Types of Substructures

Abutment-Type Substructures

Substructures

Abutment and Retaining Walls

Anchored Walls
Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls
Prefabricated Modular Walls

Pier-Type Substructures

Concrete Pier
Steel Pier
Composite Steel & Concrete Pier

21
22

Types of Substructures

Abutment & Pier

Loads on Substructures
Abutment

Loads from Superstructure

Loads on Substructure
Load Combinations

Pier

24
23

Loads from Superstructure

Loads on Substructures

Vertical Loads from Superstructures

Dead Load of Structural and Nonstructural Components (DC)
Dead Load of Wearing Surface (DW)
Live Load (LL) and Impact (IM)
Pedestrian Live Load (PL)
Horizontal Loads from Superstructures
Wind Load on Structures (WS)
Wind Load on Live Load (WL)
Earthquake Load (EQ)
Vehicular Braking Force (BR), Centrifugal Force (CE), and
Collision Force (CT)
Creep (CR), Shrinkage (SH), Friction (FR), and Temperature
(TG/ TU)

Vertical load acting on substructure

Dead Load of Structural and Nonstructural Components (DC)
Vertical Pressure from Dead Load of Earth Fill (EV)

Horizontal loads acting on substructure

Water Load and Stream Pressure (WA)
Ice Load (IC)
Wind Load on Structure (WS)
Earthquake Load (EQ)
Vehicular Collision Force (CT), Vessel Collision Force (CV)
Horizontal Earth Pressure Load (EH)
Earth Surcharge Load (ES)
Live Load Surcharge (LS)

25

Wind Loads (WS, WL)

26

Vehicle Collision Forces (CT)

WL
WS
(on Superstructure)

WS
(on Substructure)

27

Unless protected, abutments and piers located within a distance of 30.0

FT to the edge of roadway, or within a distance of 50.0 FT to the
centerline of a railway track, shall be designed for an equivalent static
force of 400 KIP, which is assumed to act in any direction in a horizontal
plane, at a distance of 4.0 FT above ground.
CT need not be considered for structures which are protected by:
An embankment
A structurally independent, crashworthy groundmounted 54.0-IN high
barrier, located within 10.0 FT from the component being protected;
Or a 42.0-IN high barrier located at more than 10.0 FT from the
component being protected

28

Load Combinations

Load Combinations

Source: AASHTO (2002)

29

Source: AASHTO (2002)

30

Roles and Types

Design of Abutment and

Retaining Substructures

Roles and Types

Failure Limit States
Loads on Abutment

Roles of Abutment
Provide support for
bridge superstructure at
the bridge ends
Connect the bridge with
the approach roadway
Retain the roadway
material (soil & rock)
from the bridge span

Types
Abutment
Open End Abutment
Close End Abutment
Retaining Structures
Gravity Wall
Cantilever Wall
Anchored Walls
Mechanically
Stabilized Earth Walls
Prefabricated
Modular Walls

31
32

Types of Abutment

Types of Abutment

Open End
Abutment

Close End
Abutment

33

Types of Abutment

Types of Abutment

Close End Abutment

Open End Abutment

Source: Nowak (2005)

34

Source: Nowak (2005)

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

Open End Abutment

35

Has some slopes between

abutment wall and roadway/
water channel below
Requires relatively larger space
Requires longer bridge span
Allow for some roadway
widening below bridge
More economical

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

Close End Abutment

Has no slopes between abutment

wall and roadway/ water channel
below
Requires relatively smaller space
(good for urban areas)
Requires shorter bridge span
No allowance for future widening
More expensive to construct

36

Types of Retaining Structures

Types of Retaining Structures

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

37

38

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

Types of Retaining Structures

Anchored Walls

Types of Retaining Structures

Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls

Source: Nowak (2005)

Source: Nowak (2005)

39

40

Types of Retaining Structures

Failure Limit States

Abutment structures must be checked for:

Global Stability Failure:

Bearing Capacity (a)

Overturning (b)
Sliding Failure (c)
Deep Seated Failure (d)

Local Strength Failures:

Compression Failure
Bending Moment Failure
Shear
Deflection
Etc
Source: Nowak (2005)

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

41

Strength Limit States (Global)

(a)

42

Loads on Abutment from Superstructure

Vertical loads from superstructures

Dead Load of Structural and Nonstructural Components (DC)
Dead Load of Wearing Surface (DW)
Live Load (LL) and Impact (IM)
Pedestrian Live Load (PL)

Horizontal loads from superstructures

Wind Load on Structures (WS)
Wind Load on Live Load (WL)
Earthquake Load (EQ)
Vehicular Braking Force (BR), Centrifugal Force (CE), and
Collision Force (CT)
Creep (CR), Shrinkage (SH), Friction (FR), and Temperature
(TG/ TU)

(b)

(d)

(c)

T
N
43

Source: Nowak (2005)

44

Loads on Abutment Itself

Vertical loads acting on substructure

Dead Load of Structural and Nonstructural Components (DC)
Vertical Pressure from Dead Load of Earth Fill (EV)

Horizontal loads acting on substructure

Water Load and Stream Pressure (WA)
Ice Load (IC)
Earthquake Load (EQ)
Vehicular Collision Force (CT), Vessel Collision Force (CV)
Horizontal Earth Pressure Load (EH)
Earth Surcharge Load (ES)
Live Load Surcharge (LS)

Loads on Abutment

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

45

Earth Pressure (EH, ES, LS and DD)

Earth Pressure (EH)

Earth pressure is a function of the:

46

Type and unit weight of earth

Water content
Soil creep characteristics
Degree of compaction
Location of groundwater table
Earth-structure interaction
Amount of surcharge
Earthquake effects

Basic earth pressure, p

p k h s gz

kh = coefficient of lateral earth pressure

47

At-rest pressure coefficient, Ko

Active pressure coefficient, Ka
Passive pressure coefficient, Kp

s = unit weight of soil

z = depth below the surface of earth

Force resultant is assumed to act at 0.4H from the base of wall

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Surcharge Loads (ES and LS)

Earth Pressure (EH)

Constant horizontal earth pressure due to surcharge load

is added to the basic earth pressure

p ks q s

ks = coefficient of earth pressure due to surcharge

At-rest pressure coefficient, Ko

Active pressure coefficient, Ka

qs = uniform surcharge applied to the upper surface of the

active earth wedge

Source: AASHTO (2002)

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49

Loads on Abutment

Loads on Abutment

Live Load from Superstructure

Earth Pressure and Surcharge Loads

Concrete
Approach
slab
H

Passive
pressure is O
ignored
Source: Nowak (2005)

51

Source: Nowak (2005)

52

Loads on Abutment

Loads on Abutment

Earth Pressure and Surcharge Loads

Earth Pressure:
Ph = (EFPh)H2
Pv = (EFPv)H2
Location at 0.4H instead of 1/3
EFP = Equivalent Fluid Pressure

Earth Pressure and Surcharge Loads

VL

Pressures generated by the

Live Load and Dead Load
Surcharges:
HL = KwLH
HD = KwDH
VL = wL (heel width)
VD = wD (heel width)
wL = heq
wD = slab thickness c

Concrete
Approach
slab
H

Live load approach

WL
WD

VD
Concrete
Approach
slab
HD

Pv

HL

Pv
Ph

Ph
0.5H
0.4H

0.4H

Passive
pressure is O
ignored

Passive
pressure is O
ignored
Source: Nowak (2005)

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Source: Nowak (2005)

Loads on Abutment

Loads on Abutment

Earth Pressure and Surcharge Loads

Vertical Loads at the

Bearing:
DL and LL
Horizontal Loads: BR
CR+SH+TU
BR (braking)
CR (creep)
SH (shrinkage)
TU (temperature)

VL

Live load approach

DL
LL

Earth Pressure and Surcharge Loads

VL

Dead Load of the

abutment

WL
WD

Live load approach

DL
LL

WL
WD

BR
CR+SH+TU

VD

Concrete
Approach
slab
HD

VD

Concrete
Approach
slab

HL

HD

Pv

Ph

HL

Pv
Ph
0.5H

0.5H
0.4H

0.4H

Passive
pressure is O
ignored

54

Source: Nowak (2005)

55

Passive
pressure is O
ignored

1
Source: Nowak (2005)

56

Piers

Design of Pier
Substructures

Pier substructures may be designed using design

procedures of columns

Steel
Concrete
Composite

Types
Failure Limit States
Loads
Design of RC Columns
57

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

Piers

58

Piers

Reinforced Concrete Piers

Source: www.wikipedia.org (2005)

59

Steel Truss Pier

Source: www.wikipedia.org (2005)

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Piers

Piers may be

Pier Shapes

Solid usually for short piers

Hollow usually for taller piers to save weight (need large
moment of inertia to prevent buckling and provide larger
moment capacity for lateral loads)

Pier Types

Solid Wall Pier

Single Pier (Hammer Head Type)
Rigid Frame

61

Piers

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

62

Pier Types Steel Bridges

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

63

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

64

Pier Types Steel Bridges

Pier Types Concrete Bridges

Rigid Frame Pier

65

Pier Types Concrete Bridges

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

66

Pier Selection

Factors that influences the selection of pier types

includes:

Types of superstructures

Location

67

Steel or Concrete
Widths
Over land or water
Hydraulics

Height (tall piers may be hollow to reduce weight)

Space available
Aesthetics

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Pier Selection Guidelines

Strength Limit States

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

Pier structures must be checked for:

Global Stability Failure:

Overturning

Local Strength Failures:

Compression Failure
Bending Moment Failure
Shear
Deflection

Source: Nowak (2005)

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Loads on Piers from Superstructure

Loads on Piers Itself

Vertical loads from superstructures

Dead Load of Structural and Nonstructural Components (DC)
Dead Load of Wearing Surface (DW)
Live Load (LL) and Impact (IM)
Pedestrian Live Load (PL)
Horizontal loads from superstructures
Wind Load on Structures (WS)
Wind Load on Live Load (WL)
Earthquake Load (EQ)
Vehicular Braking Force (BR), Centrifugal Force (CE), and
Collision Force (CT)
Creep (CR), Shrinkage (SH), Friction (FR), and Temperature
(TG/ TU)

70

71

Vertical load acting on substructure

Dead Load of Structural and Nonstructural Components (DC)

Horizontal loads acting on substructure

Water Load and Stream Pressure (WA)
Ice Load (IC)
Wind Load on Structure (WS)
Earthquake Load (EQ)
Vehicular Collision Force (CT), Vessel Collision Force (CV)

72

Pier Load Analysis for Wind Loads

Reinforced Concrete Columns

Pure Axial (=0.75)

Sprial

Pn 0.85P0 0.85 0.85f 'c ( Ag Ast ) Ast fy

Tie

Pn 0.80P0 0.80 0.85f 'c ( Ag Ast ) Ast fy

WL
WS
(on Superstructure)

Pure Flexure (beam) (=0.90 for RC)

WS
(on Substructure)

Mn As fy (d a / 2)

Combined Axial and Flexure in on direction

Investigate High Compressive Force

Investigate High Bending

(Low Compression)

73

Reinforced Concrete Columns

Interaction Diagram

74

Axial Loads + Bending Moment

Spiral vs. Tie columns

Source: Wang et. al. (2006)

75

Source: Chen and Duan (2003)

76

Reinforced Concrete Columns

Biaxial Bending + Axial

For high axial load

Pu 0.1f 'c Ag

1
1
1
1

Prxy Prx Pry P0

Factored Axial Resistance when has
eccentricity only in Y direction

For low axial load Pu 0.1f 'c Ag

Mux Muy

1.0
Mrx Mry

Factored Axial Resistance when has

eccentricity only in X direction
Factored Applied Moment in X
and Y direction

Factored Nominal Moment

Capacity in X and Y direction

For slender columns, must also determine the secondary

moment due to P- Effect

77