CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Indonesia is a large country, and Indonesia is the largest country in South
East Asia. Indonesian population not only consists of one tribe, but from various
tribes with different traditions and languages. Lot of people could use two or more
languages in Indonesia, and they use more than one language in conversation in
their daily life. The official language in Indonesia is only Bahasa. However, lot
of other languages exist in society such as Sundanese, Javanese, Bataknese,
Mandarin, Japanese, English, etc.
People who can use two languages commonly called bilingual, and who
can use three or more languages commonly called multilingual. Based on Mackey
(1962:12) In sociolinguistic term, bilingualism is using two languages by a person
in his/her activities by turns. While multilingualism stated by Chaer and Agustina
(2004:85) is a condition when people use more than two languages to interact
with other people by turns.
As a bilingual, people usually do a language choice. According to Preston
and Shuy (1980:2-13), Language choice is a variation of language that is used by
a person when he/she talks to one or more other person influenced by some
factors such as speaker (age, sex, ethnic, class etc.), interaction (topic, tone,
situation etc.), code (source, genre etc.) and realization (voice, body, mode etc.)

As explanation above, many people use more than one language and
switch between one language to another in a conversation. This phenomenon is
called code switching. Wardhaugh (1992: 107) states that code switching is a
conversational strategy used to establish a cross or destroy the group boundaries
to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with Reviews their rights and
obligations. According to Hudson (1980: 56), code switching is a mixed up
together in real language of conversations. Moreover, Hoffman (1991: 111) says
that the most general description of code switching is that it involves the alternate
use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or during the
same conversation, and also this phenomenon commonly happen in many
educational institutions in all levels whose teach English.
English language learning in formal or non-formal institutions is already
available everywhere from various levels in Indonesia. English teachers are forced
to be a bilingual person even multilingual person. So the process of learning
language can be a lot easier. English teacher will certainly find difficulties to
explain English lesson if they do not replace or change it into Indonesian. Not
only in part of explaining the material, code switching can be used in doing in
class communication between teacher and students too. So, code switching is
needed in the learning process. Besides, it can make students more understand in
learning process, and also can make learning process more enjoyable.
As happened in SMPN 17 Kota Serang, from results of researcher first
observations and the result of researcher personal experience when the researcher

was in PPLK. The Teacher used code-switching and code-mixing while the
teaching learning process. This happens because students in eighth grade do not
familiar with English yet, moreover students of Junior High School have few
vocabularies. If the teacher used only one language (full English) students mostly
confused and be silent. They did not know the essence of what the teacher said.
Based on the explanation above, the researcher is interested in finding
types of code switching that occur and factors happen in classroom interaction.
So, the researcher decided to conduct a research under the title AN ANALYSIS
OF CODE SWITCHING IN CLASSROOM INTERACTION AT EIGHTH
GRADE OF SMPN 17 KOTA SERANG
1.2 Identification of the Problem
From the explanation above, the researcher concludes that there are several
problems as follows:
1. Students had lass enthusiasm if learning English just with one language
(full English).
2. Students have few vocabularies. Because students do not familiar with
English language.

1.3 Limitation of Problem

In this study, the researcher focuses on describe Indonesian-English code

switching that are often used by teacher and students in classroom interaction.
This present study will be conducted in one of the teachers who teach in eighth
grade students of SMPN 17 Kota Serang. The researcher limits one teacher as
object in English study at eighth grade students.
1.4 Formulation of Problem
Based on limitation of problem above, this present study aims at
answering the following questions:
1. What are forms of code switching that are used by the teacher and students
in classroom interaction?
2. What are the teachers and students reasons in using code switching in
classroom interaction?
1.5 Research Objective
Based on the formulation of the problems above, the objectives of the
research are:
1. To analyze the form of code switching used by teacher and students.
2. To find out the reason the using of code switching in English classroom
interaction.
1.6 Uses of the Research

This present study is expected to give contribution in both academic and

practical as follows:
1. Theoretical Uses
This research is expected to be used as an additional source and for
sociolinguistic study, especially in code-switching discussion, and it is also
can be additional references and information correlated this topic to enrich
the theoretical about the code-switching.
2. Practical Uses
a. For the readers, the result of this research is expected to give the
information about types of code-switching used in teaching learning
process in classroom.
b. For the teacher, this research is expected to motivate the teacher in
teaching English using code-switching as a way to make students more
understand the material itself and make the teaching learning process
be more effective.
1.7 Operational Definition
1.7.1 Code Switching
Code switching occurs when the language used, changes according to the
situation in which the conversant find them selves. The speakers here switch one
code to another code or they speak in one language to another language
(Wardaugh, 2006:98). Code switching not only occurs in the form of language
change but also may happen in the change of the variant of language. Hymes (in
Chaer 1995:142) says that code switching has become a common term for
alternate us of two or more languages, varieties of language or even speech style.

On the other hands, Richards, et al, (1985:43), code switching is a change by

speaker (or writer) from one language or language variety to another one. Code
switching can take place in a conversation when one speaker uses one language
and the other speaker answers in a different language. A person may start speaking
one language and then change to another one in the middle of their speech, or
sometimes even in the middle of a sentence.
1.8 Scope of the Study
The present study will investigate the form of code switching and the
teacher and students reason in using it. The object of this research is the students
eighth grade and eighth grade EFL teacher in SMPN 17 Kota Serang.
1.9 Organization of the Paper
Chapter one is introduction, it discusses about introduction that consists of
background of the problem, identification of problem, limitation of problem,
formulation of problem, objective of research, uses of the research, operational
definition, scope of the research and organization of the paper.
Chapter two is theoretical framework, it discusses about theoretical
framework that consists of the definition of sociolinguistic, definition of
bilingualism, code switching and types of code switching, reason of using code
switching, and previous study.

Chapter three is methodology of the research, it discusses about research

method, subject of the research, object of the research, research instrument,
technique of collecting data, technique of analysis data and research procedure.