Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
use TCP
use UDP
when high no of MS terminal
attached
cell change during browsing
1. Data Throughput
2. Latency
RTT
uplink TBF establishment take
large part of RTT
web browsing
first page
second page
small page
takes .5 to 1s
125 ms
20 ms
connection oriented+ reliable
Not conn oriented +unreliable
mobile net
average internet
ISDN
gap in retransmission
UL
DL
1920 to 1980
2110 to 2170
FDD
CRC
detect error
FEC
interleaving
error correction
improves error correction
1:2 Demux
in DL
D/A
Channelization code +
Scrambling code
I/Q modulator
Channelization code
correlation
Cell search
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
1
3
1
Digital/ Analog
Mapping
-1
-1
-1
1
PC
cell breathing
at low load
high load
soft HO
softer HO
common CH
handset momentarily
adjust power to the BS
which requires lowest
transmit power
dedicated CH
call admission control
mobility; congestion
synchronization
rab
or using GPS
1. conversational/speech
2. conversational 64 kbps
3. CS streaming
4. PS streaming
5. interactive
6. background
7. multi rab
traffic varies
cs or ps
transport layers
chip rate
duplexing
BW
service
scrambling code
8192 SC in DL
coding scheme
frame length
spreading seq
16777216 SC in UL
10 ms frame with 15 TS// channel
coding can be changed in every 10 ms
frame
user data seq is multiplied with
"spreading seq" to spread the user bit
in wide BW
spreading factor
4 to 512
1 to 936 kbps in DL
in UL
delay spread
coherence BW
RAKE receiver
while MS moves
maximum capacity
HO GSM (hard)
HO WCDMA (soft)
HO WCDMA (softer)
UMTS (WCDMA)
HO Zone (WCDMA)
pilot pollution
DL capacity
Average Rate
3.06 kbits/s
0.61 kbits/s
0.20 kbits/s
3.87 kbits/s / user / busy
hour
link balance 2G
link balance 3G
additional HW needed on
network side + Handset
need multiple connection
reduce delay as
many sub can
share same
resource
utilize radio
efficiently
PC and soft HO
7680
480
0.66
to protect quality
of remaining
connections
voice
12.2 kbps CS
1920
960000
CS
64 kbps cs
57.6 kbps cs
16/64 max, 8/54
guranteed
moderate delay
web surfing
no delay
file transfer
combination of
conversational speech and
interactive 64/64
666ms=2560 chips
SPF= 256
30kbps/(15k
symbols/s) =>
3840k/ 15k
DS >> chip
duartion means
WCDMA chip duration: 0.26
high multipath
Microsec
fading (WB freq
selective fading)
GSM BW 0.2 Mhz << 0.32
Mhz coherence BW
less multipath
less interference
more capacity
downtilt
Orthogonal OVSF
14
4
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
0
1
1
-1
-1
0
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
-1
1
-1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0110011001100110
0011110011000011
Orthogonal OVSF
14
14
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
0
-1
1
-1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
1
0
1
1
-1
-1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0000000000000000
0000000011111111
00
0000
0011
00000000
00001111 0000111100001111
0000111111110000
0011001100110011
00110011 0011001111001100
00111100
0011110000111100
0011110011000011
0101010101010101
0101010110101010
01
307200 sy/s
1228800 c/s
3840000 c/s
1
1
1
-1
0101
0110
01010101
01011010 0101101001011010
0101101010100101
0110011001100110
01100110 0110011010011001
01101001
0110100101101001
0110100110010110
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
-1
1.92
=3.84/2
3.84
http://www.telecomhall.com/what-is-ecio-and-ebno.aspx
http://www.gaussianwaves.com/2008/11/relation-between-ebn0-and-snr-2/
10.165.240.200 (CME)
sensitivity
Service Type
Eb/No Requirement
PG
UMTS
UMTS
RAB
Type
Conversational/ Speech CS
Conversational/ Speech CS
Streaming
CS
Streaming
PS
Interactive/ Background PS
Speed (kbps)
12.2
64
57.6
16/64 (max)
8/54 (Guaranteed)
64/384 (max)
Multi
CS
12.2 (AMR)
PS
64/64
TABLE II
TRAFFIC CLASSES AND CHANNELS MAPPING
3GPP Trafc Classes Authorised Transport Channel(s)
Conversational DCH
Interactive FACH, DSCH or DCH
Streaming DCH
Background FACH, DSCH or DCH
Radio Bearer
Speech 4.75
Speech 12.2
Data 64
Data 128
Data 144
Data 384
Data 2048
Speech 12.2 + Data 64
SF_DL
256
128
32
16
16
8
8
32
SF_UL
128
64
16
8
8
4
4
16
SF
7.5
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
SF
Service
AMR speech + emergency
calls
Video Telephony
Streaming
Streaming
Email(bkg), web browsing(int)
etc.
Conversational (CS) +
Interactive (PS)
3GPP
Release
Categ
ory
Max.
number of
Code rate at
Modulation[note 1]
HS-DSCH
codes
MIMO, MultiCell
Max. data
rate
Release 5
5 16-QAM
0.76
1.2
Release 5
5 16-QAM
0.76
1.2
Release 5
5 16-QAM
0.76
1.8
Release 5
5 16-QAM
0.76
1.8
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 5
Release 7
Release 7
Release 7
Release 7
Release 7
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
19
5
5
10
10
15
15
5
5
15
15
15
15
15
0.76
0.76
0.75
0.76
0.7
0.97
0.76
0.76
0.82
0.98
0.81
0.97
0.82
3.6
3.6
7.2
7.2
10.1
14
0.9
1.8
17.6
21.1
23.4
28
35.3
Release 7
Release 8
Release 8
Release 8
Release 8
20
21
22
23
24
15
15
15
15
15
0.98
0.81
0.97
0.82
0.98
28
23.4
28
35.3
42.2
Release 9
25
15 16-QAM
0.81
46.7
Release 9
26
15 16-QAM
0.97
55.9
Release 9
27
15 64-QAM
0.82
70.6
Release 9
Release 10
28
29
15 64-QAM
15 64-QAM
0.98
0.98
84.4
63.3
Release 10
Release 10
30
31
15 64-QAM
15 64-QAM
0.98
0.98
126.6
84.4
Release 10
Release 11
32
33
15 64-QAM
15 64-QAM
0.98
0.98
168.8
126.6
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
QPSK
QPSK
64-QAM
64-QAM
16-QAM
16-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
16-QAM (MIMO)
16-QAM
16-QAM
64-QAM
64-QAM
MIMO 2x2
MIMO 2x2
MIMO 2x2
MIMO 2x2
Dual-Cell
Dual-Cell
Dual-Cell
Dual-Cell
Dual-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Dual-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Dual-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Dual-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Triple-Cell
Triple-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Quad-Cell
Quad-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Hexa-Cell
Release 11
Release 11
34
35
15 64-QAM
15 64-QAM
Release 11
36
15 64-QAM
Release 11
37
15 64-QAM
Release 11
38
15 64-QAM
Hexa-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Octa-Cell
Octa-Cell +
MIMO 2x2
Dual-Cell +
MIMO 4x4
Quad-Cell +
MIMO 4x4
0.98
0.98
253.2
168.8
0.98
337.5
0.98
168.8
0.98
337.5
Nominal Tolerance
maximu
m output
power
+33 dBm
+24 dBm
+21 dBm
+27 dBm
+1 dB /
dB
+1 dB /
dB
+2 dB /
dB
+1 dB /
dB
-3
-3
-2
-3
RRC Reporting events or Handover events are sent from RBS or UE to trigger the different handover procedures in the RNC. The genertion
event 1A: A Primary CPICH enters the reporting range; addition of a radio link.
event 1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range; removal of a radio link.
event 1C: A non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH; replacement of the worst cell in AS.
event 1D: Change of best cell
event 1E: A Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold
event 1F: A Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold
event 1G: Change of best cell (TDD)
event 1H: Timeslot ISCP below a certain threshold (TDD)
event 1I: Timeslot ISCP above a certain threshold (TDD)
Event 2a: Change of best frequency
Event 2b: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used frequ
Event 2c: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold
Event 2d: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold; start compressed mode to measure inter-freq
Event 2e: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a certain threshold
Event 2f: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold; stop compressed mode & stop measure interEvent 3a: The estimated quality of the currently used UTRAN frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of the other
Event 3b: The estimated quality of other system is below a certain threshold
Event 3c: The estimated quality of other system is above a certain threshold
Event 3d: Change of best cell in other system
event 4 A: Transport Channel Traffic Volume becomes larger than an absolute threshold
event 4 B: Transport Channel Traffic Volume becomes smaller than an absolute threshold
event 5A: A predefined number of bad CRCs is exceeded
event 6A: The UE Tx power becomes larger than an absolute threshold; start compressed mode
event 6B: The UE Tx power becomes less than an absolute threshold; stop compressed mode
event 6C: The UE Tx power reaches its minimum value
event 6D: The UE Tx power reaches its maximum value
event 6E: The UE RSSI reaches the UE's dynamic receiver range
event 6F: The UE Rx-Tx time difference for a RL included in the active set becomes larger than an absolute threshold
event 6G: The UE Rx-Tx time difference for a RL included in the active set becomes less than an absolute threshold
For details, see 3GPP TS 25.331 - Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification.
If the network wants to make any activity it has to make a paging request on the PCCH logical channel in the kn
The UE initiates a cell update only when its selects a new cell. The Only function in keeping the UE in CELL_PCH
UE moves to another cells. to reduce this function of UE in this state it is moved to URA_PCH when low activity is
WHEN MOBILE IS MOVING FROM ONE CELL TO ANOTHER CELL IT SHOULD PERFORM HANDOVER THEN MOBILE R
The UE state changes from CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH state when there is an uplink activity from the UE for new
URA_PCH
network update only when change in URA (URA is a large number of cells)
Less cell update transmission (depends on URA REGISTRATION AREA definition and DRX Cycle. DRX cycle usuall
2. CELL_FACH State:
UE in connected mode
UE uses common or shared channel
CELL_FACH state is used for transmission & reception of short data packet
Uplink. RACH is used Downlink FACH is used
In this state the UE monitors a forward access channel (FACH).
In this state the UE is able to transmit uplink control signals and may be able to transmit small data packets on
If data transmission is of small amout of data then CELL_FACH State will come in to picture
A transition from CELL_FACH to CELL_DCH occurs when a dedicated transport channel is established through e
In this cell state the UE constiniously monitors data state, when the data services are inactive for a while it
activity timer(T313). When the timer expires the UE is moved to CELL_PCH to reduce UE power consumptio
The UE is moved from CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH state in oder to perform cell update procedure(handove
CELL_PCH if there is no data activity to be performed by the UE or the network.
When the RRC connection is released the UE back in the IDLE mode.
1. CELL_DCH State :
Connected mode
Use dedicated channel or "high speed downlink shared channel" (HS-DSCH) and/or "Enhanced dedicated chann
Ideal for transmission & reception of large volume of data
When the UE is in this cell state it performs cell updates, but if the UE is in continious mobility and is updating
URA_PCH. Becoz in cell_pch the position of the UE is known in the cell level and everytime it moves from one c
defeats the pupose of keeping the UE in the cell-pch state. In the CELL-PCH state the UE is in connected mode a
IDLE.
When the UE is in URA_PCH it only updates the UTRAN when the UE changes the URA .
Also the service providers can define one CELL with Multiple URA's. For example a slow moving UE can be defin
One cell may belong to several diffrent URAs and the UEs in that cell may have been registered to diffrent URA
Battery consumption:
Approximately:
IDLE : 1 unit
CELL_PCH : <2 unit (depends on DRX ratio in idle & mobility)
URA_PCH : < CELL_PCH in mobility
=CELL_PCH in static
CELL_FACH : 40 units
CELL_DCH : 100 units
The purpose of cell reselection is tocontinuouslyre-selectthe most suitable cell in the network when UE is not o
1. Intra frequency cell reselection : occurs between cells on the same radio frequency.
2. Inter frequency cell reselection : occurs between cells on different radio frequenies with no interruption of its
3. Inter-RAT cell reselection : : happens between cells on different radio access technologies.
UE performs location registration if the new cell belongs to a different registration area.
During cell reselection UE takes measurement of the serving cell as well as he neighbour cells provided in S
The S-criteria (Suitable Criteria) and R-criteria (Ranking Criteria) are calculated for each measured cells. All suita
current serving cell for Treselection second and UE has camped on current serving cell for at leas one second
S-Criteria
It determines whether a cell is suitable. Cell must meet the following criteria to be suitable.
Srxlev > 0 and Squal > 0
Where, Srxlev = Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation
Squal = Qqualmeas - Qqualmin
refer: 3GPP TS 25.331
R-Criteria
It determine the ranking of the serving cell and other suitable neighbour cell. The highest ranked cell is chosen
Rs = Qmeas,s+ Qhyst
Qmeas,s = measured quality of serving cell
Qhyst,s = hysteresis applied to serving cell.
Qmeas,s stands for measured CPICH RSCP and CPICH Ec/I0 .
UE chooses the highest ranking cell to camp on if the cell ranks higher than the current serving cell for Treselec
second. The parameter Treselection is defined by UTRAN in SIB-3 or SIB-4
http://victor8481.tistory.com/90
+ve
-ve
Eb
Bit Energy
No
mWatt/Hz
Eb/No
dB
Io
E
Eb, Ec,
Es
Ec/Io
Es
k
Eb*k
number of bit per symbol
dBm
watt
10*10log(W)+30
Table:1
BER for 2G system
EbNo(dB) power of signal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
BER(dB)
0.1449
0.1062
0.0722
0.0447
0.0247
0.0118
0.0048
0.0015
0.0004
0.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
data rate
(kbps)
12.2
64
128
64
target
BLER
(1%)
dBm
1%
1%
1%
5%
watt
31.5
36
36
36.5
1.4
4
4
4.5
PS
PS
PS
128
144
384
5%
5%
5%
37
37
37
5
5
5
-96
-83
91
Service type => Required BER
Required BER => required Eb/No
Table:2
BER for 2G system
EbNo(dB) power of signal
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
capacity (users)
10.7
3.8
3.8
3.4
3
3
3
received Ec
received Io
db
DL
UL
12.2
64
64
128
384
14000
12.2
64
64
64
64
5700
0.01
BER(dB)
0.0947
0.0566
0.0293
0.0137
0.0054
0.0019
0.0006
0.0001
0
0
0
coverage
radius
area
101%
96%
86%
100%
103%
91%
75%
100%
max BER
1E-03
1E-06
1E-01
1E-01
1E-01
1E-01
91%
88%
67%
84%
77%
45%
UE in 3G coverage facing congestion will not set up call in 2G (no directed retry). Check Load HO issue
congestion types:
Code congestion
power congestion
CE congestion
User limit congestion
Load factor increase
iub BW congestion
R99 codes not sharable R99 code congestion can be reduced by downgrading existing services to lower code. This flexibility
HSDPA codes can be shared by any number of users
services to lower code. This flexibility is vendor specific. GP's network probably dont allow this (to ensure better QoS)
power increase will increase the coverage of the cell, will create worse Ec/Io for ngb cell
xibility is vendor specific. GP's network probably dont allow this (to ensure better QoS)