Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)

Tutorial 8: Applications of Differentiation(Solutions)

Basic Category

1. (i) From GC, when x = 1, (ii) From GC, when x = 2/3,

d d ⎛ sin −1 x ⎞
⎡ (cot x) x ⎤⎦ = −1.70 (3 sf) ⎜ ⎟ = −1.91 (3 sf)
dx ⎣ dx ⎝ x 2 ⎠

dy
2. y = sin2 x ⇒ = 2sin x cos x
dx
⎛ π 1 ⎞ dy
At ⎜ , ⎟ , = 1 ⇒ gradient of normal = –1
⎝ 4 2 ⎠ dx
1 ⎛ π⎞ π 1
Equation of normal: y − = −1⎜ x − ⎟ ⇒ y = − x + +
2 ⎝ 4⎠ 4 2

3. y 3 − 2 xy 2 + 3 x 2 − 3 = 0 … (1)
⎡ ⎛ dy ⎞ ⎤
Diff : 3 y 3 − 2 ⎢ x ⎜ 2 y ⎟ + y 2 ⎥ + 6 x = 0 … (2)
⎣ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎦
⎛ dy ⎞ dy
At (2, 3) : 3(32 ) − 2 ⎜ 2(2)(3) + 32 ⎟ + 6(2) = 0 ⇒ =2
⎝ dx ⎠ dx

4. Method 1: Using parametric equations

3
Using GC, select mode PAR and enter the equations x = 3t , y = .
t
At window setting, define appropriate negative and positive values for t and x.

Method 2: Using cartesian equations

3 3 9
x = 3t , y = ⇒ t = ⇒ y =
t x x
9
Using GC select mode FUNC and enter the equation y = .
x
At window setting, define appropriate negative and positive values for x.

Tutorial 8_Solutions/ Applications of Differentiation / Page 126

 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)

3
(i) x = 3t , y=
t
dx dy 3
⇒ = 3, =− 2
dt dt t
dy dy dx 1
⇒ = ÷ =− 2
dx dt dt t
3 dy 1
When t =2, When t = 2, x = 6, y = , =−
2 dx 4
Gradient of normal = 4
⎛ 3⎞
∴ Eqn of normal is y − ⎜ − ⎟ = 4( x − 6)
⎝ 2⎠
i.e. 2y = 8 x − 45 (Shown)
3
(ii) Sub x = 3t , y =into 2 y = 8 x − 45 ,
t
⎛3⎞
we have 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 8(3t ) − 45 ⇒ 8t 2 − 15t − 2 = 0
⎝t⎠
⇒ (t − 2)(8t + 1) = 0
1
⇒ t = 2 ( pt P) , t = − (shown)
8

x3
5. y=
( x + 1) 2
dy ( x + 1) 2 (3 x 2 ) − x 3 (2)( x + 1) ( x + 1) x [3( x + 1) − 2 x ] x 2 ( x + 3)
2

= = =
dx ( x + 1) 4 ( x + 1) 4 ( x + 1)3

dy
At stationary points, =0
dx
⇒ x 2 (3 + x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, − 3
Using the lst derivative test to determine the nature of the stationary points:
dy (+)(+) dy (+)(+)
= >0 & = >0
dx x =−0.1 (+) dx x =0.1 (+)

Thus, x = 0 is the x-coordinate of a stationary point of inflexion.

dy (+)(−) dy (+)(+)
= >0 & = <0
dx x =3.1 ( −) dx x =−2.9 ( −)

Thus, x = −3 is the x-coordinate of a maximum point.

Tutorial 8_Solutions/ Applications of Differentiation / Page 127
 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)

6. (a) At stationary points, f '( x ) = 0 ⇒ x = −1, 2

Hence the coordinates of the stationary points are ( −1, −10) and (2, 17).
From the diagram, f '((−1) − ) > 0 and f '(( −1) + ) > 0 , by First Derivative Test,
( −1, −10) is a stationary point of inflexion.
Also f '(2− ) > 0 and f '(2+ ) < 0 , by First Derivative Test,
(2, 17) is a maximum point.

(b) y = f ( x ) is decreasing when f '( x ) < 0 , i.e. when x > 2.

y = f ( x ) is increasing when f '( x) > 0 , i.e. when x < 2, x ≠ −1

(c) Graph of y = f ( x ) y
(2, 17)

0
x

(−1, −10)

dA
7. Surface Area, A = 4π r 2 ⇒ = 8π r
dr
4 dV
Volume, V = π r 3 ⇒ = 4π r 2
3 dr
dA
Given = −0.4 when r = 0.25,
dt
dA dA dr
Using Chain Rule, = × ,
dt dr dt
dr dr 1
we have, −0.4 = 8π (0.25) × ⇒ =−
dt dt 5π
dV dV dr dV ⎛ 1 ⎞
Also, = × , ⇒ = 4π (0.25) 2 × ⎜ − ⎟ == 0.05
dt dr dt dt ⎝ 5π ⎠
1
∴ The radius and the volume are decreasing at ms −1 and 0.05 m 3 s −1 respectively.
5π

Tutorial 8_Solutions/ Applications of Differentiation / Page 128

 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)
Standard Category
dy 1
8. 2y = x 2 ⇒ = (2 x) = x
dx 2
dy
At x = 1, = = 1 ⇒ Gradient of L1 = − 1
dx
dy 1
y = ln(secx) ⇒ = (sec x tan x) = tan x
dx sec x
π dy π
At x = , = tan = 1
4 dx 4
Gradient of L2 = 1
Product of gradients = − 1 ⇒ L1 ⊥ L2

9 . (i) 2 x 2 − 3xy + y 2 = 5 … (1)

⎛ dy ⎞ dy
Diff : 4x − 3 ⎜ x + y ⎟ + 2 y = 0 … (2)
⎝ dx ⎠ dx

⎛ dy ⎞ dy dy 7
At (4,3) : 4(4) − 3 ⎜ 4 + 3 ⎟ + 2(3) = 0 ⇒ =
⎝ dx ⎠ dx dx 6
7
Equation of tangent y − 3 = ( x − 4 ) ⇒ 6 y = 7 x − 10
6
dy
(ii) For tangent parallel to x-axis, =0
dx
3
(2) ⇒ 4 x − 3 y = 0 ⇒ x = y …. (3)
4
2
⎛3 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
Sub (3) into (1): 2 ⎜ y ⎟ − 3 ⎜ y ⎟ y + y 2 = 5
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
⇒ y = −40
2

⇒ no solution
Hence, there is no point on the curve at which the tangent is parallel to the x-axis.

(iii) Line parallel to x-axis : y = k …. (4)

Curve : 2 x 2 − 3xy + y 2 = 5 … (1)
Sub (4) into (1): 2 x 2 − 3x(k ) + k 2 = 5
2 x 2 − 3kx + k 2 − 5 = 0
Discriminant b 2 − 4ac = (−3k ) 2 − 4(2)(k 2 − 5) = k 2 + 40 > 0 for any real value k .
⇒ There are 2 distinct solutions for x for any real value k.
⇒ Every line parallel to the x-axis cuts the curve at two distinct points.

Tutorial 8_Solutions/ Applications of Differentiation / Page 129

 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)
dy
10. y = 2 x2 ⇒ = 4x
dx
Eqn of tangent at ( p, 2 p 2 ) : y − 2 p 2 = 4 p ( x − p)
At pt ( h, k ) : k − 2 p 2 = 4 p( h − p ) ⇒ 2 p 2 − 4hp + k = 0
For 2 possible values of p, discriminant > 0
⇒ (−4h) 2 − 4(2)(k ) > 0
⇒ 8k < 16h 2 ⇒ k < 2h 2 [shown]

Geometrically, the condition means that there will be 2 tangents to the curve C
intersecting at the point ( h, k ) if k < 2h 2 .

11.(a) x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 xy = k + 2 …(1)
dy dy
Differentiating w.r.t. x: 2 x + 4 y + 2 x + 2 y = 0 ...(2)
dx dx
dy
For stationary points, = 0.
dx
(2): 2 x + 0 + 0 + 2 y = 0
⇒ y = − x …. (3)
Sub (3) into (1): x 2 + 2(− x) 2 + 2 x(− x) = k + 2
x2 = k + 2
For 2 distinct points, k + 2 > 0 ⇒ k > −2 .

dx dy
(b) (i) x = cos4θ + 2cos2θ ⇒ = −4sin4θ − 4sin2θ y = sin 4θ − 2sin 2θ ⇒ = 4cos4θ − 4cos2θ
dθ dθ
dy 4 cos 4θ − 4 cos 2θ 4(cos 4θ − cos 2θ ) 4(−2sin 3θ sin θ )
= = = = tan θ [shown]
dx −4sin 4θ − 4 sin 2θ −4(sin 4θ + sin 2θ ) −4(2sin 3θ cos θ )

dy dy dx ⎛ π ⎞ dx dx
(ii) = × ⇒ 2 = ⎜ tan ⎟ × ⇒ =2 3
dt d x d t ⎝ 6 ⎠ dt dt
π
∴ x is increasing at a rate of 2 3 units per second when θ = .
6

3t dx (1 + t 3 )(3) − 3t (3t 2 ) 3 − 6t 3
12. x = 1 + t3 ⇒ = =
dt (1 + t 3 ) 2 (1 + t 3 ) 2
3t2 dy (1 + t 3 )(6t ) − 3t 2 (3t 2 ) 6t − 3t 4
y = 1 + t3 ⇒ = =
dt (1 + t 3 ) 2 (1 + t 3 ) 2
dy 6t − 3t 4 t (2 − t 3 )
= =
dx 3 − 6t 2 1 − 2t 3

For tangent parallel to x-axis,

dy
= 0 ⇒ t (2 − t 3 ) = 0 ⇒ t = 0, t3 = 2
dx

Tutorial 8_Solutions/ Applications of Differentiation / Page 130

 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)
When t = 0, x = 0, y = 0 (origin, rejected)
When t3 = 2 ⇒ x = 3 2 , y = 3 4

For tangent parallel to y-axis,

dy 1
= ∞, 1 − 2t3 = 0 ⇒ t3 = 2
dx
⇒x= 3
4, y=32.

∴ The points are ( 3 2 , 3 4 ) and ( 3 4 , 3 2 ).

1 dx (1 − t 2 )(0) − 1(−2t ) 2t
13. (i) x = ⇒ = =
1− t 2
dt (1 − t )
2 2
(1 − t 2 ) 2

y=
t
⇒ =
( )
dy 1 − t 2 ⋅ 1 − t (− 2t )
=
1+ t2
1− t2 dt 1− t2 (2
) 1− t2(2
)
dy 1 + t 2
∴ =
dx 2t
⎛ 1 2⎞ 1 1
At ⎜ − ,− ⎟ , = − ⇒ t = ±2
⎝ 3 3⎠ 1− t 2
3
t 2 1 ∴t = 2
= − ⇒ t = − or 2
1− t2 3 2

dy 5
At t = 2 , = .
dx 4
⎛ 2⎞ 5⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
Equation of tangent is y − ⎜ − ⎟ = ⎜⎜ x − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3⎠ 4⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
2 5 5 5 1
y+ = x+ ⇒ y = x − or 4 y − 5 x = −1
3 4 12 4 4

k 4 5 1
(ii) Gradient of line l = − =− y= x−
5 5 4 4
∴ k = 4. l : 5 y + kx = 9

5 1 4 9
At the point of intersection, x − = − x + ⇒ x =1
4 4 5 5
1
When tangent intersects y-axis, y = −
4
9
When line l intersects y-axis, y =
5
1⎛9 1⎞
Area of triangle = ⎜ + ⎟(1) =
41
= 1.025 units2 (shown)
2⎝5 4⎠ 40
2x2 − 4
14. (i) y=
x2 − 4

Tutorial 8_Solutions/ Applications of Differentiation / Page 131

 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)
dy ( x − 4)(4 x) − (2 x − 4)(2 x)
2 2
−8 x
⇒ = = 2
dx ( x − 4)
2 2
( x − 4) 2

dy 0−4
For stationary points, =0 ⇒ x=0, y = =1
dx 0−4
The stationary point is ( 0, 1) .

dy dy
Using lst derivative test, > 0, <0 ⇒ ( 0,1) is a maximum point.
dx x = 0− dx x = 0+

2x2 − 4
(ii) y = ⇒ y ( x 2 − 4) = 2 x 2 − 4 ⇒ ( y − 2) x 2 + 4 − 4 y = 0
x −4
2

For real values of x, Discriminant 0 − 4( y − 2)(4 − 4 y ) ≥ 0

⇒ ( y − 2)(4 − 4 y ) ≤ 0
⇒ y ≤ 1 or y ≥ 2
Hence, y does not lie between 1 and 2.

2x2 − 4
(iii) Sketch y =
x2 − 4
y

2
1
2
-2 0 2 x
- 2

y
15.

(p, 0)
(h, 0) x

Tutorial 8_Solutions/ Applications of Differentiation / Page 132

 Jurong Junior College H2 Mathematics (9740)
16. Arc AB = 3θ
⎡ θ⎤ θ
Chord CB = 2 ⎢3cos ⎥ = 6 cos
⎣ 2⎦ 2
C
O A
θ θ
Total distance travelled = 6 cos + 3θ
2
B
3 6 θ
T, Total time taken = θ + cos
8 4 2
dT 3 3 θ
= − sin
dθ 8 4 2

dT θ 1 π
For stationary values, = 0 ⇒ sin = ⇒ θ =
dθ 2 2 3
π d T 2
3 θ
When θ = , = − cos < 0 ⇒ T is max.
3 dθ 2
8 2
3⎛π ⎞ 6 π
Longest T = ⎜ ⎟ + cos ≈ 1.69 hrs
8⎝ 3 ⎠ 4 6
a πa
17. (i) πa + 4b + 2a = 100 ⇒ b = 25 − −
2 4
πa 2 πa 2 ⎛ a πa ⎞
(ii) A = + 4ab = + 4a⎜ 25 − − ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2 4 ⎠
a2
= 100a – (π + 4) (shown)
2
= 100 − a (π + 4 ) = 0
dA
(iii)
da
100
a= cm
π +4
d2A
= −(π + 4) < 0 ⇒ A is a maximum when a =
100
da 2 π +4
⎛ 100 ⎞ 100 (π + 4) 5000
2
(iv) Max A = 100⎜ ⎟− = cm2
⎝ π + 4 ⎠ 2(π + 4) π +4
2

1
18. (i) V = 27 πh3,
dV 1 dh
= 27 π(3h2)
dt dt
dV 1 dh dh 3
When h = 6, =6 ⇒ 27 π(3(6)2) =6 ⇒ =
dt dt dt 2π
1 1
(ii) Increase in volume = 27 π(6)3 − 27 π(3)3
= 7π
7π
Time taken = 6 s.

Tutorial 8_Solutions/ Applications of Differentiation / Page 133