Slide 4

Oil recovery refers to the processes by which crude oil is extracted from
beneath the Earths surface. Oil recovery can be categorised into three
phases:
1. Primary recovery:
Uses natural pressure of the reservoir to push crude oil to the surface
Allows about 5% to 10% of the oil in the reservoir to be extracted
2. Secondary recovery:
Injects pressurised gas and water to drive the residual crude oil and gas
remaining after the primary oil recovery phase to the surface wells
Allows additional 25% to 30% of the oil in the reservoir to be extracted
3. Tertiary Recovery
Injects different materials to improve the flow between oil, gas and rock,
and to recover crude oil remaining after the primary and secondary oil
recovery phases
Allows additional 20% to 30% of the oil in the reservoir to be extracted
The goal of EOR processes is to mobilize the oil remaining after primary
recovery or make unmoveable oil movable.

Slide 5
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Steamflood A method of thermal recovery in which steam generated at

surface is injected into the reservoir through specially distributed injection
wells. When steam enters the reservoir, it heats up the crude oil and reduces
its viscosity.
This figure shows a schematic of steamflooding based on the state-of-the-art
knowledge of the process. Injected steam heats the formation around the
wellbore and eventually forms a steam zone that grows with continuous
steam injections. As the steam zone grows, more oil is moved from the steam
zone to the unheated zones ahead of the steam front.
The condensed hot water also moves across the steam front, heating and
displacing the accumulated oil.
one noticeable drawback of steam injection stems from the early channeling
of steam under the cap rock to the producer well, establishing a path for the
following steam to chase. This early breakthrough reduces the average oil
saturation in the reservoir leading to a lower cumulative oil recovery
One theoretical solution to overcome this problem is by coinjection gas such
as nitrogen and CO2 to the steamflooding process

Slide 6
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Reserves estimated volumes of crude oil, condensate, natural gas, natural

gas liquids, and associated marketable substances anticipated to be
commercially recoverable and marketable from a given date forward, under
existing economic conditions. (SPE, 1981)

Recovery Factor Ratio of recoverable oil and / or gas to estimated oil and /
or gas in place in reservoir, normally expressed as a percentage. It is an
important objective of enhanced oil recovery is to increase the recovery
factor.

Indonesia holds proven oil reserves of 3.6 billion barrels and ranks 20 th among
world oil producers, accounting for approximately 1.1% of world oil
production. Declining oil production and increased consumption resulted in
Indonesia becoming a net oil importer in late 2004.

Slide 7
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One of the most important factor for improving the oil production rate is by
decreasing oil viscosity with increasing temperature of reservoir. With the oil
viscosity being reduced, the heavy oil will behave like light oil.

Slide 8
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The principle of injecting gases during steamflooding oil recovery started in

the early 1970s and became even more popular with the presence of
reservoir simulation.
When co-injecting gas in a steamflood process, it is expected that the gas
rises to the top of the reservoir very quickly and reaches the top long before
the upper parts are heated. After that, the gas spreads along the upper
portion of the reservoir and forms a very thin layer (Butler et al., 1999).
Jacobs et al. measured the effect of dissolved carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrogen on the viscosity of Athabasca bitumen.
In most cases, it was found that the addition of CO2 in particular reduce
bitumen viscosity significantly and especially at low temperatures. Nitrogen
was found to have a negligible effect on bitumen viscosity in the range of
temperatures and pressures studied.

Slide 9
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Thermal simulation was carried out using CMG STARS by building three kind
of injection schemes. First is steam alone injection, second is steam-N2 and
last is steam-CO2.
21x11x20 grid was built with a 1/6 inverted 7-spot pattern. The total area of
this pattern is 9.5 acres which resulting pore volume reservoir as 900
thousand cubic feet.
The numerical analysis in this research work investigates the effects of
steam/gas simultaneous injection on a heavy-oil recovery process governed
by gravity drainage in reservoirs.

Slide 13
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Adding CO2 with steam has fasten the oil production rate and also the
breakthrough happens earlier in this case.

This means that the existence of carbon dioxide at high concentrations

decreases the steam volume and may lead to possible blockage of oil
passage due to the high mobility of the gas.
Later time after breakthrough the N2 concentrations become smaller while
steam dominates in the pores and pore throats so the oil production rate for
steam-N2 becomes high
After 4 years of production, steam-N2 cases produces more water so then the
oil production become lower than steam-CO2 production.

Slide 16
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Simulation results show that both co-injected gases show better recovery
than steam alone.
It was found the addition of carbon dioxide improved slightly the oil recovery
over steam-nitrogen injection.
The improvement is due to the early channeling of the gas in the formation
before steam front becomes stable that improved the sweep of the reservoir.
It is the early gas penetration that made the improvement.
The difference between the roles of CO2 and N2 is because of the fact that
CO2 is soluble in oil and water while N2 is not.
The increasing recovery when coinjecting CO2 with steam happens due to the
heating profile where CO2 enters the formation earlier than steam forcing a
drive on the oil.

Slide 17
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The role of the co-injected gas comes into play in supporting steam pressure
and temperature.
The gas carries the heat and pressure ahead of the steam to the producer
well.
This creates a gas drive that distributes heat and pressure across the
reservoir that increases the thermal efficiency of the process, hence reducing
further the oil viscosity.
This effect also improves the sweep efficiency and adds more pressure
gradient to the reservoir forcing more oil to the producer well.
Carbon dioxide when added to steamflood increase the recovery highest over
steam-N2 and steam injection.