Example 1.

8 [12], page 44
Shell and tube condenser
Performance of a steam condenser

From tube data

de =
15.9
s=

mm

1.25

Effectiveness and overall heat

transfer coefficient
The condenser consists of
N brass tubes
N=
dn =

2000
5/8

gage =

18

L=

in

Saturated steam
For a pressure
p=
0.1054 bar
Saturation temperature
tsat =
#VALUE! C
Enthalpy of condensation
hfg =
#VALUE! kJ/kg

Total refrigeration water

mr =
120
kg/s
tr_in =

27

pw =

bar

Specific heat at water inlet

tr_in =
27
C
pw =

cp_in =

bar

#VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

Assumed temperature of the

Condensate produced
mc =
3.02
kg/s
Steam pressure
p=
0.1054

bar

Number of transfer units

1 e NTU
e^(-NTU) = 1 -
e^(NTU) = 1 /(1 -

NTU =
=
NTU =

(ln1 /(1 -
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Perimeter of the tubes

N * * de
Per =
N=

2000

outlet water
tr_out =
41.25
pw =
1

bar
Specific heat at this temperature
cp_out =
#VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

Overall heat transfer coefficient

(1.59)

NTU

U Per L
m c cp C

(1.56a)

U=
NTU =
mr =

NTU * mr* cp_w / (Per * L)

cp_w =

#VALUE!
99.90
4
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Per =
L=
U=
U=

#VALUE!
120

kg/s
kJ/(kg*K)
m
m
kW/(m*K)
W/(m*K)

de =

15.9

de =

0.0159
99.90

Per =

mm
m
m

N equal
tubes
mr/N

Average specific heat

cp_in = (cp_in + cp_out) / 2
cp_in =

#VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

cp_out =

#VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

cp_w =

#VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

mc
Heat balance

Efectiveness

mr * cp_w * (tr_out - tr_in) =

tr_out =

mc * hfg
tr_in + mc * hfg / (mr * cp_w)

tr_in =

27

mc =

3.02

hfg =
mr =

C
kg/s

#VALUE! kJ/kg
120

kg/s

=
tr_out =
tr_in =

T C,out - T C,in
Tsat - T C,in

(1.59a)

( tr_out - tr_in ) / ( tsat - tr_in )

#VALUE! C
27

cp_w =

#VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

tsat =

#VALUE! C

tr_out =

#VALUE! C

#VALUE!

tr_out =

#VALUE! K
www.piping-tools.net
Heat transfer. Sigle-stream steam condenser.xls
cjcruz@piping-tools.net

Rev. cjc. 121.05.2016

steam condenser.xls

Steam condenser

[12], page 42

(single-stream heat exchanger)

Qt = U * (Per*x) * (Tsat - TC)

Condensate

Tsat
Tube wall

Steam condenser
Heat transfer in a pipe wi
temperature (for example
the pipe interior fluid.
Heat balance
Q x Q t Q x dx
Q x m c cp C TC |x

Qx = mc * cpC * TC |x

Qx+dx = mc * cpC * TC |x+dx

Tube wall

Q t U (Per x) (Tsat - T
Q x dx m c cp C TC |x dx
mc cp C TC |x U (Per

m c cp C TC |x dx - mc cp C

m c cp C TC |x dx - TC |x

T C,out Tsat - Tsat - T C,in exp NTU

with

NTU

U Per L
m c cp C

d
U Per

dx

mc cp C

(1.56a)

m c cp C dTC U (Per d
m c cp C

dTC
U Per (T
dx

o u t

in

d
U

mc

and from
Tsat - T C

Ln( ) o u t

for x 0
in Tsat - T C,in

Ln(out ) Ln

and for x L

Defining the

out Tsat - T C,out

and assuming that the value of
U Per
is constant along the
m c cp C

in

NTU
Ln(

UP
mc

out
) N
in

and for x L
out Tsat - T C,out

Defining the
NTU

and assuming that the value of

U Per
is constant along the
m c cp C

Ln(

exchanger, it is possible to integrate

ou t

in

or
Tsat - T C,out
e NTU
Tsat - T C,in

(1.56)

(1.57)

where the left hand side of this eq

is the effectiven ess of the exchan
T
-T
C,out C,in
Tsat - T C,in
and

1 e NTU

and rearrangin g
T -T
1 sat C,out 1 e NTU
Tsat - T C,in

Tsat - T C,in -Tsat T C,out

1 e NTU
Tsat - T C,in
T C,out - T C,in
1 e NTU
Tsat - T C,in

out
) N
in

out
exp N
in
Tsat - T C,out T

d
U Per

dx

m c cp C x0

Tsat - T C,out
exp NTU
Tsat - T C,in

UP
mc

(1.58)

T C,out - T C,in
Tsat - T C,in

(1.5

U Per L
m c cp C

(1.5

NTU

am condenser
at transfer in a pipe with an exterior constant
mperature (for example a saturated steam) to
pipe interior fluid.

dTC U Per

(Tsat - T C )
dx m c cp C

which is an ODE with following boundary cond

for x 0, Tc Tc,in
(1

at balance
Q t Q x dx

Let
Tsat - T C

mc cp C TC |x

T C Tsat

U (Per x) (Tsat - T C )

dx

mc cp C TC |x dx

cp C TC |x U (Per x) (Tsat - T C ) m c cp C TC |x dx

cp C TC |x dx - mc cp C TC |x U (Per dx) (Tsat - T C )

cp C TC |x dx - TC |x U (Per dx) (Tsat - T C )

cp C dTC U (Per dx) (Tsat - T C )

dT
cp C C U Per (Tsat - T C )
dx

ou t

in

and
dTC
d

dx
dx
thus
d
U Per

dx m c cp C
d
U Per

dx

m c cp C

d
U Per

dx

m c cp C x 0

Ln( ) o u t
in

U Per
L
x0
mc cp C

Ln(out ) Ln(in )

U Per L
mc cp C

Defining the Number of Transfer Units " NTU"

NTU
Ln(

U Per L
mc cp C

out
) NTU
in

(1.56a)

Defining the Number of Transfer Units " NTU"

NTU
Ln(

U Per L
mc cp C

out
) NTU
in

out
exp NTU
in
Tsat - T C,out Tsat - T C,in exp NTU

t hand side of this equation

ven ess of the exchanger

C,in

(1.56a)

(1.59a)

,in

(1.59)

- T C,in
- T C,in

(1.59a)

Per L
cp C

(1.56a)

(1.56)

sat

Rev. cjc. 121.05.2016

- TC )

(1.53)

ith following boundary condition

(1.54)

Condenser example from Slide Share

http://www.slideshare.net/engrsohailaziz/design-of-condenser

T C,out Tsat - Tsat - T C,in exp NTU

NTU

U Per L
m c cp C

(1.56a)

1 / U0 =
1 / U0 =
U0 =

1/ h0 + 1(h0d + ( d0 * ln(d0/di) ) (2 * k0) + (d0 / di) * (1/hid) + (d0/di) * (1/hi)

0.001
1100.29 W / (m*K)

VBA functions for interior turbulent convection with saturated water, saturated vapor, subcooled w
Forced_convection_SatWater_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM,
dn =
20
dn
Sch =
40
RabsMM =
0.1
mm
PbarGauge =
8
bar (g)
Sat.
Hasl =
0
m.a.s.l.
mKgMin =
1200
kg/min
hc =
#VALUE! W/(m*K)

Forced_convection_SatSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_pSatBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM,

dn =
20
dn
Sch =
40
RabsMM =
0.1
mm
PbarGauge =
8
bar (g)
Sat.
Hasl =
0
m.a.s.l.
mKgMin =
1200
kg/min
hc =
#VALUE!
Forced_convection_NotSatWaterOrSteam_inside_pipe_dn_Sch_RabsMM_temp_pBarGauge_Hasl_mKgMin
dn =
20
dn
Sch =
40
RabsMM =
0.1
mm
t=
225
C
PbarGauge =
8.6
bar (g)
Hasl =
0
m.a.s.l.
mKgMin =
1200
kg/min
hc =
#VALUE! W/(m*K)

Manual calculation for interior turbulent convection with saturated w

h=

#VALUE!

W / (m*K)

h=

#VALUE!

Saturated water
psat =

bar (g)

Local ambient pressure

Fluid pressure

Local height
0

m.a.s.l.

patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588

H=
patm =

psat =

Local ambient pressure

Local height
H=

Saturated vap

0
101,325

m.a.s.l.
Pa

H=

patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588

H=
patm =
Fluid pressure

0
101,325

p=

pguage + patm

pguage =

patm =
p=

1.01
9.01

Saturation temperature
p=
9.01
ssat_steam =
#VALUE!
tsat =

#VALUE!

bar (g)
Pa
bar

bar
kJ/(kg*K)
C

p=

pguage + patm

pguage =

patm =

1.01
9.01

p=

Saturation temperature
p=
9.01
ssat_steam =
#VALUE!
tsat =

#VALUE!

Saturation water properties

t=
#VALUE! C
=
#VALUE!
'kg/m3
Pr =
#VALUE!
=
#VALUE! m/s
k=
#VALUE! W/(m*k)

Saturation steam properties

t=
#VALUE!
=
#VALUE!
Pr =
#VALUE!
=
#VALUE!
k=
#VALUE!

Pipe nominal diameter

dn =
20
in
Pipe schedule
Sch =
40
-

Pipe nominal diameter

dn =
20
Pipe schedule
Sch =
40

Interior pipe diameter

di =
#VALUE!

Interior pipe diameter

di =
#VALUE!

di =

#VALUE!
Inside section area
Ai =
(p/4) * di^2

mm
m

di =

#VALUE!
Inside section area
Ai =
(p/4) * di^2

di =

#VALUE!

di =

#VALUE!

Ai =

#VALUE!

Ai =

#VALUE!

Relative rugosity
Rrel =
Rabs / di
Rabs =
0.1
di =
#VALUE!
Rrel =

#VALUE!

Volume flow rate

m/
Q=
m=
1200
m=
20
=
#VALUE!
Q=
#VALUE!

mm
mm
-

kg/min
kg/s
'kg/m3
m/s

Velocity
v=
Q=
Ai =
v=

Relative rugosity
Rrel =
Rabs / di
Rabs =
0.1
di =
#VALUE!
Rrel =

#VALUE!

Volume flow rate

m/
Q=
m=
1200
m=
20
=
#VALUE!
Q=
#VALUE!
Velocity

Q / Ai
#VALUE!

m/s

#VALUE!
#VALUE!

m
m/s

v=
Q=
Ai =
v=

Q / Ai
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Reynolds
Re =
v=
di =
=
Re =

v*d/
#VALUE!

m/s

#VALUE! m
#VALUE! m/s
#VALUE! -

Friction factor
f=
Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re
Rrel =
#VALUE!
Re =
#VALUE!
f=
#VALUE!
-

Reynolds
Re =
v=
di =
=
Re =

v*d/
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

Friction factor
f=
Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_R
Rrel =
#VALUE!
Re =
#VALUE!
f=
#VALUE!

Nusselt
Nusselt
Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 +
f=
#VALUE!
f=
#VALUE!
Re =
#VALUE! Re =
#VALUE!
Pr =
#VALUE!
Pr =
#VALUE!
Nu =
#VALUE!
Nu =
#VALUE!
Convection coefficient
h=
Nu * k / d
Nu =
#VALUE!
k=
#VALUE!
d=
#VALUE!
h=
#VALUE!

W/(m*k)
m
W / (m*K)

Convection coefficient
h=
Nu * k / d
Nu =
#VALUE!
k=
#VALUE!
d=
#VALUE!
h=
#VALUE!

Rev. cjc 09.02.2015

d vapor, subcooled water and superheated steam

gMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

U factor of a tube refered the

outside area
Uo

1 r0
ln
h i ri

1
ro ro 1

ri k h o

and

q U o Ao ti to

gMin(dn, Sch, RabsMM, PbarGauge, Hasl, mKgMin)

Uo =

1/ ( (1/hi) * (ro/ri) + ln(ro/ri) * ro/k + 1/ho )

Hasl_mKgMin

on with saturated water, saturated vapor, subcooled water and superheated steam
W / (m*K)

h=

Saturated vapor
bar (g)

#VALUE!

W / (m*K)

Not saturated water or steam

p=
t=
Local ambient

8.6
225

bar (g)
C

m.a.s.l.

Local height
m.a.s.l.

.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588

m.a.s.l.
Pa

H=

patm =101,325* (1 -2.25577E-5 * H)^5,25588

H=
patm =
Fluid pressure

0
101,325

m.a.s.l.
Pa

bar (g)
Pa
bar

bar
kJ/(kg*K)
C

C
'kg/m3
m/s
W/(m*k)

l diameter
in
mm
m

p=

pguage + patm

pguage =

8.6

bar (g)

patm =

1.01
9.61

Pa
bar

p=

Subcooled or super heated steam

properties
t=

225

p=

9.61
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

=
Pr =
=
k=

C
bar
'kg/m3
m/s
W/(m*k)

Pipe nominal diameter

dn =
20
in
Pipe schedule
Sch =
40
Interior pipe diameter
di =
#VALUE!
di =

#VALUE!
Inside section area
Ai =
(p/4) * di^2

mm
m

di =

#VALUE!

Ai =

#VALUE!

mm
mm
-

kg/min
kg/s
'kg/m3
m/s

Relative rugosity
Rrel =
Rabs / di
Rabs =
0.1
di =
#VALUE!
Rrel =

#VALUE!

Volume flow rate

m/
Q=
m=
1200
m=
20
=
#VALUE!
Q=
#VALUE!

mm
mm
-

kg/min
kg/s
'kg/m3
m/s

Velocity
m/s
m
m/s

v=
Q=
Ai =
v=

Q / Ai
#VALUE!

m/s

#VALUE!
#VALUE!

m
m/s

m/s
m
m/s
-

pe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re
-

Reynolds
Re =
v=
di =
=
Re =

v*d/
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!

m
m/s
-

Friction factor
f=
Pipe_Friction_Factor_Rrel_Re
Rrel =
#VALUE!
Re =
#VALUE!
f=
#VALUE!
-

Nusselt
(Re - 1000) * Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1)) Nu = ((f / 8) * (Re - 1000)
f=
#VALUE!
Re =
#VALUE!
Pr =
#VALUE!
Nu =
#VALUE!

W/(m*k)
m
W / (m*K)

m/s

Convection coefficient
h=
Nu * k / d
Nu =
#VALUE!
k=
#VALUE!
d=
#VALUE!
h=
#VALUE!

* Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (P

-

W/(m*k)
m
W / (m*K)

ro/ri) * ro/k + 1/ho )

ed steam

ed water or steam

ctor_Rrel_Re

Pr) / (1 + 12.7 * (f / 8) ^ 0.5 * (Pr ^ (2 / 3) - 1))

16
20
25
32
40
50
63
75
90
110
125

2.2
2.8
3.5

1.9
2.3
1.8

2.9

4.4

4
5

2
3

1.8
1.9
2.2
2.7
3.1

1.8
2.0
2.3
2.8
3.4
3.9

1.8
2.0
2.5
2.9
3.5
4.2
4.8

2.3
2.9
3.6
4.3
5.1
6.3
7.1

3.7
4.6
5.8
6.8
8.2
10.0
11.4

5.5
6.9
8.6
10.3
12.3
15.1
17.1

140

3.5

4.3

5.4

8.0

12.7

19.2

12

160
180
200
225
250
280
315
355
400
450
500
560
630
710
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1400
1600
Dn [mm]

4.0
4.4
4.9
5.5
6.2
6.9
7.7
8.7
9.8
11.0
12.3
13.7
15.4
17.4
19.6
22.0
24.5
26.9
29.4
34.4
39.2
2 1/2

4.9
6.2
9.1
14.6
5.5
6.9
10.2
16.4
6.2
7.7
11.4
18.2
6.9
8.6
12.8
20.5
7.7
9.6
14.2
22.7
8.6
10.7
15.9
25.4
9.7
12.1
17.9
28.6
10.9
13.6
20.1
32.2
12.3
15.3
22.7
36.3
13.8
17.2
25.5
40.9
15.3
19.1
28.4
45.4
17.2
21.4
31.7
50.8
19.3
24.1
35.7
57.2
21.8
27.2
40.2
64.5
24.5
30.6
45.3
27.6
34.4
51.0
30.6
38.2
56.7
33.7
42.0
62.4
36.7
45.9
68.0
42.9
53.5
49.0
61.2
3.2
4
6
10
Presiones nominales PN [bar]
HDPE PE80 DIN 8074 / ISO 4427
Espesor [mm]

21.9
24.6
27.4
30.8
34.2
38.3
43.1
48.5
54.7
61.5
68.3

13

6
7
8
9
10
11

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

16

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

STD

XS

XXS

6.35
-

2
3

Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

ASME B36.10M SCHEDULE / IDENTIFICATION

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

Size

1/ 2
3/ 4
1
1 1/ 4
1 1/ 2
2
2 1/ 2
3
3 1/ 2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42

dext

10

20

30

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

21.3
26.7
33.4
42.2
48.3
60.3
73
88.9
101.6
114.3
141.3
168.3
219.1
273
323.8
355.6
406.4
457
508
559
610
660
711
762
813
864
914
965
1016
1067

1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.77
2.77
2.77
3.4
3.96
3.96
4.19
4.19
4.78
4.78
5.54
6.35
-

2.11
2.11
2.77
2.77
2.77
2.77
3.05
3.05
3.05
3.05
3.4
3.4
3.76
4.19
4.57
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
6.35
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
7.92
-

2.41
2.41
2.9
2.97
3.18
3.18
4.78
4.78
4.78
4.78
7.04
7.8
8.38
9.53
9.53
11.13
12.7
12.7
14.27
15.88
15.88
15.88
15.88
15.88
-

2.77
2.87
3.38
3.56
3.68
3.91
5.16
5.49
5.74
6.02
6.55
7.11
8.18
9.27
10.31
11.13
12.7
14.27
15.09
17.48
17.48
17.48
19.05
-

3.73
3.91
4.55
4.85
5.08
5.54
7.01
7.62
8.08
8.56
9.53
10.97
12.7
15.09
17.48
19.05
21.44
23.83
26.19
28.58
30.96
-

0
0
0

0
0

4.78
5.56
6.35
6.35
7.14
8.74
9.53
11.13

15.09
18.26
21.44
23.83
26.19
29.36
32.54
34.93
38.89
-

11.13
12.7
14.27
18.26
21.44
25.4
27.79
30.96
34.93
38.1
41.28
46.02
-

20.62
25.4
28.58
31.75
36.53
39.67
44.45
47.63
52.37
-

13.49
15.88
18.26
23.01
28.58
33.32
35.71
40.49
45.24
50.01
53.98
59.54
-

6.35
6.35
6.35
7.92
7.92
7.92
9.53
9.53
9.53
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
-

10.31
12.7
14.27
15.09
16.66
19.05
20.62
22.23
24.61
-

2.77 3.73 7.47

2.87 3.91 7.82
3.38 4.55 9.09
3.56 4.85
9.7
3.68 5.08 10.15
3.91 5.54 11.07
5.16 7.01 14.02
5.49 7.62 15.24
5.74 8.08
6.02 8.56 17.12
6.55 9.53 19.05
7.11 10.97 21.95
8.18 12.7 22.23
9.27 12.7 25.4
9.53 12.7 25.4
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
9.53 12.7
-

37
38
39

44
46
48

1118
1168
1219.2

9.53
9.53
9.53

12.7
12.7
12.7

Page 425

[5]

[5], page 426

The Nusselt number reaches a constant value at a dis
10 diameters, and thus the flow can be assumed to be
x > 10*d

[5], page 436

[5], page 441

ber reaches a constant value at a distance of less than

d thus the flow can be assumed to be fully developed for

[13]

t=

20

=
cp =

888.1

k=
=
=
=
Pr =
=

1881
0.145
8.68E-08
0.8374
9.43E-04
10863
0.0007

C
kg/m
J/(kh*K)
W/(m*K)
m/s
Pa s
m/s
1/K

[1]

Transferencia de calor
J. P. Holman
8 edicin, 1 en espaol
McGraw Hill, 1998

[5]

Heat and mass transfer

Yunus A. Cengel and Afshin J. Ghajar
cen58933_ch08. Internal forced convection.pdf

[12]

Heat and mass transfer

Anthony F. Mills
Irwin 1995

[13]

Introduction to Thermodynamic and Heat transfer

Y. Cengel

Internal forced convection.pdf