Refrigeration cycle of a vapor compression

INTRODUCTION
The refrigeration field includes household refrigerators, freezing of meats, fruits
and vegetables, local cooling, ice making, industrial processes and cryogenic
plants, to name a few. To achieve this, what is done is a process by which a device
removes energy from a low-temperature reservoir to carry a stock of high
temperature, however, according to the second law of thermodynamics, this is
impossible to achieved unless labor is used.

Figure 1

Ethyl ether was the first refrigerant used for trade in vapor compression systems in
1850, was followed by others such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, methyl chloride,
butane, ethane and gasoline, among others.
The problems presented as a result of the first refrigerant leaks that caused injuries
and deaths in the twenties, resulted in the limitation and finally the prohibition of the
first refrigerants.
In 1928, the company Frigidaire Corporation, developed the R-21, the first member
of the family of chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. After a few years, the company
chose the R-12 refrigerant as the most suitable for commercial use and gave this
family of compounds the trade name "Freon". However, R-12 and R-22 refrigerants
have been identified as contributing to the degradation of the ozone layer and in
the greenhouse, so that R-134a and R-123 refrigerants have been used as
replacements above.

DESCRICIPCION CYCLE
This cycle uses the enthalpy of transformation of substances by changing liquid
phase to vapor phase.
In the figure we can see the parts of a simple refrigerator: the evaporator, which
corresponds to the freezer or cooler in a domestic refrigerator; the condenser cooler, which is a coil with finned tubes located in the back; the compressor
apparatus is a cylindrical expansion valve is a capillary tube is normally located at
the bottom of refrigerator

Figure 2

The diagram represents the four elements mentioned above and make the cycle is:

Figure 3

In the compressor the pressure of the substance that is in the gas phase rises and
consequently its temperature also rises
After leaving the compressor, the substance still in its gas phase entering the
condenser-cooler, which rejects heat to the environment, due to a temperature
difference keeping therewith.
Because this decreased energy, low temperature substance and then condensed,
changing the gas phase to the liquid phase. Throughout this process considering
that the pressure remains constant.
Once the substance in the liquid phase leaving the condenser, enters the
expansion valve, producing a constriction (where the enthalpy at the inlet is equal
to the output) lowering the pressure of the substance and reduces its temperature
to less than room temperature, in a nearby corresponding to this temperature and
pressure saturated liquid.
The substance has begun to evaporate in the expansion valve, but it ensures that
most of the evaporation takes place in the evaporator where the substance takes
the energy necessary for evaporation of the medium to be cooled or cooled. This
process is at constant pressure and temperature.
Once substance has completely evaporated, enters the compressor to begin a new
cycle by compressing the gas and bring it to a state of superheated steam with
increased pressure and temperature.
Energy flows associated with the cycle:

Figure 4

MACHINES WHICH APPLY COMPRESSION

REFRIGERATION
The air conditioning is the process that is considered more complete treatment of
the ambient air of the living quarters ; is to regulate the conditions in terms of
temperature ( heating or cooling) , humidity, cleanliness (renewal , filtered) and air
movement within the premises.
Conditioning systems between autonomous and centralized counted. The first
produce heat or cold air and treat (though often not quite). The latter have a / a /
conditioner is that only treat the air and get the thermal energy (heat or cold) of a
centralized system. In the latter case, heat production usually entrusted to fuel fired
boilers. The cold to refrigerating machines, which operate by compression or
absorption and wear produced by cold cooling systems.
The process basically takes place in four steps, for the first coolant is liquid at low
pressure and temperature must be evaporated in the evaporator and a coil called a
first heat exchange between the air inside the warmer place is achieved and
refrigerant.
Once in the vapor state it is sucked and compressed by a compressor increasing
its pressure and hence its temperature, condensed in a known condenser coil by a
second heat transfer, this time the outside air is cooler.
Thus in the third step, the refrigerant liquid at high pressure and temperature back
to the evaporator through an expansion valve where its property as a result of
capillary causes a significant reduction in pressure, some vaporization of the liquid
reducing its temperature, and finally returns to the initial conditions of the cycle.

Water may be used as a cooling medium to cause condensation rather than the
outside air, which is cooled by a cooling tower.
The basic element is the compressor piston or reciprocating type is used in most
cases. Rotary compressors are also used for small or spiral called scroll type
systems. In large installations they are often used axohelicoidales called screw
compressors or centrifugal type.
Currently they are being developed various systems that improve energy
consumption of air conditioning, are the solar air conditioning and air conditioning
plant. Solar thermal uses solar air conditioning or hot plates to provide power to
conventional air conditioning systems. The plant uses air conditioning
evapotranspiration produced by the greenery of a vertical garden to cool a room.
Refrigerator or frigider is used mainly in kitchen and laboratory device consisting
of a thermally insulated cabinet, with a main compartment in which is maintained a
temperature of between 2 and 6 C and also, frequently, an extra compartment
used for freezing at -18 C freezer called. Cold is produced by a compression
refrigeration system, powered by electricity and sometimes by an absorption
system using kerosene as fuel gas or butane. It is one of the most common
appliances in the world.
The function of a cooling machine is to take heat from one environment to low
temperature (for the refrigerator would be the kitchen) and transfer it in the external
environment (in this case a closed and thermally insulated cabinet) using an
external energy maintaining the process. A refrigerator is a heat pump (such as
water pumps heat from one place to another low thermal level higher), generally
driven by an electric motor. It is also possible to use eutectic salts or absorption.
So that the efficiency is higher, the temperature difference between the condenser
(containing the heat absorbed by the refrigerant in the evaporator) and the ambient
air should be high, as it is here where the heat leaves the apparatus. For this
reason they are more efficient in winter than in summer and at any time, its
consumption is less if placed in a cool place. It should also be ensured that the
external heat exchanger (or condenser), which is usually in the back of the unit,
keep good ventilation.
They are also more efficient and therefore consume less, the devices have two
compressors, one for each compartment (refrigeration and freezing). Indeed, if you
are constantly opening the refrigerator door (while food is prepared) will start only
one of the two compressors without adding cold, you do not need, the freezer
compartment

CONCLUSIONS
With this work, we understood and experienced with the refrigeration cycle, a cycle
as used in everyday life.
We saw how the different values of various properties vary according to how
changed system conditions. It can work waiting changes over time, although check
the values of temperature and pressure, only little varied.
Working with different flow rates in the evaporator and condenser, the most
noticeable changes in temperature and pressure is observed, since the flow rates
are the only variable which could be controlled by the operator.
The process is governed by various operations in which the liquids maintain a
behavior indicating the conditions to which they are subjected. The process takes
close monitoring as to the future behavior is necessary before the appropriate
process that will help to have the desired behavior is applied.

BIBLIOGRAFA
Transferencia de calor. (2014). Prctica del ciclo de refrigeracin.
http://www.unav.es/adi/UserFiles/File/80962021/Cicloderefrigeracion.pdf
P.A. Hilton. (2007). Manual de mantenimiento y operacin Experimental.
Recuperado
20-Noviembre-2014
de
http://www2.mae.ufl.edu/courses/fall2014/eml4304c/Specsheets/R633%20Refrigeration%20unit%20users%20manual.pdf
Felder. (2004). Principios elementales de los principios Qumicos. Mxico: Limusa
Wiley.