EN14 107- Basics of Electronics and

Communication Enginering
Communication Systems
Prepared by Mr. Bevin K C
Asst. Professor, EEE Deprtment, VAST

Department of Electrical Engineering,

Vidya Academy of Science and Technology

March 23, 2015

Outline of topic
Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication

Microwave communication

Satellite Communications

Optical Communication

Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

Communication Systems

Bevin K C

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Block diagram of microwave transmitter

Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

Communication Systems

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Microwave transmitter components

Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

Amplifier- The inputs from several audio/video channels

are combined into a single input, and amplified in an
amplifier
Mixer- Combines the output of the amplifier and the
microwave oscillator signals.
Microwave oscillator provides a high frequency signal for
the mixer stage.
Isolator- is a circuit that prevents the loading of the
succeeding stage from the previous stage, and provides
total isolation between the stages.
Microwave power amplifier is used to provide high gain
to the signal.
Microwave antenna- The output of amplifier is applied
to a microwave antenna for transmission.
Communication Systems

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Block diagram of microwave receiver

Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

Communication Systems

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Microwave receiver components

Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

Microwave antenna receives the signals from various

channels.
Microwave tuner can select signal in the required
frequency range.
Isolator- is a circuit that prevents the loading of the
succeeding stage from the previous stage, and provides
total isolation between the stages.
Mixer- Combines received signal and the local oscillator
signals.
Local oscillator provides a high frequency signal for the
mixer stage to generate intermediate frequency signals.
IF amplifier is used to provide gain to the mixer output.
The output intermediate frequency is then used to separate
the individual channels by means of additional circuitry.
Communication Systems

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Repeaters
Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

Communication Systems

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Repeaters
Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

Repeaters are used to extend the communication distance

at microwave frequencies.
A repeater is a combination of receiver and a transmitter.
The function of repeater is to pick up the signal from a
transmitter, amplify itm and retransmit it on another
frequency to the receiver.
A typical microwave communication system requires
repeaters at about 50-80 km.

Communication Systems

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Principle of Satellite Communication

Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

Communication Systems

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Principle of Satellite Communication

Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

Satellite is a space vehicle launched by humans and orbits

Earth or another celestial body.
In essence, a communication satellite is a microwave
repeater in the sky that consist of a diverse combination of
one or more of the following: receiver, transmitter,
amplifier, regenerator, filter, onboard computer,
multiplexer, demultiplexer, antenna, waveguide, and about
any electronic communication circuit ever developed.
A satellite radio repeater is called a transponder. A single
satellite can have many transponders.

Communication Systems

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Principle of Satellite Communication

Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

The sending earth station sends a modulated carrier wave

in the form of electromagnetic waves. This is called uplink
from the earth station and corresponding frequency is
called uplink frequency.
The satellite collects incident electromagnetic waves and
retransmits as downlink to a specified earth station at a
frequency called downlink frequency.
The uplink frequency is higher than downlink frequency to
avoid interferance. Also the higher uplink frequency can
reduce the size of antenna in the satellite.
A satellite which relays the uplink carrier as downlink is
called a relay satellite or a repeater satellite.
If the satellite reformats the received signal before
retransmission, it is called a processing satellite.
Communication Systems

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Principle of Satellite Communication

Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

A satellite can go in 3 types of orbits- synchronous orbits,

polar orbits and inclined orbits.
For communication purpose, synchronous orbits are used.
An orbit in which a satellite appears stationary related to
any point on earth is called geosationary earth orbit.
This is achieved by synchronizing the revolution of the
satellite around the earth with a speed of earths rotation
about its own axis by placing the satellite in an equitorial
orbit of about 3600 km above earth.

Communication Systems

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Optical communication system block diagram

Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

Communication Systems

Bevin K C

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Optical communication components

Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

Electronic transmitter- Information (audio, video or data

input) is given to electronic transmitter. Information is
converted to electrical form.
Optical transmitter- Converts electrical information to
corresponding optical form. It has 3 important parts.
Carrier source- An optical carrier wave is generated. The
normally used carrier source are LASER or LED
Modulator- It convert the input electrical signal to either
analog or digital form of light.
Channel coupler- It feeds or couples the power into the
information channel.

Communication Systems

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Optical communication components

Communication
Systems
Bevin K C
Microwave
communication
Satellite Communications
Optical Communication

Optical fiber channel- Carriers the data in the form of

light pulses. Repeaters can also be kept in the channel to
amplify the weak signal when transmitting data over long
distances.
Optical receiver- Receive data in optical form and
convert into electrical form. It has two parts.
Detector- Extracts information being transmitted (in
electrical form) from the carrier wave. Photo detector is
normally used for this purpose.
Processor- Detected signal is given to the processor. For
analog systems, filters are used. For digital systems, a
decision circuit along with a filter is used.

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