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In this section we use trigonometric identities to integrate certain combinations of trigonometric functions. We start with powers of sine and cosine.
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate
y cos x dx.
SOLUTION Simply substituting u cos x isnt helpful, since then du sin x dx. In order
to integrate powers of cosine, we would need an extra sin x factor. Similarly, a power of
sine would require an extra cos x factor. Thus, here we can separate one cosine factor
and convert the remaining cos2x factor to an expression involving sine using the identity
sin 2x cos 2x 1:
y 1 u 2 du u 13 u 3 C
sin x 13 sin 3x C
In general, we try to write an integrand involving powers of sine and cosine in a form
where we have only one sine factor (and the remainder of the expression in terms of
cosine) or only one cosine factor (and the remainder of the expression in terms of sine).
The identity sin 2x cos 2x 1 enables us to convert back and forth between even powers
of sine and cosine.
EXAMPLE 2 Find
y sin x cos x dx
SOLUTION We could convert cos 2x to 1 sin 2x, but we would be left with an expression in
terms of sin x with no extra cos x factor. Instead, we separate a single sine factor and
rewrite the remaining sin 4x factor in terms of cos x :
sin 5x cos 2x sin2x2 cos 2x sin x 1 cos 2x2 cos 2x sin x
Figure 1 shows the graphs of the integrand
sin 5x cos 2x in Example 2 and its indefinite integral (with C 0). Which is which?
cos 2x sin x dx
0.2
_0.2
FIGURE 1
y 1 u 2 2 u 2 du y u 2 2u 4 u 6 du
u3
u5
u7
2
3
5
7
C
2 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
and
sin 2x dx.
SOLUTION If we write sin 2x 1 cos 2x, the integral is no simpler to evaluate. Using the
[ (x
1
2
1
2
0
sin 2x)
FIGURE 2
_0.5
EXAMPLE 4 Find
y sin x dx.
SOLUTION We could evaluate this integral using the reduction formula for
x sin n x dx
(Equation 5.6.7) together with Example 3 (as in Exercise 33 in Section 5.6), but a better
method is to write sin 4x sin 2x2 and use a half-angle formula:
y sin x dx y sin x dx
4
y
1 cos 2x
2
dx
y sin x dx y 1 2 cos 2x
4
1
4
14 y
1
2
1 cos 4x dx
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 3
y sin
x cos nx dx
(a) If the power of cosine is odd n 2k 1, save one cosine factor and use
cos 2x 1 sin 2x to express the remaining factors in terms of sine:
y sin
y sin
2k1
We can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the form x tan mx sec nx dx. Since
ddx tan x sec 2x, we can separate a sec 2x factor and convert the remaining (even)
power of secant to an expression involving tangent using the identity sec 2x 1 tan 2x.
Or, since ddx sec x sec x tan x, we can separate a sec x tan x factor and convert the
remaining (even) power of tangent to secant.
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate
SOLUTION If we separate one sec 2x factor, we can express the remaining sec 2x factor in
terms of tangent using the identity sec 2x 1 tan 2x. We can then evaluate the integral
by substituting u tan x with du sec 2x dx :
u7
u9
C
7
9
17 tan 7x 19 tan 9x C
4 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE 6 Find
SOLUTION If we separate a sec 2 factor, as in the preceding example, we are left with
y tan
5
u 11
u9
u7
2
C
11
9
7
y tan
x sec nx dx
(a) If the power of secant is even n 2k, k 2, save a factor of sec 2x and use
sec 2x 1 tan 2x to express the remaining factors in terms of tan x :
y tan
y tan
2k1
For other cases, the guidelines are not as clear-cut. We may need to use identities, integration by parts, and occasionally a little ingenuity. We will sometimes need to be able to
integrate tan x by using the formula established in Example 5 in Section 5.5:
y tan x dx ln sec x C
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 5
We could verify Formula 1 by differentiating the right side, or as follows. First we multiply numerator and denominator by sec x tan x :
sec x tan x
If we substitute u sec x tan x, then du sec x tan x sec 2x dx, so the integral
becomes x 1u du ln u C. Thus, we have
y tan x dx.
SOLUTION Here only tan x occurs, so we use tan 2x sec 2x 1 to rewrite a tan 2x factor in
terms of sec 2x :
y tan x sec 2x 1 dx
y tan x sec 2x dx y tan x dx
tan 2x
ln sec x C
2
y sec x dx.
u sec x
du sec x tan x dx
Then
dv sec 2x dx
v tan x
6 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Integrals such as the one in the preceding example may seem very special but they
occur frequently in applications of integration, as we will see in Chapter 6. Integrals of
the form x cot m x csc n x dx can be found by similar methods because of the identity
1 cot 2x csc 2x.
Finally, we can make use of another set of trigonometric identities:
2 To evaluate the integrals (a) x sin mx cos nx dx, (b) x sin mx sin nx dx, or
(c) x cos mx cos nx dx, use the corresponding identity:
EXAMPLE 9 Evaluate
SOLUTION This integral could be evaluated using integration by parts, but its easier to use
the identity in Equation 2(a) as follows:
y sin 4x cos 5x dx y
1
2
Exercises
A Click here for answers.
147
1.
y sin x cos x dx
3.
y
34
2
sin 5x cos 3x dx
5
5.
y cos x sin x dx
7.
9.
11.
13.
2
cos2 d
sin 43t dt
2
4
4.
d
sin 4x cos 2x dx
2
cos 5x dx
6.
y sin mx dx
8.
12.
14.
2
sin 2 2 d
cos6 d
2
y x cos x dx
y
2
sin 2x cos 2x dx
18.
y cot sin d
20.
y cos x sin 2x dx
22.
24.
y tan x dx
26.
tan 5 x sec 4 x dx
28.
30.
32.
y tan ay dy
17.
y cos x tan x dx
19.
21.
y sec x tan x dx
23.
y tan x dx
25.
y sec t dt
27.
29.
y tan x sec x dx
31.
y tan x dx
1 sin x
dx
cos x
2
y sin x scos x dx
y sin x cos x dx
10.
y 1 cos
2.
16.
15.
3
2
sec 4t2 dt
4
4
sec 4 tan 4 d
3
3
tan 5x sec6x dx
6
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 7
tan 3
33.
y cos d
35.
y
2
6
cot 2x dx
; 5758
34.
y tan x sec x dx
36.
y
2
4
cot 3x dx
57.
2
37.
y cot 3 csc 3 d
38.
y csc 4 x cot 6 x dx
39.
y csc x dx
40.
y
41.
3
6
42.
y sin 5x sin 2x dx
43.
y cos 7 cos 5 d
45.
1 tan x
dx
sec 2x
47.
y t sec t
cos x sin x
dx
sin 2x
about y 1
51.
y sec
6567
53. Find the average value of the function f x sin 2x cos 3x on
y sin mx cos nx dx 0
66.
y sin mx sin nx dx
67.
y cos mx cos nx dx
0
if m n
if m n
if m n
if m n
0
f x
a
sin nx
n1
y sin 3x,
56. y sin x,
y 2 sin x,
55. y sin x,
x 0,
x 2
x 2
x 0,
am
65.
where t is the time in seconds. Voltmeters read the RMS (rootmean-square) voltage, which is the square root of the average
value of Et 2 over one cycle.
(a) Calculate the RMS voltage of household current.
(b) Many electric stoves require an RMS voltage of 220 V.
Find the corresponding amplitude A needed for the voltage
Et A sin120 t.
x
dx
2
y sin x cos x dx
52.
y sin 3x sin 6x dx
f 0 0.
about y 1
; 4952
y sin x dx
49.
y cos x 1
sin 2 x cos 5 x dx
tan t dt
4
dx
46.
csc 3x dx
58.
5962
y sin 3x cos x dx
44.
cos 3x dx
1
y
f x sin mx dx
8 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Answers
49. 5 cos 5x 3 cos 3x cos x C
1
1.1
1.
5.
11.
15.
17.
21.
25.
29.
31.
33.
37.
41.
45.
1
5
1
5
11
cos 5x 13 cos 3x C
3. 384
2
1
5
7
9
sin x 7 sin x 9 sin x C
7. 4
9. 38
3
1
13.
2
sin
sin
2
C
3
4192
2
4
( 27 cos 3x 23 cos x) scos x C
1
2
19. ln1 sin x C
2 cos x ln cos x C
1
2
23. tan x x C
2 tan x C
1
2
117
5
3
27. 8
5 tan t 3 tan t tan t C
1
3
3 sec x sec x C
1
4
2
4 sec x tan x ln sec x C
1
1
6
4
35. s3 3
6 tan 4 tan C
1
1
3
5
39. ln csc x cot x C
csc
csc
C
3
5
1
1
1
1
43. 4 sin 2 24 sin 12 C
6 sin 3x 14 sin 7x C
1
1
5 2
47. 10 tan t C
2 sin 2x C
F
_2
1.1
51.
1
6
_2
1
1
3
55.
57. 0
53. 0
63. s 1 cos 3 t3
59. 24
61. 2 24
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 9
The symbols = and = indicate the use of the substitutions {u = sin x, du = cos x dx} and {u = cos x, du = sin x dx},
respectively.
c R
sin2 x cos2 x sin x dx = 1 cos2 x cos2 x sin x dx = 1 u2 u2 (du)
R
= u2 1 u2 du = u4 u2 du = 15 u5 13 u3 + C = 15 cos5 x 13 cos3 x + C
R 3/4
R 3/4
R 3/4
R 2/2 5
2/2
s R 2/2 5
u u7 du = 16 u6 18 u8 1
= 1
u 1 u2 du = 1
11
16 18 = 384
= 1/8
1/16
6
8
1.
5.
sin3 x cos2 x dx =
2
R
2
s R
cos4 x sin4 x cos x dx =
1 sin2 x sin4 x cos x dx =
1 u2 u4 du
R
R
=
1 2u2 + u4 u4 du =
u4 2u6 + u8 du = 15 u5 27 u7 + 19 u9 + C
cos5 x sin4 x dx =
=
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
R /2
0
R
0
cos2 d =
=
1
5
sin5 x
R /2
0
1
2
2
7
sin7 x +
1
9
sin9 x + C
1
(1
2
1
2
R
(1 + cos )2 d = (1 + 2 cos + cos2 ) d = + 2 sin +
= + 2 sin +
R /4
0
R
2
R
2
sin2 (3t) dt = 0 12 (1 cos 6t) dt = 14 0 (1 2 cos 6t + cos2 6t) dt
R
R
1
= 14 32 t 13 sin 6t + 24
sin 12t 0 = 14 3
0 + 0 (0 0 + 0) = 3
2
8
sin4 (3t) dt =
/2
sin 2 0 = 12 2 + 0 (0 + 0) =
sin3 x
1
4
sin 2 + C =
3
2
(1 + cos 2) d
+ 2 sin +
R /4
1
4
sin 2 + C
2
cos 2x) 12 sin 2x dx
R /4
R /4
R /4
= 18 0 (1 cos 2x) sin2 2x dx = 18 0 sin2 2x dx 18 0 sin2 2x cos 2x dx
R /4
/4
/4
1
1 1
1
x 14 sin 4x 13 sin3 2x 0
(1 cos 4x) dx 16
sin3 2x 0 = 16
= 16
3
0
1
1
1
= 192
= 16
(3 4)
4 0 3
sin4 x cos2 x dx =
R /4
1
2
1
2
1
2 (1
R 5/2
c R
cos x dx =
1 cos2 x cos x sin x dx =
1 u2 u1/2 (du) =
u
u1/2 du
cos x tan x dx =
sin3 x
c
dx =
cos x
2
3
(cos x)3/2 + C
Z
1 u2 (du)
1
=
+ u du
u
u
= ln |u| + 12 u2 + C =
1
2
cos2 x ln |cos x| + C
10 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
19.
1 sin x
dx =
cos x
Or:
Z
Z
Z
1 sin2 x dx
1 sin x 1 + sin x
cos x dx
1 sin x
dx =
dx =
=
cos x
cos x
1 + sin x
cos x (1 + sin x)
1 + sin x
Z
dw
=
[where w = 1 + sin x, dw = cos x dx]
w
= ln |w| + C = ln |1 + sin x| + C = ln (1 + sin x) + C
R
sec2 x tan x dx = u du = 12 u2 + C = 12 tan2 x + C.
R
R
Or: Let v = sec x, dv = sec x tan x dx. Then sec2 x tan x dx = v dv = 12 v 2 + C = 12 sec2 x + C.
23.
25.
27.
tan2 x dx =
sec6 t dt =
sec2 x 1 dx = tan x x + C
R
R
sec4 t sec2 t dt = (tan2 t + 1)2 sec2 t dt = (u2 + 1)2 du
= (u4 + 2u2 + 1) du = 15 u5 + 23 u3 + u + C =
R /3
0
tan5 x sec4 x dx =
=
=
1
5
tan5 t +
2
3
tan3 t + tan t + C
R /3
R 3 5 2
u (u + 1) du
[u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx]
0
R 3 7
27
81
(u + u5 ) du = 18 u8 + 16 u6 0 = 81
8 + 6 = 8
0
9
2
81
8
36
8
117
8
Alternate solution:
R /3
R /3
R /3
tan5 x sec4 x dx = 0 tan4 x sec3 x sec x tan x dx = 0 (sec2 x 1)2 sec3 x sec x tan x dx
0
R2
[u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx]
= 1 (u2 1)2 u3 du
R2
R2 4
2
3
= 1 (u 2u + 1)u du = 1 (u7 2u5 + u3 ) du
2
= 18 u8 13 u6 + 14 u4 1 = 32 64
+ 4 18 13 + 14 = 117
3
8
29.
tan3 x sec x dx =
1 3
u
3
u+C =
sec3 x sec x + C
2
R
R
R
sec2 x 1 tan x dx = sec4 x tan x dx 2 sec2 x tan x dx + tan x dx
R
R
R
= sec3 x sec x tan x dx 2 tan x sec2 x dx + tan x dx
tan5 x dx =
=
33.
R
= (u2 1) du
=
31.
R
1
4
tan3
d =
cos4
=
Z
R
tan3 sec4 d =
u3 (u2 + 1) du
[or
37.
R /2
/6
cot2 x dx =
R /2
/6
cot3 csc3 d =
[u = tan , du = sec2 d]
= (u5 + u3 ) du = 16 u6 + 14 u4 + C =
35.
1
4
1
6
tan6 +
1
4
/2
csc2 x 1 dx = [ cot x x]/6 = 0
tan4 + C
R
cot2 csc2 csc cot d = (csc2 1) csc2 csc cot d
R
[u = csc , du = csc cot d]
= (u2 1)u2 (du)
R 2
4
1 3
1 5
= (u u ) du = 3 u 5 u + C = 13 csc3 15 csc5 + C
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 11
Z
csc x cot x + csc2 x
csc x (csc x cot x)
dx =
dx. Let u = csc x cot x
csc x cot x
csc x cot x
39. I =
csc x dx =
1
6
1
[cos(5x
2
sin 3x
1
14
sin 7x + C
1
2
R
1
1
(cos 2 + cos 12) d
2 [cos(7 5) + cos(7 + 5)] d = 2
1 1
1
1
1
= 2 2 sin 2 + 12 sin 12 + C = 4 sin 2 + 24
sin 12 + C
1 tan2 x
dx =
sec2 x
cos2 x sin2 x dx =
cos 2x dx =
R
1 5
u +C =
t sec2 t2 tan4 t2 dt = u4 12 du = 10
1
10
1
sin 2x + C
2
tan5 (t2 ) + C.
=
1 + 2u2 u4 du = 15 u5 + 23 u3 u + C
= 15 cos5 x +
2
3
cos3 x cos x + C
1
6
sin 3x sin 6x dx =
1
[cos(3x
2
R
1
2
sin 3x
1
18
sin 9x + C
53. fave =
1
2
1
2
=0
R
1
sin2 x cos3 x dx = 2
sin2 x 1 sin2 x cos x dx
R0 2
[where u = sin x]
u 1 u2 du
0
R
55. For 0 < x < 2 , we have 0 < sin x < 1, so sin3 x < sin x. Hence the area is
R /2
R /2
R /2
sin x sin3 x dx = 0 sin x 1 sin2 x dx = 0 cos2 x sin x dx. Now let u = cos x
0
R0
1
R1
2
sin x 13 sin3 x 0 = 0. Note that due to symmetry, the integral of
12 TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
R
sin2 x dx = /2 12 (1 cos 2x) dx = 12 x 14 sin 2x /2 = 2 0
R /2
R /2
(1 + cos x)2 12 dx = 0
2 cos x + cos2 x dx
61. Volume = 0
59. V =
/2
/2
2
= 2 sin x + 12 x + 14 sin 2x 0 = 2 + 4 = 2 + 4
Rt
63. s = f (t) = 0 sin u cos2 u du. Let y = cos u dy = sin u du. Then
R cos t 2
cos t
1
1 cos3 t .
y dy = 1 13 y3 1
= 3
s = 1 1
65. Just note that the integrand is odd [f (x) = f (x)].
Or: If m 6= n, calculate
R
sin mx cos nx dx =
=
1
[sin(m
2
cos(m n)x
cos(m + n)x
1
=0
2
mn
m+n
1 sin(m n)x
sin(m + n)x
this is equal to
= 0. If m = n, we get
+
2
mn
m+n
R 1
1
sin(m + n)x
[1
+
cos(m
+
n)x]
dx
=
x
+
= + 0 = .
2
2
2(m + n)
+0 =
2
4