Dipole Antenna

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Hertzian Dipole
Infinitesimal current element Idl
Its not real but serves as building block to study practical
antenna

Hertzian dipole carrying current I= I0 cos(t)

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Hertzian Dipole
The retarded magnetic vector potential at a far field point P

where [I] is the retarded current given by

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Hertzian Dipole
Current is retarded at P since there is propagation time delay
of r/u or phase delay r
Hence, the vector potential can be written as

Changing A to spherical co-ordinates

where,
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Hertzian Dipole

Taking curl of A, we obtain H as

To find E, use

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Hertzian Dipole
The components of E can thus be obtained as

where,

Is the intrinsic impedance of the medium

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Hertzian Dipole
There are three terms varying with 1/r3, 1/r2 and 1/r
1/r3: Electrostatic field term, field variation due to electric dipole
This dominates in region very close to the Hertzian dipole

1/r2: Inductive field tem, predictable from Biot-Savarts Law

This is important only at the near field and distances close to
the Hertzian dipole
1/r : Far-field radiation field, this is the only term remain at the far
field i.e. points far away from the Hertzian dipole
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Fields region

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Far field condition

For far field radiation zone,
neglecting the 1/r2 and 1/r3 variations, only

remain

and orthogonal
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Far field and near field

The near field and far field are based on condition

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Hertzian Dipole: Power radiation

Substituting for

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Hertzian Dipole: Power radiation

But

Hence, the power radiated becomes

Using

for free space

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Hertzian Dipole: Radiation resistance

This power is equivalent to power dissipated in a fictitious resistance
Rrad by current I= I0 cos(t)

or

Rrad is called the radiation resistance of the Hertzian dipole

Larger Rrad for antenna, greater is the power delivered to the space
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Hertzian Dipole
i.e.

For example,

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Hertzian Dipole

Our assumption was that dipole has uniform current, i.e.

current is non-zero at the end points of the dipole.
This is practically impossible since the surrounding medium is
non conducting
For

still this approximation will be valid

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Half wave dipole

Length l=/2

Half wave dipole

e.g. two wire transmission line
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Half wave dipole

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Half wave dipole

For r >>l

For numerator, since r and r are different, replace

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Half wave dipole

Hence,

Using formula

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Half wave dipole

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Half wave dipole

Using

and
terms)

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Half wave dipole: Power radiation

for free space propagation

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Half wave dipole: Power radiation

Since,

using

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Half wave dipole: Power radiation

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Half wave dipole: Power radiation

Integrating term by term

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Half wave dipole: Radiation resistance

Hence radiation resistance of half wave dipole

Radiation resistance of half wave dipole is much greater than Hertzian dipole
And thus capable of delivering more power to the space

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Half wave dipole: Radiation resistance

Hence,

The inductive reactance drop to zero when length is slightly reduced

Hence, standard co-axial cable of 75 impedance is chosen

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Quarter wave Monopole

One half of half-wave dipole antenna located above a conducting ground plane

Quarter wave monopole antenna

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Quarter wave Monopole

Analysis can be carried using method of images

The field produced above the ground plane is same as that of

half-wave dipole.
The previous equations are valid but limit of integration is only
above the ground plane i.e.
Hence, monopole radiates half the power as that of the dipole
with same current
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Quarter wave Monopole

or

The input impedance for quarter wave monopole is

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