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Theory:
Chemical reactions involve the release or consumption of energy, usually in the
form of heat. Reactions that give off energy as heat are called exothermic heat
exits the system, while reactions that absorb heat from their surroundings as
they occur are called endothermic heat goes into the reaction system.
Calorimetry is the study of heat transferred in a chemical reaction, and a
calorimeter is the tool used to measure this heat. It is an insulated apparatus
containing a liquid reservoir in which the reaction occurs. The reservoirs heat
capacity relates the temperature change, T in the reservoir due to heat
transferred into or out of it, qres, as shown in the following equation:
qres= (Heat capacity) T
..(1)
Thus if the heat capacity of the reservoir is known, qres can be calculated from
the difference in the temperature of the reservoir measured before (Tinitial) and
after (Tfinal) the reaction occurs. That is T= Tfinal- Tinitial .
The specific heat capacity is the heat capacity per gram of the reservoir liquid
and is given the symbol, C. Then the equation above becomes
qres= C mass T
..............(2)
(3)
As with any chemical reaction, the extent of the reaction is dependent on the
amount of limiting reactant present. Given the moles of limiting reactant
undergoing reaction and the measured heat of the reaction, Hneutralization can be
determined as shown below, keeping in mind that heat of reaction = qres.
H =
heat of reaction
moles reactetd
(4)
Knowing the heat of neutralization the heat capacity of a calorimeter can be
evaluated using the following expression
..(5)
Where Cs is the specific heat of the solution, m is the mass of the solution Cc is
the specific heat of the calorimeter and T is the temperature change
Procedure
About 80 cm3 of 1.0 M HCl were placed in a calorimeter A and also 80 cm3 of
1.0M NaOH were placed in calorimeter B .Lids were used to close each of the
calorimeters and both systems were allowed to equilibrate for about one
minute with the thermometers inside the calorimeters, the temperature was
recorded for three minutes at one minute intervals for both calorimeters and at
the end of the 4th minute the NaOH solution in calorimeter B was transferred to
calorimeter A and at the end of 5th minute temperature was recorded at one
minute interval again up to 10th minute. After the reaction both calorimeters
were rinsed with distilled water and the procedure was repeated using oxalic
acid and NaOH.
Calorimeter B (NaOH)
Temperature (C)
18
18
18
Temperature (C)
23
23
23
23
22.5
22.5
Time (mins)
1
2
3
Temperature (C)
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
calorimeter A (HCl)
Temperature (C)
16
16
16
Time (mins)
1
2
3
calorimeter B (NaOH)
Temperature (C)
17
17
17
= -55.836KJmol-1
= 4.092 J K-1 g-1
Cs
= 1.004 g cm-3
TA(oxalic + NaOH) is the temperature change inside calorimeter A when the solution
(Oxalic + NaOH)
= 22.5C - 16C= 6.5C
From the above data mass of oxalic acid used can be calculated as follows
m= v
m=
1.03 g
80 ml
ml
= 82.4g
1.097 g
80 ml
ml
= 87.76g
1.004 g
80 ml
ml
= 80.32g
Now we calculate the amount of energy that gets released through the reaction,
but viewed from the environment not the reaction
-q = Hneutralization n =0.1572 mol -55.836 KJ mol-1 = -8.777 KJ
Since we now know the heat released, we expand q = (Cs m T) + (Cc T)
and solve for Cc
Cc =
qCs m T
T
8777 J
= 566 J K-1
4.092 J
168.08 g 7 K
gK
7K
Discussion
Neutralization is name given to the reaction that occurs between an Arrhenius
acid Arrhenius base .
H(aq)+
OH-(aq)
H2O(l)
The experiment described above was repeated using the same base and oxalic
acid. Initially, the temperature of the reaction mixture in both experiments
increases as the base was added. Maximum temperature reached for the reaction
with oxalic acid is much less than the maximum temperature reached for the
reaction with HCl but volume of oxalic acid added to reach the maximum
temperature was the same as the volume of HCl needed to reach maximum
temperature (both volumes were 80.0 ml).the reason for this is because some of
the energy was consumed in the process of breaking weak acid bonds.
A perfect
calorimeter absorbs no heat from the solution that it
contains, nor loses any heat to
the surroundings. No calorimeter is
perfect, however.