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3d 191
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of
New York, Frederick J. Scullin, Jr., Chief Judge.
On May 10, 1999, a federal grand jury in Binghamton, New York returned a
superseding indictment that charged Andy E. Maslin and 27 others with a single
count of conspiracy to distribute marijuana. The "bare-bones" indictment
charged that:
Between in and about January of 1997, through and including up to the date of
this Indictment, in the Northern District of New York and elsewhere, the
defendants [list of names] did unlawfully, knowingly and intentionally
combine, conspire, confederate and agree with each other and with others, both
known and unknown to the grand jury, for the purpose of knowingly and
intentionally possessing with intent to distribute and distributing a controlled
The evidence will show that Mr. Maslin in that broker capacity also would get
people together to the buyer and seller....
What did Mr. Maslin get out it? We are going to prove Mr. Maslin got a
broker's fee. He got money out of it....
He did it to make money and we will prove to you that he made very good
money selling marijuana. Sometimes upwards of $1,000 per pound. So that he
would obtain the marijuana from the northern section of New York, from the
Indian reservations, marijuana called hydro....
10
He would then turn around and sell that marijuana to whom? To people like
Mr. Ken Howe, Junior. People like Mr. Daniel Pryor. Other people.
11
12
13
So you're not only going to hear it on tape, you're not only going to hear it from
surveillance teams who made observations, you're not only going to hear it
from other marijuana dealers, conspirators in this case, Mr. Howe and Mr.
Pyror [sic], you're going to hear it from Mr. Maslin's own words.
14
The reference to Maslin's "own words" was to statements he had made to FBI
Special Agent John Bokal in pre-trial proffer sessions that, under the terms of
the unusual proffer agreement then in use in the Binghamton Division of the
United States Attorney's Office, were admissible against him at trial even if he
did not take the stand or otherwise "open the door." Previewing Agent Bokal's
testimony, the prosecutor stated:
15
Agent Bokal will tell you how Mr. Maslin told him about the hydro,
hydroponic marijuana. Where he got it from. Where he was selling it. For how
much.
16
The trial itself lasted three days, with the Government's proof largely mirroring
its opening statement. First, Agent Bokal testified to Maslin's statements, in
which Maslin confessed in some detail to having procured from various coconspirators (including Peter Clute, Al Jacobs, and Rocky Skidders) large
quantities of marijuana coming from the north, as well as some small quantities
of cocaine. For example:
17
[Maslin] told me about an individual by the name of Al Jacobs and Mr. Maslin
stated to me that he and Al Jacobs had transported thousands and thousands of
pounds of marijuana that the two of them had obtained from the Hells Angels in
Canada and brought it to Cornwell Island. Mr. Maslin told me that some of the
Hells Angels that Mr. Jacobs dealt with were identified as Hydro, Red Beard
and possibly Red Horse. Mr. Maslin also admitted to me that an individual by
the name of Rocky Skidders was also supplied marijuana by these individuals.
Mr. Maslin also admitted to me that over the past three or four months he had
been obtaining cocaine from an individual identified as Peter Clute. Mr. Maslin
also admitted to me that he obtained marijuana from Mr. Clute.... Mr. Maslin
told me that Mr. Clute had provided him with between 50 and 200 pounds of
marijuana.
18
Next, a co-conspirator, Kenneth Howe, testified that Maslin supplied him with
hydroponic marijuana that came "off the Indian reservation and across
Canada." Howe also testified about a March 14, 1999 transaction in which
Maslin brought hydroponic marijuana to a diner for distribution to Howe, who
then give it to one Jack Godoy to resell.
19
20
Finally, a surveillance officer, Alvin Olson, testified that his investigation had
targeted marijuana sales at "the Mohawk Indian reservation" in Massena, New
22
23
******
24
25
Mr. Howe provides Mr. Maslin with middle grade, low grade marijuana. For
what purpose? So that he and Mr. Maslin can make money. Mr. Maslin sells
that low to middle grade marijuana up north in the north country. Vice versa.
Mr. Maslin has access to hydroponic marijuana. High grade marijuana. They're
making deals on both ends of the spectrum. On both sides of high grade
marijuana, low grade marijuana.
26
After receiving the district court's instructions setting forth the elements of
conspiracy in the same "bare-bones" manner as the indictment, the jury
returned a verdict on March 9, 2000, convicting Maslin of the single count of
conspiracy to distribute marijuana. Maslin appealed his conviction on the
ground, inter alia, that the Government had actually proved multiple
conspiracies rather than a single conspiracy, but the conviction was affirmed in
a summary opinion that did not discuss this issue.
27
Meanwhile, very shortly after Maslin was first indicted in Binghamton, another
federal grand jury in the Northern District of New York, this one in Albany,
indicted him and four others on June 17, 1999 on another charge of narcotics
conspiracy. As set forth in a superseding indictment eventually filed on
February 22, 2001, the charge was that:
28
From about 1995, up to and including on or about June 8, 1999 in the Northern
District of New York and elsewhere, the defendants, JOHN R. SKIDDERS,
a/k/a Rocky,1 ANDY E. MASLIN, and STEVEN MARTIN, did knowingly and
intentionally combine, conspire, confederate, and agree together with each
other, Peter Clute, Paul C. Kennedy, and Sherry L. Kennedy, and with others
known and unknown to the grand jury, to possess with intent to distribute and
distribute cocaine, a Schedule II controlled substance, and marijuana, a
Schedule I controlled substance, in violation of Title 21, United States Code,
Section 841(a)(1).
29
Although the Albany indictment was only slightly more particularized than the
indictment in the Binghamton case, the Albany indictment appeared to describe
a conspiracy that was different from that described in the Binghamton
indictment in three respects: (i) it began in 1995, rather than 1997; (ii) it
involved cocaine as well as marijuana; and (iii) it involved different named
defendants, with Maslin being the only defendant named in both indictments.
On these bases, as well on the district court's understanding that "the two
conspiracies operated in distinct geographical areas," United States v. Maslin,
No. 1:99-CR-303, Memorandum Decision and Order at 9 (N.D.N.Y. Dec. 20,
2001), the district court denied a pretrial motion to dismiss the indictment on
double jeopardy grounds.
30
In the four-day trial that followed, however, much of the proof mirrored the
proof presented in the Binghamton case. Thus, Police Investigator Olson and
Agent Bokal essentially repeated much of the testimony they had given in the
Binghamton trial. Indeed, so far as co-conspirators Clute and Jacobs were
concerned, Bokal gave testimony almost verbatim identical to that which he
had given at the first trial:
31
Mr. Maslin told me that for the two or three months prior to his arrest, he had
purchased approximately 3 to 4 ounces of cocaine from Mr. Clute. He also told
me that he had purchased between 50 and 300 pounds of marijuana from Mr.
Clute.
******
32
33
Mr. Maslin told me that he and Al Jacobs were responsible for distributing
33
Mr. Maslin told me that he and Al Jacobs were responsible for distributing
thousands and thousands of pounds of marijuana. Mr. Maslin told me that Mr.
Jacobs had a connection with the Hell's Angels in Canada and that he would
make the arrangements for the deliveries. Mr. Maslin told me that he and Al
Jacobs would smuggle between 40 and 100 pounds of marijuana per trip from
Canada into Cornwall Island.
34
35
Given the proof, the Government, on summation, essentially conceded that the
conspiracy on which the jury was being asked to focus did not embrace the
period 1995-1999 referenced in the indictment, but instead, "the time frame that
we're dealing with in this case is approximately one year, from '98 to '99,
ending on June 8th of 1999, when Peter Clute and the defendant were arrested."
36
The Government further admitted that the amount of cocaine, if at all, was
trivial and not the main thrust of the Government's theory:
37
38
But this defendant did not participate in the cocaine aspect of the conspiracy to
that degree, and so that part of the indictment doesn't apply to the defendant, as
indicated to you at the beginning of the case, and has been dismissed as to him
at this point.
******
39
40
The principal object of the conspiracy, of course, that the defendant's part of it,
his participation with Peter Clute and Junior and Al, was the distribution of
marijuana.
41
Further still, while the named defendants in the two cases were different, there
was a substantial overlap of prominent co-conspirators in the two cases, such as
Peter Clute, Al Jacobs, and Rocky Skidders, each of whom, as already noted,
were identified as primary sources of Maslin's marijuana in both cases.
42
Lastly, while the testimony and arguments in the Albany case focused
primarily on the obtaining of hydroponic marijuana from the north, they did so
by way of describing essentially the same operations that had formed that
aspect of the conspiracy set forth in the Binghamton case. Moreover, even in
the Albany case, Maslin was described as a broker who bought and sold
marijuana "all over the United States."
43
On January 31, 2002, Maslin (who represented himself pro se at the second
trial) was duly convicted of the single conspiracy charge against him. On
February 8, 2002, following the adverse verdict, Maslin's stand-by counsel filed
a request for reconsideration of the double jeopardy motion, but this was denied
on April 29, 2002. On October 16, 2002, Maslin was sentenced to a term of 78
months, to run concurrently with Maslin's 60-month sentence from the first
case. It is from the second conviction that the instant appeal is taken.
44
45
Here, even if one focuses only on the Korfant factors, one must conclude that
the two conspiracies, as they were actually presented at trial, were substantially
the same. Thus, although the indictments purport to charge factually different
conspiracies, the nominal differences of time, place, and scope were, as noted
above, largely abandoned at trial. While the participants were somewhat
different, Maslin's connections to Clute, Jacobs, and Skidders as his largest
suppliers of hydroponic marijuana were prominently featured in both trials. As
for time, by the end of the second trial, the Government had expressly
abandoned any meaningful claim of different timing between the two
There are, moreover, several additional factors here, not directly addressed in
Korfant, that further point toward a finding of double jeopardy. These include
the fact that the Government, in its opening and closing arguments, presented
both cases to the jury as broad conspiracies of an essentially identical nature;
that the district judges in both cases made no effort to define the charged
conspiracies beyond the bare elements; that the two essentially unimpeachable
witnesses, Olson and Bokal, gave essentially identical testimony at both trials;
that the most damning evidence Maslin's own admissions was identical
at the two trials; and that a central focus of most of the co-conspirator testimony
at both trials was the supply of hydroponic marijuana from Canada through the
Indian reservation to Maslin, who then distributed it nationwide.
47
In the end, in the circumstances presented here, the Government cannot have it
both ways. Having charged and proven in the Binghamton case a broad (and
somewhat elastic) conspiracy embracing virtually the totality of Maslin's
marijuana brokerage activities and very prominently his brokerage activities
involving hydroponic marijuana brought in from the north it is hardly in a
position to claim that the Albany case, alleged in equally broad terms but
focusing more exclusively on the north-originating hydroponic marijuana
activity, is a separate conspiracy. Taken together, we are left with the firm
conclusion that any alleged differences between the two charges, as those
conspiracies were actually presented to the jury, pale in comparison with their
substantial identity, and that Maslin was therefore twice put in jeopardy for the
same offense.
48
Notes:
The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of New York, sitting by designation
This was the same "Rocky Skidders" as to whose dealings with Maslin Agent
Bokal had testified at the Binghamton trial,see supra.
Although the district court, in denying the double jeopardy motion prior to the
Albany trial, stated that the conspiracy charged in the Binghamton case
"centered in the Binghamton area" while that charged in the Albany case
"centered in the [Indian reservation] area of Akwesasne, which straddles the
border between the United States and Canada," in actuality, the proof at both
trials, as noted above, described a nationwide marijuana distribution system
brokered by Maslin, with hydroponic marijuana being obtained from the north
country and distributed elsewhere. That the Binghamton case included more
proof about the additional sales of lower grade marijuana from the south does
not make it a separate conspiracy