H

NANYANG JUNIOR COLLEGE

JC 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Higher 2

CANDIDATE
NAME

TUTORS
NAME

CLASS

PHYSICS

9745/02
25 September 2009

Paper 2 Structured Questions

1 hour 15 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
No Additional Materials are required
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your name and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Answer all questions.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
For Examiners Use
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total

This document consists of 14 printed pages.

H2 Physics Papers, Notes at alevelphysics.co

DATA AND FORMULAE

Data
8

-1

speed of light in free space

3.00 x 10 m s

permeability of free space

4 x 10 H m

permittivity of free space

8.85 x 10

-7

-1
-12

-1

Fm
-9

-1

(1/(36)) x 10 F m
e

elementary charge

the Planck constant

unified atomic mass constant

me

rest mass of electron

mp

rest mass of proton

=
=
=
=
=

-19

1.60 x 10

-34

6.63 x 10

Js

-27

1.66 x 10

kg

-31

9.11 x 10

kg

-27

1.67 x 10

kg

-1

-1

8.31 J K mol

NA

6.02 x 10 mol

the Boltzmann constant

1.38 x 10

gravitational constant

6.67 x 10

acceleration of free fall

9.81 m s

ut + at

u + 2as

pV

hydrostatic pressure

gh

gravitational potential

-Gm/r

displacement of particle in s.h.m.

xosin t

velocity of particle in s.h.m.

vocos t

(xo x 2 )

R1 + R2 + ....

1/R

1/R1 + 1/R2 + ....

electric potential

Q/4or

alternating current/voltage
transmission coefficient

xo sin t

exp(-2kd)

where k

radioactive decay

xo exp(-t)

decay constant

0.693
t 1/ 2

molar gas constant

the Avogadro constant

23

-1

-23

-1

JK

-11

-2

N m kg

-2

Formulae
uniformly accelerated motion

v
work done on/by a gas

resistors in series
resistors in parallel

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1 A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the ground and reaches a maximum height h
before returning back to the ground.

(a)

Neglecting the effects of air resistance, show that the time taken for the ball to
reach its maximum height is
t = 2h g
where g is the acceleration of free fall.
v = u + a t 0 = u + (-g) t u = g t
s = u t + a t2 h = g t2 + (-g) t2 h = g t2
t = (2 h / g)1/2

[2]
(b)

By considering the forces acting on the ball, deduce and explain if the
acceleration of the ball is greater than, equal to or less than g in each of the
following cases, if the effects of air resistance are not negligible.
(i)

When the ball is ascending to its maximum height.

Air resistance is acting downwards as ball is moving up, in the
same direction as the weight.
Hence acceleration is (g + Fair/m) > g

(ii)

When the ball is at its maximum height.

No air resistance as ball is momentarily at rest.
Hence acceleration is due to weight alone i.e. = g

(iii)

When the ball is descending from its maximum height.

Air resistance is acting upwards as ball is moving down, in the
opposite direction as the weight.
Hence acceleration is (g - Fair/m) < g

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(c)

Hence, deduce and explain if the time taken for the ball to ascend from the
ground to its maximum height is larger than, equal to or less than that for it to
descend from its maximum height to the ground.
Without air resistance, time taken for ball to descend is (2 h / g) and
from (a), time taken for ball to ascend is also (2 h / g).
With air resistance, a a > g and a d < g. Thus time taken to ascend is shorter
than that to descend from the same height.upwards as ball is moving do

[2]

2 A satellite of mass m is launched into a circular orbit about the Earth of mass ME,
separated by a distance r, as shown in Fig. 2.1. Assuming the Earth to be at rest, the
total energy of the Earth-satellite system is the sum of the kinetic energy and the
gravitational potential energy of the satellite.
satellite
m

r
Earth, ME

Fig. 2.1
(a)

State what is meant by the gravitational potential energy of the satellite.

The gravitational potential energy of the satellite at a point in the field is
defined as the work done to move the satellite from infinity to the point by
an external agent [1].

(b)

[1]

Applying Newtons 2nd Law of Motion, show that the kinetic energy of the
GME m
system can be represented by the expression
.
2r
Applying Newtons 2nd Law,
F =
ma
GME m mv 2
=
r
r2
GME m
= mv 2
r
GME m
1
mv 2 =
2
2r

[1]

[1]

[2]

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(c)

Hence, show that the total energy of the system can be represented by the
GME m
.
expression
2r
By Conservation of Energy,
Total Energy = Gravitational Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy
GME m GME m
= +
[1]
2r
r
GME m
=[shown]
[1]
2r
[2]

(d)

Explain why the total energy of the Earth-satellite system is negative.

The negative sign denotes that the Earth-satellite system is a bound
system due to the presence of gravitational attraction between them [1].
The satellite m is being bound to the attracting Earth centre M E . Energy of
the total energy magnitude needs to be provided to overcome this
attraction of the two bodies [1].
OR
In order to escape from the attraction of the earth, the satellite needs at
least a positive amount of energy equivalent in magnitude to its total
energy.
[2]

3 (a)

A small sphere of mass 0.50 kg suspended by a string of length 0.600 m forms

a pendulum which oscillates freely with a horizontal amplitude of 0.012 m.

0.600 m

Fig. 3.1
[Frequency of the pendulum oscillation, f =

1 g
, where L is the length of
2 L

the pendulum.]
(i)

Explain what is meant by oscillating freely.

For free oscillation, this means that the small sphere is oscillating
at its natural frequency in the absence of an external driver.
[1]

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(ii)

Determine the period of oscillation.

f=
=

1 g
2 L
1
2

9.81
0.600

= 0.6435 Hz
T=1/f
= 1.55 s
period = s [2]
(iii)

Determine the speed of the sphere as it passes through the equilibrium

point.

2
T
= 4.04

v = (x o2 x 2 )

( 4.04 )

( 0.012

02

= 0.0485 ms 1
speed = m s-1 [2]
(b)

An obstacle is now placed directly beneath the point of suspension, so that only
the lowest one third of the string can follow the sphere when it swings to the left
of its resting position as shown in Fig. 3.2 below.

0.400 m
0.600 m

Rest Position
Fig. 3.2
Calculate the time for one complete oscillation.
After striking the obstacle, the pendulums period will be

Tnew =2

L
g

0.200
9.81
= 0.897s
= 2

Hence, the time taken will be (T0.600) + (T0.200) = 1.22 s

time = s [3]

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7
4 (a)

The principle of superposition states that when two or more waves of the same
kind cross each other at a point, the resultant displacement is the vector sum
of the individual wave displacements at the point.
(i)

Explain what is meant by vector sum.

The directions of the displacements( amplitudes ) must be
considered when adding them.

(ii)

[1]

Complete the above statement on the principle of superposition of

waves.
After crossing each other, the waves proceed as though no other
waves existed. OR After crossing each other, the waves proceed
unaffected by the other waves.

(b)

[1]

Two coherent wave sources A and B, are arranged to direct identical sound
waves of 0.50 kHz toward each other along line AB. The midpoint of AB is P.
A student at P hears a loud sound. But as he moves along the line AB away
from P, the sound intensity decreases to near zero at a point Q. As he moves
still farther beyond Q, the intensity again increases.
(i)

Explain what is meant by coherent in describing the sources.

The sources have a constant phase difference.

(ii)

[1]

Determine the distance of Q from P if the speed of sound is 340 m s-1.

A standing wave is set up between A and B with a antinode at the
midpoint P. The wavelength is 340 / 0.5 x 103 = 0.68 m .
Hence distance PQ = distance between an antinode and a node
= /4 = 0.17 m
OR
the condition for a minimum at Q is path difference is /2
P
i.e. AQ BQ = /2
Q
(AP + PQ) (BP PQ) = /2
AP BP + 2PQ = /2 ; PQ = /4

/4

B
distance = . m [2]
(iii)

Explain why the intensity at Q is not exactly zero.

Q is closer to one source than the other. The amplitude of the wave
from the closer source is larger than that from the other source.
The cancellation of waves at Q is not complete and there is
resultant amplitude at Q. Thus the intensity ( amplitude2) is not
exactly zero.

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5 (a)

Use the band theory to compare the electrical properties of metals, insulators
and intrinsic semiconductors.

Conductor

Insulator

Semiconductor

The valence band is the highest energy band completely filled with
electrons. The band higher than this band which is either partially filled or
completely empty is known as the conduction band.
Only electrons in the conduction band can contribute towards electrical
conduction. Conductors: Conduction and valence band overlap.
Electrons need very little energy to move up from valence to conduction
band (become mobile). Insulators: Wide forbidden gap between
conduction and valence band. Electrons need a lot of energy to become
mobile. Semiconductors: Narrow forbidden gap between conduction and
valence band. When electrons acquire some energy (eg even at room
temperature) they become mobile and conduction occurs. Of the three,
metals are the best conductors and insulators are the worst.
(b)

[3]

Describe how the energy bands of an intrinsic semiconductor are affected by

p-type doping and n-type doping.
p-type

n-type

P-type doping occurs by adding

doping
occurs
when
trivalent
atoms
to
intrinsic n-type
pentavalent
atoms
are
added
to
semiconductor.
intrinsic semiconductors.
This adds empty acceptor levels to
the energy band diagram, just This adds filled donor levels to the [4]

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above the valence band.
Because the new levels are so near
the valence band, at room
temperature valence electrons are
raised into the new empty levels,
leaving more holes in the valence
band
6 (a)

(i)

energy band diagram just below the

conduction band.
Because the new levels are so near
the conduction band, at room
temperature the fifth electrons are
raised from the donor levels into
the conduction band.

State what is meant by the binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus.

Binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus is the energy needed to
separate the nucleons in the nucleus (or atom) into its constituent
particles divided by the total number of nucleons. OR
Binding energy per nucleon is the energy released when a nucleus
(or atom) is formed from its constituent particles divided by the total
number of nucleons.
[1]

(ii)

Hence, explain why light nuclei tend to fuse to form a heavier nucleus.
Light nuclei has lower binding energy per nucleon [1]; when they
fuse to form a heavier nucleus (with higher binding energy per
nucleon) more energy is released [1] and they become more stable.
[2]

(b)

Beryllium nuclei when bombarded by alpha particles may undergo nuclear

reactions. One such reaction is
9
4

(i)

Identify the particle X.

n or neutron

(ii)

Be + 42 He 126 C + X

[1]

[1]

The binding energy per nucleon of Beryllium-9 and Helium-4 are

approximately 6.4763 MeV and 7.0819 MeV respectively and that of
Carbon-12 is 7.6885 MeV. Calculate the energy released during this
process. (Give your answer to three significant figures.)
Binding Energy of Beryllium = (6.4763)(9) = 58.2867 MeV
Binding Energy of Helium = (7.0819)(4) = 28.3276 MeV
Total Binding Energy of Reactant = 58.2867+28.3276
= 86.6143 MeV [1]
Binding Energy of Carbon = (7.6885)(12) = 92.262 MeV
Energy released in the process = B.E(product) - B.E(reactant)
= 92.262 - 86.6143
= 5.65 MeV
= 5.65 x 106 x 1.6 x10-19
= 9.04 x 10-13J
[1]

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energy = J [3]
(iii) Explain why does particle X not have to be taken into account in the
calculation in (b)(ii).
Particle X is a single constituent particle, and hence has no binding
energy.
[1]
7 Theoretically, the velocity of a body traveling in a circular orbit around another body
situated at the centre of the circle, is given by

v=

GM
r

where G is the universal gravitational constant, M is the mass of the central body,
and r is the radius of the orbit.
If the planets describe circular orbits around the Sun, they should conform to this
relationship. The mass, distances of the planets from the Sun, and their orbital
velocities, have been measured and are given in Table 7.1.

Planet

Mass of planet,
M / 1021 kg

Distance from the

Sun, r / 107 km

Orbital velocity,
v/ 104 m s-1

Mercury

330

5.7

4.70

Venus

4869

10.6

3.44

Earth

5974

14.7

2.92

Mars

642

22.3

2.37

Jupiter

1898600

71.3

1.28

Saturn

568460

137

0.95

Uranus

86832

282

0.66

Neptune

102430

440

0.54

Pluto

13

573

0.46

Table 7.1

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(a)

Using data from Table 7.1, the following graph has been plotted to aid in the
estimation of the Suns mass.

5.0

4.5

4.0

v / 104 m s-1

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

1
/ 10-7 m-1/2
r

Fig. 7.1

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(i)

With the help of the graph, estimate the mass of the Sun.

Gradient =

(4.5 1.1)x10 4
= 1.13 x 1010
(40 10)x10 7

GM = 1.13 x1010
M = 1.91x1030 kg

mass = . kg [2]
(ii)

Suggest 2 reasons why the value in (a)(i) is an estimate.

Errors and uncertainties in measurement of distance from sun,
orbital velocity, and in calculation of G.
Accuracy of graph due to limitation of the scale, and estimation of
gradient.
Orbits of planets may be elliptical and not circular, hence, radius of
orbit is an estimation.
Gravitational force due to other planets not taken into consideration.

(b)

(i)

[2]

As the planets orbit about the Sun, they experience an acceleration

towards the centre of the Sun. Using the knowledge of orbital motion,
complete Table 7.2. Show your working clearly.

Planet

Mass of
planet,
M / 1021 kg

Distance
from the
Sun,
r / 107km

Orbital
velocity,
v / 104 m s-1

Acceleration,
a / 10-4 m s-2

Mercury

330

5.7

4.70

388

Venus

4869

10.6

3.44

111.6

Earth

5974

14.7

2.92

58.0

Mars

642

22.3

2.37

25.2

Jupiter

1898600

71.3

1.28

2.30

Table 7.2
For Venus,

For Mars,
[1]

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(ii)

a=

v2
r
(3.44 x104 )2
=
(10.6 x1010 )

a=

v2
r
(2.37 x10 4 )2
=
(22.3 x1010 )

= 111.6 x10 4 m s-2

= 25.2 x10 4 m s-2

To estimate the change in potential energy of objects as they are moved

between the planets orbits, the acceleration vs radius graph has been
plotted using data from Table 7.2. In Fig. 7.2, plot in the 2 missing points
and draw the curve of best fit.
[2]

400.0

350.0

250.0

200.0
2

a / 10-4 m s-

300.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

r / 107 km
Fig. 7.2
(iii) Use the graph drawn to estimate the change in potential energy of a mass
of 100 kg when it is moved from Earths orbit to Jupiters orbit.
d
g=
dr
d = gdr
= Area under a-t graph between Earth and Jupiter
= [ (111.6 + 58)(14.7-10.6) + (58 + 25.2)(22.3-14.7) + (25.2 +
2.3) (71.3 22.3) ] x 103
= 1.34 x 109 J kg-1
Change in potential energy = 100 x 1.34 x 109
= 1.34 x 1011 J

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change in potential energy = .. J [3]
(iv) Hence, state and explain whether the mass gain or lose potential energy
in the process.

(c)

It will gain potential energy [1]

The gravitational field of the Sun is an attractive field and hence,
binds the planets and the 100kg mass to it. By moving it from Earth
to Jupiter, the 100kg mass is moving away from the Sun.
Hence, a positive amount of energy needs to be given to the mass to
enable it to move away from the attractive forces of the Sun. [1]
[2]
Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun, has 61 known moons orbiting around it,
of which, two of them are Phoebe and Iapetus.
Phoebe
Mass= 8.3 x 1018 kg
Diameter = 220 km
Distance from Saturn = 12,952,000 km
Period of revolution = 551 days
Iapetus

Mass= 18.1 x 1020 kg

Diameter = 1460 km
Distance from Saturn = 3,561,300 km
(i)

Calculate the period of Iapetus orbit around Saturn.

F = mv2/r
GMm
= mr 2
r2
2
GM
= 2
3
T
r
2
4 3
T2 =
r
GM

[Show the equation - 1 m]

Mtd 1:

Mtd 2:
T2 r3

Since

T2 =

TI 2 rl 3
=
Tp 2 rp3

4 2
(3.5613 x
(6.67 x1011 x (5.68 x1026 )
T = 79days
=

35613003
x 5512
129520003
= 79days
[ 1m- calculation using mtd 1 or 2 ]
T =

4 2 3
r
GM

period = .. days [2]

(ii)

NYJC 2009

Most planets and moons in the universe rotate in the same direction.
Rotation in the opposite direction is call retrograde motion, and
Phoebe is one such example. Suppose that Phoebe and Iapetus are

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at 2 opposite sides of Saturn. Determine the time taken before they
first meet.
1t + 2t = n
For first meet, n=1,
2
2
t+
t=

551
79
t = 34.5 days
time taken = .days [2]
END OF PAPER

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