l

R
;
e
so
t
;
r
s

COMPENDIUM OF SEWAGE TREATMENT

TECHNOLOGIES

NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION DIRECTORATE

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

l
R
;
e
so
t
;
r
s

COMPENDIUM OF SEWAGE TREATMENT

TECHNOLOGIES

(VIJAI SHARMA)

This compendium is a collation of information gathered from various individuals,

central and state government agencies, other organizations and institutions and through
extensive site visits.
The information pertains to sewage treatment plants (STPs) constructed in India
(Ganga River Basin in particular) over the last two decades. Specifically, some of the
information is derived from one of our earlier studies on the subject in collaboration with
Foundation for Greentech Environmental Systems, New Delhi. Substantial inputs and
feedback were also received from the National River Conservation Directorate, NRCD,
MoEF, GOI, New Delhi. Suggestions and feedback from various NRCD officers, particularly,
Shri Rajiv Gauba, Joint Secretary, Shri Lalit Kapur, Director and Shri Lalit Bokolia,
Joint Director during preparation of this compendium are gratefully acknowledged.

Executive Summary

1. Introduction

2. Overview of Treatment Technologies

Sewage Treatment Infrastructure under GAP-I

Sewage Treatment Infrastructure under Yamuna Action Plan

10

Pilot Plant Implementation

11

Treatment Capacity Created by Government of NCT of Delhi

11

Decentralized Treatment

12

Novel Treatment Technologies in other Parts of India

12

3. The Database

13

4. Data Analysis

17

Activated Sludge Process (ASP)

17

Trickling Filter (TF)

17

Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs)

18

Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Process

19

Facultative Aerated Lagoons (FAL)

20

Duckweed Pond System (DPS)

20

Advanced Aerobic Processes (AAP)

21

Plants Producing Recyclable Quality Effluent

22

5. Assessment of Technologies

23

Performance in Terms of Quality of Treated Sewage

23

Performance Stability

25

Resource Requirements and Associated Costs

25

Impact of Effluent Discharge

26

Potential of Resource Generation

26

Impact of STP

27

Overall Assessment

27

Appendix Technology Fact Sheets for Various Treatment Options

29

Exhibit A-1: Waste Stabilisation Pond Systems (WSPS)

31

Exhibit A-2: Duckweed Pond System (DPS)

33

Exhibit A-3: Facultative Aerated Lagoon (FAL)

35

Exhibit A-4: Trickling Filter (TF)

37

Exhibit A-5: Activated Sludge Process (ASP)

39

Exhibit A-6: BIOFOR Technology (Biological Filtration and Oxygenated Reactor)

41

Exhibit A-7: High Rate Activated Sludge BioforF Technology

43

Exhibit A-8: Fluidized Aerated Bed (FAB)

45

Exhibit A-9: Submerged Aeration Fixed Film (SAFF) Technology

47

Exhibit A-10: Cyclic Activated Sludge Process (CASP)

49

Exhibit A-11: Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Process

51

blank

Appendix

Technology Fact Sheets for

Various Treatment Options

blank

Process (CASP)

Deflector

Notes