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HKUEEE
Electrical Installations
p 149
Busbars
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Recall:
SHORT-CIRCUIT CAPACITY
I2 t K2 S2
constant cross-sectional
for a given
area
cable type
short-cct
current
time
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K = 115
K = 143
Busbars in Switchboard
K = 159
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Electrical Installations
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From IEE Wiring Regulations/ BS7671. Similar Tables availble at CoP Table
11(2).
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Current-carrying Capacity
Let
IL
Ib
In
Iz
Ita
Ib
In
Iz
To determine Iz :
Including type of protective device, there are 8 factors which must be
taken into consideration. They are :
i)
type of protective device (Cf = 1 or 0.725)
ii)
iii)
type of cable
iv)
no. of phases
v)
a.c. or d.c.
vi)
grouping of cable ( Cg )
vii)
ambient temperature ( Ca )
viii)
thermal insulation ( Ci )
HKUEEE
Electrical Installations
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CORRECTION FACTORS
Let Ca, Cg, Ci, 0.725 be the correction factors for the
current-carrying capacity of cable, then
Iz
In
Cf Ca Cg Ci
Note that although the correction factors are for the cable, the
solution is worked from the nominal rating (or current setting) of the
protective device.
Then from the appropriate table and column in IEE Regulations or
COP, or otherwise, find Ita I z ,
The corresponding conductor size is the lower bound in respect of
this requirement.
Since
Ita
Iz
we use Ita instead of Iz in the equations from now on.
Please also read ii) to note an additional correction factor for the
current.
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2 In
1.45 Iz
In 0.725 Iz
i.e. Cf = 0.725
or
I ta
In
0.725 Ca Cg Ci
iv)
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Electrical Installations
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Number of phases
Refer to different columns in tables
v) a.c. or d.c.
Refer to different columns in tables
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Ca Ci
b) for groups
i) circuits may be simultaneously overloaded
In
I ta
Ca Cg Ci
I ta
HKUEEE
larger
I n2 + 0.48 Ib2 (
Ib
Ca Cg Ci
Electrical Installations
Cg2
Ca Ci
p 162
In
0.725 Ca Ci
b) for groups
i) circuits liable to simultaneous overload
I ta
In
0.725 Ca Cg Ci
I ta
(3)
Ib
larger
Ca Cg Ci
Cg2
Ca Ci
Ib
Ca Cg Ci
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Electrical Installations
p 163
Voltage Drop
Maximum permissible voltage drop at receiving end is 4% of the
nominal voltage.
i.e. If nominal voltage of 3-phase 4-wire installation is 380 V / 220V
Max permissible voltage drop is 8.8V for phase-voltage,
and is 15.2V for line voltage.
Voltage drop is a cable
= current in the cable impedance of the cable
( V drop =
Z cable
Ib
Z cable )
Voltage drops per ampere per metre are given in tables A6 of COP.
Note resistive parts are affected by temperatures of conductors.
O/C protective device BS 3036 fuse
ambient temp 30
When
Ib2
= t p (Ca Cg
) (t p 30)
Ita2
2
where
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tp
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p 164
230 + t1
Resistivity at t1
Resistivity at tp
230 + t p
= Reduction Factor
Design mV/A/m
Tabulated mV/A/m
= Ct
230 + t p (Ca Cg
=
Ct
Ib2
) (t p 30)
Ita2
230 + t p
(mV/A/m)r actual
= C t (mV/A/m)r tabulated
is unaffected by temp
mV/A/m x
such that
x
r
3,
no correction is required.
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Cp =
cos
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Tabulated mV/A/m
2
230 + tx
230 + tp
)x
length in m
Electrical Installations
(Based on BS7671, Requirements for Electrical Installations, Table 4D1B & 4E1B)
Conductor
crosssectional
area (mm2)
PVC cable at max. conductor
XLPE cable at max. conductor
operating temperature of
operating temperature of 90C
70C
Enclosed in
Clipped
Enclosed in
Clipped
conduit/trunking
direct or
conduit/trunking
direct or
on tray,
on tray,
touching
touching
1.5
14.5
14.5
15.5
15.5
2.5
9.5
9.5
5.5
5.5
3.65
3.65
3.95
3.95
10
2.2
2.2
2.35
2.35
16
1.4
1.4
1.45
1.45
25
0.9
0.875
0.925
0.925
35
0.65
0.625
0.675
0.675
50
0.475
0.465
0.5
0.495
70
0.325
0.315
0.35
0.34
95
0.245
0.235
0.255
0.245
120
0.195
0.185
0.205
0.195
150
0.155
0.15
0.165
0.16
185
0.125
0.12
0.135
0.13
240
0.0975
0.0925
0.105
0.1
300
0.08
0.075
0.0875
0.08
400
0.065
0.06
0.07
0.065
500
0.055
0.049
0.06
0.0525
630
0.047
0.0405
0.05
0.043
800
0.034
0.036
1000
0.0295
0.0315
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Electrical Installations
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2.
Determine In
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Determine Iz
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
If
S1 =
S2 =
S3 =
S4 =
then
S max
S2
Alternatively, find S1 first, and then test it against volt drop and I
requirement.
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NEUTRAL CONDUCTOR
Make & break:
Makes before the phase conductors
Breaks after the phase conductors
or simultaneously make and break
No switch (unless inherently linked) nor fuse shall be connected in
neutral conductors, including those of control circuits.
Size of neutral depends on
a) neutral current, how balancing the phase currents is;
b) fault level of phase to neutral fault;
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Space
factor
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Earthing system:
T-T
Supply voltage:
380/220 volts
Supply frequency:
50 Hz
Ambient temperature:
20C to 35 C
Length of circuit:
50 metres
MCCB instantaneous operation time:
0.02 s.
Min. magnetic trip current for MCCB: 10 times its setting (10 In)
Highest fault level in the circuit:
6.6 MVA
Voltage drop measured at MCCB:
1.2 volt
Earth loop impedance measured at
earth terminal beside the MCCB:
0.1 ohm
Cables for the circuit:
single core XLPE cable to BS 5467
Wiring method:
in trunking
Determine:
a) the desirable current rating and breaking capacity of the MCCB;
b) the maximum permissible earth fault loop impedance;
c) the correction factors for current carrying capacity of the cables;
d) whether 10 sq,mm. is a desirable size of the live conductors;
e) whether 6 sq.mm. is a desirable size of the protective conductors;
f) the earth fault loop impedance after selection of conductors;
g) the fault current that flows in an earth fault;
h) the touch voltage at the distribution board;
State all your assumptions.
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Electrical Installations
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ANSWER:
a)
(6600/3/220)
10kA
Max. permissible earth fault loop impedance is the impedance that shall produce an
earth fault current just enough to break the circuit within the max. tolerable time (in
this case 5 sec.) by the selected protective device.
Assume the instantaneous trip of MCCB occurs at I 10 In .
Max permissible earth fault loop impedance = 220 V / 10 x 50 A =
c)
0.44
Ci = 1,
Cg = 1,
Ci = 1,
In = 50 A
min Ita = In / (0.96 x 1 x 1) = 52.1 A
Assume cables are in trunking
From Table, cable 10 mm2 Cu is acceptable.
Therefore 10 mm2 Cu cable is OK.
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10.37 V.
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p 176
Since volt drop > 8.8 V, then we have to rethink the aforesaid volt-drop by
one of the following:
i)
The easiest way is to try larger size: 16 sq.mm. Students may try it and
show that mathematically it will be OK.
ii)
Electrical Installations
p 177
2nd method:
3.90 mV
Thus any cable size giving a volt drop per A per m less than 3.90mV is acceptable.
Therefore from table, 16 mm2 Cu cable is OK.
Again, for marginal consideration, the correction factors may help our
consideration to save cable size. And indeed 10 mm2 Cu cable can be used.
Compare the cables sizes by the three considerations (current carrying capacity;
volt drop; & short-cct capacity), take maximum value (10 mm2, 10 mm2, 10 mm2,
also compare min. size for mech protection)
Choose 10 mm2 Cu cable. Existing cable size is acceptable.
e) Consider size of protective conductor is 6 mm2 Cu cable,
For simplicity of calculation, we take no temperature adjustment (But temp
adjustment gives more accurate and appropriate result, unless you allow
tolerance consideration in choosing the size),
Resistivity of c.p.c.(approx from table) = 7.9/2 = 3.95 m-ohm/m
Resistivity of live conductor.(approx from table) = 4.7/2 = 2.35 m-ohm/m
Earth fault loop impedance = 0.1 + (3.95 + 2.35) x 50 / 1000 = 0.415 ohm
For Max permissible earth fault loop impedance consideration:
The max. value is 0.44 ohm,
thus 0.415 ohm is acceptable.
Min earth fault current = 220/0.415 = 530 A
Max earth fault current = 220/0.1 = 2200 A
For Energy-Let-Through consideration:
Check energy-let-thru condition by the max E/F current (Assume using XLPE
cable, K = 143)
S = 2.18 mm2 Cu cable
Choose 6 mm2 Cu cable as protective conductor is acceptable, (or any size
not less than 2.18 mm2 Cu cable)
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Max Z protective =
220 V/ 500 A
500 A
0.44
Using 16 mm2 Cu cable as protective conductor, and consider the circuit end,
Earth fault loop impedance = 0.1 + (2.9/2 + 4.7/2) x 50 / 1000 = 0.29 ohm
which is less than max permissible Z-loop 0.44 ohm.
g)
220/0.29
758.6 A
2200 A
55 V
(Even with the high touch voltage calculated as above exceeds 50V, it is still safe.
Check the touch voltage curves, a touch voltage of 55 V should not harm persons
under protection by MCCB operating at 0.02 sec.)
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Electrical Installations
p 179
Note that persons outside the fault zone may also receive a touch voltage.
Assume earth resistance of installation is half of the up-stream earth fault loop
impedance.
Touch voltage = 759 x earth resistance
= 759 x (0.1/2) =
37.9 V
This is less than 50 V, thus acceptable for T-T system with MCCB.
0.1/2 ohm is based on assumption that the upstream protective conductor plus
an earth resistance contributed half of the earth fault loop impedance at the
origin.)
As touch voltage is acceptable, thus the size of protective conductor is
acceptable.
Where the question also asks for accommodation of cables, then either:
1) Use the Cable Factor Method
Adding up the cable factors of all the cables in the enclosure;
Compare to check which enclosure has a enclosure factor not less than this
sum of cable factors;
Then this enclosure is the minimum size of enclosure to accommodate the
cables.
2) Use the Space Factor Method
Calculate the cross-sectional area of each cable including its insulation/
sheath;
Add up all the cross-sectional areas;
Divide the sum by 0.45 to get the minimum cross-sectional area of the
enclosure.
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