7ch13 PDF

CM7 Chapter 13_final 9/4/03 12:23 PM Page 381
Angles
Syllabus outcomes
SGS4.2 Identifies and names angles formed by the intersection of straight lines, including those
related to transversals on sets of parallel lines, and makes use of the relationship between them
WMS4.1 Asks questions that could be explored using mathematics in relation to content
WMS4.2 Analyses a mathematical or real-life situation, solving problems using technology
where appropriate
WMS4.3 Uses mathematical terminology and notation, algebraic symbols, diagrams, text and
tables to communicate mathematical ideas
WMS4.4 Identifies relationships and the strengths and weaknesses of different strategies and
solutions, giving reasons
WMS4.5 Links mathematical ideas and makes connections with, and generalisations about,
existing knowledge and understanding in relation to content
In this chapter you will learn to:

ndefine an angle and recognise straight angles, right angles and complete revolutions
nestimate angle sizes and check estimates using a protractor
nrecognise different types of angles (acute, obtuse and reflex)
nname angles
nrecognise complementary angles and angles at a point
nrecognise vertically opposite angles
nrecognise angles formed by a transversal (corresponding, alternate and
cointerior angles)
nfind the unknown angle in a diagram using angle results and giving reasons
napply tests for parallel lines
nsolve problems involving the angle sum of a triangle
nconstruct triangles
nrecognise different types of triangles (acute-angled, right-angled, obtuse-angled,
scalene, isosceles and equilateral) and recognise that a given triangle may belong to
more that one class
napply geometrical facts, properties and relationships to solve numerical problems
W O R K I N G M AT H E M AT I C A L LY
The Leaning Tower of Pisa

Late in 1998, work was begun again on
the Leaning Tower of Pisa to stop it
tilting more. The 12th century tower was
straightened by half a degree, just
enough to stabilise it! It was straightened
by 40.6 cm, leaving it leaning just 4 m off
the perpendicular. Entry to the tower was
banned in 1990 for fear it might collapse.
On 15 December 2001, the tower
reopened. Only 30 visitors at a time are
allowed to climb the 293 well-worn
marble steps to the top.
1
The tower leans 52° off the vertical,
which makes the top 4.5 m off-centre
from the bottom. The 60 m, 8-storey
marble tower was built on a shifting
sandy and clay subsoil. It started to lean
soon after it was built. It has been
suggested that Galileo, the 16th century
scientist, used its tilt to do experiments
on gravity.
Over 750 tonnes of lead have also been
put on the northern side of the tower’s
base to stop it sinking. Computers from
inside monitor every small change.
p Find out about the gravitation
experiments that Galileo did. Can you
confirm that some were done at the
Tower of Pisa?
p You can find out more about the
Tower of Pisa by visiting the website
http://torre.duomo.pisa.it.
382 C O N N E C T I O N S M A T H S 7
Angles
An angle is formed when 2 straight lines meet at a point. This point line 2
is called the vertex of the angle.
The size of an angle is the amount of turning about the vertex
line 1
needed to bring line 1 on top of line 2.
vertex
Measuring angles
90°
The measurement of angles is based on a circle divided into 360
equal parts called degrees. So a degree is a unit of measurement
180° 0°/360°
for turning. The symbol for degrees is °. We say that in a circle
there are 360°.
270°
Special angles
If a line is turned so that it ends up in its starting position, it has
turned a complete revolution.
A complete revolution measures 360°.
If a line is turned for half a revolution, a straight angle is formed.
A straight angle measures 180°.
If a line is turned for a quarter of a revolution, a right angle

is formed.
A right angle measures 90°.
Using a protractor
A protractor is an instrument
used to measure the size of an
angle (in degrees).
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 383
Example
Make sure the vertex
Use a protractor to measure the angles shown.
of the angle is in the
correct position on
the protractor.
Step 1 Put the centre of the protractor on the vertex of the angle. Make sure that
the 0/180 line lies over one of the lines that makes the angle.
80 90 100 11 80 90 100 11
70 01 70 0 12
60 20 60 01
100 90 80 70 13 0 90 80 7
50 110 0 50 10 10 0 30
0 60 0 1 60
12 50 12 50
14
14
0 0
40
40
13 13
0
0
0
0
15
15
40
40
30
30
14
14
01
01
0
0
30
30
15
15
0
0
60
60 1
10 2
10 2
60
60
20
20
180 170 1
180 170 1
170 180
70 180
10
10
0
0
0
0
Step 2 Always start from the zero that lies on top of one of the lines of the angle.
So in this case we use the ‘inside’ scale. Read the measurement showing
on the other line of the angle.
the angle on the left is 70° and that on the right is 130°.
E x e r c i s e 13A ANGLES
■
1 Without measuring, choose the best estimate (A, B, or C):
a b c
A 20° B 160° C 200° A 20° B 200° C 160° A 160° B 20° C 200°
d e f
A 90° B 70° C 105° A 75° B 60° C 105° A 85° B 270° C 95°
g h i
A 45° B 180° C 135° A 330° B 30° C 360° A 70° B 110° C 250°
■
2 Use a protractor to measure each angle. Give each answer correct to the nearest degree.
a b c
f
e
g h i
j k l
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 385
■
3 Use only a ruler and a pencil to draw angles you estimate to be:
a 30° b 60° c 90° d 45° e 270°
f 135° g 120° h 40° i 80° j 150°
k 170° l 10° m 100° n 140° o 50°
Check each angle by measurement with your protractor.
Angles in practice
In 1794 Claude Chappe set up over 240 km of semaphore stations to link Paris with the
French Revolutionary Army on the Belgian frontier. This system of signalling messages with
flags is still used at sea.
A B C D E F
G H I J K L
M N O P Q R
S T U V W X
Y Z p Which letters show angles of 180°? 90°?
Many 4-wheel drives have instruments

called inclinometers fitted. An
inclinometer will tilt to show the 30
40
40 40
30
40
40 40
30 30 30 30
side-to-side angle or front-to-rear angle 20
20 20 20
20 20
10 10 10 10 10 10
of the vehicle. 5 5 5 5
40 40
15 15 15 30 15
30
Find out how an inclinometer 25 20
35
25 25 20
10 35
25
35 10 35
could be used by: 45 45
45
45
p a pilot
p a geologist
p a builder
Side tilt of 15° Front-to-rear tilt of 20°
Types of angles
An acute angle is less than 90°. 90°
90°
0°
An obtuse angle lies between 90° and 180°. 180°
A reflex angle
lies between 180° 360° 180° 360°
180° and 360°.
E x e r c i s e 13B TYPES OF ANGLES
■
1 In your exercise book, draw:
a a right angle b an acute angle c an obtuse angle
d a straight angle e a reflex angle f a complete revolution
■
2 Match each angle with its correct name:
A acute angle B right angle C obtuse angle
D straight angle E reflex angle F revolution
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
■
3 State the type of angle formed by the minute and hour hand
(acute, right, obtuse, straight or revolution) at each time: 11 12 1
10 2
a 6:05 am b 9 o’clock c 6 o’clock 9 3
d 5 to 2 e 20 past 5 f 7:55 pm 8 4
7 6 5
g 5 to 7 h 12 o’clock i 11 o’clock
j a quarter past two k half-past ten l a quarter to one
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 387
■
4 Class discussion
Spread your index finger and your thumb to form an angle.
a Is the angle formed acute, right or obtuse?
b Draw this angle on a piece of paper and measure it with a protractor.
c Is there any difference when you use your other hand?
d Between which fingers can you make an obtuse angle?
n
me ded
S P E E D S K I L L S 13.1
Recom
t i me
✗
Types of angles
State whether each angle is:
A an acute angle B a right angle C an obtuse angle
D a straight angle E a reflex angle F a complete revolution
1 47° 8 180° 15 87° 22 129° 29 164° 36 60°
2 154° 9 112° 16 92° 23 46° 30 83° 37 45°
3 253° 10 6° 17 200° 24 146° 31 209° 38 315°
4 360° 11 54° 18 172° 25 246° 32 122° 39 15°
5 90° 12 194° 19 39° 26 112° 33 30° 40 325°
6 300° 13 270° 20 90° 27 180° 34 303° 41 106°
7 127° 14 352° 21 260° 28 227° 35 120° 42 181°
Naming angles A
arm
AB and BC are the arms of the angle. B is the vertex of the angle.
The angle can be named ABC or CBA, as long as the vertex B is the
B C
middle letter. If there is no danger of confusion, the angle could also be arm
named B. vertex
Adjacent angles R
Angles on opposite sides of a common Adjacent
arm are called adjacent angles. means ‘next to’.
S Think of
M adjacent rooms.
In the diagram, RSM and TSM are
adjacent angles. SM is the common arm.
T
A
Example
CD-ROM
Name the marked angle. D
B Other possible
names/notations
One way to name this are EBD, EB̂D
angle is DBE. and DB̂E.
C
E
E x e r c i s e 13C NAMING ANGLES
■
1 Choose the correct names for each angle:
a L b D c P
N Q R
F E
A LMN B MLN C NML A DEF B DFE C EFD A PQR B RQP C PRQ
d K e T f B
T
N Q
V
A T
A VTK B TVK C KTV A NAT B ATN C NTA A BQT B TQB C NTQ
A
■
2 Name a pair of adjacent angles that have as their common arm: F
a OA b OB c OC d OE O
E
B
■
3 B C
D
A
O
Estimate the size of each angle named below.

i
Use your protractor to measure each angle to the nearest degree.
ii
a AOB b BOC c COD
d AOC e BOD f AOD
■
4 Name a pair of adjacent angles in question 3 that have as a common arm:
a OB b OD
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 389
C
■
170 180
180 170 1
5 Name the common arm that has A B
0
0 10
adjacent angles of:
10
20
60
60
20
a 45° and 35°
15
01
30
30
b 10° and 38°
15
14
40
0
13
40
50 0
14
12
0 1 60
J
0 10 10 0 50
13
0 90 80 7 60
20
70 01
80 90 100 11
D
H
F E
n
me ded
S P E E D S K I L L S 13.2
Recom
t i me
✗
Operations with whole numbers
Find:
1 30 40 9 90 10 17 180 20 25 360 100 33 50 150
2 10 50 10 90 20 18 180 50 26 360 50 34 60 180
3 60 30 11 90 80 19 180 60 27 360 20 35 120 200
4 70 50 12 90 50 20 180 100 28 360 180 36 90 25
5 80 60 13 90 30 21 180 90 29 360 200 37 180 130
6 25 30 14 90 70 22 180 25 30 360 150 38 360 120
7 15 50 15 90 15 23 180 170 31 360 90 39 80 75
8 60 90 16 90 45 24 180 8 32 360 110 40 180 115
Complementary angles, supplementary

angles and angles at a point
Complementary angles are a pair of angles whose sum is 90°.
A
ABD DBC 90°
ABD and DBC are
D
complementary angles. Adjacent
supplementary angles
form a straight line.
C
B
Supplementary angles are a pair of angles whose sum is 180°. W
XYW WYZ 180°

XYW and WYZ are supplementary angles. X Z
Y
The sum of all the angles made by straight lines

meeting at a point is 360°. b°
a°
c°
d°
This result follows from the fact that a complete revolution is 360°. 360°
In the diagram, a b c d 360.
Examples
This question is asking
●
1 What is the complement of 57°?
‘What angle plus 57° CD-ROM
A pair of complementary angles add to 90°. equals 90°?’

So to find the other angle, subtract 57° from 90°.
Complement of 57° 90° 57°
33°
the complement of 57° is 33°.
●
2 What is the supplement of 57°?
A pair of supplementary angles add to 180°. A straight line is an
To find the other angle, subtract 57° from 180°. angle of 180°.
Supplement of 57° 180° 57°

123°
the supplement of 57° is 123°.
x°
●
3 Find the value of x. 40° 60°
The 3 angles form a straight angle.
Since a straight angle measures 180°: 40 x 60 180
x 100 180
x 80
E x e r c i s e 13D COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES, SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES AND ANGLES AT A POINT

A
■
1 a Use a protractor to measure each angle
correct to the nearest degree:
i ABC
ii CBD
iii ABD
b Name a pair of complementary angles.
B C
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 391
E F
■
2 a Use a protractor to measure the following angles:
EGF
i
FGH
ii
iii EGH
b What is the sum of EGF and FGH ?
c Name a pair of supplementary angles.
■
3 Is it possible to construct this diagram accurately to
show 2 angles forming a straight angle? Give reasons G
for your answer.
40° 150°
C D
B
H
■
4 a In your book draw 2 angles that form a straight angle.
b Use a protractor to measure each angle.
c What is the sum of these angles?
d Are these angles supplementary?
■
5 a Using a ruler and protractor, carefully copy this diagram,
which shows 4 angles about point P. 70°
b Use the fact that the sum of the angles at point P is 360° to 130° P
40°
find the value of x. x°
c Use your protractor to find the value of x.
■
6 Is it possible to draw this diagram accurately to show 4 angles
about point Q ? Give reasons for your answer.
80° 80°
80° Q
160°
■
7 a Draw any 4 lines meeting at a point on your page.
b Use a protractor to measure each angle.
c What is the sum of these angles?
■
8 State the complement of each angle:
a 30° b 40° c 70° d 55°
e 89° f 27° g 68° h 34°
■
9 State the supplement of each angle:
a 30° b 40° c 50° d 100°
e 170° f 90° g 10° h 123°
■
10 Find the value of each pronumeral. Give reasons.
a b c d
25° b°
y° 74°
a° 130° m°
e f g h d°
t° k° 45°
t° 50° n°
i j k° k l
40° d° 40°
c° 290° k°
k° 80° d°
m n o 2n° p 100°
60°
50° 40°
m° 70°
t° 50°
a°
65°
q r s t w°
80°
40° 2w°
x°
x°
x° x° a°
a°
a°
The pentagram
36°
This pentagram (5-pointed star) is drawn
in a circle. Each of its angles is 36° and a
36° 36°
regular pentagon is formed in the centre.
The 5 diagonals cross at the centre point.
p What is the size of an angle at this point? Why is it so? 36° 36°
p Can you sketch a pentagram without taking your
pencil off the paper or backtracking?
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 393
Vertically opposite angles

Vertically opposite angles are formed when 2 straight lines intersect.
Vertically opposite angles are equal. R U
RSU VST and RSV UST S
These are 2 pairs of vertically opposite angles. V T

Check that this is correct using a protractor.
Examples
CD-ROM
●
1 Find the values of a, b and c.
b°
a°
40°
a 140 (supplementary angle with 40°) c°
b 40 (vertically opposite angle)

ca (vertically opposite angle)
c 140
3p is
●
2 Find the value of p. 3 lots of p.
3p 126 (vertically opposite angle)
126°
p 42
3p°
E x e r c i s e 13E V E R T I C A L LY O P P O S I T E A N G L E S
Find the value of each variable. Give reasons.
■
1 ■
4 ■
7
130°
■
10
60° a° 135° p° x°
r° 2y° 50°
y° x° q° z°
■
2 ■
5
146° w°
■
8 a° ■
11 u°
110° b° 30°
4v °
c° 64°
x° n° w°
m°
m°
■
3 ■
6 ■
9 2y° ■
12
50° m° 70° x° y°
a° 166°
n° n°
b°
k°
■
13 d° ■
15 ■
17 a° ■
19
3t °
e° 74° 120° a°
e° a° t°
f° y° a° n°
2x °
■
14 103° ■
16
2m ° ■
18 3p° ■
20 2k°
a° n° m° 2p° 2k°
c° 2p° 2k°
b° p° 3p ° 2k°
Angles formed by a transversal

A straight line that cuts 2 other straight lines is called M
a transversal.
A B
In the diagram, the lines AB and CD are cut by the
transversal MN. D
C
When 2 straight lines are cut by the transversal, special pairs
of angles are formed. N
In each of the following diagrams, the lines AB and CD are cut by the transversal MN.
Alternate angles M
Alternate angles lie between the 2 lines and on opposite sides of B

the transversal. A x°
y°
One pair of alternate angles is marked. Where is another pair of C D
alternate angles?
N
Corresponding angles M
Corresponding angles are so named because they correspond in x° B
position. They lie either both above or both below the lines and A
on the same side of the transversal.
y° D
One pair of corresponding angles is marked. Can you find C
another 3 pairs of corresponding angles?
N
Cointerior angles M
A
Cointerior angles are so named because they lie on the same
side of the transversal (co-) and inside the lines (-interior). x°
B
One pair of cointerior angles is marked in this diagram. Where y°
C D
is the other pair?
N
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 395
Example
What type of angles are shown?
x°
x ° and y ° are corresponding angles.
y°
E x e r c i s e 13F ANGLES FORMED BY A TRANSVERSAL
■
1 Name the pair of angles marked as A alternate, B corresponding or C cointerior.
a b c d
x° x° x°
x°
y° y° y°
y°
e f g h
x°
x°
y° x° x° y°
y°
y°
i j k l
x°
y° x° x°
y°
x° y°
y°
m x°
n o p
x°
x°
y°
y° y° x°
y°
A
■
2 From this diagram, name:
a the transversal B
P
b both pairs of alternate angles Q
c 4 pairs of corresponding angles
d both pairs of cointerior angles R
C
S
D
Parallel lines
You have heard of the imaginary lines
called parallels of latitude that encircle
Earth. What are they used for? What is the
main one?
p Think about some places and objects
that show parallel lines. Write down
some examples.
These 2 designs have many sets of parallel
lines—horizontal, vertical and oblique.
In the Olympics, parallel bars are used for
men and women. The spectacular event on
the bars combines balance, style, strength
and dexterity. There are both compulsory
and optional moves. If the gymnast falls,
the routine can still be continued, if he or
she resumes within 30 seconds.
Straight lines are parallel if they lie on

the same surface and never meet. They are
always the same distance apart.
PQ is parallel to RS. This can be written as

PQ RS. The lines PQ and RS are always the same
distance apart.
P Q
R S
Arrowheads are used to show that lines are parallel.
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 397
Angles and parallel lines transversal
When a transversal cuts parallel lines, the angles

formed have special properties.
Angle investigation
Equipment needed: protractor.
■
1 Alternate angles A
PBC and BCS are a pair of alternate angles.
QBC and BCR are a pair of alternate angles. B
P Q
a Measure PBC and BCS.
b Measure QBC and BCR.
c Complete: Pairs of alternate angles between R S
parallel lines: C
A are equal
D
B are not equal
C add up to 180°
■
2 Corresponding angles
A
PBA and RCB are a pair of corresponding angles.
PBC and RCD are a pair of corresponding angles.
B
a Name 2 more pairs of corresponding angles. P Q
b Measure the 4 pairs of corresponding angles.
c Complete: Pairs of corresponding angles on C
R S
parallel lines:
A are equal
B are not equal D
C add up to 180°
■
3 Cointerior angles A
PBC and BCR are a pair of cointerior angles.
a Name another pair of cointerior angles. B
P Q
b Measure the 2 pairs of cointerior angles.
c Complete: Pairs of cointerior angles between
parallel lines: R S
A add up to 180° C
B do not add up to 180°
D
C are equal
Summary of parallel line properties
If 2 parallel lines are cut by a transversal:

Remember these
results!
p Alternate angles are equal.
p Corresponding angles are equal.
p Cointerior angles add up to 180° 110°

(i.e. cointerior angles are supplementary). 70°
Examples
x°
●
1 Find the value of x.
x 130 (Corresponding angles on 130°
parallel lines are equal.) Corresponding
angles on parallel
●
2 Find the values of x and y. lines are equal.
x 40 (Corresponding angles x°
on parallel lines are equal.) y°

40°
y 140 (x and y are cointerior angles
between parallel lines.)
In geometry it is often possible to get the same answer Always give
using different approaches. reasons.
For example, this solution is also correct:

y 140 (A straight angle equals 180°.)
x 40 (x and y are cointerior angles between parallel lines.)
E x e r c i s e 13G PA R A L L E L L I N E S
■
1 Name the angle that is:
a cointerior to angle b b alternate to angle b f°
e°
c corresponding to angle a d alternate to angle e a° b ° h°
g°
e corresponding to angle f f alternate to angle h d°
c°
g corresponding to angle h h cointerior to angle h H
■
2 Name the angle that is: A
B
C
a alternate to CBE b corresponding to HBA
c cointerior to FEB d corresponding to DEI D F
E
e alternate to ABE f corresponding to BEF
I
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 399
■
3 Copy each sketch and mark the pairs of angles indicated. One angle is marked for you.
Write the label under each sketch.
a b c d
cointerior alternate alternate cointerior
e f g h
corresponding alternate corresponding corresponding
■
4 Find the value of each variable. Give brief reasons.
a b c d
65°
84° a°
x° 40° y°
m°
110°
m°
e f g h n°
100° c° 110°
58°
x° 75°
f°
i j k l
70° 55°
p° t°
x°
85°
■
5 Work out the value of each variable. Give reasons. (There may be more than one way to
do this.)
a b c d
m° x°
c°
a°
70°
115°
120° 130°
e f g h
a°
b° x° c°
y° y° 76°
d°
65° 140° 112°
i j k l
m° 60°
58° n°
a° 55° p°
a°
b°
c° b°
y°
125° c°
m n o p
e° d°
t° n° j°
c° a°
f° m ° k° 70°
g° b°
a° 2t ° h ° e° d° a° a°
130°
g° f ° c° b°
Illusions
These optical illusions are based
on lines that do not seem to be
parallel. Are they? How could you
test this?
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 401
Tests for parallel lines

The parallel line properties can be
used to find whether lines are parallel
or not parallel. Two lines that are cut
by a transversal are parallel if:
p alternate angles are equal or
p corresponding angles are equal or
p cointerior angles add up to 180°,
that is, are supplementary
If none of the above are true, the
2 lines are not parallel.
Example
Are the lines AB and CD parallel?
Do not be tricked by
the diagram!
A B
54°
56°
C D
The angles marked are alternate. As they are not equal,

the lines AB and CD are not parallel.
E x e r c i s e 13H T E S T S F O R PA R A L L E L L I N E S
■
1 State whether each pair of lines are A parallel or B not parallel. Give reasons.
a b c d
89° 135°
110° 115°
65° 91°
110° 45°
e f g h
68° 70° 87°
85°
87° 85°
i j k l
72°
64° 120°
72° 40° 40°
110°
m n o p
112° 60°
80°
100° 104° 104°
78°
60°
■
2 Name all pairs of parallel lines in these diagrams. Give reasons.
A C E
115°
a A B b 30° c U V
70°
60°
115°
30° 30° W X
70° 110°
D C
Y Z
65°
B D F
■
3 Given that x 60, state why AB CD.
A B
x°
2x °
C D
Triangles
The words tripod, triplets, triad, tricycle, trimaran and
The triangle could
triathlon all start with tri, meaning ‘three’. A triangle has be named BCA or
3 straight sides and 3 angles. CAB.
When naming plane (flat) shapes such as triangles, B

you can write the vertices in either clockwise or A
anticlockwise order. This diagram shows triangle ABC.
This is often written as ABC.
p What is the triangle’s name if written in
anticlockwise order?
C
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 403
L
Triangles and circles
p Are the sides of LMN straight? N
p Measure LM, MN and NL. What do you find?
p What other things can you discover about LMN ?
p Are the circles important?
p Using instruments, how could you copy this diagram?
M
E x e r c i s e 13I TRIANGLES
Equipment needed: protractor, ruler, scissors, scrap paper.
■
1 Use a protractor to measure the angles in the triangles and then find the angle sum of
each triangle:
a C b
Z
A B X Y
In ABC: In XYZ:
A … B … C … X … Y … Z …
total … total …
c d K M
E F
In EFG: In KMN: N
E … F … G … K … M … N …
total … total …
■
2 a Draw any triangle on your page and measure each angle. What is the sum of the angles?
b Compare your answer with other students’ answers. Is the answer always the same?
■
3 a On a piece of paper, draw any triangle. c°
Put these markings on it.
b Cut it out. Cut along the broken lines.
c Rearrange the pieces so that the a° b°
3 angles are together.
■
4 Copy and complete:
a Angles a, b and c form a ……… angle.
b Therefore a b c …
a° c° b°
c So the angle sum of any triangle …
The angle sum of a triangle

a b c 180
The angle sum of a triangle is 180°.

b° c°
a°
Examples
●
1 Find the value of x. CD-ROM
65°
x 65 75 180 (angle sum of a triangle 180°)
x 140 180
x 40
75° x°
●
2 In ABC, A 56° and C 71°.
Sketch the triangle and then work B
out the size of B.
B 180° 56° 71° The largest angle
B 53° is opposite the
longest side.
56° 71°
A C
●
3 Find the value of x.
5x 42 38 180
5x°
5x 80 180
5x 100
x 20 The triangle does not
42° 38° have to be drawn
accurately.
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 405
E x e r c i s e 13J THE ANGLE SUM OF A TRIANGLE
■
1 Find the value of each variable. Give reasons.
Note: The triangles are not drawn accurately, so you cannot use a protractor.
a b c d
40° x° y°
x°
50° 30° 70° r° 110° 30° 76 ° 44°
e f 72° g t° h 49° x°
20° a°
46° 68° 61°

55°
m° 10°
i t°
j y°
k l
y°
25°
131°
112°
45° 40° 69°
y°
m n y°
o p
40°
y° 60° 2x°
80° x°
p° y° 2x °
■
2 Sketch each triangle and write in the details. Then find the size of the unknown angle.
a In ABC, A 36° and B 54°. What is the size of C ?
b In XYZ, Y 125° and Z 42°. Find the size of X.
c In PQR, P 75° and Q 67°. What is the size of R ?
d In ABC, ABC 38° and ACB 70°. Find the size of BAC.
e In LMN, MLN 120° and MNL 44°. What is the size of NML?
f In XYZ, XZY 39° and XYZ 39°. Find the size of ZXY.
g In ADE, AED 135° and DAE 37°. Find the size of ADE.
h In XYZ, XYZ 9° and XZY 16°. What is the size of YXZ ?
i In MNO, MNO and MON are both 46°. Find the size of NMO.
j In RST, RTS and RST are the same size. If SRT 70°, what is the size
of RST ?
k In LMN, NML is twice as big as MNL. Find the size of MLN, given that
NML is 38°.
Constructing triangles
With all construction work, use a sharp pencil and be as accurate as possible. Label sides
and angles. It is useful to do a small quick sketch first, before doing the construction. This is
usually called a ‘thumbnail’ sketch.
Examples
●
1 Construct a triangle with sides 3 cm 4 cm
CD-ROM
3 cm, 4 cm and 6 cm.
6 cm
Step 1 Draw a line 6 cm long.
(It is usually a good idea
to draw the longest 6 cm
side first.)
Step 2 Open your pair of

compasses to 3 cm. Draw 3 cm
an arc with the centre on
one end of the 6 cm line.
6 cm
Step 3 Open your pair of compass
compasses to 4 cm. point
With the centre on

the other end of the
6 cm line, draw an
arc crossing the first
4 cm
arc. The point of
intersection is the
third vertex.
6 cm
compass
Step 4 Join the sides of the point
triangle and label the
lengths of the sides.
Note:
p At this stage you should use a
ruler to check that each side is 3 cm 4 cm
the correct length.
p The triangle could have been
drawn with the 3 cm and 4 cm
6 cm
sides in the reverse order.
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 407
●
2 Construct a triangle with sides
3 cm
7 cm and 3 cm and the angle
50°
between them 50°.
7 cm
Step 1 Draw a line 7 cm long

7 cm
(i.e. the longest side first).
Step 2 Using a protractor and

a ruler, draw a line at 3 cm
an angle of 50° from
one end of the 7 cm
50°
line. Then mark off a
point 3 cm along 7 cm
this line.
Step 3 Join this point to the 3 cm

other end of the base
line. Label the triangle
50°
with the given details.
7 cm
●
3 Construct a triangle with one side
6 cm and angles of 60° and 35° at the
ends of this side.
60° 35°
6 cm
Step 1 Draw a line 6 cm long.

6 cm
Step 2 Using a protractor and a
ruler, draw lines at angles
of 60° and 35° at opposite
ends of the 6 cm line.
Extend the lines until 60° 35°
they cross. 6 cm
Step 3 The point where the 2 new

lines cross is the third vertex
of the triangle.
60° 35°
6 cm
E x e r c i s e 13K CONSTRUCTING TRIANGLES
■
1 Use a ruler and a pair of compasses to construct triangles with sides:
a 4 cm, 5 cm and 8 cm b 5 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm
c 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm d 6 cm, 7 cm and 10 cm
e 45 mm, 35 mm and 60 mm f 45 mm, 50 mm and 65 mm
■
2 Use a protractor to carefully measure each angle in the triangles in question 1 (correct
to the nearest degree).
■
If each side of a triangle is a different length:
A each angle is a different size B 2 angles are equal
C all 3 angles are equal
■
a 4 cm, 4 cm and 6 cm b 6 cm, 6 cm and 8 cm c 5 cm, 5 cm and 7 cm
■
5 Use a protractor to carefully measure each angle in the triangles in question 4.
■
If 2 sides of a triangle have the same length:
A each angle is a different size
B the angles opposite the equal sides are equal
C all 3 angles are equal
■
a 2 cm, 2 cm and 2 cm b 6 cm, 6 cm and 6 cm c 7 cm, 7 cm and 7 cm
■
8 Use a protractor to measure each angle in the triangles in question 7.
■
If the 3 sides of a triangle are the same length:
A each angle is a different size B only 2 angles are different
C each angle is 60°
■
10 Use a ruler and a protractor to construct triangles with 2 sides and the angle between
them of:
a 100 mm, 60 mm and 60° b 50 mm, 40 mm and 100° c 30 mm, 40 mm and 90°
d 40 mm, 80 mm and 130° e 75 mm, 75 mm and 40° f 45 mm, 45 mm and 60°
■
11 Accurately measure the length of the third side in each triangle in question 10. Give
your answers correct to the nearest millimetre.
■
■
13 Use a ruler and a protractor to construct triangles with 1 side and the angles at each
end of this side of:
a 80 mm, 50° and 70° b 50 mm, 30° and 120° c 50 mm, 45° and 90°
d 60 mm, 30° and 30° e 55 mm, 60° and 60° f 45 mm, 55° and 55°
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 409
■
14 Accurately measure the lengths of the other 2 sides in each triangle in question 13. Give
your answers correct to the nearest millimetre.
■
■
16 Is it possible to construct a triangle with 1 side 8 cm and angles of 40° and 140° at the
ends of this side? Give reasons for your answer.
■
17 Study the triangles you have constructed in this exercise and use them to assist you in
answering the following:
a If each angle of a triangle is a different size:
A each side is a different length
B 2 sides have the same length
C all 3 sides have the same length
b If 2 angles of a triangle are the same size:
B the sides opposite the equal angles are equal
c If all 3 angles of a triangle are the same size
(i.e. are all 60°):
B only 2 sides have the same length
Types of triangles
A X
Different types of triangles are classified
according to their angles or their sides.
B
On diagrams, the same marks (such as | or ||
or ~) on lines indicate that they are of Y
equal length. Z
C
The same angle marks (such as or AB AC X Y
or ) indicate that the angles are equal.
This is a pattern of equilateral triangles (of 3 sizes) that

would cover the plane if extended in any direction.

Triangles named according to angles
Acute-angled triangle Right-angled triangle Obtuse-angled triangle
All 3 angles are acute The triangle contains The triangle contains
angles. 1 right angle. 1 obtuse angle.
Triangles named according to sides

Scalene triangle Isosceles triangle Equilateral triangle
Each side is a 2 sides have the same All 3 sides have the
different length. length. same length.
(Also, each angle is (Also, the angles opposite (Each angle is 60°.)
a different size.) the equal sides are equal.)
Examples
●
1 Classify this triangle. CD-ROM
The triangle contains a right angle, so it is a

right-angled triangle. The markings on
2 sides indicate that they are the same The same
markings on
length. This makes the triangle isosceles. 2 angles (or
sides) indicate
Therefore, this triangle is a right-angled isosceles triangle. that they are
the same
●
2 Find the values of a and b. size.
a 80 (equal angles opposite equal sides) 80°
b a 80 180 (angle sum of a triangle)
b 80 80 180 (since a 80) b°
b 160 180
a°
b 20
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 411
E x e r c i s e 13L TYPES OF TRIANGLES
■
1 To what groups (A to F) does each triangle belong?
A acute-angled B right-angled C obtuse-angled
D scalene E isosceles F equilateral
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
■
2 Find the value of each pronumeral. Give reasons. All lengths are in centimetres.
a b c d
12 x
6 x m°
y
55° 55° 70° 5
12
75° x °
e f g a° h x°
80°
20°
65° m°
b° x° x° b° 30°
i x° j k l
60°
15°
19 a° a°
y° b°
c° 19 120° b °
D A
What can you see?
In the square ABCD there are:
p 3 small squares 1
p 20 small right-angled triangles

2
p 8 larger right-angled triangles
p many pairs of parallel lines
p 2 equilateral triangles
p many rectangles
Can you see an isosceles triangle?
Can you see any other shapes?
C B
This Chinese lattice design comes from Ch’eng-tu,

in Szechwan Province. It is made of 2 end triangles
and 4-sided shapes called trapeziums. A trapezium
has 2 parallel sides. A trapezium can be made by
‘taking the top off’ a triangle. Draw a line parallel to
any side and cut:
isosceles triangle
scalene triangle
equilateral triangle
p What type of triangles are the ‘cut off’ pieces?
p Which trapezium best matches those in the
lattice design? Why?
When 2 identical
triangles are put together
in special ways, 4-sided
shapes are formed.
scalene triangles
isosceles triangles
p What are the special names given
to the new shapes?
equilateral triangles
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 413
Quadrilaterals
Quad is a prefix meaning ‘four’. Quadrangle,
quadruped, quadriplegic and quadruplet
A quadrilateral is a 4-sided figure
all have the number 4 as part of their meaning. made up of straight lines.
Squares and rectangles are 2 special types of

C
quadrilaterals. When naming quadrilaterals, list the
vertices in either clockwise or anticlockwise order.
This diagram shows quadrilateral ABCD. Note that BCDA B
or ADCB are also correct names for this quadrilateral.
A
p Why is BDAC not a correct name for the quadrilateral?
D
E x e r c i s e 13M Q U A D R I L AT E R A L S
Equipment needed: paper, ruler, scissors, pair of compasses.
■
1 Use your instruments to construct a quadrilateral with sides:
a 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm b 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm and 8 cm
c 4 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm and 9 cm d 3 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm and 3 cm
Are the quadrilaterals drawn by other students the same as yours?
■
2 Draw any quadrilateral on a piece of paper. Mark it as shown.
Cut along the broken lines and fit the angles together. Mark the angles on
both sides of the paper.
b°
a°
c° b°
d° a°
d°
c°
Copy and complete the following:

a Angles a, b, c and d form a ……………
b Therefore a b c d …
c So the angle sum of a quadrilateral is …
A B
■
3 Draw any quadrilateral ABCD. Draw its diagonal BD.
Copy and complete:
a Quadrilateral ABCD is the same as 2 ……………
b The angle sum of a triangle is …
c Since a quadrilateral is the same as 2 triangles: D C
angle sum of a quadrilateral 2…
…
The angle sum of a b°
c°
quadrilateral a°
CD-ROM
The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°. a b c d 360

d°
Example x°
Find the value of x.

80°
120° A quadrilateral
is made of
2 adjacent
x 90 120 80 360 (angle sum of quadrilateral is 360°) triangles.
x 290 360
x 70
E x e r c i s e 13N T H E A N G L E S U M O F A Q U A D R I L AT E R A L
■
1 Find the value of each variable:
a b c d
100° 70° t° 150° 25°
15°
130° 110° 70° x°
m° 20°
80° x° 50°
e f k° g h
70° 75° c°
75°
200°
p°
a° 45° 65°
110°
i j k l
k° k° x° x° 150°
2a°
a° a°
k° k° x° x° 2a° x° 2x°
■
2 Find the value of x:
144°
a b c d
x° 50° 4x° 65°
x°
3x °
x°
120° 70°
100°
40° 2x ° x°
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 415
The Wingeom computer drawing program

The Wingeom drawing package is a free download. Enter ‘Wingeom’ in your search engine
and download the program.
In this activity we will use Wingeom to draw a triangle and to show that the bisectors of the
angles all pass through the same point.
■
1 Open Wingeom and Window → 2-dim.
■
2 Go to Btns → Toolbar to open the toolbar. You can
drag this to a suitable location on your display.
Click the segments button.
■
3 To draw the triangle, point your mouse
pointer to any position on your screen
and right click. The letter A will appear.
Do this for points B and C also. (‘Ctrl Z’
deletes the previous step.)
■
4 Click on A, hold mouse key down and
drag the segment to B. Then complete
the triangle. (‘Ctrl L’ will hide the letters;
pressing it again will restore them.)
■
5 To bisect the angles, go to Line →
Angles → Bisect old.
■
6 Enter the angles to be bisected
as shown and click on OK.
■
7 The angle bisectors will appear and all pass through the same point. Do you know what
this point is called?
■
8 To change the triangle, go to the
toolbar and click on drag vertices.
Click and drag the C vertex. Explain
what happens.
■
9 The Wingeom program can do many
other geometrical tasks.
a Explore the program and see if you
can do any of the following:
i Draw some simple shapes and
see if you can perform some transformations of the shapes.
ii Draw a line and its perpendicular bisector.
iii Show that the perpendicular bisectors of the 3 sides of a triangle all pass through
the same point.
iv Examine the properties of other geometrical figures.
b Look on the internet to find places where Wingeom has been used.
P R O B L E M S O L V I N G 13
■
1 This outline of an arrow is drawn on 1 cm grid paper. b° a°
a Write down the size of each marked angle.
b State what type of angle each one is. Give your reasons. c°
d What is the sum of all the interior angles?
d°
■
2 a Construct all 4 isosceles triangles in which at least 1 side
is 5 cm and 1 angle is 30°.
b Work out the size of the largest angle in each triangle.
■
3 This ‘snowflake’ pattern starts with an equilateral triangle that has each side divided
into thirds. Two sides of an equilateral triangle are then constructed on each of the
middle thirds. (The third side is rubbed out.) This process is repeated again to make the
third diagram.
1
–
3
1
–
3
1
–
3
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 417
literaacy skillsil
Drawing these on isometric line paper will help you!
a What is the sum of the 3 angles in the original equilateral triangle?
b What is the sum of all the angles in the second diagram?
c What is the sum in the third diagram?
■
4 This pattern has many
‘hidden’ shapes in it.
From what you have learnt in
this chapter, make a list of:
a all the two-dimensional
and three-dimensional
shapes you can see
b all the types of angles you
can find
decagon
■
5 This ‘nest’ of regular shapes shows how their
interior angles get larger as the number of octagon
sides increases. The septagon (7 sides) and
nonagon (9 sides) are omitted.
hexagon
on
tag
pen
square
gle
an
a Use a protractor to measure one angle in

tri
each shape, then work out the angle sum.

b Copy and complete this table:
Name Triangle Square Pentagon Hexagon Octagon Decagon

Number
3 6
of sides
Size of
1 angle
Sum of
angles
c Look at the sums along the last row of the table. Can you see a pattern?
d What would be the sum of all the angles of a dodecagon (12 sides)?
Literacy
L
Li c
racy skills
kills
acy skillsil Literac y S K I L L S 13
angle obtuse corresponding vertex

reflex cointerior degree adjacent
diagonal parallel revolution complementary
triangle straight supplementary scalene
right-angled vertically opposite isosceles protractor
literacy
transversal equilateral acute alternate

quadrilateral
■
1 a Write down any words from the list above that you cannot explain clearly.
b Look back through the chapter to find their meanings.
■
2 a Sketch and clearly label the different types of angles.
b What is the plural of ‘vertex’?
c What is the difference between complementary and supplementary angles?
d Is it true that in any triangle the largest angle is opposite the longest side?
■
3 Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
a The sum of any 2 acute angles must be an obtuse angle.
b Adjacent angles always have a common arm.
c Parallel lines are always horizontal.
d When 2 lines cross, 2 pairs of equal angles are formed.
e Three lines cannot be parallel to each other.
f An acute angle and an obtuse angle are always supplementary.
g Alternate angles are always equal.
h The sum of the 4 angles of a quadrilateral is 4 right angles.
■
4 This Star of David is made of 2 overlapping equilateral triangles.
a Work out the sizes of all its angles.
b What shape is in the centre?
c What is the sum of its angles?
■
5 a How many slices the same size as the
missing slice can be cut from this cake?
b Turn the cake upside down.
What happens? 50°
■
6 How many diagonals are in:
a any triangle?
b any quadrilateral?
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 419
Chapter review 13
■
1 Use a ruler and pencil to draw the following angles.
Use your protractor to check your angles.
a 45° b 60° c 30°
d 90° e 130°
■
2 Use a protractor to measure the size of this angle.
Give your answer correct to the nearest degree.
■
3 Match each angle with its correct name:
A acute angle B right angle C obtuse angle
D straight angle E reflex angle F revolution
a b c
d e f
■
4 The size of an angle is given in degrees. State whether it is an acute angle, a right angle,
an obtuse angle, a straight angle, a reflex angle or a complete revolution.
a 111° b 360°
c 62° d 250°
e 180° f 195°
g 94° h 90°
B
■
5 a What is the name of the marked angle? C
b Use a protractor to find its size (to the
nearest degree).
c Name a pair of adjacent
supplementary angles.
F
d Name a pair of adjacent
complementary angles.
■
6 What is the complement of:
a 20°? b 80°?
c 62°? d 36°?
■
7 Give the supplement of each angle: D
A
a 20° b 80°
c 115° d 168° E
■
8 Find the value of each variable. Give brief reasons.
a b c° c d
66°
49° e°
150° m° 77°
y°
e f g h a°
114°
x° 2a °
52° a°
4a ° 3a °
k°
k° c° b° 56°
k°
■
9 Name the pairs of marked angles as either alternate or corresponding or
cointerior angles.
a b c d
x° x° x°
y° y° x° y°
y°
■
a b c d
k°
x ° 72° 118° m° 121° a°
108°
e f g h
2m °
e° c° 94° 105° a °
b° a° b° m°
98° c°
d°
■
11 State whether each pair of lines is:
A parallel B not parallel
a b c d
63°
70° 120°
72° 60° 57° 57°

117°
C H A P T E R 1 3 A N G L E S 421
■
a b c d
a° k° b°
52° 3n °
72°
38° 42° 2n °
34°
■
13 Use a ruler and a pair of compasses to construct a triangle with sides 8 cm, 9 cm
and 10 cm.
■
14 Use a ruler and a protractor to construct a triangle with sides 6 cm and 8 cm and the
angle between them 130°.
■
15 Construct a triangle with one side 70 mm and angles of 60° and 45° at each end of
this side.
■
16 To which groups (A to F) does each triangle belong?
A acute-angled B right-angled C obtuse-angled
D scalene E isosceles F equilateral
a b c d
■
17 Find the value of each variable. Give reasons. All lengths are in centimetres.
a b c d
72° 72° b°
b°
15 y
67°
c°
a° a°
a°
e f g h
t° 3a °
m° 64°
3a ° 2a °
112°
22° 18°
a° e°
105° 58° 76°
■
18 Use your instruments to construct a quadrilateral with sides 10 cm, 7 cm, 5 cm
and 4 cm.

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CM7 Chapter 13_final 9/4/03 12:23 PM Page 381

In this chapter you will learn to:

The Leaning Tower of Pisa

A complete revolution measures 360°.

If a line is turned for half a revolution, a straight angle is formed.

A straight angle measures 180°.

If a line is turned for a quarter of a revolution, a right angle

A right angle measures 90°.

A 20° B 160° C 200° A 20° B 200° C 160° A 160° B 20° C 200°

A 90° B 70° C 105° A 75° B 60° C 105° A 85° B 270° C 95°

A 45° B 180° C 135° A 330° B 30° C 360° A 70° B 110° C 250°

Y Z p Which letters show angles of 180°? 90°?

Many 4-wheel drives have instruments

Side tilt of 15° Front-to-rear tilt of 20°

An obtuse angle lies between 90° and 180°. 180°

E x e r c i s e 13B TYPES OF ANGLES

E x e r c i s e 13C NAMING ANGLES

A LMN B MLN C NML A DEF B DFE C EFD A PQR B RQP C PRQ

A VTK B TVK C KTV A NAT B ATN C NTA A BQT B TQB C NTQ

Estimate the size of each angle named below.

Complementary angles, supplementary

Supplementary angles are a pair of angles whose sum is 180°. W

XYW WYZ 180°

The sum of all the angles made by straight lines

A pair of complementary angles add to 90°. equals 90°?’

Supplement of 57° 180° 57°

E x e r c i s e 13D COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES, SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES AND ANGLES AT A POINT

Vertically opposite angles

Vertically opposite angles are equal. R U

RSU VST and RSV UST S

These are 2 pairs of vertically opposite angles. V T

b 40 (vertically opposite angle)

Find the value of each variable. Give reasons.

Angles formed by a transversal

Alternate angles lie between the 2 lines and on opposite sides of B

E x e r c i s e 13F ANGLES FORMED BY A TRANSVERSAL

Straight lines are parallel if they lie on

PQ is parallel to RS. This can be written as

Arrowheads are used to show that lines are parallel.

Angles and parallel lines transversal

When a transversal cuts parallel lines, the angles

Summary of parallel line properties

If 2 parallel lines are cut by a transversal:

p Corresponding angles are equal.

p Cointerior angles add up to 180° 110°

on parallel lines are equal.) y°

For example, this solution is also correct:

cointerior alternate alternate cointerior

corresponding alternate corresponding corresponding

Tests for parallel lines

The angles marked are alternate. As they are not equal,

When naming plane (flat) shapes such as triangles, B

Equipment needed: protractor, ruler, scissors, scrap paper.

The angle sum of a triangle

The angle sum of a triangle is 180°.

E x e r c i s e 13J THE ANGLE SUM OF A TRIANGLE

50° 30° 70° r° 110° 30° 76 ° 44°

46° 68° 61°

Step 2 Open your pair of

With the centre on

Step 1 Draw a line 7 cm long

Step 2 Using a protractor and

Step 3 Join this point to the 3 cm