Biodiesel - Journey To Forever

Biodiesel: Journey to Forever
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Biocombustibles,
biodiesel
http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel.html
by Keith Addison, Journey to Forever

This is the only book that thoroughly covers the entire subject of
making your own biodiesel all the information at the Journey to
Forever website and very much more.
Learn how to make top-quality biodiesel that will pass all the quality
standards requirements every time.
We haven't had a failed batch for 11 years! (But if you do have a
failed batch we tell you how to rescue it and how to improve your
processing so it won't happen again.)
Save money! Making your own biodiesel will save you thousands.
Click HERE
Navigation
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Biofuels Library
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suppliers
Biodiesel
Make your own
biodiesel
Mike Pelly's recipe
Two-stage biodiesel
process
FOOLPROOF
biodiesel process
Biodiesel processors
Biodiesel in Hong
Kong
Nitrogen Oxide
emissions
Glycerine
Biodiesel resources
on the Web
Make your first test batch of biodiesel

Biodiesel facts
Diesel emissions and cancer
Greenhouse gases and global warming
Energy efficiency
Grow your own
Official
Unofficial
History of biodiesel
Email to Journey to Forever friends, Friday 23 April 1999:
"We turned our kitchen into a sort of illicit still and made a hell of a mess in the
fuel out of about 60 litres of yukky waste cooking oil we got from behind McDo
(they were happy to give it to us once we told them we didn't want to eat it). We
work, but we had to try it ourselves first -- we're not chemists, and if we can ma
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Do diesels have a
future?
Vegetable oil yields
and characteristics
Washing
Biodiesel and your
vehicle
Food or fuel?
Straight vegetable oil
as diesel fuel
Heaters, burners,
stoves
-
Ethanol
Ethanol resources on
the Web
Is ethanol energyefficient?
--
Biogas
--
Wood gas as motor

fuel
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"And it works! Amazing! Last night we put the stuff in Midori's old
diesel Land Rover and it ran like a dream and smelt like a bunch of
roses! Well, French fried roses anyway. Now it runs clean, on waste
Big Mac residues we brewed up in a bucket in the kitchen, and we're
very tickled!"
Free
heating
Roger
Sanders
has
updated
his
Start here Follow the instructions, step by step. Forget anything popular i
else you've read. Study everything on that page and the next page and the Moth
waste oil
at the links in the text. It tells you everything you need to know.
deal of ne
new optio
It's not just us who say so, it's largely the result of a collaborative
effort over 10 years involving thousands of people worldwide, it's
This was
what works.
all the pr
Thousands of ordinary people have done this without any other help, the origin
and so can you. Do it yourself, you'll be just fine.
difficult t
Roger's d
reliable and easy
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil or animal fat (triglycerides)
uses no e
reacted with methanol or ethanol and a catalyst (lye), yielding
to light, e
biodiesel (fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters) and glycerin as a
easy to co
by-product.
heat rang
waste veg
It can be used in any diesel engine without modifications diesel
engines run better and last longer with biodiesel. And it can easily be just as we
engine oi
made from a common waste product: used cooking oil.
thousand
heating b
Biodiesel is a much cleaner fuel than conventional fossil-fuel
petroleum diesel ("dinodiesel").
The Seco
available
price $22
instructio
Biodiesel burns up to 75% cleaner than petroleum diesel fuel.

Biodiesel reduces unburned hydrocarbons (93% less), carbon
monoxide (50% less) and particulate matter (30% less) in
exhaust fumes, as well as cancer-causing PAH (80% less) and
Spanish
nitrited PAH compounds (90% less). (US Environmental
Protection Agency)
Spanish-l
Sulphur dioxide emissions are eliminated (biodiesel contains
HERE.
no sulphur).
Biodiesel is plant-based and using it adds no extra CO2 greenhouse gas to
The ozone-forming (smog) potential of biodiesel emissions is nearly 50%
diesel emissions.
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HOMeR
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions may increase or decrease with biodiesel

to well below petro-diesel fuel levels.
Biodiesel exhaust is not offensive and doesn't cause eye irritation (it smel
Biodiesel is environmentally friendly: it is renewable, and "more biodegra
and less toxic than table salt" (US National Biodiesel Board, based on US
Protection Agency studies).
Biodiesel is a much better lubricant than petro-diesel and extends engine
amount of biodiesel means cleaner emissions and better engine lubrication
added to petro-diesel will increase lubricity by 65%.
Biodiesel can be mixed with petro-diesel in any proportion,
with no need for a mixing additive.
Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than petroleum diesel
because of its oxygen content. The higher the cetane number,
the more efficient the fuel -- the engine starts more easily, runs
better and burns cleaner.
With slight variations depending on the vehicle, performance
and fuel economy with biodiesel is the same as with petroThe raw m
diesel.
Biodiesel can be used in any diesel engine without modification.
See Biodiesel Emissions, the US National Biodiesel Board's summary of bio
and potential health effects, according to "the most stringent emissions testing p
required by the US EPA" (Acrobat file, 40 kb):
http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/emissions.pdf
See also A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust
EPA (Acrobat file, 772 kb):
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/analysis/biodsl/p02001.pdf
A U.S. Department of Energy study at the University of California at Davis foun

biodiesel instead of petro-diesel reduced cancer risks from exhaust emissions by
The study, Chemical and Bioassay Analyses of Diesel and Biodiesel
Matter, 1996, used a 1995 Dodge 3/4 ton pickup truck with a 5.9-litre Cummin
tested 100% biodiesel (ethyl ester of rapeseed oil -- REE), 100% diesel 2-D low
blends of 20% REE and 50% REE with the 2-D diesel fuel. In test after test the
highest risk came from 100% diesel fuel, followed by the 20% REE blend, the 5
lowest risk, the pure biodiesel.
"Use of the 100% REE fuel produced the lowest genotoxic (DNA-damaging) ac
Blended fuels in the non-catalyst-equipped engine produced less emissions than
fuel... The use of the 100% REE fuel resulted in the lowest emissions compared
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Eco-footprint
School and youth
programs on the Web
Education resources
on the Web
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To Keith Addison
keith@journeytoforever.org
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http://journeytoforever.org/
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Journey to Forever
and 100% diesel fuels.

"The highest relative specific mass mutagenic activity collected during either th
cycles was the particulate matter collected from the 100% diesel fuel emissions
relative specific mass mutagenic activity was from the particulate matter collect
l00% REE fuel."
NOTE: There's nothing special about ethyl ester of rapeseed oil biodiesel, other
have similar characteristics.
Chemical and Bioassay Analyses of Diesel and Biodiesel Particulat
Study -- Final Report by Norman Y. Kado, Robert A. Okamoto and Paul A. K
Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Cali
1996. Acrobat file, 3.1Mb.
UC Davis biodiesel study -- summary: the Summary, Results and Discuss
report, in html format.
Human-caused global warming is one of the greatest and most urgent challenge
and life on earth today.
The main culprit is the enormous amount of the potent greenhouse gas carbon d
released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels (petroleum, coal, natu
Burning fossil fuels releases more than 6 billion tons of CO2 per year, twice as m
biosphere can absorb. The excess CO2 is clogging the atmosphere, with the resu
is reflected away, more heat reaches the earth's surface, and global temperatures
Using vegetable oils or animal fats as fuel for motor vehicles is in effect running
energy.
All biofuels (including fuel ethanol) depend on the conversion of sunlight to ene
that takes place in the green leaves of plants.
Plants use water and CO2 from the atmosphere as the raw materials for making
Burning plant (or animal) products in an engine releases the CO2 back into the a
taken up again by other plants. The CO2 is recycled.
Natural mechanisms work to hold the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere at a sta
maintaining a balance between the CO2 removed from the atmosphere to be "fix
organic matter and the CO2 released back into the atmosphere when the organic
and decays. The net amount of CO2 in the atmosphere stays the same.
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Activities that don't disrupt this balance are described as carbon-neutral.

In fact, there's no actual reduction in the amount of CO2 produced when biodies
of petro-diesel -- the same amount of CO2 will come out of the exhaust pipe wit
But the CO2 released by burning biodiesel is part of the current natural cycle, it
level of CO2 in the atmosphere and does not act as a greenhouse gas. Biodiesel
and does not increase global warming.
Petro-diesel is not carbon-neutral. Burning petro-diesel unleashes CO2 that has
the earth for millions of years, upsetting the natural balance and raising the leve
atmosphere, causing global temperatures to rise. Fossil-fuel CO2 is an active gr
In practice however, not all biodiesel is carbon-neutral. It depends how it's prod
studies of the whole production process from sowing the seed to filling the fuel
different picture.
Industrialised agricultural production of oil crops like soy or rapeseed depends h
inputs which must be included in the equation, and biodiesel made from these c
neutral. But petro-diesel is a lot worse.
Organic farms don't use fossil-fuel-based chemical fertilizers and their fossil-fue
lower, shrinking to zero when they produce their own fuel and energy on-farm,
of organic farmers are doing. Biodiesel produced this way is carbon-neutral or v
Biodiesel made from used cooking oil (WVO -- waste vegetable oil) should also
WVO ends up in the sewers and landfills where it does no good and doesn't offs
use. Converting it to biodiesel is a much better option, a social service. Reduce,
The US produces at least 1.1 billion gallons a year of used cooking oil (details),
to waste.
By comparison, US commercial production of biodiesel in 2006 was only 250 m
of it made from new soy oil, very little from used oil.
Biodiesel homebrewers, small-scale local projects and local coops nearly alway
new oil. This is truly "green" fuel.
Global Warming Myths and Facts -- Environmental Defense Fund

http://www.edf.org/page.cfm?tagID=1011
The Latest Myths and Facts on Global Warming -- In-depth scientific re
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Wang and Dr. Michael Oppenheimer, Environmental Defense Fund -- 30 pages,

http://www.edf.org/documents/4418_MythsvFacts_05.pdf
Joint science academies' statement: Global response to climate ch
change is real": 2-page report signed by the Academia Brasiliera de Cincias, B
of Canada; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Academi des Sciences, France; Deu
Naturforscher, Germany; Indian National Science Academy; Accademia dei Lin
Council of Japan; Russian Academy of Sciences; Royal Society, UK; National A
Sciences, USA. 392 kb pdf:
http://nationalacademies.org/onpi/06072005.pdf
World carbon dioxide levels highest for 650,000 years, says US rep
environment correspondent, The Guardian, May 13, 2008
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/
2008/may/13/carbonemissions.climatechange
Carbon dioxide emissions accelerating rapidly, Earth Policy Institute, A
http://www.precaution.org/lib/08/prn_co2_emissions_
accelerating.080410.htm
According to a comparative life-cycle study by the US Department of Energy's N

Energy Laboratory, biodiesel requires only 0.31 units of fossil energy to make 1
(Acrobat file, 672 kb)
An Overview of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Life Cycles
http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/24772.pdf
"By contrast, it takes 1.2 units of fossil resources to produce 1 unit of petroleum
says.
We wonder what the true energy efficiency figures for biodiesel would be if fos
eliminated from the equation and the entire production process powered by biof
farm, from planting the seeds to filling the tank. If it's an organic farm the fossil
fertilizers are eliminated as well. And why waste energy trucking energy crops t
large-scale central processing unit and then waste even more energy trucking th
way back again, instead of processing it and using it right there where it was gro
For a range of small-scale oilseed presses see Oilseed presses at our Biofuels su
suppliers page.
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Rapeseed (Brassica napus), or canola, produces about 2,000 pounds of seed per
100 gallons of vegetable oil for fuel, as well as 1,200 pounds of high-protein me
can be used for livestock feed, or composted, or added to a biogas digester to pr
cooking and heating, or used to make ethanol.
Yields from soybeans are about 60 gallons per acre, from coconuts more than 20
and from oil palms more than 500 gallons per acre. (See Vegetable oil yields.)
On the small scale, one bushel of rapeseed (canola) produces about 3 gallons of
The Sunflower Seed Huller and Oil Press -- by Jeff Cox (from Organic G
1979, Rodale Press): Vegetable oils used to be one of those items you just HAD
how to make your own. In 2,500 square feet, a family of four can grow each yea
seed to produce three gallons of homemade vegetable oil suitable for salads or c
pounds of nutritious, dehulled seed -- with enough broken seeds left over to feed
birds. Online at the Journey to Forever Biofuels Library.
Briquette Presses for Alternate Fuel Use, by Jason Dahlman with
Charlie Forst, 2001 -- Design for a simple briquette press that can also be used
as an oil press for seeds. Acrobat file, 2.8Mb
http://www.echotech.org/technical/
technotes/Briquete.pdf
"The Manual Screw Press for Small-Scale Oil
Extraction" by Kathryn H. Potts, Keith MacHell, 1993,
Practical Action, ISBN 1853391980
Manual oil extraction from peanuts or other soft oilseeds can
be a viable enterprise for small businesses. Describes small-sca
extraction for use in rural areas, as well as ways to market and d
Buy at Amazon.com: The Manual Screw Press for Small-Scale
"Small-scale Vegetable Oil Extraction", S W Head, A A Swetman, T W
Hammonds, A Gordon, K H Southwell and R V Harris, Natural Resources Insti
1994, ISBN 0 85954 387-0 -- Covers a basic understanding of the science and
composition of oils and economic and marketing considerations, principles of o
extraction, basic oilseed processing methods, the major oil sources with specific
small and intermediate technologies for each. Results from actual third world
situations are used. For example, the discussion of obtaining oil from sesame se
covers a hot water flotation method used in Uganda and Sudan, the bridge press
(laboratory only), the ram press in Tanzania, the ghani process in Sudan, and a s
in the Gambia. Technical details for each are summarized in a few paragraphs, i
Includes many drawings that are helpful in understanding each process, with a 1
listing suppliers of small-scale equipment. Coconuts, groundnuts, oil palm, palm
rapeseed/mustard seed, sesame, shea nuts, soya, sunflower seed, minor oilseeds
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Complete book free online at CD3WD 3rd World Development online library:
http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/cd3wd/
foodproc/nr18se/en/b981.htm
Oil Extraction, Food Cycle Technology Source Book No.
Technology Development Group, United Nations Developm
Women (UNIFEM), 1987. Raw materials, traditional extrac
improved technologies, Appropriate Technology approach f
countries, illustrated, focus on opportunities for women. Do
CD3WD online 3rd World library (5.8Mb pdf):
http://www.fastonline.org/CD3WD_40/JF/417/06-298.pdf
Understanding Pressure Extraction of Vegetable Oils, VITA Technical
VITA Volunteers James William Casten and Harry E. Snyder. Full text online at
Development online library:
http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/vita/vegoilex/en/vegoilex.htm
Understanding Solvent Extraction of Vegetable Oils, VITA Technical P
Volunteer Nathan Kessler. Full text online at CD3WD 3rd World Development
http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/vita/vegoilse/en/vegoilse.htm
Small-Scale Oil Extraction from Groundnuts and Copra (ILO - WEP,
text online at CD3WD 3rd World Development online library:
http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/
cd3wd/foodproc/h2384e/en/b989.htm
"Small-scale Oilseed Processing" by Janet Bachmann, NCAT Agriculture
Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA) -- Basic processes i
small-scale oilseed processing, includes a low-tech method for raw material pre
sunflower seeds as an example; information on methods and equipment used for
on clarification, packaging, and storage. Sources for additional information and
material.
http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/oilseed.html
Biodiesel is recognized by both the US Environmental Protection Agency

of Energy as an alternative fuel, and qualifies for mandated programs under th
Amendments and the Environmental Protection Act of 1992 (EPAct). In Califor
been approved for use in remediation of petroleum oil spills.
US Department of Energy approval: "Vehicle fleets currently required to pu
alternative fueled vehicles under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 will be now allo
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biodiesel fuel as an alternative, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. [Th

Energy Spencer Abraham has approved a final rule allowing biodiesel fuel to qu
alternative fuel for automobile fleets under the Energy Policy Act." -- U.S. Depa
April 30, 2001. "The continued use of biomass products like biodiesel in our ve
power generation and for other products and materials will help the environmen
our energy resources," said Abraham.
USDA Clears Air with Biodiesel: Buses and other diesel-burning vehicles r
mix biodiesel with regular diesel fuel, said the US Department of Agriculture at
seminar at a USDA research center. "The program is part of a federal effort to re
petroleum and create new markets for US crops," said Floyd P. Horn, administra
Agricultural Research Service, USDA's chief scientific agency. "Crop-based die
less sooty. One of our goals is to increase the federal government's purchases of
other products by 10% per year over the next 5 years. We want to encourage the
local governments to do the same." (January 13, 2000)
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2000/000113.htm
Europe leads the way in biodiesel production and consumption. Germany has m
filling stations selling biodiesel at the pump. France is the world's largest produc
fuel contains between 2% and 5% biodiesel, and that will soon apply to the who
other countries.
Meanwhile biodiesel production in the US is growing rapidly, from only half a m
2000 to 250 million gallons in 2006, with more than 80 new large-scale plants d
2008.
China, India and Brazil are rapidly becoming major producers and many other c
following. One report forecast that by the year 2020 as much as 20% of all on-ro
in Europe, Brazil, China and India could be biodiesel.
Journey to Forever has been at the forefront of the development of cheap, effect
small-scale production methods that produce high-quality fuel and that anyone c
Worldwide, many thousands of small, independent, local operations are now pro
millions and millions of gallons of biodiesel a year, with millions of dollars in p
to ExxonMobil & Co.
Most of it goes right under the official radar. Nobody has any clear idea of quite
are or how much fuel they produce, mainly because the individual quantities are
considered insignificant. But the grassroots biodiesel movement is growing fast
weed, it's suitably out of control.
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And it's not destroying rainforests and forcing up food prices so poor people can
industrialised "agrofuels" production that does that -- true biofuels production is
eco-friendly and sustainable.
"Small is beautifuel." (Prof. Pagandai Pannirselvam, Brazil.)
"An engine that Rudolf Diesel showed at the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris ran
said The Economist in an article on biofuels. -- Stirrings in the corn fields, May
pdf):
http://www.greenfuels.org/biodiesel/economist120505.pdf
George Monbiot said the same thing in The Guardian: "This, in fact, was how R
expected his invention to be used. When he demonstrated his engine at the Worl
1900, he ran it on peanut oil." -- "Fuel for nought", November 23, 2004
http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1357370,00.html
The US National Biodiesel Board (NBB) says Diesel "originally designed the d
late 19th Century to run on peanut oil."
http://www.biodiesel.org/
Almost every website on biodiesel or Straight Vegetable Oil fuel says the same,
Washington Post and The New York Times, which said Diesel had "demonstrated
chugged along on peanut oil".
But he didn't do it, it wasn't him. (And there wasn't any tractor.)
Vegetable oil rated only a few lines in Diesel's book "The Development of the D
which he wrote in 1913. He says it was not him but the French Otto Company th
engines on peanut oil at the 1900 Paris World Fair, at the request of the French g
"The engine was built for crude oil and was used without any modification on p
smoothly that only a few insiders were aware of it," Diesel wrote.
Diesel said the work had not been continued in France, but he'd started trials wi
a few months previously, and provided some figures on fuel consumption and p
successful experiments had also been made in St. Petersburg with castor oil, he
"This oil is almost as effective as the natural mineral oils, and as it can also be u
oil, the whole work can be carried out with a single kind of oil produced directly
this engine becomes a really independent engine for the tropics," he wrote.
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"The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today but suc
in the course of time, as important as petroleum and the coal-tar products of the
"In any case, they make it certain that motor power can still be produced from th
which is always available for agricultural purposes, even when all our natural st
liquid fuels are exhausted." (Diesel, Rudolf. 1913. "Die Entstehung des Dieselm
Braun, Hans-Joachim (Ed). 1984. Moers: Steiger. Page 115.)
Very prophetic -- it's nearly a hundred years later, and a lot of people are seeing
Modern research and development of biodiesel fuel started in South Africa (whi
embargo at the time), and in Austria (which bought South Africa's research).
The idea that ordinary people could make it in their kitchens came a little later.
The man who started the do-it-yourself biodiesel movement, Dr. Thomas B. R
got the idea of making biodiesel from waste cooking oil ("McDiesel") in 1989, a
do it. This was the only information we had when we started making biodiesel.
ways of doing it, but it's all thanks to Tom Reed. See McDiesel Also see Tom's
Foundation site:
http://www.woodgas.com/
Fat of The Land -- In 1994 four women from the California Bay Area
travelled 3,000 miles around the US on biodiesel in their Fat Mobile diesel
van on an educational tour. They made their biodiesel as they went along,
usually in the parking lots of fast-food restaurants, and filmed a
groundbreaking video documentary while they were at it.
http://www.lardcar.com/lardcar1.html
Today, anyone can learn how to make their own top-quality biodiesel, safely, rel
Start here: Where do I start? Follow the instructions, step by step. It tells you e
to know.
Biofuels
En espaol -- Biocombustibles, biodiesel
Biofuels Library
Biofuels supplies and suppliers
Biodiesel
Make your own biodiesel
Mike Pelly's recipe
Two-stage biodiesel process
FOOLPROOF biodiesel process
8/10/2016 10:12 AM
12 of 12
Biodiesel processors
Biodiesel in Hong Kong
Nitrogen Oxide emissions
Glycerine
Biodiesel resources on the Web
Do diesels have a future?
Vegetable oil yields and characteristics
Washing
Biodiesel and your vehicle
Food or fuel?
Straight vegetable oil as diesel fuel
Ethanol
Ethanol resources on the Web
Is ethanol energy-efficient?
Community development | Rural development

City farms | Organic gardening | Composting | Small farms | Biofuel | Solar box cookers
Trees, soil and water | Seeds of the world | Appropriate technology | Project vehicles
Home | What people are saying about us | About Handmade Projects
Projects | Internet | Schools projects | Sitemap | Site Search | Donations | Contact us
Copyright of all original material on this website is the property of Keith Addison, unless otherwise stated.
It may not be copied or distributed without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. All material is
provided "as is" without guarantees or warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied.
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Biodiesel: Journey to Forever

Search the Journey to

by Keith Addison, Journey to Forever

New! Build a 3-inch ethanol still Click HERE

Make your first test batch of biodiesel