11.

COMPARATOR A comparator circuit compares two voltages and outputs either a 1 (the
voltage at the plus side; VDD in the illustration) or a 0 (the voltage at the negative side) to
indicate which is larger.
The circuit amplifies the voltage difference between Vin and VREF, and outputs the result at
Vout. If Vin is greater than VREF, then voltage at Vout will rise to its positive saturation level; that
is, to the voltage at the positive side. If Vin is lower than VREF, then Vout, will fall to its negative
saturation level, equal to the voltage at the negative side.

10. SEQUENTIAL LOGIC 4-bit binary counter. When Q0=C, Q1=B, Q2=A, delete
Q3, set Count enable bit to be constant 1, it becomes this 3-bit counter.

11. COMBINATIONAL LOGIC HALF ADDER

The half adder is an example of a simple, functional digital circuit built from two
logic gates. The half adder adds to one-bit binary numbers (AB). The output is the
sum of the two bits (S) and the carry (C). The inputs to the XOR gate are also the
inputs to the AND gate. The input "wires" to the XOR gate are tied to the input
wires of the AND gate; thus, when voltage is applied to the A input of the XOR gate,
the A input to the AND gate receives the same voltage.