Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Steve Balough
Vastar Resources
Houston, Texas, USA
As oil companies push for greater efficiency, many are revising how
they manage exploration and production (E&P) data. On the way out is
proprietary software that ran the corporate data base on a mainframe,
Peter Betts
Shell Internationale Petroleum
Maatschappij BV
The Hague, The Netherlands
and on the rise is third-party software operating on a networked computing system. Computing standards are making practical the sharing of
data by diverse platforms. Here is a look at how these changes affect
Jack Breig
Bruno Karcher
Petrotechnical Open Software Corporation
Houston, Texas
Andr Erlich
Corte Madera, California, USA
Jim Green
Unocal
Sugar Land, Texas
Paul Haines
Ken Landgren
Rich Marsden
Dwight Smith
Houston, Texas
John Pohlman
Pohlman & Associates, Inc.
Houston, Texas
Wade Shields
Mobil Exploration and
Producing Technical Center
Dallas, Texas
Laramie Winczewski
Fourth Wave Group, Inc.
Houston, Texas
32
Oilfield Review
July 1994
1. Taylor BW: Cataloging: The First Step to Data Management, paper SPE 24440, presented at the Seventh
SPE Petroleum Computer Conference, Houston, Texas,
USA, July 19-22, 1992.
2. UNIX and VMS are operating systems; DB2 is a
database management system for IBM mainframes;
SQL is a language for querying relational data bases;
and DLIS and SEG-Y are data formats.
3. Landgren K: Data Management Eases Integrated
E&P, Euroil (June 1993): 31-32.
33
Hardware
Proprietary mainframes and
microcomputers
Applications
In-house proprietary, leading
to islands of computing;
some proprietary
multidisciplinary packages
nEvolution in
Organization
Centralized data control by
team unlinked or loosely
linked with regions
Useful abstractions
rows technology
34
Oilfield Review
July 1994
Application
Application
data store
Distribute
Data approval
Data volume
Areal extent
Integrate
Distribute
Administrative
control
Data volatility
Access frequency
Integrate
Data versions
Create projects
Decreasing
Data quality
Increasing
Log
data files
Seismic
data files
Archive
data files
Inventory catalog
nStructure and properties of the three-level scheme for data management. Data shown
at the bottom may be kept outside the database system for better performance.
35
will change as vendors adopt industry standards (see Razing the Tower of Babel
Toward Computing Standards, page 45 ). As
a result of these changes, data management
systems of the future will have just two levels, master and project.
The Master Level
Case Studies
Technical Center
A second motivation for restructuring data management is a change in who is using data. Mobil
36
Oilfield Review
Commercial Data
Geology &
Production
Petrophysics
Drilling
Geophysics
Cartography
3D Models
Data Bus
Geoshare
Petrophysics
Nonwell
related data
Drilling
Vendor
supplied
data bases
POSC
compliant
DB #1
POSC
compliant
DB #2
POSC
compliant
DB #3
POSC
compliant
DB #4
Master
Data Store
Project Builder
(searches master and
downloads data)
Migration toward
POSC compliance
Geology &
Production
Applications
model, developed in the early 1990s, is part of a strategy for migration to POSC compliance.
July 1994
37
PAGODA
Panel
Store
Help
Clear
CURVE SUMMARY
Field
1/1
WEN LIU
Well/Hole
1/1
WEN 72-453
Activity
1/1
SLB
Ret Service
Sequence
Prev_occ
Nex
First_occ
Las
Session
TOH
1/5
Data
----- Unit
----- Curves:
Stop
Rem_occ
Zoom
Print...
3865.77 3079.54
Utilities
BS
TIME Time
ETIM Elapsed Tim
RI0
Raw MSFL Co
15480.0
RI1
Raw I1 Conc
Name DEPT
SMNO Synthetic N
Type
SMIN Synthetic N
Browse T
Unit
5:29 MAY 29
30 % OIL/WATER
2.12
g/cm3
75
Drilling Fluid PH
12
1.1999
0.0998
ohm.m
27.1999
degC
PRESS
Panel...
cm3
FLOWLINE
Quit
15-dec-93
Updated By
Bit Size
Accept
Stop 29-May-91
Loaded By pagoda
PAGODA
Help
1/141
Name DEPT
Type
Det
Field
Activity Type
Name
5160.00
Ins
Record
Mud
.001
1/2
Inc/Frame Start
Add_occ
Form
1/41 TEMP/STM/DTT/DITE/SDT/SRT
Curve Indexes:
-0.1524
nActivity screen in
MUD DATA
Help...
ohm.m
Accept
Case Studies
formal development.
38
Oilfield Review
ferred to a storage device, such as an online jukebox of optical disks, magnetic disks
or other archival media. Once data are validated and loaded, they can be quickly
viewed, searched and retrieved for export to
other applications ( previous page ).
The PAGODA/LogDB system fulfills two
roles. As an off-line archival data base, the
system is capable of storing terabytes of data
that are safely held on a durable medium
and can be retrieved and written to disk or
tape. Exported data can be provided in
either original format or via a Geoshare linkage (page 46 ). As an on-line data base, the
system makes all header information available for browsing and searching. The systems are supported on VAX/VMS, Sun/OS
and IBM/AIX operating systems.
The PAGODA and LogDB systems are
essentially the same. To date, PAGODA has
been installed in most of Shells larger Operating Companies, where log data held on
Energy Resources
Energy
Resources
Technology
(Research)
Exploration Groups
CIS
Gulf/North America
Far East
Middle East/Latin
America
Large Business
Units
Small Business
Units
US Gulf Coast
Louisiana
Thailand
Indonesia
Alaska
Central US
Calgary
The Netherlands
Aberdeen
Syria
Technical
Services
Business
Development
Geoscience
Computing
Technology
(application
configuration
and database
systems)
IS support
Local IS
support
Worldwide
Exploration
Local
information
systems (IS)
Operations
Asset Teams
(field development)
Local
information
systems
July 1994
Asset Teams
(field
development)
39
Data
index
(tbd)
Integrated
Landmark
interpretation
applications
UNIX platform
for users of new data handling systems and automated tools for moving data. By 1995, Unocal will
Landmark
data base
3
Commercial
data
source
2
Regional
data base
(Finder)
GeoGraphix
data base
GeoGraphix
mapping
applications
PC platform
quality checking.
The diversity of Unocals software underscores
the importance of managing multiple versions of
40
Oilfield Review
Geoscientists
and
management
Data gathered
by Unocal
Well info
UKOOA
Geopolitical
Data Purchased
Tobin
Petroleum Information
Petroconsultants
Seismic surveys
Data Management
Local Information
Systems Group
Load
Periodic updates
Geotechnicians
Quality check
Load
ing geotechnicians by disciplineseismic, paleontology, logs and so onis a deeper understandnaming conventions and data structure. The optimal choice is not so obvious. Complicating the
picture is the changing profile of the typical
geotechnician. Ten or 15 years ago, a geotechnician held only a high school diploma and often
Database
administrators
Vendor Data
Store
Validated
data
Validated
data
Geoscientist
quality
check
Database
administrator
and local
information
systems
support
July 1994
41
Applications
Cross Section
SmartMap
Loaders
Libraries
System
X Window System
view data (below ).11 The Finder system consists of three main components: the data,
interfaces to the data, and the underlying
data model, which organizes the data.
The data bases reside in two places.
Inside the relational data base management
system are parametric data, which are single
pieces of data, such as those in a log header.
Usually, relational data bases like the one
Finder uses (ORACLE), cannot efficiently
handle vector data, also called bulk data.
These are large chunks of data composed of
smaller pieces retrieved in a specific order,
such as a sequence of values on a porosity
curve or a seismic trace. For efficiency and
resource minimization, vector data are
stored outside the relational structure, and
references to them are contained in the data
base management system. Data bases are
Utilities
Database Access
SQL
Imbedded SQL
Bulk Data
1 (Well)
2 (Log)
3 (Seismic)
4 (Lease)
5 (Cultural)
Workstation
SQL*NET
Operating System
UNIX
Sun/OS
VMS
AIX
Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
Network
Relational Database
Management Server
Tables
N-lists
1 (Well)
2 (Log)
3 (Seismic)
4 (Lease)
5 (Cultural)
nStructure of the Finder system. The system lets the geoscientist work with five kinds of
bread-and-butter data: Well, log, seismic, lease and cultural.
42
Oilfield Review
July 1994
58N
57N
56N
0W
3E
6E
nTwo interfaces of the Finder system. The most popular interfaces are graphical.
Two examples are the SmartMap software (top) and the Cross Section module (bottom). SmartMap software positions information from the data base on a map, and
allows selection of information from the data base by location or other attributes.
The user can tap into the data base by point-and-click selection of one or more
mapped objects, such as a seismic line or a well. The Cross Section module is used
to post in a cross-section format depth-related data, such as lithology type, perforations and, shown here, formation tops. Wells are selected graphically or by SQL
query, and can be picked from the base map.
43
scout_ticket
Action Edit Block Field Record Query
Name:
Help
Prov: AR
Class: OUT
Status: FLOW OIL
Field: CECIL
Z/Pool: H0508001
Spud:
Fin D:
Cur Status:
On Prod:
Lic. Date:
No. of Formations
Form
Source MD
BFS
PDDY
CDTT
HRMN
NTKN
FLHA
FLHB
FLHC
FLHD
FLHE
WLRC
BLSK
CTNG
CDMN
FRNI
RCKK
PKCP
NRDG
No of Prod Zones
Prod Fluid From
OIL M3/day
GAS 1000M3/day
WATER M3/day
WOR
GOR 1000M3/M3
SS-MD
262.9
78.9
54.9
43.9
28.9
-49.1
-80.1
-105.1
-121.1
-161.1
-201.1
-285.1
-304.1
-339.1
-347.1
-361.1
-378.1
-404.1
1
CLLK
Number of DSTs 2
Test Type
No. VOT
0001
0001
0001
24-JAN-88
31-JAN-88
01-OCT-91
23-JUL-88
21-JAN-88
5
5
5
TVD
356
540
564
575
590
668
699
724
740
780
820
904
925
958
966
980
997
1023
Initial Latest
27.16
10.84
.11
0
.4
25.23
1.77
1.03
.04
.08
Top
1052
1052
1052
Base
1070
1070
1070
SS-TVD
262.9
78.9
54.9
43.9
28.9
-49.1
-80.1
-105.1
-121.1
-161.1
-201.1
-285.1
-304.1
-339.1
-347.1
-361.1
-378.1
-404.1
Cumulative
22134
4868.2
134.7
Latitude: 56.305279
Longitude: -113.21853
N/S coord: 23
E/W coord: 374
Operator: AL73
Number of Logs 9
Log Type
Top
MICROLOG
SONIC
CALIPER
GAMMA RAY
FMN DENSITY
CALIPER
GAMMA RAY
DIAMOND
001
1122
1121
1121
1121
1130
1130
1130
Top
01-FEB-88
01-FEB-88
01-FEB-88
Count: #1
1070
Rec
16
A
Y
1059.5
1057
1057
No of Statuses 3
Status
Date
Date
Base
1054
Number of Completions
Comp Type
Top
JET
JET
ACIDSO
S
W
Base
875
263.8
263.8
263.8
263.8
263.8
263.8
Number of Cores 1
Log Type
No
LICENSED
SPUDDED
FINDRILL
CASED
RDepth FFP
100162008408W600
KB Elev: 618.9
Ground: 614.5
Deviated:
N
Fault:
Old frm: DOIG
TD: 1130
TVD:
PBD:
Whip:
Lic: AO131589
21
356
540
564
575
590
668
699
724
740
780
820
904
925
958
966
980
997
1023
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
IPL
CLOSED CHMBR
CLOSED CHMBR
CLOSED CHMBR
UWI:
21-JAN-88
24-JAN-88
31-JAN-88
04-FEB-88
Base
Date
1063.5
1059.5
1063.5
24-FEB-88
27-FEB-88
29-FEB-88
Number of Casings 2
Casing Type Size Depth
<Replace>
nAn ORACLE form for a scout ticket. The 80 types of forms preprogrammed into the Finder system do more than
display data. They include small programs that perform various functions, such as query a data base and
check that the query is recognizablethat the query is for something contained in the data base. The programs
also check that the query is plausible, for instance, that a formation top isnt at 90,000 feet [27,400 m]. Forms
may perform some calculation. The well form, for example, contains four commonly used algorithms for the
automated calculation of measured and true vertical depth. Forms can be accessed by typing a query or clicking on a screen icon. A form showing all parameters available for a well, for example, can be accessed through
the base map by clicking on a symbol for a well.
Engineering
Geological
Interpretation
Model Building
Mapping
Intertask
Communication
Petrophysical
Interpretation
44
nThe GeoFrame
Project
Data Management
Geophysical Interpretation
3D Visualization
and Interpretation
July 1994
If vendor A program
is modified, five links
may need modification;
who maintains the link:
Vendor A? Vendor B?
Customer?
Pair-wise Links
If vendor A program
is modified, only A
half-links need
modification. Each
vendor maintains
its own half-links.
A
Geoshare Links
45
Application
3
Application
2
Application
1
Application
1
Application
2
Application
3
Data Store
Data Store
Data Store
Sending
half-link
Receiving
half-link
Project or Master
Data Base
year, 20 half-links were commercially available. This number may double by year end.
There are significant differences between
sending and receiving half-links, and in the
effort required to write them. The sending
half-link usually has to just map the application data to the Geoshare data model. This
is because the Geoshare data model is
Map
Land net list
Zone list
Field
Surface set
Drilling facility
What is Object-OrientedReally?
The term object-oriented has become increas-
46
Oilfield Review
The Problem
Further reading:
Well location
x
y
decimeters
Geoshare
Well location
x
y
decimeters
meters
feet
inches
seconds
milliseconds
Receiving
half-link
Charisma
Sending
half-link
Finder
nSending and
Well location
x
y
meters
feet
seconds
milliseconds
The Solution
Geoshare
Finder
Well location
Well location
x
y
decimeters
meters
feet
inches
seconds
milliseconds
x
y
meters
feet
seconds
milliseconds
Finder
receiving
half-link
converts
to meters
receiving Geoshare
half-links. Conversion of datahere,
units of depthto a
form understandable by the receiving application is
the job of the
receiving half-link
between Geoshare
and the Finder system. A well location can be a point
with reference to
one of several features, such as the
kelly bushing, a formation top or a
seismic surface.
July 1994
Zdonik SB and Maier D (eds): Fundamentals of Object-Oriented Databases, in Readings in Object-Oriented Database
Systems. San Mateo, California, USA: Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers, Inc., 1990.
Nierstrasz O: A Survey of Object-Oriented Concepts, in
Kim W and Lachovsky FH (eds): Object-Oriented Concepts,
Databases, and Applications. New York, New York, USA:
ACM Press, 1989.
Williams R and Cummings S: Jargon: An Informal Dictionary of Computer Terms. Berkeley, California, USA: Peachpit
Press, 1993.
Aronstam PS, Middleton JP and Theriot JC: Use of an
Active Object-Oriented Process to Isolate Workstation Applications from Data Models and Underlying Databases, paper
SPE 24428, presented at the Seventh SPE Petroleum Computer Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, July 19-22, 1992.
47
POSC established
as consortium
Request for
funded by
technology (RFT)
35 companies
for data model
Request for
comments (RFC)
for data access
1990
Published series
of snapshot*
Epicentre, Data
Access & Exchange,
Exchange Format
1991
1992
Published complete
Epicentre root
model snapshot
48
Member organizations
number 85
Published BCS
version 2.0 snapshot
Obtained PPDM
agreement to
proceed
with merger
1993
1994
Started Internet
information server,
made project
proposals and reviews
more democratic
1995
Will publish
Data Access &
Exchange
version 1.1
Will publish
BCS version 2.0
ShareFest: An
exhibition of
POSC-compliant
products sharing
data from
oil companies
Published Conformance
Statement Template snapshot
Oilfield Review
July 1994
Epicentre/PPDM
49