara temple is a very fine example of Chola

architecture. Though it is not as huge as other two, it is
considered to be a sculptors dream in stone. The temple
has some exquisite stone carving. This is a temple made for
Lord Shiva, with a piece of marvel to be seen on every stone
laid. This temple is a storehouse of art and architecture. The
vimana is 85 feet high. The front mandapam itself is in the
form of a huge chariot drawn by horses. The temple has some
exquisite stone carvings.

Location:

Darasuram is a panchayat
town located 3 kilometres
from Kumbakonam in Thanjavur
district, Tamil Nadu, India.
Number of buses ply from
Kumbakonam. Darasuram
railways station comes after
Kumbakonam railway station
in t he sout h, but it is
preferable to go by bus as it
stops near the temple. One
can also very easily reach
Kumbakonam by taking auto
which takes only 15mins to
reach the temple directly.

102

Airavateshwara Temple

Mythology:
The Airatesvara temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Shiva is
here known as Airavateshvara, because he was worshipped
at this temple by Airavata, the white elephant of the king of the
gods, Indra. Legend has it that Airavata, while suffering from
a change of colour curse from Sage Durvasa, had its colours
restored by bathing in the sacred waters of this temple. This
legend is commemorated by an image of Airavata with Indra
seated in an inner shrine. The temple and the presiding deity
derive its name from this incident.
It is said that the King of Death, Yama also worshipped Shiva
here. Tradition has it Yama, who was suffering under a Rishis
curse from a burning sensation all over the body, was cured
by the presiding deity Airavatesvarar. Yama took bath in the
sacred tank and got rid of the burning sensation. Since then
the tank has been known as Yamateertham.

King Raja Kambeera Mamannan,

Raja Raja Chola II
(1146 A.D. to 1172 A.D):

He changed his capital from

Gangaikonda Cholapuram to
Palaiyarai and renamed it as
Raja Raja Puram (at present it is
Darasuram). He was a patron
of art and culture. Raja Raja
II made numerous grants to
the temples at Chidambaram,
Tanjore, Srirangam, Kanchi,
Tiruchy and Madurai. King
Raja Raja II constructed in
his name a beautiful temple
called Raja Rajechuram (at
present Airavatheeswara) in
1160 A.D. to 1162 A.D. This Raja
Rajechuram (Raja Rajeschuram
Tharechuram Darachuram
-Darasurm) became Darasuram
at present.
103

Mandapa

The Sanctum

Ou
Mandapa

Although this temple is much smaller than the Brihadeeswara

Temple or the Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple, it is more
exquisite in detail. This is because this temple is said to have
been built with nitya-vinoda, perpetual entertainment,
in mind. No tall gopura greets one at the entrance but the
Vimana over the sanctum is an excellent substitute.

Airavateshwara Temple

Temple Layout:

This is one of the World Heritage site in India, which is comes under The Great
Living Chola Temples category. This temple was added to the list of Great Living
Chola Temples in the year 2004. The Great Living Chola Temples includes the
Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur, the Temple of Gangaikondacholisvaram
at Gangaikonda Cholapuram and the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram.
All of these temples were built by the Cholas between the 10th and 12th
centuries CE and have a lot of similarities.

Corridor

Natya
Mandapa
Vilva tree
well

Mandapa

Nandi
Maha
mandapa

uter Prakara

100 pillared hall

Entrance Gopuram

Muha Mandapa

Corridor

104

Airavateshwara Temple

105

The Temple has the main shrine with a Vimana as which rises
to a height of 23 metres. The sanctum sanctorum of the temple
is nirandhra i.e. without the circumambulatory passage.
Then there is an Ardha Mandapam, and a 100-pillared Maha
Mandapam in the temple. There is a extension in the south of
the 100-pillared Manadapa, which is called Muka Mandapa.
This temple differs from other temples in one aspect. One
can go to the sanctum only through the Muka Mandapa. The
prakara is surrounded by corridor which has the kitchen in
the South Eastern corner, Natya Mandapa in the north eastern
corner, Alangara Mandapa in the South western corner and
one more Mandapa in the other corner.

Airavateshwara Temple

There is one more Shrine for Chandigeshwarar

north to the main shrine. Next to it one can see the
well and the holy vilva tree.
The main deitys consort is Periyanayagi Amman
has a separate shrine parallel to the main shrine.

106

Airavateshwara Temple

Karpagraham:
One can go to the Karpagraham or the
Sanctum Sanctorum by either of the two
entrances in the north and south of the
Vimana. This sanctum does not have a
circumambulatory path thus is also
called nirandhara. The Sanctum has a
23 mts high Vimana which becomes the
most prominent feature of the temple.
There are Dwarapalas on both sides of
the Deity. Subramanya with six faces
resides on the left side of the deity.
T he consor t of T he Lord, Goddess
Periyanayagi Amman has a separate
shrine which is built parallel to this,
outside the complex.
Subrahmanya:

The Puranic legend

associates him with the
Sun-god.
Musical Steps:

The steps, made of stones, give

different musical sounds when
tapped. All the seven swaras can
be had at different points. This is
a technology where they chose
granite with right iron content and
cut in desired lengths to get sounds.

Nandi:

Nandi sits facing the shrine. Nandi,

the Bull, is Shivas primary vehicle
and is the principal gana (follower).
107

The Temple has well maintained lawn on all sides . It has its
entrance from the inner court, which gives an idea that the
temple complex is in a depression. To the east of the inner
court lies the a group of well-carved buildings,small shrine
for Nandi, Balipita (seat for sacrifice), small shrine which
contains an image of Ganesha. The pedestal has a set of 3
finely-carved set of steps on the south side.
In front stands the Inner Gopuram which leads one to the
main court.(One needs to open shoes in the gopuram) As
one enters he sees the 100 pillar mandapa with a flag post
in front. .

Airavateshwara Temple

Entrance:

108

109

Airavateshwara Temple

The Vimana over the Sanctum is the most prominent part of the
complex. It is 23 mts high and has many important sculptures all
around which are also important shrines. There is Sarabeswara
and Dakshinamoorthy in the southern , L i ngodbhav a a nd
Ma hisha sur ma rdini in t he wes t er n a nd Vishnu Durgai
and Brahma in the northern walls of the Vimana.

Airavateshwara Temple

Vimana:

North western view of the shrine. One can

understand the huge scale of the structure by
seeing human standing near it. Apart from these
many more sculpture in stucco can be seen in the
first tier of the Vimana.
Southern elevation of
the Vimana. The shrines
of Dakshinamurthy can
be seen.

110

Airavateshwara Temple

111

Vishnu Durgai:

Brahma:

Mahishasurmardini:

Is also known as
Narayani, is one among
the numerous forms of
Goddess Durga.

Brahma is one of the

important gods of
the Hindu pantheon.
Brahma is the
creator. He is called
Svayambhu-self -born.

The Amarakosa
regards her as a form
of Parvati. She was
assigned the function
of destroying demons
like Mahisa, Chanda,
Munda, Sumbha,
Nisumbha, etc.

Sarabeswara:

Lingodbhava-murti:

Dakhshinamoorthy:

Siva took the form of

Sarabha, a mixture
of animals and bird,
to kill Narasimha
whose anger and
ferociousness did
not abate after killing
Hiranya. (South side of
the Vimana)

Siva is carved on the

front of the Linga.
Brahma appears on
Sivas right, near the
top, in the form of a
swam (hamsa).
Vishnu as a boar is
sculptured on the left,
at the foot of the Linga.

Siva is the great master

of Yoga, music, dancing
and of other sciences.
Dakshina means south,
and since Siva was
seated facing the south
when he taught the
sages, he came to be
known by this name.

It is the great purana or epic, sometimes also

called Tiruttontarpuranam (the purana of the
holy devotees) is a Tamil poetic account depicting
the legendary lives of the sixty-three Nayanars,
the canonical poets of Tamil Shaivism. It was
compiled during the 12th century by Sekkizhar.
It provides evidence of trade with West Asia. The
Periya Puranam is part of the corpus of Shaiva
canonical works.
Sekkizhar compiled and wrote the Periya Puranam
or the Great Purana, (the life stories of the
sixty-three Shaiva Nayanars, poets of the God
Shiva) who composed the liturgical poems of the
Tirumurai, and was later himself canonised and
the work became part of the sacred canon. Among
all the hagiographic Puranas in Tamil, Sekkizhar's
Tiruttondar Puranam or Periyapuranam,
composed during the rule of Kullottonga Chola
II (1133-1150) stands first.
All the saints mentioned in this epic poem are
historical persons and not mythical. Therefore,
this is a recorded history of the 63 Saiva saints
called as Nayanmars (devotees of Lord Siva),
who attain salvation by their unf linching
devotion to Siva. The Nayanmars that he talks
about belonged to different castes, different
occupations and lived in different times.

Airavateshwara Temple

Periya Puranam:

112

Airavateshwara Temple

Koshtam Sculptures:

113

Koshtam is the entrance to the Maha

Mandapa which leads to the Sanctum
Sanctorum. There are masterpiece
sculptures to be seen in here.
Annapurna Devi,
Goddess Lakshmi,
Goddess Sarasvati,
Lord Athikara Nandhi,
Kannappa Nayannar.

Athikara Nandhi:

Annapurna:

Sarasvati:

Kannappa Nayanaar:

She is Goddess of
nourishment. Anna
means food and grains.
Purna means full,
complete and perfect.
She is form of Parvati,
the consort of Shiva.
Physically, Annapurna
is described as holding
a golden ladle adorned
with various kinds of
jewels in her right hand
and a vessel her left.

She is the Goddess of

learning and culture.
She is sometimes
consorted with Brahma
and sometimes with
Vishnu or Ganesha. In
Rigvedic Sarasvati is the
manifestation of a river of
that name.
Here we can see her
seated without the Veena.

Kannappa Nayannar
was a hunter who
readily donated eyes
to Shiva Linga he
worshipped. This is a
story from the famous
Periya Puranam tales
about the 65 Nayanaar.
(Kannappa Nayannar
can been seen wearing
footwear with laces)

It is an amalgamation
of Shiva (on left) and
Vishnu (on right)

This Mandapa is a storehouse of beautiful sculptures. Inside

the mandapa, the pillars are worked up into several panels
each containing a masterpiece. This Mandapa is also called
Nuru Kaal Mandapa.
The sculptures around the manadapa are Ardhanarishwara,
Nagaraja, Marthanda Bhairava Shiva Nagaraja and Ganpati. In
the North of the Mandapa there is the shrine of Periya Nayagi,
with Dwara pali at the either side of the entrance.

Airavateshwara Temple

100 Pillar Main Mandapa:

The panels on the columns have stories of Shiva and Parvati,

Durga, and Ramayana. One can also see miniature sculptures
here.

Martanda Bhairava:

Nagaraja:

Ardhanarishwara:

This is the form of

Shiva he took to kill
Brahma when he said
that he was the creator
of the universe. This is
one of his inauspicious
and destructive
aspects. There are
sixty eight forms of
Bhairava. Martunda is
one of this form which
has four hands.

This is the form of Shiva

He took to kill Brahma
when he said that he
was the creator of the
universe. This is one of
his inauspicious and
destructive aspects.
There are sixty eight
forms of Bhairava.
Martunda is one of this
form which
has four hands.

To explain Brahma
that Prajapatis alone
cannot begin the
task of creation Shiva
appeared before
him in the form of
Ardhanarishwara
(half-male, halffemale). Here we can
see ardhanarishwara
having 8 hands and
3 heads which is
uncommon to see
114

Airavateshwara Temple

The Kanda Purnam:

It was w rit ten by K achiappa Sivchr yar of Kumara Kot t am at
Kanchipuram. The Kanda Purnam is considered to be the absolutely
authoritative account of Lord Murugan's career bearing the seal of
approval of none other than the Lord Himself.
The original Kanda Purnam was intended to be recited aloud in Tamil to
audiences who were already well acquainted with the marvellous career
of Lord Murugan.

115

There are five stages in the pillars and four sides - each
side has panel depicting the mythological scene from
Kandhapuranam and marriage of Siva with Parvathi and
Subramanian with Valli. There are numerous miniature
sculptures like ganesha on these columns with immense
clarity and sharpness of the size 1 inch. The Nagabandha
(t wo snakes), garland decorate the pillars.

Airavateshwara Temple

100 Pillars in the Mandapa:

116

Airavateshwara Temple

Muha Mandapa:
Coming to the southern part of the complex, one can see a
projected hall which is called Raja Gambiran Tiru Mandapa
or the Muha Mandapa. The projected hall is a veritable gallery
of art and each pillar carries a masterpiece of carving though
small. South side of Mukamandapa has five niches (Agni,
Indra, Brahma, Vishnu and Vayu). Each pillar in the Mandapa
Has Yalli at the bottom.
This Mandapa is conceived as a stone
chariot drawn by caparisoned horses
with Brahma as its driver. Unlike other
temples this is entry to the Sanctum also.
A flight of steps lead to the mandapa.
The balustrade that forms the side of
the flight of steps is formed into a trunk
of an elephant. There are horses and
wheels on both the sides.
The front pillars rest on the head of Yalis
resembling Rajasimha pallava pillars
and end in a bulbous form, from which
lotus petals radiate.

117

Airavateshwara Temple

The car vings in the lower par t though

small are equally exquisite. The carvings
in the lower part though small are equally
exquisite. The Kama Dahanam and the
penance of Parvati with Siva in the right and
opening the third eye describes a legend.

Yalli:
Here you will see Yaali, a mythological animal.
Trunk of elephant, mouth of a lion, horns of goat,
body of horse & tail of serpent. This is a super
power animal having attributes of different
other animals. They are also known as Vyalam
or Sarabham in Sanskrit. The front pillars rest
on the head of Yallis.
118

Airavateshwara Temple

Corridor around the Prakara:

There is covered corridor all around the temple. There are four
mandapas in the corners of the corridor. There is Kitchen in
the south east corner. In the south west corner in the Mandapa
one can see Murugan with Valli and Deivanai. Natya Mandapa
in the north east. In the next corner which is called Alangara
Mandapa one can see the Conical Shivling made of Saligram. In
the corridor in between there are 11 lingas. Coming towards
the north east corner one can see the Natya Mandapa. There
are 4 shrines one of which has an image of Yama. Adjoining
the Natya Mandapa are large stone slabs sculptured with
images of the sapthamathas (seven celestial nymphs).

Murugan, Valli and Deivanai:

Subrahmanya is also known as
Murugan.
Valli has a nose bore and a ear bore,
which must have been used by an
ornament.
(This is found in the North East corner
Mandapa.)

119

Airavateshwara Temple

Elephant and bull seen together where their

heads are merged. One needs to hide one to see
the other.

Stone slabs sculptured with images

of the sapthamath. (Found in the
northern corridor)
120

Airavateshwara Temple

Panels of the corridor and the columns in mandapas:

They are mainly telling stories of common people
and their social life. Scenes of everyday life like fight
scenes, pregnant woman, dancing ladies etc can
be seen. The columns here also have miniature
sculptures of Dieties.

A man juggling balls.

121

Woman dancing with

women men playing
instruments.

Woman in centre has

four dance poses
merged in one.

Airavateshwara Temple
Lion attackingan
elephant. It is made by
placing carved granite
one above the other.

Hands and legs

Scene where women
interlocked, maybe
are helping a pregnant
some scene from circus. woman.

Water being used as

fuel for lamp.

122

Airavateshwara Temple

Chandigeswarar shrine:
A separate shrine for Lord Chandigeswarar is situated in the
Northern prahara near the north entrance to Karpagraham.
It has a separate sanctum with Vimana. As in case of Nandi,
devotees usually visit him and pay their respects before going
to see the Siva Linga in the sanctum sanctorum. There is a
linga also in this shrine.
It is believed that Chandikeswarar forever lives in a state of
deep meditation, not realizing who comes to the temple. He
is the one who keeps records of our visits to the temple, and
hence, it is believed that we should clap our hands or snap our
fingers outside his shrine so that he realizes our presence.
Sri Chandikeswarar:
He is an aspect of Chandi in human form later
elevated to the status of divinity, to signify the
connection between Siva and Chandi. His images
are generally found in a corner in all temples
of Shiva.

123

124

Airavateshwara Temple

Airavateshwara Temple

Periya Nayaki Amman Temple:

125

The main deity's consort Periya Nayaki Amman temple is a

detached temple situated to the north of the Airavateshwarar
temple. This might have been a part of the main temple when
the outer courts were complete. At present, it stands alone as
a detached temple with the shrine of the Goddess standing in
a single large court

126

Airavateshwara Temple
Airavateshwara

Travel Helpline

Travelling Helpline

By Air:
Kumbakonam for itself doesnt have an airport, but one can
fly down to Chennai or Tiruchirappalli which are closest
cities to Kumbakonam with airport facilities.
These two places are well connected to Kumbakonam by road
and rail route both.
The nearest airport to Kumbakonam is Trichy at distance of
96 km away. Domestic flights operate from this aerodrome.
Regular flights are available to Chennai International airport.
Taxis are available from Trichy to Kumbakonam and it charges
about Rs 1,000.
The major international airport is at Chennai at distance
of 273 km. Prepaid t a xi is available from Chennai to
Kumbakonam charging about Rs 2,500.
Tiruchirappalli Airport(TRZ)
Madurai Airport (IXM)
Chennai International Airport (MAA)
Bengaluru International Airport (BLR)

Domestic
Domestic
International
International

78 km
190 km
243 km
311 km

By Rail:
Kumbakonam railhead is connected by trains from Chennai,
Quilon, Tirupathi and Rameshwaram. Travellers can use
trains to reach this place comfortably from Chennai and other
places.

129

Bus:
Tamil Nadu state transport corporation buses connect
Kumabkonam with almost all cities in Tamil Nadu. Regular
buses are available from Trichi, Chidambaram and Chennai
to Kumbakonam.

Travelling Helpline

By Road:

Every 5 Mins. there is a Bus to Trichy, Tanjore, Mayiladuthurai,

Chidambaram, Cuddalore, Mannargudi, Thiruvarur.
Tamil Nadu State Transport Corp. and Private buses are
running daily To/From Kumbakonam from Trichy,Thanja
vur,Mayiladuthurai, Mannargudi, Nagapattinam, Neyveli,
Villupuram, Coimbatore, Madurai, Erode, Chidambaram,
Pondicherry, Cuddalore,Tirunelvelli
Taxi:
One can hire AC and non AC taxi also to come to Kumbakonam.
It is a good option if there is a family or more number of
people travelling together. Also if one wants to travel to many
places its good to have a booked taxi.
Personal Car:
One can also hire a car if wants to explore the place on their
own. The distances around are not much and is a good option
for a group of people or family trip.

130

Travelling Helpline

How to go Around:
Taxis:
One can easily book a private taxi to go around the city. There
are two taxi stands in the town, one near the bus stand and
other near the Town Hall. As with any tourist place, the prices
are hiked up once they know you are from out of town.
Auto Rickshaw:
The cheapest mode of hired transport. Autos ply to small towns
in and around Kumbakonam (less than 10 km). As with any
other town in Tamil Nadu, negotiate the price before making
the trip. You can negotiate an Auto for half-day or full day
rates for the nearby places and temples within Kumbakonam.
Charges range from 500/- to 750/- approximately for halfday, depending on the places you need to visit. For a 1.5 days
Rs.900 is a decent amount to pay. Its a good idea to check with
locals on the average fare for autos and taxis.
Bus:
State and private operated buses ply to all towns in the
vicinity.
The town also has a lot to see when you walk around the
streets. There are number of temples all around, and one can
experience a lot of local culture by going around in the streets.

131

Kumbakonam experiences both hot and pleasant climate in

different seasons
Summers (March to May) are dry and hot with temperature
in the range of 32 C to 38 C, Tourists prefer to avoid hot days
in April and May.
Monsoons (June to September) are accompanied with medium
rainfalls. The place is beautiful in rains and offers some relief
from the hot atmosphere.
Winters (December to February) are pleasant with moderate
temperatures in a range of 20C to 26C.

Travelling Helpline

Weather in Kumbakonam:

Best Season to visit Kumbakonam is October to March.

June to September is humid but pleasant with moderate
temperature and suitable for temple visits.
October to March is perfectly ideal for religious visits and all
kinds of tourist activities.
Tips: There is retrieving rain in Kumbakonam in December also.
Thus make necessary arrangements for the weather. One should
carry umbrellas and raincoats.
Summers are quite harsh thus preparations must be done
according to that. It is very important to book AC rooms during
this weather.

132

Travelling Helpline

Where to Stay:
Kumbakonam has number of hotels of all ranges. One can
live in lodges or luxury hotels as their budgets. Prize of
accommodation ranges from Rs 100 to Rs 3000. In the centre
of the town is the Cauvery bank and a few hotels normally are
populated around this region. You will find many hotels near
the Railway Station and the Mahamaham Tank. All hotels are
located in the vicinity of the famous Navagraha temples.
Luxury Hotels:
Mantra Veppathur

Paradise Resort (3 Star):

No.1 Bagavathapuram Main Road

Extension,
536 / 537 A Sri Sailapathipuram
Village,
Veppathur - 612 103
Kumbakonam. Thanjavur District.

3/1216, Tanjore Main Road,

Ammapet, Darasuram,
Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, India.
612103
Telephone 0435 - 2416469, 3291354
Fax 0435 - 2416469
Mobile 91-9943311354 Fax - 2416469
Email: kumbakonam@
paradiseresortindia.com
www.paradiseresortindia.com
(Tariff: Rs 4500 onwards)

Mantra Veppathur
Corporate Office
4, G S Colony, off Chamiers Road,
Chennai 600 018. INDIA
Mobile: +91 98412 88000
Email: subbu@mantraveppathur.com
http://www.mantraveppathur.com
(Tariff: Rs 6000 onwards)

133

Travelling Helpline

Kumbakonam also known as the "temple town" is frequently

visited by thousands of people and the rooms tend to be
completely filled especially during the Mahamaham festival
that comes in every 12 years.
Luxury hotels here promise a traditional look with in-house
restaurants that offer both south-Indian and north-Indian
cuisines. They also provide sightseeing packages to tourists.

PGP Hotel Riverside Resorts and Spa

32, 33 College Road, Kumbakonam

612002,
Tamilnadu State,India.
Tel : + 91-435-2443636
Fax : +91-435-2443638
Email : gm@pgphotelriverside.com
www.kumbakonam.com/pgphotel
www.pgphotelriverside.com
(Tariff: Rs3000 onwards)
Hotel Le Garden

Naal Road, Kumbakonam - 612 001.

Tamilnadu, South India.
Phone: +91-435-2402526
Mobile: +91 994496370 0
Fax : 0435-2413390
Email: stay@hotellegarden.com
Email: reservation@hotellegarden.com
www.hotellegarden.com
(Tariff : Rs 1400- 7500)
Hotel Habib Towers

122, Kamaraj Road, Opp to Railway

Station, Kumbakonam 612001,
Tamilnadu, India.
Tel : 0435-2403181 to 85 (5 lines)
Mobile : +91 94425 53400
Fax : 0435-2423500
Email : enquiry@hotelhabibtowers.com
Website : www.hotelhabibtowers.com,
http://www.kumbakonam.com/
hotelhabibtowers/
(Tariff: Rs1200-3500)

134

Travelling Helpline

Medium Budget:

Low Budget:

Hotel Raya's

Kasi Towers

General Manager
18, Head Post Office Road
Near Holy Mahamaham Tank
Kumbakonam - 612001

140, TSR Periya Street, Kumbakonam,

Tamilnadu, India.
Landline: +91-435-2422538, 2422638,
2422738, 2422835, 2422935
(Tariff: Rs 400 onwards)

Rayas Annexe 1

General Manager
19, Head Post Office Road
Near Holy Mahamaham Tank
Kumbakonam - 612001
Landline: +91-435-2423170, 171, 172,
173 & 0435-2001712
+91-435-2422545 ( 8 Lines )
Mobile No: +91-98429-23170
Fax: +91-435- 2422479
Email: enquiry@hotelrayas.com
reservation@hotelrayas.com
http://www.hotelrayas.com
(Tariff: Rs 800-2000)

Hotel VPR:

Periya Street, Kumbakonam,

Tamilnadu, India
Landline: +91-435-421820
(Tariff: Rs 125-400)
Hotel Tamilnadu 91:

Poompuhar Road, Near Govt

College, Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu,
India
Landline: +91-435-30422
(Tariff: Rs 150-400)
Femina Lodge:

Tanjore Main Road, Kumbakonam,

Tamilnadu, India 2421794
Tariff: (550-700)

8 Head Post Office Road,

Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, India
Landline: +91-435-2420396, 2426337
(Tariff: Rs 200)

Hotel Greenpark:

Hotel Siva International:

Lakshmi Vilas Road, Kumbakonam,

Tamilnadu, India
2402852, 2402853, 2403912(3 Lines)
Fax: 0435 - 2421956
E.Mail: greenparkhotel@rediffmail.
com
(Tariff: Rs 400-800)

Periya Street, Kumbakonam,

Tamilnadu, India
Landline: +91-435-421820
(Tariff: Rs 125-400)

Hotel Adithya:

A.R.K Hotel:

TSR Periya Street, Kumbakonam,

Tamilnadu, India
Landline: +91-435-2421234, 2421152
(Tariff: Rs 400-800)
135

Hotel Pandiyan 52:

Sarangapani East Sannathi,

Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, India
Landline: +91-435-2430397, 2432325
(Tariff: Rs 150-250)

Food in Kumbakonam is common to the

State of Tamil Nadu. They eat typically
what we call South Indian Food. The
cuisine is counted among the popular
cuisines in India. Dishes like Idli, Dosa,
Sambhar and Rasam are the most exotic
dishes among the south Indian cuisine.
The platter or Thali is also very popular,
comprising various vegetables, along
with dominant coconut flavour.
Kumbakonam is extremely popular for
its Filter Coffee, which is best found
here.

Travelling Helpline

What to Eat:

Meals
A traditional meal constitutes of 2-3 courses
of rice. It is accompanied with one or two types
of dry curry, liquid porridge of vegetables and
spices, a similar liquid of tamarind water boiled
with spices and buttermilk or curds.

Snacks
Typical diet also includes snacks between meals.
Dishes such as Dosas, Idlis, Upma, Vadaa, Bajji or
even crispies or fried items are a part of snacks.

Coconut water
Another natural beverage rich with rehydrants
to beat the heat is coconut water. Often served
by chopping off the husk of the green coconut.

Drink buttermilk
Buttermilk is the most traditional form of
thirst quenching beverage in Taminadu. It is
diluted curd mixed with salt and spices perfect
to rejuvenation for dehydration. It is offered to
travellers and guests as an act of hospitality.
136

Travelling Helpline

Important Numbers

137

Bus Enquiry - TTC

Commissioner
DSP - Office
Electricity
Emergency
ESI Hospital
Express
Fire Service Station
Govt.Hospital
Health Officer
Hindu Mission Hospital
Municipal Engineer
Police Station-West
Police Station-East
Police Control Room
Police Station - Ladies
Post Office
Railway Out Police
Railway Station
Rathimeena Travels
RTO Office
Senthil Bus Travels
Taluk Police Station
Taluk Office
TNSTC Busstand
Women Polce Station

+91- 435 - 2431251

+91- 435 -2430412
+91- 435 - 2421450
+91- 435 - 2411102
100
+91- 435 - 2431467
+91- 435 - 2421313
+91- 435 - 2431201
+91- 435 - 2430002
+91- 435 - 2432129
+91- 435 - 2411516
+91- 435 - 2432123
+91- 435 - 2421450
+91- 435 - 2430702
+91- 435 - 2433100
+91- 435 - 2431321
+91- 435 - 2421390
+91- 435 - 2420251
+91- 435 - 2433131
+91- 435 - 2430589
+91- 435 - 2420051
+91- 435 - 2411909
+91- 435 - 2420250
+91- 435 - 2430227
+91- 435 - 2431251
+91- 435 - 220774

 One can plan your trip during

two main festival. Masi Maham
is the 10 day festival which
happens every year in the
month of February, March. All
the dieties from each temples
are taken out in a grand
procession to the Mahamaham
Tank.

There are monsoons in

Kumbakonam during as
other places from June to
September. But be prepared
for the retrieving monsoons in
the month of December. Dont
forget to carry umbrellas and
raincoats if travelling at this
time of the year.

General timings for all temples is

morning 6 am to 12noon. And
evening 4 pm to 8 pm. Thus
plan your trip accordingly. Try
to utilize the morning time to
see the temples.

Travelling Helpline

Useful Information:

Everyone needs to remove their

shoes before entering the
temple premises. So wear
footwear according to comfort.

This is the central location to all

Navgraha Temples. One can
easily cover all nine temples in 2
days by keeping Kumbakonam
as the center.

Photography inside the temples

are not allowed. Few temples
allow photography in some
parts on some payment. But no
temple allow the main shrine
and the Diety to be clicked.

Do try traditional South Indian

food. There are number of small
restaurants all over which serve
very home cooked food.

Summers are extremely

harsh, thus make proper
arrangements if travelling in
that time of the year.

Do try traditional South Indian

food. There are number of small
restaurants all over which serve
very home cooked food.

Filter Coffee of Kumbakonam is

very famous. It is served at all
restaurants and hotels.

Main language people talk in is

Tamil. Other language that one
can use is English and Hindi.

138

Travelling Helpline

Tamizh guide
Is a brief guide to start a basic conversation in Tamizh. Read
the easy to speak phonetics and start conversing.

Phonetic vowels

Phonetic consonants

uh/ u = hum, drum

aa = dark, hard
i = will, still
ee = feel, heel
oo = food
E, ay = pay, stray
ie, ai, ye = eye, dye, tie
oh = sold, old
ow = owl, bowl

kk = thick, stuck
g = gum, girl
pp = pepper, zipper
ch = child, chill
dh = that, they
tt = matter, scatter
th = pith, teeth
tth = cut through

vuh-Nuh-kkum
Welcome, hello.
neen-guh sow-kee-yum-maa?
Are you fine?
Aamaam sow-kee-yum dhaan?
Yes, (I am) fine.
Oon-guh pay-yur Ennuh?
What is your name?
En pay-yur _______
My name is _______
139

L = mild, cold
N = end, send
R, zh = robot, roll

(American

accent : roll

the tongue)
v = we, want
The below consonants sound
same as in English:
b, s, t, r, n, m, p, d, k, l, y

En ooroo pay-yur ____

My place name/ I come from
______
muh-Nee Ennuh?
What is the time?

Kudanthai Makkal
A photoessay of the pulse of Kumbakonam
Author
Chitra Chandrashekhar

kootthoo-vi-Luh-kkoo
Lamp
Traditional brass lamps connote
the start of an auspicious event,
celebration or festivity. They
are regarded to be fine works of
art/ creation, that often they are
compared to beauty (women).

poo-Lee-koh-luhm

Dots Kolam
Traditional floor
decoration made
with dots of rice
flour. It is a symbol of
hospitality, harmony
and prosperity.

poo

Flower
Flowers are strung together into
garlands to decorate hairstyles
among women and young girls. It
is also a symbol of greeting, wellbeing and auspiciousness.

uhm-maa

Mother/ Madam
The first word a child
is taught to say. There
is immense honour
associated to the role
of a mother that often
goddesses, important
women and even
ladies are respectfully
reffred to as Amma!

koo-zhun-thai/
koo-Run-thai

Child
There are many more
ways of calling a child
with endearment
like paa-paa, pie-ya,
chellum for a little
girl, a little boy and
darling respectively.

 thoh-zhil/ thoh-Ril
Business/ Occupation
Streetsides in
Kumbakonam are
mixed with both big
and small shops but
one sees equal pride
and devotion in their
respective businesses.
This holds true even
for small time vendors
and rickshaw pullers.

vay-lie sai

Do work
Work is worship to many people in this land.
They even worship their tools and conduct
ceremonies expressing grattitude for being
able to work and earn a decent livelihood.
And for this, they do not even deter from hard
laborious, toiling work.

paa-thee-ruh-kkuh-dye

Vessels/ utensils shop

Kumbakonam is famous for
buying and selling of metal ware
like stainless steel or aluminium
vessels that form a major part of
many households.

null-ay-Nai

Sesame oil
Literally meaning good oil, it is
known to have many remedial
effects and forms a significant
part of the Tamil tradition. From
lighting lamps, to body massaging,
medicinal potions and even
cooking, it finds its due place in
the lives of the people.

dhaa-gum - thuh-Neer

Thirst - Water
An expression that
most travellers use
owing to the heat that
affects this land and
its people.

mor koo-deen-guh

Drink buttermilk
Buttermilk is the most traditional
form of thirst quenching beverage
in Taminadu. It is diluted curd
mixed with salt and spices perfect
to rejuvenation for dehydration. It
is offered to travellers and guests
as an act of hospitality.

saa-ppaa-doo

Meals
A traditional meal
constitutes of 2-3
courses of rice. It is
accompanied with
one or two types
of dry curry, liquid
porridge of vegetables
and spices, a similar
liquid of tamarind
water boiled with
spices and buttermilk
or curds.

but-chuh-Num

Snacks
Typical diet also includes snacks
between meals. Dishes such as
Dosas, Idlis, Upma, Vadaa, Bajji or
even crispies or fried items are a
part of snacks.

paa-ttoo vaa-dhyum

Song and Music

Kumbakonam, being a temple
town, has a long tradition of
music being played for all, during
auspicious events both social or
religious. This culture remains
intact as we continue to find
musicians dedicatedly playing
their tunes.

oor-vuh-lum

Procession
During the month of Feb-March,
every year people congregate to
watch and partake in the gods
procession in a palanquin. There
is great community spirit seen in
such events.

kuhl-loo-ree

College
Once known as the Cambridge
of South India this Government
arts college now has promising
talent yet they are pushed to flash
their youth power challenging
authorities and demanding better
facilities.

muh-guh-Lir

Ladies
Saree, flowers, nose
ring, bangles they just
do not complete the
image of a woman in
todays Kumbakonam.

Acknowledgement
Book by:
Nimisha Drolia, IDC, IITB
Guided by:
Prof. Mandar Rane.
Pictures credit:
Anindya Sunder Biswas
Chitra Chandrashekhar
Chinmayee Samant
Deepali Thokal
Ganesh Gajjela
Rangoli Sharan
Prerak Mehta
Lakshmi Deshpande
Ruchin Shah
Farwej Bhutia
Soniya Jain
Triveni
Monika Nanaware
Nimisha Drolia
Kaviyam Studio, Kumbakonam
Illustrations:
Views of temples: Shah Fahim.
Temple plans: Gauri Gawand
City view: K. Abhilash
Coloured Illustration: Sayali Bhagali
Special thanks to:
Prof. Kirti Trivedi

Temple town of

Kumbakonam
Kumbakonam, known as Kashi on Cauvery, is a picturesque temple
town located in the Cauvery river basin. It occupies a unique
position in Hindu Myth and legend, because of the invaluable
inscription, iconography and religious architecture. The city
of kumbakonam is a traditionally rich city, where the modern
globalization has not yet affected the culture of the people. People
here are still in touch to the traditions their ancestors followed
many thousands of years ago.
Kumbakonam is known for its temple architecture and epigraphy.
The city originated as a religious city, with areas like Kumbeshwara
Temple and Mahamaham Tank in the core of the city. Kumbakonam
was the capital of the historically important Chola dynasty who
ruled the region during the medieval period.

by, Nimisha Drolia, VC 2009-11, IDC, IIT Bombay