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Transition from adakitic to bimodal magmatism

induced by the paleo-Pacific plate subduction
and slab rollback beneath SE China: Evidence
from petrogenesis and tectonic setting of t...
Article in Lithos December 2015
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Transition from adakitic to bimodal magmatism induced by the paleo-Pacific
plate subduction and slab rollback beneath SE China: Evidence from petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the dike swarms
Yan Xia, Xisheng Xu, Lei Liu
PII:
DOI:
Reference:

S0024-4937(15)00448-X
doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2015.12.006
LITHOS 3777

To appear in:

LITHOS

Received date:
Accepted date:

9 July 2015
17 December 2015

Please cite this article as: Xia, Yan, Xu, Xisheng, Liu, Lei, Transition from adakitic
to bimodal magmatism induced by the paleo-Pacic plate subduction and slab rollback
beneath SE China: Evidence from petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the dike swarms,
LITHOS (2015), doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2015.12.006

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Transition from adakitic to bimodal magmatism induced
by the paleo-Pacific plate subduction and slab rollback

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tectonic setting of the dike swarms

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Yan Xia, Xisheng Xu*, Lei Liu

*Corresponding Author: Xisheng Xu

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beneath SE China: evidence from petrogenesis and

Yan Xia: State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth

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xia_bruce@126.com

Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Email:

* Xisheng Xu: State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth

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Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Tel:

86-25-89683089; Fax: 86-25-83686016; Email: xsxu@nju.edu.cn

Lei Liu: State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth
Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Email:
aliuleiz@gmail.com

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Transition from adakitic to bimodal magmatism induced
by the paleo-Pacific plate subduction and slab rollback

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tectonic setting of the dike swarms

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beneath SE China: evidence from petrogenesis and

Yan Xia a, Xisheng Xu a,*, Lei Liu a

State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,

Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

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Abstract

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The late Mesozoic magmatic record of SE China is dominated by felsic volcanics and

intrusions. However, this magmatism mainly occurred in coastal areas at 11080 Ma, in contrast

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to poorly researched dike swarms that were emplaced inland at 165120 Ma. Here, we focus on

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Early Cretaceous mafic and felsic dike swarms that provide new insights into the
tectono-magmatic evolution of SE China. The swarms were intruded into Neoproterozoic plutons

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and include granodioritic porphyry, granitic porphyry, and diabase dikes. The granodioritic
porphyry (128 2 Ma) dikes are geochemically similar to adakitic rocks, suggesting that inland
adakitic magmatism occurred between ca. 175 and ca. 130 Ma. The majority of these adakitic
rocks are calc-alkaline and have SrNdHfO isotopic compositions that are indicative of
derivation from a Neoproterozoic magmatic arc source within the lower crust. The granitic
porphyry and diabase dikes were emplaced coevally at ca. 130 Ma, and the former contain high
alkali and high field strength element (HFSE; e.g., Zr, Nb, Ce, and Y) concentrations that together
with their high Ga/Al and FeOT/(FeOT + MgO) ratios imply an A-type affinity. The widespread ca.
130 Ma magmatism that formed the A-type granites and coeval diabase dikes defines a NESW

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trending inland belt of bimodal magmatism in SE China. The presence of mafic enclaves in some
of the A-type granites, and the SrNdHf isotopic compositions of the latter are indicative of

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inadequate mixing between the basement sediment-derived and coeval mantle-derived basaltic

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melts that define the bimodal magmatism. The transition from adakitic rocks to bimodal
magmatism in the inland region of SE China indicates a change in the prevailing tectonic regime.
This change was associated with an increase in the dip angle of the northwestward-subducting

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paleo-Pacific Plate beneath SE China between the Middle Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous. This

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resulted in a transition from a local intra-plate extensional tectonic regime induced by far-distance
stress at the plate margin to a back-arc extensional regime induced by rollback of the subducted

slab.

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Key Words: SE China; Late Mesozoic paleo-Pacific subduction; adakitic rocks; bimodal

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magmatisms; NdHf isotope

1. Introduction

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The late Mesozoic geology of SE China is dominated by widespread igneous rocks

(>200,000 km2) that predominantly consist of granitoids, felsic volcanic rocks, and subordinate
mafic intrusive and volcanic rocks (Fig. 1a; Zhou et al., 2006). More than 90% of these magmatic
rocks are granitoids and their volcanic counterparts. This magmatism and associated tectonism has
been explained by three main models: (1) a change in subduction angle (Zhou and Li, 2000), (2)
slab break-off and rollback after flat slab subduction (Li and Li, 2007), and (3) the subduction of a
mid-ocean ridge (Sun et al., 2007). However, the direction of subduction within this
oceancontinent system and the processes involved remain controversial (e.g., He et al., 2010; He
and Xu, 2012; Li et al., 2014b; Ling et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2012a, 2012b, 2014a; Zhu et al., 2014).

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In addition, Pearce et al. (1984) and Frster et al. (1997) indicate that the composition of granites
are dependent on the source of the granitic magmas and associated melting and crystallization

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processes rather than the tectonic environment of the magmatism. Consequently, previous studies

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focused on magmatism associated with unusual tectonic settings, such as the inland adakitic rocks
of SE China that are commonly associated with CuAu mineralization (Liu et al., 2012c; Wang et
al., 2006, 2012a, 2015; Zhou et al., 2012), bimodal magmatism in both coastal and inland areas of

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SE China (Li et al., 2014b; Liu et al., 2012a; Xu, 2008), and the inland gabbros, syenites, and

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A-type granites (He et al., 2010; Xie et al., 2005; Xu, 2008).

Modern adakites generally form in island and continental arc settings, and their petrogenesis

is typically related to the partial melting of young and hot subducted oceanic slab material at

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convergent boundaries (Castillo, 2006; Defant and Drummond, 1990; Moyen, 2009). Adakites are

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geochemically distinct from normal mantle wedge-derived arc magmas as they have SiO2
concentrations 56 wt.%, Al2O3 concentrations 15 wt.%, MgO concentrations <3 wt.% (rarely >6

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wt.%), K2O/Na2O ratios 0.5, Sr concentrations >400 ppm, Y concentrations 18 ppm, Yb

concentrations 1.8 ppm, and are free of Eu anomalies (Defant and Drummond, 1990; Drummond
et al., 1996; Martin, 1999). These features require slab melting under pressures high enough to
stabilize garnet amphibole and suppress the formation of plagioclase (e.g., Defant and
Drummond, 1990; Drummond et al., 1996; Martin, 1999; Peacock et al., 1994). However, the term
adakite has been increasingly used for a much wider range of igneous rocks than was originally
defined. Many intracontinental igneous rocks with higher K2O contents than typical adakites but
with similar high Sr/Y or La/Yb ratios have been termed adakite-like, adakitic and/or C-type
or potassic adakitic rocks (e.g., Rapp et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2004; Xiao and Clemens, 2007;

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Xu et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2001); in this manuscript, all of these terms are referred to as
adakitic rocks for convenience.

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The petrogenesis of adakitic rocks is generally linked to partial melting of thickened mafic

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and/or delaminated lower crust (Rapp et al., 2002; Xu et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2001). Both of
these models have been invoked to explain the formation of the inland adakitic rocks in SE China
(e.g., Wang et al., 2006, 2012). Some research also suggests that the source of these adakitic rocks

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incorporated material derived from subducted sediments (Zhou et al., 2012). Despite these

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uncertainties, the fact that adakitic rocks have high Sr/Y ratios indicates that the magmas that
formed these rocks were generated during regional compression and crustal thickening (Wang et

al., 2004; Xu et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2001), whereas bimodal magmatism is generally associated

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with regional extension and crustal thinning. This indicates that the transition between adakitic

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and bimodal magmatism in the inland region of SE China also implies a change in tectonic regime.
Some research has also identified this transition in magmatism and tectonic setting in SE China

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(Li et al., 2013b; Qiu et al., 2014), although to date the petrogenesis of these adakitic rocks
remains controversial and more precise dating is required to constrain the timing of this transition
(Jiang et al., 2011; Li et al., 2013b, 2014a; Liu et al., 2012c; Qiu et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2006).
In addition, the limited scope of previous research indicates that a more comprehensive study of
the transition from adakitic to bimodal magmatism might also provide insights into the processes
that occurred during paleo-Pacific Plate subduction.
2. Geological background and petrography
South China, an important segment of the eastern Eurasia, is bordered by the North China
Craton to the north, the Tibetan Plateau to the west, the Indochina Block to the southwest, and the

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Philippine Sea Plate to the east. South China is divided into two major Precambrian continental
blocks, namely the Yangtze Block to the northwest and the Cathaysia Block to the southeast (Fig.

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1a), both of which have distinct histories of crustal evolution and tectonism (Qiu et al., 2000). The

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Archean to Proterozoic basement of the Yangtze Block is generally exposed in the northern and
western parts of the block, whereas the Cathaysia Block contains almost no exposed Archean
basement but instead is dominated by Proterozoic basement material (Chen and Jahn, 1998; Liu et

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al., 2014b; Qiu et al., 2000; Xia et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2007; Zheng et al., 2006). Adakitic rocks in

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South China generally crop out along the Lower Yangtze River Belt (LYRB), which runs along the
northeastern margin of the Yangtze Block and is associated with CuAuMoFe mineralization

and later bimodal magmatism (Li et al., 2010; Ling et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2011). However, more

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(Table 1; Fig. 1a).

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recent research has also identified similar magmatic associations within inland areas of SE China

SE China is located within the eastern part of the South China Block (SCB) (Shu and Zhou,

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2002) and is characterized by widespread and intensive late Mesozoic magmatism that formed a
~600-km-long belt of volcanicintrusive complexes parallel to the present coastline (Fig. 1a).
These granitoids and equivalent volcanic rocks formed between the Jurassic and the Cretaceous,
and they young towards the coast (e.g., Liu et al., 2014a; Zhou et al., 2006), although Li et al.
(2013a) also suggested that these granitoids and associated rocks become younger with increasing
distance from the Nanling Range. In addition, a system of sub-parallel, NESW trending Basin
and Range Province formed concurrently with the regional magmatism in inland SE China (Shu et
al., 2009). The GanHang Belt (GHB), which consists of the northeastern part of the ShiHang
zone (called the GanHang Rift by Gilder et al., 1996), forms a NESW trending belt that is at

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least 450 km long (Fig. 1a) and hosts early stage volcanic rocks that are dominated by grey
ignimbrite and purple rhyolite units along with late-stage red clastic sedimentary rocks, marl,

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gypsum, and evaporite units (Li et al., 2014a). These sediments were generally deposited during

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the Late Cretaceous and have a total thickness of more than 10 km. The GHB forms the
northernmost boundary of the province and was superimposed on a major suture zone (the
JiangshanShaoxing Fault) that separates the Jiangnan Orogen and the Cathaysia Block (Fig. 1a).

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Previous research reported a series of GHB units and adjacent granitic plutons and diabase dikes

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(Fig. 1b) that range in age from Middle Jurassic adakitic porphyries (e.g., the Dexing and Yinshan
porphyries; see also Table 1 and Fig. 1a) that host porphyry CuAu mineralization, to Early

Cretaceous bimodal magmatism (e.g., the Miaohou and Shanhou dike swarms, the Tongshan,

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also Table 1 and Fig. 1b).

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SanqingshanDamaoshan, and Baijuhuajian A-type granites and the Tongshan diabase dikes; see

The Miaohou and Shanhou complexes are located to the north of Jinhua and form part of the

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GHB (Fig. 1b). These complexes are dominated by Neoproterozoic diorites and granites that are
cut by Cretaceous mafic and felsic dike swarms (Fig. 2). These dikes were sampled during this
study; the sample locations and mineral assemblages are listed in Table 2. The Miaohou granitic
porphyry is light grey in color, porphyritic (Fig. 3), and contains plagioclase, K-feldspar, and
quartz phenocrysts that form ca. 2050 vol.% of the sample and are 0.52 mm in size. These
phenocrysts occur in a microgranular (0.020.1 mm) matrix that consists of plagioclase, quartz,
K-feldspar, and minor amounts of biotite, with accessory magnetite, apatite, ilmenite, and zircon.
The Shanhou granodioritic porphyry is grey colored and contains abundant (ca. 60 vol.%) 0.55
mm plagioclase, FeTi oxide, biotite, and quartz phenocrysts in a microgranular matrix of

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plagioclase, quartz, biotite, and minor K-feldspar that also contains accessory apatite, titanite, and
zircon. The diabase dikes are dark green in color, strike EW or NESW, and were emplaced into

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the Neoproterozoic dioritegranite (Fig. 2). These dikes are generally ophitic and contain

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plagioclase, pyroxene, and FeTi oxides (Fig. 3), in addition to minor amounts of xenocrystic
quartz. The pyroxene in these dikes is partially altered to chlorite, uralite, and carbonate. The
whole-rock major and trace element, and SrNd isotopic compositions of representative samples

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were determined, as well as the UPb dating and Hf isotopic analysis of zircons separated from

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these samples.
3. Analytical methods

3.1. UPb dating and trace elements of zircons

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Zircons were extracted using standard density and magnetic separation techniques. Random

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zircon grains were handpicked under a binocular stereomicroscope and mounted in a 1.4 cm
diameter epoxy disk, and polished to expose the central parts of the grains. In order to characterize

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the internal structures of the zircons and to choose appropriate target sites for UPb and Hf isotope
analyses, cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging was done using a Quanta 400FEG environmental
scanning electron microscope equipped with an Oxford energy dispersive spectroscopy system
and a Gatan CL3+ detector at the State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest
University, Xi'an. The operating conditions for the CL imaging were at 15 kV and 20 nA.
Zircon UPb dating were carried out using an Agilent 7500a ICPMS equipped with a New
Wave 213 nm laser at the State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research, Nanjing University.
More detailed analytical procedures can be found in Jackson et al. (2004). Analyses were carried
out with a beam diameter of 25 m, 5 Hz repetition rate, and energy of 1020 J/cm2. Data

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acquisition for each analysis took 100 s (40 s on background and 60 s on signal). Five different
isotopes were analyzed: 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb, 232Th, and 238U with a dwell time on each isotope of 15,

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30, 10, 10, and 15 ms. In both laboratories, zircon GJ-1 was used as an external standard for mass

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bias and instrument drift correction (analyzed twice every 5-10 analyses), and the
well-characterized Mud Tank zircon was analyzed to monitor the reproducibility and stability of
the instrument (analyzed once every 10 analyses). Analyses of the Mud Tank zircon yielded a
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Pb/238U age of 732 6 Ma (2; MSWD=0.69), which are consistent with the

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weighted mean

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age determined by ID-TIMS (7325Ma, Black and Gulson, 1978). The raw ICPMS data were
processed using GLITTER (van Achterbergh et al., 2001). Common Pb was corrected according

to the method proposed by Andersen (2002). The age calculations and plotting of concordia

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diagrams were made using Isoplot (ver. 3.23) (Ludwig, 2003).

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Zircon trace element analyses were simultaneously obtained during zircon UPb dating.
NIST612 glass was used as an external standard to calculate the trace element concentrations of
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Si as an

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the unknowns, with working values recommended by Pearce et al. (1997). We used

internal standard to normalize each analysis. Average analytical uncertainty ranges from 10% for
light rare earth elements (LREEs) to 5% for other trace elements. For the calculation of
Ti-in-zircon temperature, the presence of quartz in all the samples suggests SiO2 activity = 1
(Anderson et al., 2008). TiO2 activity is estimated at 0.75 for the presence of titanite and FeTi
oxide in the Miaohou and Shanhou dike swarms (Hayden and Watson, 2007).
3.2. Hfisotope analysis of zircon
In situ LuHf isotopic analyses of zircon were conducted using a Neptune Plus MCICPMS,
connected with a UP 193 nm laser at the State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research,

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Nanjing University. Instrumental conditions and data acquisition were comprehensively described
by Hou et al. (2007). A stationary spot was used for the present analyses, with a beam diameter of

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35 m. Helium was used as the carrier gas to transport the ablated sample from the laserablation

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cell to the ICPMS torch via an Ar gas mixing chamber. A 8 Hz repetition rate, pulse energy
density of 10.5 J/cm2 were used. To evaluate the reliability of the data, zircon standard 91500 was
analyzed during the course of this study, which yielded a weighted mean

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Hf/177Hf ratio of

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0.282296 8 (2; MSWD=0.58). The measured 176Lu/177Hf ratios and the 176Lu decay constant of

chondritic values of

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Hf/177Hf ratios. The

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1.86710-11 yr-1 (Sderlund et al., 2004) were used to calculate initial

Lu/177Hf=0.03361 and

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Hf/177Hf=0.28278511 (2) (Bouvier et al.,

2008) were used for calculating Hf values. The depleted mantle Hf model ages (TDM) were

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calculated using the measured 176Lu/177Hf ratios based on the assumption that the depleted mantle

with

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reservoir has a linear isotopic growth from 176Hf/177Hf=0.279718 at 4.55 Ga to 0.283250 at present,
Lu/177Hf=0.0384 (Griffin et al., 2000). The new continental crust Hf model ages (TNC)
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Lu/177Hf ratios based on the assumption that the new

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were calculated using the measured

continental crust reservoir (island arcs) has a linear isotopic growth from 176Hf/177Hf=0.279703 at
4.55 Ga to 0.283145 at present, with 176Lu/177Hf=0.0375 (Dhuime et al., 2011). The TNC provides
a better constraint than TDM on when the continental crust generated (Dhuime et al., 2011). We
also present a two-stage model age (T2DM or T2NC) for each zircon, which assumes that its parental
magma was produced from the average continental crust (176Lu/177Hf=0.015; Griffin et al., 2002)
that was originally derived from the depleted mantle or island arcs.
3.3. Major and trace element analyses of whole-rocks
All the analysed samples were crushed to 200 mesh powders using an agate mortar.

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Bulk-rock major element analyses were performed using an ARL9800XP+ Xray fluorescence
spectrometer (XRF) at the State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research, Nanjing

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University. The glass discs were prepared by fusion of a mixture with an alkali flux consisting of a

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66.33: 33.17: 0.5 mixture of lithium tetraborate, lithium metaborate and lithium bromide at
1050 C. Analyses were carried out with an accelerating voltage of 50 kV and a beam current of
50 mA. Standards (GSR3) were prepared using the same procedure to monitor the analytical

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accuracy. The analytical precision is generally better than 2% for all elements. Trace element

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analyses of most samples were measured at the State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposit Research,
Nanjing University. For trace element analyses, ca. 50 mg of powder was dissolved in

highpressure Teflon bombs using a HF + HNO3 mixture for each sample. Rh was used as an

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internal standard to calibrate signal drift during ICPMS analyses. Trace element concentrations

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were determined using a Finnigan Element II ICPMS. The precision of ICPMS analyses is
<10% for all trace elements and <5% for the majority of elements. For detailed procedures of the

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trace element analyses, see Gao et al. (2003). Whole-rock trace element analyses of other few
samples were carried out at the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral
Resources, China University of Geosciences in Wuhan. For trace element analyses, ca. 50 mg
were dissolved in distilled HF + HNO3 (3:1) in Savillex Teflon screw-cap capsules at 100 C for 2
days, dried and then digested with 6 M HCl at 150 C. Three duplicates of three standards
(AGV1, GSR3 and DNC1) were prepared by the same procedure to monitor analytical
accuracy. The solutions were measured for trace elements using an Agilent 7500a ICP mass
spectrometer (MS). The discrepancy among triplicates is less than 10% for all elements. Analyses
of standards agree with recommended values within uncertainty. More detailed analytical

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procedures are referred to Lin et al. (2000).
3.4. SrNd isotope analysis of whole-rocks

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Sr isotopic compositions were measured using a Finnigan Triton TI thermal ionisation mass

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spectrometer (TIMS) at the State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research, Nanjing
University following the methods of Pu et al. (2004, 2005). Nd isotopic compositions were
measured using the Neptune (Plus) MCICPMS at the State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits

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Research, Nanjing University. For whole-rock SrNd isotope analyses, ca. 50 mg of powder was

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dissolved in the same way as for trace element analyses. RbSr and SmNd were separated using
AG50W 8 resin and various eluents. The rare earth elements (REEs) were first separated from

RbSr by conventional cation exchange chromatography using HCl as an eluent. Rb and Sr were

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then separated and purified using a mixed eluent of pyridinium and DCTA complex. Sm and Nd

resin (0.6 ml).

87

Sr/86Sr and

Sr/88Sr = 0.1194 and

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Nd/144Nd ratios are reported as measured, after normalisation to

Nd/144Nd = 0.7219 (ONions et al., 1977), respectively, to correct for

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86

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were separated and purified using HIBA as an eluent through a small volume of cation exchange

instrumental fractionation. The long-term measurements of the Japan JNdi1 Nd standard gave a
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Nd/144Nd = 0.512096 0.000008 (2) and for the NIST SRM 987 Sr standard yielded a

87

Sr/86Sr= 0.710248 0.000004 (2). For the calculation of (87Sr/86Sr)i, Nd(t) and Nd model ages,

the following parameter were used: Rb=1.4210-11 year-1 (Minster et al., 1982); Sm=6.5410-12
year-1 (Lugmair and Marti, 1978); (147Sm/144Nd)CHUR=0.19604, (143Nd/144Nd)CHUR=0.51263011
(2) (Bouvier et al., 2008); (143Nd/144Nd)DM=0.513151, (147Sm/144Nd)DM=0.2136 (Liew and
Hofmann, 1988). The

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Sm/144Nd value of 0.118 for average continental crust (Jahn and Condie,

1995) was used for the mantle extraction model age (T2DM) for the source rocks of the magmas.

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4. Analytical results
4.1. Zircons UPb geochronology and trace elements

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The locations of selected samples for zircon UPb dating are shown in Fig. 2. CL images of

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representative zircons are shown in Fig. 4. Zircon REE concentrations and U-Pb ages of the
samples from Miaohou and Shanhou dike swarms are graphically shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 (also
see Table 3 and Appendix Table 1 and 2). Zircons separated from the selected samples are

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diaphanous or light yellow, prismatic or ellipsoidal in shape and approximately 80 to 300 m long

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with aspect ratios of 1to 4, and generally show well-developed oscillatory zonation. All zircon
grains from these samples have higher Th/U ratios than those of metamorphic zircon (<0.1), and

are consistent with the zircons being of magmatic origin (Hoskin and Schaltegger, 2003).

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4.1.1. Miaohou granitic porphyry (MH01, MH05, MH06 and MH23)

Four samples from the Miaohou granitic porphyry dikes were selected for zircon LA-ICP-MS

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analysis. Twenty-two analyses from MH01 are all concordant or near-concordant, yielding a
weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 129 2 Ma (MSWD=1.2; Table 3, Fig. 6). Except that MH01-01

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and 18 have high concentrations of LREEs which may be caused by micro-inclusions, the majority
of these zircons are enriched in HREEs with positive Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*=1.0828.57) and
negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.030.19) (Appendix Table 1; Fig. 5). Twenty-five analyses
from MH05 plot in a group on the concordia curve and yield a weighted mean

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Pb/238U age of

129 1 Ma (MSWD=1.5; Table 3, Fig. 6). Their chondrite normalised REE patterns show HREE
enrichments with positive Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*=1.5536.59) and negative Eu anomalies
(Eu/Eu*=0.050.20) except one sample with flat LREE pattern (Appendix Table 1; Fig. 5). A total
of 9 analyses on 9 zircons from MH06 plot on or close to the concordia curve, yielding a weighted
mean

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Pb/238U age of 127 4 Ma (MSWD=1.14; Table 3, Fig. 6). These zicons also exhibit
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positive Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*=1.2816.88) and negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.140.34) and
high concentrations of HREEs, indicating an igneous origin (Appendix Table 1; Fig. 5). Twenty

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analyses from MH23 are concordant with a weighted mean age of 127 2 Ma (MSWD=0.90;

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Table 3, Fig. 6). Most of the zircons are enriched in HREEs, and have positive Ce anomalies
(Ce/Ce*=1.4310.44) and negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.040.19) (Appendix Table 1; Fig. 5).
In this sample, three zircon analyses (MH23-03, 13 and 17) show relatively flat REE patterns, lack

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of positive Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*=0.941.15) (Appendix Table 1; Fig. 5), possibly due to

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micro-inclusions. Using Ti-in-zircon thermometer (Ferry and Watson, 2007), the calculated
Ti-in-zircon temperatures are 750944 C for these four samples, with average temperatures of

788 C, 807 C, 876 C and 834 C for each sample, respectively (Appendix Table 1).

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4.1.2. Miaohou diabase dikes (MH02, MH04 and MH22)

Three samples from Miaohou diabase dikes were analyzed. A total of 14 analyses on 14

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zircons from MH02 plot on or to the right of concordia curve, yielding a weighted mean 206Pb/238U
age of 127 1 Ma (MSWD=0.89; Table 3, Fig. 6). These zircons also exhibit positive Ce

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anomalies (Ce/Ce*=1.204.38) and strong negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.010.04) and high

content of HREEs indicating an igneous origin (Appendix Table 1; Fig. 5). Except MH04-14
exhibit older 206Pb/238U age of 829 19 Ma, the other sixteen analyses from MH04 plot in a single
group on the concordia curve and yield a weighted mean

206

Pb/238U age of 127 2 Ma

(MSWD=0.33; Table 3, Fig. 6). Other than two zircons which may contain micro-inclusions and
show flat LREEs patterns, most zircons from this sample are enriched in HREEs with positive Ce
anomalies (Ce/Ce*=2.49119.62) and negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.010.92) (Appendix
Table 1; Fig. 5). The 21 analyses of MH22 zircons plot on the concordia curve and yield a
weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 130 2 Ma (MSWD=1.09; Table 3, Fig. 6). Also, these zircons
14

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
are enriched in HREEs with positive Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*=1.5820.28) and negative Eu
anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.030.20) except one analysed zircon has high concentration of LREEs

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which may be affected by micro-inclusions (Appendix Table 1; Fig. 5). Ti-in-zircon temperature

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calculations show 7151266 C for these three samples with average temperatures of 965 C,
870 C and 816 C for MH02, MH04 and MH22 respectively.
4.1.3. Shanhou granodioritic porphyry (SH03)

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Seventeen analyses on Seventeen grains from SH03 show HREE-enriched chondrite

normalised REE patterns with positive Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*=1.5031.17) and negative Eu

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anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.020.90), indicating an igneous origin (Appendix Table 1; Fig. 5). Four

zircons from this sample record older 206Pb/238U ages of 433839 Ma, implying that these zircons

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are captured or inherited. Apart from the captured zircons, the bulk of the analysed zircons are
concordant or near-concordant, defining a weighted mean

206

Pb/238U age of 128 2 Ma

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(MSWD=1.17; Table 3, Fig. 6). Ti-in-zircon temperature calculations show the ca. 130 Ma zircons
crystallization temperatures are of 7601090 C, with an average of 856 C (Appendix Table 1).

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4.2. Zircons Hfisotopes

The zircon Hf analyses were measured on the same grains used for UPb dating (Fig. 4).
Analytical results of the LuHf isotopic compositions are given in Table 3 and Appendix Table 3
and illustrated in Figs. 7 and 15a.
4.2.1. Miaohou granitic porphyry (MH01, MH05, MH06 and MH23)
Zircons from MH01, MH05, MH06 and MH23 show similar Hf-isotope compositions. The
Hf(t) and initial

176

Hf/177Hf ratios for zircons in these four samples are relatively heterogeneous.

The Hf(t) values vary from 9.6 to +2.5, with weighted means of 2.8 1.4, 4.7 0.6, 3.3
0.8 and 1.1 0.7 (2 SE) for each sample, respectively (Fig. 7 and 15a), corresponding to

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
two-stage depleted mantle Hf model ages (T2DM) of 1.00 Ga to 1.76 Ga and two-stage new
continental crust Hf model ages (T2NC) of 0.79 Ga to 1.59 Ga (Table 3 and Appendix Table 3).

4.2.2. Miaohou diabase dikes (MH02, MH04 and MH22)

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The zircons from MH02, MH04 and MH22 also exhibit similar Hf(t) values and initial
Hf/177Hf ratios. The Hf(t) values vary in a large range from 11.3 to +1.9, with weighted means

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176

of 4.9 1.5, 1.5 1.3 and 4.2 0.8 (2 SE), respectively (Fig. 7 and 15a), corresponding to the

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depleted mantle Hf model ages (TDM) of 0.70 Ga to 1.34 Ga and new continental crust Hf model
ages (TNC) of 0.56 Ga to 1.20 Ga (Table 3 and Appendix Table 3).

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4.2.3. Shanhou granodioritic porphyry (SH03)

The ca. 130 Ma zircons from SH03 show Hf(t) values of 12.4 to +0.3 with a weighted mean

of 4.7 2.9 (2 SE) (Table 3; Fig. 7 and 15a). Similar to above zircons, these zircons give T2DM of

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1.14 to 1.94 Ga and T2NC of 0.94 Ga to 1.77 Ga (Table 3 and Appendix Table 3). The xenocryst

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with Paleozoic age of 447 Ma yields shows a more radiogenetic Hf isotopic composition with a
Hf(t) value of +10.4 and a T2DM of 0.74 Ga; while the xenocryst with Neoproterozoic age of 824

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Ma shows a less radiogenetic Hf isotopic composition a Hf(t) value of 25.5 and a T2DM of 3.31
Ga (Table 3 and Appendix Table 3).
4.3. Whole-rock major and trace elements
Whole-rock major and trace element data for representative samples from the Miaohou and
Shanhou dike swarms are in Table 4. Most of the Miaohou and Shanhou diabase dikes are silica
saturated, containing quartz, with varying SiO2 (48.44 to 51.61 wt.%), except the Shanhou diabase
dike (SH06) with the lowest SiO2 content (46.93 wt.%). The vast majority are alkaline in
composition and mainly plot in the gabbro to monzodiorite fields on the TAS diagram (Fig. 8a-b),
and are characterised by high alkali content (K2O+Na2O) ranging from 4.53 to 6.32 wt.% and low

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
CaO ranging from 5.47 to 6.82 wt.%. They show relatively low Mg# values (37 to 51) and
straddle the boundary between ferroan and magnesian series (Fig. 8c). Most of these samples are

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high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic series on K2OSiO2 diagram (Fig. 8d). They are moderately

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enriched in LREEs (Fig. 9), with (La/Yb)N ratios of 3.037.28, and display minor positive or no
Eu anomalies, with Eu/Eu* values of 0.951.13, suggesting minor plagioclase fractionation. In
primitive mantle-normalised trace element diagrams, they show obvious enrichments in large ion

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lithophile elements (LILEs; Rb, Ba, Th, U, K and Pb) and depletions in high field strength

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elements (HFSEs; Nb and Ta), consistent with the trace element patterns of arc volcanic rocks
(Fig. 9).

All of the Miaohou granitic porphyry samples are silica-rich (SiO2 between 68.91 and 75.44

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wt.%), and have relatively high alkali content (K2O+Na2O) ranging from 8.17 to 8.92 wt.%, which

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fall in the granite field on the TAS diagram (Fig. 8a) and alkaline fields on the SiO2 vs. alkalinity
ratio (A.R.) diagram (Fig. 8b). The Miaohou granitic porphyry show low A/CNK values of 0.89 to

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1.04, and belong to ferroan granites with relatively high FeOT/(FeOT+MgO) ratios (0.81 to 0.95)
(Fig. 8c). These samples are also enriched in K2O with K2O/Na2O ratios of 1.09 to 1.61, and fall
within the high-K calc-alkaline or shoshonite series on a K2O vs. SiO2 plot (Fig. 8d). The granitic
porphyry has relatively low concentrations of CaO (0.35 to 1.23 wt.%), TiO2 (0.19 to 0.54 wt.%),
and P2O5 (0.02 to 0.16 wt.%). Chondrite-normalised REE patterns of the granitic porphyry
samples show relative enrichment of LREEs (Fig. 9), with relatively high (La/Yb)N ratios
(9.1811.72) and negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*=0.070.50). In primitive mantle-normalised
trace element diagrams (Fig. 9), the granitic porphyry samples have negative Ba, Nb, Ta, Sr, P, Eu
and Ti anomalies and pronounced positive Rb, Th, U, K, Pb, LREE, Zr and Hf anomalies.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
In contrast, the Shanhou granodioritic porphyry sample has intermediate composition with
SiO2 contents of 68.44 wt.%, and plots in the granodiorite field (Fig. 8a). The granodioritic

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porphyry also shows moderate alkali content (K2O+Na2O=5.32 wt.%) and plots in the

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calc-alkaline field of SiO2 vs. A.R diagram (Fig. 8b). The granodioritic porphyry has higher FeOT
(5.29 wt.%), CaO (3.26 wt.%), MgO (1.50 wt.%) and Mg# (36) than the Miaohou granitic
porphyry, and belong to magnesian granites with relatively low FeOT/(FeOT+MgO) ratios (0.76)

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(Fig. 8c). The granodioritic porphyry is also K-depleted with extremely low K2O/Na2O ratio of

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0.05 and fall within the low-K tholeiitic serie on a K2O vs. SiO2 plot (Fig. 8d). Several lines of
evidence, including relatively low A/CNK values of 0.86 (Table 1), and the lack of typical

peraluminous minerals (e.g., cordierite, andalusite, and garnet) or alkaline mafic minerals (e.g.,

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arfvedsonite, riebeckite, and aegirineaugite), imply that the Shanhou granodioritic porphyry may

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have I-type granitoid affinity. Chondrite-normalised REE patterns for the granodioritic porphyry is
also marked by enrichment in LREEs and relatively low HREEs, with consequently high (La/Yb)N

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ratio (9.54) and almost no Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*=0.94) (Fig. 9). The Shanhou granodioritic
porphyry also has negative Ba, Nb and Ta anomalies and positive Th, U, LREEs, Zr and Hf
anomalies. However, the granodioritic porphyry has only small negative P and Ti anomalies and
even depleted in Rb, K and Pb (Fig. 9).
4.4. SrNd isotopes of whole-rocks
The Sr and Nd isotope data for whole-rock samples of the Miaohou and Shanhou dike
swarms are given in Table 5 and plotted in Fig. 10a. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and Nd(t) values were
calculated using an age of 130 Ma obtained in this study. The Miaohou granitic porphyry gives
high (87Sr/86Sr)i ranging from 0.70651 to 0.71109 and low Nd(t) ranging from 4.6 to 2.3 and a

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
two-stage depleted mantle Nd model ages (T2DM) of 1.11 Ga to 1.30 Ga. The Shanhou
granodioritic porphyry exhibit lower (87Sr/86Sr)i of 0.70441 and similar Nd(t) of 3.5 and a T2DM

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of 1.21 Ga. The Miaohou and Shanhou diabase dikes have relatively low (87Sr/86Sr)i ranging from

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0.70422 to 0.70722 and high Nd(t) ranging from 2.3 to +1.7 and a T2DM of 0.79 Ga to 1.11 Ga.
Note that the Shanhou diabase dike sample (SH06) with the lowest SiO2 content show the lowest
(87Sr/86Sr)i and highest Nd(t) values among all the samples, reflecting a more primitive magma

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composition. In Nd(t) vs. age diagram (Fig. 10b), the Nd isotopic compositions of these dike

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swarms plot in the evolution field of Neoproterozoic Shuangxiwu Group.

5. Discussion

5.1. The temporalspatial distribution of adakitic and bimodal magmatisms in SE China and

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adjacent region

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The adakitic rocks that are widespread throughout SE China and adjacent regions are
associated with CuAu mineralization and yield ages of ca. 130 Ma in the Dabie Belt (Xu et al.,

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2012), ca. 124 Ma in the Jiaodong (Sulu) area (Liu et al., 2009), and ca. 146145 Ma and ca. 140
in the LYRB (Li et al., 2010; Sun et al., 2011). Recently acquired geochronological data have also
identified a series of ca. 175142 Ma adakitic porphyritic intrusions within the GHB and adjacent
areas (e.g., the ca. 170 Ma Dexing porphyries and the ca. 176166 Ma Yinshan porphyries
adjacent to the GHB, the ca. 142 Ma Banqiao porphyry that is distal from the GHB, and the ca.
159 Ma Shangsanzhi porphyry; Fig. 1a; Table 1). These rocks are generally intrusive but an
adakitic andesite has also been found in the Pujiang area (Fig. 1a; Table 1). Our new analyses
yielded a weighted mean

206

Pb/238U age of 128 2 Ma for the Shanhou porphyritic granodiorite,

suggesting that this inland adakitic magmatism extended to at least ca. 130 Ma. In addition,

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
sporadic ca. 100 Ma adakitic rocks crop out along the coastal regions of SE China, as identified by
Chen et al. (2014). This indicates that the adakitic magmatism in the GHB area and adjacent

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regions commenced much earlier than the adakitic magmatism in the coastal regions of SE China.

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However, the geochemical characteristics of Miaohou granitic porphyry are different from
those of typical adakitic rockss, and the former has an A-type affinity (as discussed below) that is
consistent with the observations of Gilder et al. (1996). These A-type granitic plutons and coeval

Ma,

including

the

Xiangshan

volcanicintrusive

complex

(ca.

135

Ma),

the

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130

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diabase dikes form a bimodal magmatic suite that is supplemented by additional magmatism at ca.

SanqingshanDamaoshan granite (ca. 130 Ma), the Tongshan granite (ca. 129 Ma), the

Baijuhuajian granite (ca. 125 Ma), the Yangmeiwan granite (ca. 135 Ma), the Daqiaowu

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porphyritic granite (ca. 135 Ma), the aforementioned Miaohou granitic porphyry (ca. 130 Ma), the

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Tongshan diabase dike (ca. 129 Ma), and diabase dikes of the Miaohou and Shanhou areas (ca.
130 Ma; Fig. 1b; Table 1). In addition to the GHB, SE China also contains two other important

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bimodal magmatic belts, namely a series of EW trending bimodal volcanic rocks and A-type
granites that formed at ca. 180155 Ma within the Nanling Range (He et al., 2010; Xie et al., 2005;
Xu, 2008), and a series of NESW trending bimodal volcanic rocks, dike swarms, and A-type
granites that formed at ca. 11090 Ma in the coastal part of SE China (Li et al., 2014a, 2014b; Liu
et al., 2012a; Xu, 2008; Zhou et al., 2006). The presence of OIB-like basalts and bimodal
volcanicintrusive complexes in the Nanling Range within the interior of SE China is indicative of
intra-plate extension (He et al., 2010; Xie et al., 2005). In comparison, the simultaneous adakitic
and bimodal magmatism in the coastal region of SE China is indicative of the expansion of
back-arc extension to this area at ca. 11090 Ma (Li et al., 2014a; Liu et al., 2012a). Nevertheless,

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
a clear transition in the type of magmatism from adakitic to bimodal is recorded in the GHB and
adjacent areas, all of which is indicative of a change in tectonic regime, most probably at ca. 130

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Ma.

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5.2. Petrogenesis of adakitic rocks in the inland region of SE China

The adakitic rocks in GHB and adjacent regions have high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios but low Y
and Yb concentrations (Fig. 11a-b), resembling typical adakites defined by Defant and Drummond

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(1990). In addition to slab melting, adakites like those within the GHB can form as a result of

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various processes (e.g., Castillo, 2006, 2012 and references therein), including: (1) partial melting
of a thickened region of the mafic lower crust triggered by underplating of basaltic magmas, (2)

the melting of a delaminated region of the lower crust within the mantle, (3) the high-pressure

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fractionation of garnet and amphibole from hydrous basaltic magmas, and (4) crustal assimilation

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and fractional crystallization of basaltic magmas.

The older GHB and adjacent adakitic rocks are all located within the Jiangnan Orogen and

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all of these rocks contain high concentrations of K2O barring the youngest Shanhou granodioritic
porphyry that is located within the Cathaysia Block (Fig. 8d). Some of the GHB and adjacent
adakitic rocks have relatively high Mg# values that plot outside the field of thickened
lower-crust-derived melt, a feature that is especially prominent within the Dexing porphyries (Fig.
11cd). These data suggest a petrogenetic model involving the partial melting of a delaminated
region of the lower crust in the mantle followed by meltperidotite interaction (Seghedi et al.,
2007; Wang et al., 2006; Xu et al., 2002). Chen et al. (2013) suggested that mixing between
crustal and mantle-derived basaltic melts could produce high-Mg# magmas, although both of these
models are inconsistent with the clustered Nd isotopic compositions of the GHB adakitic rocks

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
(Fig. 10ab) that define partial melting or fractional crystallization trends in a 1000/Nd vs.
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Nd/144Ndi diagram (Fig. 10d). This indicates that the high Mg# nature of the Dexing porphyries

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is more likely related to the entrainment of high-Mg# xenocrysts from the source rock or early

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formed cumulates (e.g., pyroxene or olivine) derived from the primary magma rather than
interaction with mantle peridotites or mixing with basaltic magmas.

Zhou et al. (2012) suggested that the Dexing porphyries were produced by the partial melting

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of sediments overlying a region of subducted slab material. However, the zircons within the

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Dexing porphyries have mantle-like oxygen isotopic compositions with 18O values of
4.75.9 (Liu et al., 2012), corresponding to calculated magmas 18O values of 5.97.1

obtained using 18OWR = 18OZir + 0.0612(SiO2 in wt.%) 2.5 (Valley et al., 2005). These

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clustered calculated magmatic 18O values clearly differ from the values expected for rocks that

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form from magmas generated by the partial melting of oceanic crustal material that previously
underwent both low- and high-temperature (T) alteration (ca. 920 and 25,

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respectively; Bindeman et al., 2005), but are similar to the compositions of rocks of the arc-related
Neoproterozoic Shuangxiwu and Pingshui groups (5.77.6; Qi et al., 1986; Ye, 2006).
Excluding crustal contamination and magma mixing, the oxygen isotopic compositions of the
rocks in the study area reflect the composition of their source regions. The majority of the GHB
rocks and adakitic rocks in adjacent regions are calc-alkaline (Figs 8b and 12c) and have NdHf
isotopic compositions that overlap with the compositions of the Neoproterozoic Shuangxiwu and
Pingshui groups (Figs 7 and 10b), indicating that the former are the products of reworking of
Neoproterozoic magmatic arc rocks within the lower crust (Fig. 10c; Liu et al., 2012b). This
model is supported by source discrimination diagrams where adakitic rocks generally plot in the

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
field of partial melts derived from metamafic rocks (Fig. 13c, d, f). This is consistent with the
varying

87

Sr/86Sri compositions of these rocks, whicgh are indicative of the input of

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dehydration-generated fluids mobilized during subduction. The relatively low Hf(t) and Nd(t)

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values of the Banqiao porphyry may reflect inputs from source rocks enriched in radiogenic Nd
and Hf isotopes (i.e., wall-rocks of the Neoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan and Shangxi groups; Fig.
10b). This suggests that these older adakitic rocks formed from magmas generated by the

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remelting of Neoproterozoic magmatic arc rocks within the Jiangnan Orogen.

concentrations

of

K2O,

and

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The youngest Shanhou granodioritic porphyry is K-feldspar poor, contains extremely low
shows

negative

Rb,

and

Pb

anomalies

in

primitive-mantle-normalized multi-element variation diagrams, all of which differentiate this

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intrusion from older adakitic rocks in this region but suggest that it is similar to plagiogranites (Fig.

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9). Such plagiogranites are generally located within ophiolites and generated by extensive
fractional crystallization of basaltic magma under low pressures, causing the crystallization of

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clinopyroxene, plagioclase, orthopyroxene, hornblende and FeTi oxides (e.g., Amri et al., 1996;
Coleman and Peterman, 1975). However, the absence of coeval ophiolites or massive mafic rocks
means that the Shanhou granodioritic porphyry cannot have been generated by the fractional
crystallization of basaltic magma. In addition, in source discrimination diagrams the Shanhou
porphyry samples plot within a field defined by experimental melt generated from metamafic
rocks (Fig. 13c, d, f), although the youngest Shanhou granodioritic porphyry also has lower Hf(t)
and Nd(t) values than most of the older adakitic rocks within the Jiangnan Orogen, meaning that
these two different magmatic suites cannot have been derived from the same source. The NdHf
isotopic composition of the Shanhou porphyry is similar to that of the Neoproterozoic Miaohou

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
and Shanhou intrusions (Xia et al., 2015), suggesting that the former is related to Neoproterozoic
magmatic arc rocks within the Cathaysia Block (Figs 7 and 10b). This view indicates that the low

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concentrations of Rb, K, and Pb within the Shanhou granodioritic porphyry most likely resulted

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from the derivation of the magmas that formed these rocks from a low-K source rock within the
lower crust (e.g., Neoproterozoic magmatic arc tholeiites within the Cathaysia Block).
5.3. Petrogenesis of the NESW trending inland bimodal magmatic belt of SE China

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5.3.1. Mafic rocks

The mafic rocks within the GHB and adjacent regions are volumetrically negligible

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compared with the more significant felsic magmatism recorded in this area, with the former

exposed in the Banqiao, Xiangshan, Tongshan, Miaohou, and Shanhou areas (Table 1). The earlier

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Banqiao basaltic andesite and Xiangshan mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) have higher MgO
concentrations (generally >5.00 wt.%) and Mg# values (3472) than the later Tongshan, Miaohou,

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and Shanhou diabase dikes (MgO concentrations of 3.415.61 wt.%, Mg# values of 3751; Fig.
11cd). The later diabase dikes contain high concentrations of TiO2 and plot in the experimental

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melt-derived field of fertile peridotites, whereas the earlier basaltic andesites and the MMEs plot
in the field of refractory peridotite-derived melts with low concentrations of TiO2 (Fig. 13a). This
indicates that the later diabase dikes and the earlier basaltic andesite and MMEs originated from
differing mantle sources. The later diabase dikes have relatively low initial

87

Sr/86Sr ratios and

high Nd(t) and Hf(t) values (Figs 7 and 10a), suggesting they were derived from a fertile region of
the asthenosphere, whereas the relatively high initial

87

Sr/86Sr ratios and low Nd(t) values (Fig.

10a) of the earlier basaltic andesites and the MMEs are indicative of derivation from the
lithospheric mantle.
However, all of the mafic rocks in this area are relatively enriched in the large ion lithophile
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
elements (LILE), are HFSE-depleted, and have negative NbTa anomalies (Fig. 9), suggesting
derivation from a subduction-related source (e.g., Thirlwall et al., 1994). All of the mafic rocks

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have relatively high La/Nb and Ba/Nb ratios, and plot within the arc volcanic field or between the

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primitive mantle and arc volcanic fields in Fig. 13b, suggesting they contain material derived from
both the asthenospheric mantle and from mantle wedge material that was metasomatized by
subduction-derived fluids. In addition, Wang et al. (2005, 2008) and He et al. (2010) suggested the

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subcontinental lithospheric mantle of South China has an EM-II type isotopic signature (Fig. 10a)

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that is indicative of an enriched region of the mantle that records metasomatism by

subduction-related melt/fluids (e.g., Weaver, 1991; Workman et al., 2004). The low Nd(t) and

Hf(t) values of these rocks are indicative of old metasomatic events within the mantle, meaning in

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turn that the geochemical features of these rocks may have been inherited from a region of the

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lithospheric mantle that records ancient metasomatism. Alternatively, these geochemical features
could have been generated by crustal assimilation (Weaver, 1991), although the lack of inherited

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zircons within the three Miaohou diabase dike samples analyzed to date (only one inherited zircon
with a Neoproterozoic age) is not supportive of significant crustal assimilation during magma
ascent (Beard et al., 2005; Gao et al., 2004). The results of binary mixing modeling and the fact
that all of the mafic rocks plot along a partial melting trend derived from a mixed mantle source
(Fig. 10c) indicates that these rocks formed from magmas generated by the partial melting of
lithospheric mantle material that was variably contaminated by asthenospheric mantle-derived
melts.
5.3.2. A-type granites
Samples of the Miaohou granitic porphyry are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous and
have high A.R. and FeOT/(FeOT + MgO) ratios, all of which indicate they are alkaline and ferroan
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
(Fig. 8bc). These samples also have high Ga/Al ratios, contain high concentrations of the HFSE
(Zr, Nb, Ce, and Y), and yield relatively high Zr saturation (795C935C; Watson and Harrison,

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1983) and Ti-in-zircon (average values of 788C876C; Ferry and Watson, 2007) temperatures,

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all of which are indicative of A-type granitoids (Fig. 12ab). However, there are three main
petrogenetic models for A-type granites, namely (1) extensive differentiation of mantle-derived
tholeiitic or alkaline basaltic magmatic precursors (Frost and Frost, 1997; Frost et al., 1999; Turner

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et al., 1992), (2) partial melting of crustal rocks (Bonin, 2007; King et al., 1997; Whalen et al.,

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1987), and (3) derivation from combined crustal and mantle sources in the form either of crustal
assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) of mantle-derived magmas, or mixing between

mantle-derived and crustal magmas (He et al., 2010; Sun et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2006; Xia et al.,

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2012).

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The study area does not record voluminous coeval mafic magmatism (Table 1), meaning that
the A-type granites in this area most likely originated from a crustal source. The significantly

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negative Eu anomalies of the GHB and adjacent A-type granites (Fig. 9) are indicative of
formation under conditions of low oxygen fugacity (i.e., reducing) (e.g., El-Bialy and Hassen,
2012) or by water-deficient melting. These A-type granites have higher FeOT/(FeOT + MgO)
values than typical adakitic rocks, indicating that the former are predominantly reduced A-type
granites (Fig. 12c) derived from quartzfeldspathic igneous sources containing a metasedimentary
component or from differentiated tholeiitic sources (Frost and Frost, 1997; DallAgnol and de
Oliveira, 2007). Although Clemens et al. (1986) and Collins et al. (1982) suggested that A-type
magmas form from igneous residues after magma extraction, the GHB and adjacent A-type
granites have lower Hf(t) and Nd(t) values (Figs 7 and 10b) and higher SiO2 and K2O

26

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
concentrations (Fig. 8d) than the adakitic rocks in this area, thereby negating this possibility and
indicating derivation from a more mature crustal source. These A-type granites plot in the field of

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partial melts derived from metapelitic and metagreywacke sources (Fig. 13cd), although the data

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shown in Figs 10d and 13ef are indicative of derivation from a source containing variable
amounts of mixed mafic and felsic components. Nevertheless, some of the A-type granites in the
study area have genetic affinities to psammitic or metamafic source rocks (Fig. 13ce), although it

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is possible that these geochemical signatures were not inherited from these sources but may

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instead have been generated by the incorporation of mafic components (Fig. 13f). The Miaohou
granitic porphyry samples have relatively high Hf(t) and Nd(t) values, and yield Nd isotopic T2DM
indicating

ages of 1.301.11 Ga and Hf isotopic T2DM ages of 1.761.00 Ga (Tables 3 and 5),

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that Neoproterozoic to Paleoproterozoic basement sediments dominated the crustal material

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involved in the generation of these A-type granites.

As mentioned above, widespread ca. 130 Ma A-type granitic and coeval diabase dike

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magmatism defines the bimodal magmatism within the GHB and has a significant compositional
gap (i.e., the Daly gap; Fig. 8a), which was most likely produced by inadequate mixing between
mafic and felsic end-members (Bonnefoi et al., 1995; Cann, 1968; Chayes, 1963; Clague, 1978;
Meade et al., 2014). Niu et al. (2013) suggested that the evolution of a basaltic magma could also
produce the Daly gap, primarily as FeTi oxide crystallization leads to a rapid increase in SiO2
concentration within the residual melt. However, the presence of mafic enclaves in some A-type
granites (e.g., Baijuhuajian and Xiangshan; Table 1) suggests that mantle-derived basaltic magma
mixed with crust-derived felsic magma to produce the bimodal magmatism in the study area, a
model that can also explain the large variations in Hf(t) and Nd(t) values (Figs 7 and 10b) and the

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
positive correlation between 1000/Nd and

143

Nd/144Ndi ratios (Fig. 10d) in these A-type granites.

In addition, all of the A-type granites and coeval mafic rocks within the GHB and adjacent areas

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plot along or near mixing curves between depleted mantle-derived and crustal-derived melts (Fig.

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10a), indicating that these melts contain up to 50% mantle-derived material. The calculated binary
mixing curves using Nd(t) values and SiO2 contents (Fig. 10c) also indicate that the A-type
granites within the GHB area and adjacent regions experienced fractionation crystallization, even

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though Fig. 10d indicates that fractionation crystallization was not the main mechanism for

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producing the variations observed in the geochemistry of these granites. This finding suggests that
the bimodal magmatism in the GHB area and adjacent regions was derived from the inadequate
of

coeval

mantle-derived

and

Neoproterozoic

to

Paleoproterozoic

basement

mixing

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sediment-derived melts. This inadequate mixing would have generated rare andesitic magmas but

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temporally and spatially coexisting and volumetrically significant mantle-derived basaltic and
crust-derived felsic melts, leading to the generation of a Daly Gap (Niu et al., 2013).

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5.4. Subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate and back-arc lithospheric extension

The South China Block is located in the west Pacific margin, hosts massive granitic
intrusivevolcanic rocks and related mineral deposits, and records one of the largest Mesozoic
magmatic and metallogenic events identified to date (He et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2012a, 2014a; Pei
and Hong, 1995; Sun et al., 2007, 2012; Zhou and Li., 2000; Zhou et al., 2006). The subduction of
the paleo-Pacific Plate is thought to be responsible for the late Mesozoic tectonism and
magmatism in SE China, although this model remains controversial. The LYRB of SE China
contains adakitic rocks, A-type granites, and minor amounts of mafic rocks (Li et al., 2014a and
references therein), and records the same magmatism as that within the GHB. Research into

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
A-type granites and adakitic rocks in the LYRB led Ling et al. (2009) and Sun et al. (2010) to
suggest that the subduction of a mid-ocean ridge between the Pacific and Izanagi plates caused a

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change in subduction polarity from southwestward-directed to northwestward-directed at ca. 125

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Ma (Sun et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2011). This ridge subduction (or possible slab tearing; Wu et al.,
2012) also caused the development of a slab window underneath the LYRB during the Cretaceous
(Ling et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2010) that in turn caused the voluminous magmatism within the

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LYRB. However, the NESW trending GHB is distal from the LYRB, and GHB and the

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surrounding region contain adakitic rocks that were emplaced much earlier (ca. 175130 Ma) than
was the case in the LYRB (ca. 146145 and ca. 140 Ma), meaning that the GHB is unlikely to be

related to ridge subduction. In addition, the GHB and adjacent adakitic rocks were derived from

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the remelting of Neoproterozoic magmatic arc rocks rather than the melting of torn slab material

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(Omrani et al., 2008). Research on late Mesozoic volcanic rocks in Zhejiang Province (Liu et al.,
2012a, 2014a) also indicates that volcanic sequences (from bottom to top, a series of

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pyroclasticrhyoliticbimodal rocks) and juvenile contributions systematically migrate from the

inland part of this region to the coast. The SE-directed oceanward migration of the volcanic rocks
is also indicative of northwestward- rather than southwestward- (Ling et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2010;
Wu et al., 2012) or northeastward- (Liu et al., 2012b) directed subduction of the paleo-Pacific
Plate, and the linear variations in rock assemblages and juvenile component involvement from
inland regions to the coast do not record any significant change in subduction direction during the
Cretaceous (Liu et al., 2012b; Sun et al., 2007).
Previous research in SE China, especially in the coastal region of SE China, has resulted in
the development of an Andean-type active continental margin model involving calc-alkaline

29

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
volcanicintrusive magmatism related to the subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate (ca. 19090
Ma), with or without an early period of previous flat slab subduction (Jahn, 1974; Li and Li, 2007;

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Li et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2012a, 2012b; Zhou et al., 2006). Although a lack of Early Jurassic and

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Middle Jurassic sediments within inland SE China is suggestive of crustal uplift and thickening at
this time (Chen et al., 2007; Xing et al., 2008), the presence of a 500-km-long belt of EW
striking Jurassic OIB-like basalt, gabbro, and syenite within the Nanling Range is indicative of at

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least a local inland intra-plate (anorogenic) setting that suggests a tectonic response to far-field

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stress at plate margins during the early stages of subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate (Chen et al.,
2008; He et al., 2010; Xie et al., 2005). The adakitic rocks in the GHB and adjacent regions

significantly differ from the LYRB adakitic rocks that were formed either by the partial melting of

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altered oceanic crust (Ling et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2010) or partial melting of an enriched mantle

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source (Li et al., 2013a). In addition, although adakitic rocks in inland SE China have volcanic
arc-like geochemical features (Fig. 14cd), they may not represent the onset of continental

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magmatic arc magmatism, primarily as these adakitic rocks inherited their arc affinities from
Neoproterozoic magmatic arc rocks within the source. This indicates the presence of a local
intra-plate extensional tectonic regime in the inland part of SE China, which formed as a far-field
response to paleo-Pacific Plate subduction. In turn, this remobilized the Neoproterozoic collisional
belt between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks, generating Jurassic NESW trending sinistral
strike-slip faulting within the ShiHang zone (Gilder et al., 1996) and reworking pre-existing
Neoproterozoic magmatic arc rocks in the thickened lower crust, generating the magmas that
produced the adakitic rocks within the GHB and adjacent areas.
Zhou and Li (2000) and Li and Li (2007) proposed a model for the Cretaceous

30

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
tectono-magmatic evolution of SE China involving the migration of an arc system as the result of
slab rollback. However, the late Mesozoic of SE China was dominated by NWSE crustal

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extension that formed NESW striking extensional basins and magmatic zones, including the

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GHB (Li et al., 2014a; Shu et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2010; this study). The JiangshanShaoxing Fault
also underwent regional extension during the Cretaceous (Shu and Zhou, 2002). The GHB mafic
rocks and MMEs plot within calc-alkaline basalt to continental basalt fields on a

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Y/15La/10Nb/8 diagram (Fig. 14a) and generally have Zr/Y ratios >3, all of which are

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indicative of magmatism in an intra-plate setting (Fig. 14b). The bimodal features of both arc-like
and intra-plate basalts also support a back-arc setting (e.g., Pearce and Stern, 2006), although the

arc-related geochemical features of these mafic rocks may also be inherited from the lithospheric

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mantle, which underwent an ancient metasomatic event. The fact that the GHB A-type granites

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contain high concentrations of Rb and have high Rb/Nb and Y/Nb ratios also suggests that they
belong to the A2 subgroup of the A-type granites (Eby, 1992; Fig. 12d), which predominantly

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form in post-collisional tectonic settings (Bonin et al., 1998; Eby, 1992) but can also occur in
other tectonic settings including purely anorogenic environments (Eby, 1992). However, the GHB
A-type granites generally plot within the post-collisional granitoid field on a Rb/30HfTa*3
diagram (Fig. 14c) and in the post-collisional granitoid and intra-plate granitoid fields of a Y + Nb
vs. Rb diagram (Fig. 14d). The widespread A-type granitic magmatism and the development of
pull-apart basins filled with bimodal magmatic rocks in SE China suggest that this area underwent
back-arc extension setting during the Cretaceous (Liu et al., 2014a; Zhou et al., 2006), indicating
in turn that this area records a tectonic transition from an intra-plate extensional setting to a
back-arc extensional setting.

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
This study has revealed a systematic variation in the NdHf isotopic compositions (Fig.
15ab) and pressure (P)T conditions (Fig. 15cd) of magmatism within the GHB and adjacent

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regions over time. An increase in slab subduction angle between the Jurassic and the Cretaceous

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(He and Xu, 2012; Liu et al., 2012a, 2014a; Zhou et al., 2006) enhanced back-arc extension (Niu,
2014), causing the upwelling of asthenospheric material that induced the melting of subcontinental
lithospheric mantle material, producing voluminous basaltic magma that underplated the lower

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crust (Zhou and Li, 2000). This basaltic magma induced a high degree of partial melting of

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Neoproterozoic to Paleoproterozoic basement sedimentary material in this area, generating the

A-type granites. This model is supported by an increase in zircon saturation temperature (TZr; Fig.

15c) and a decrease in pressure (Fig. 15d) over time. The increasing Hf(t) and Nd(t) values of the

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GHB A-type granites and coeval mafic rocks are also indicative of the increasing involvement of

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asthenospheric mantle-derived melts during the later stages of bimodal magmatism, all of which
coincided with an increase in back-arc extension (Fig. 15ab). This further decompression induced

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the melting of more refractory Neoproterozoic arc tholeiites within the Cathaysia Block, thereby
generating the Shanhou porphyritic granodiorite.
6. Conclusions

(1) The inland area of SE China contains both adakitic rocks and a NESW trending bimodal
magmatic belt of A-type granitic plutons and coeval diabase dikes. This study focused on Early
Cretaceous mafic and felsic dike swarms that yield weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of ca. 130 Ma.
Integrating the results of recent research with our new data indicates that the adakitic rocks in
inland SE China were generated from ca. 175 to ca. 130 Ma, whereas the NESW trending inland
bimodal magmatic belt formed at ca. 130 Ma.

32

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
(2) The inland adakitic rocks in SE China are characterized by high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios.
The majority of these adakitic rocks are calc-alkaline and have SrNdHfO isotopic

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compositions that are indicative of derivation from Neoproterozoic magmatic arc source rocks in

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the lower crust. However, the youngest Shanhou granodioritic porphyry contains lower
concentrations of Rb, K, and Pb than the other adakitic rocks, suggesting derivation from a
lower-K source rock (e.g., a Neoproterozoic magmatic arc tholeiite).

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(3) The NESW trending inland bimodal magmatic belt contains widespread A-type granites

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and volumetrically smaller amounts of coeval diabase dikes. The mafic rocks have relatively low

Nd(t) and Hf(t) values that are indicative of derivation from partial melts from a lithospheric

mantle source contaminated by asthenospheric mantle material. The geochemistry of the A-type

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granites in this area is indicative of a sedimentary source, although the presence of mafic enclaves

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and the large variations in Hf(t) and Nd(t) values within these units provide evidence of
inadequate binary mixing between basement sediment-derived and coeval mantle-derived basaltic

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melts, all of which produced the bimodal magmatism.

(4) The northwestward subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate beneath SE China generated the
late Mesozoic igneous rocks in inland area. The Jurassic history of this area records the far-field
effects of plate margin stress that generated a local intra-plate extensional tectonic regime in the
inland part of SE China, causing the remelting of Neoproterozoic magmatic arc rocks and the
generation of adakitic magmatism. Subduction rollback during the Cretaceous generated a
NESW back-arc extensional environment that enabled asthenospheric upwelling and induced
large-scale partial melting of the lithosphere, thereby generating the bimodal magmatism.
Acknowledgments

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This work was supported by National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB416701)
and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41430208). We are also grateful to Sun,

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F.J., for fieldwork assistance and to Zhao, K., Wu, B., Pu, W., Lei, H.L., and Zhu, Z.Y. for their

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technical support during sample analysis.

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Figure Captions
Fig. 1. (a) Simplified geological map of South China showing the distribution of Late Mesozoic
granitic-volcanic rocks (modified from Zhou et al. (2006)), the approximate position of the
Gan-Hang Belt (GHB) is also outlined in the map. (b) Geological map of Gan-Hang Belt (GHB),
the location of Fig. 2 are also indicated.

Fig. 2. Geological map of Miaohou and Shanhou dike swarms. Sample locations are also
indicated.

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Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of representative samples from Miaohou and Shanhou dike swarms

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(crossed nicols). (a) Miaohou granitic porphyry; (b) Miaohou diabase dike; (c) Shanhou

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granodioritic porphyry; (d) Shanhou diabase dike. Mineral abbreviation: Qtz, quartz; Kfs,
K-feldspar; Pl, plagioclase; Cpx, clinopyroxene; Opx, orthopyroxene; Mag, magnetite.

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Fig. 4. CL images of representative zircons from Miaohou and Shanhou dike swarms. Small solid

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circles are spots for U-Pb isotope analyses, and big dashed circles are spots for Hf isotope analyses.

Age and Hf(t) values are also shown for each spot.

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Fig. 5. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of zircons from Miaohou and Shanhou dike swarms.

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The chondrite values are from Sun and McDonough (1989).

swarms.

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Fig. 6. U-Pb Concordia diagrams of representative samples from Miaohou and Shanhou dike

Fig. 7. Hf-isotope compositions of representative samples from Miaohou and Shanhou dike
swarms (the evolution area of Pre-Paleoproterozoic basement is after Chen et al., 2013; Liu et al.,
2014b; Xu et al., 2007; Xia et al., 2012; Yu et al., 2009, 2012; the area of Neoproterozoic
Shuangxiwu arcs is after Chen et al., 2009 and Li et al., 2009; the area of Miaohou and Shanhou
Neoproterozoic intrusions is after Xia et al., 2015). Data of Hfisotope compositions of the GHB
and adjacent adakitic and bimodal magmatisms are from the following He and Xu (2012); Jiang et

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al. (2011); Li et al. (2013b); Liu et al. (2012c); Sun et al. (2015); Wang et al. (2006, 2012a, 2012b,
2015); Wong et al. (2009); Yang et al. (2010, 2011, 2012a, 2012b, 2013b); Zhou et al. (2012,

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2013); Zhu et al. (2014).

Fig. 8. (a) The total alkali vs. silica (TAS) diagram (after Middlemost, 1994) used for the
classification of the GHB and adjacent adakitic and bimodal magmatisms. (b) A.R vs. SiO2
after

Wright

(1969),

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diagram

where

(wt.%

(alkalinity
ratio).

(c)

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ratio)=[Al2O3+CaO+(Na2O+K2O)]/[Al2O3+CaO(Na2O+K2O)]

A.R.

FeOT/(FeOT+MgO) vs. SiO2 diagram; boundary between ferroan and magnesian rocks is from

Frost and Frost. (2008). (d) K2O vs. SiO2 diagram after Peccerillo and Taylor (1976), the dotted

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line represents the division between potassic alkaline and shoshonitic suites after Calanchi et al.

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(2002). Symbols are the same as in Fig. 7.

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Fig. 9. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns and Primitive mantle-normalized multiple trace

element diagrams of the GHB and adjacent adakitic bimodal magmatisms. The chondrite values
and primitive mantle values are from Sun and McDonough (1989). E-type MORB, N-type MORB
and OIB are from Sun and McDonough (1989), Continental arc basalts are from Kelemen et al.
(2003). Adakite, Plagiogranite and Continental arc ADR (andesite, dacite and rhyolite) are from
Drummond et al. (1996). Data of chemical compositions are from the following references: He
and Xu (2012); Jiang et al. (2005, 2011); Li et al. (2013b); Liu et al. (2012c); Qin et al. (2006);
Sun et al. (2015); Wang et al. (2006, 2012a, 2012b, 2015); Wong et al. (2009); Yang et al. (2010,
2011, 2012a, 2012b, 2013a, 2013b); Zhang et al. (2014); Zhou et al. (2012, 2013); Zhu et al.

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(2014). Symbols are the same as in Fig. 7.

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Fig. 10. (a) Nd(t) vs. initial 87Sr/86Sr diagram at 130 Ma; Cretaceous basalts and rhyolites from SE

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China are after Chen and Zhou (1999); Shen et al. (1999); Yang et al. (1999), SE China
lithospheric mantle is represented by the Tieshan and Yangfang syenites (Wang et al., 2005) and
field of crust of eastern Jiangnan orogen and crust-derived granites are after Wang et al. (2012b)

NU

and Li et al. (2013b), respectively. (b) Whole-rock Nd-isotope compositions of Miaohou and

MA

Shanhou dike swarms (the evolution area of Shuangxiwu, Shuangqiaoshan, Shangxi, Sibao and
Banxi Groups are after Chen and Jahn, 1998). (c) Nd(t) vs. SiO2 diagram at 130 Ma (the area of

Shuangxiwu and Pingshui Groups are after Chen et al., 2009 and Li et al., 2009 and the area of

TE

Miaohou and Shanhou Neoproterozoic intrusions is after Xia et al., 2015). (d) 1000/Nd vs. initial
Nd/144Nd diagram. Also shown are calculated binary mixing curves of both source

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P

143

contamination and magma mixing processes in (a) and (c), and tick marks represent 10% mixing

ppm,

87

AC

increments. The depleted mantle (DM) is represented by SiO2=45 wt.%, Nd=11.3 ppm, Sr=123
Sr/86Sri=0.70258 and Nd(t)=+9.3; DM-derived melt by SiO2=48 wt.%, Nd=20 ppm,

Sr=400 ppm,

87

Sr/86Sri=0.70258 and Nd(t)=+9.3; sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) is

represented by SiO2=47 wt.%, Nd=3.02 ppm, Sr=48 ppm,

87

Sr/86Sri=0.71200 and Nd(t)=10.0;

SCLM-derived magma by SiO2=52 wt.%, Nd=45 ppm, Sr=800 ppm,

87

Sr/86Sri=0.71200 and

Nd(t)= 10.0; crust-derived melt is represented by SiO2=75 wt.%, Nd=25 ppm, Sr=120 ppm,
87

Sr/86Sri=0.71700 and Nd(t)=10.0 (e.g., Chauvel et al., 2008; He and Xu, 2012; Li et al., 2013b;

Niu and OHara, 2003; Workman and Hart, 2005 and reference therein). Data of SrNd isotope
compositions of the GHB and adjacent adakitic and bimodal magmatisms are from the following

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references: He and Xu (2012); Jiang et al. (2005, 2011); Li et al. (2013b); Liu et al. (2012c); Wang
et al. (2012a, 2012b); Yang et al. (2011, 2012a, 2012b, 2013b); Zhou et al. (2012, 2013); Zhu et al.

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(2014).

Fig. 11. (a) and (b) Sr/Y vs. Y and La/Yb vs. Yb diagrams to distinguish adakite from normal arc
andesite, dacite and rhyolite (ADR) lavas (after Castillo, 2012). (c) and (d) Mg# and MgO vs. SiO2

NU

diagrams, fields for different types of adakites and experimental melt are taken from Wang et al.

MA

(2006). Symbols are the same as in Fig. 7 and data sources are the same as in Fig. 9.

Fig. 12. (a), (b) Chemical discrimination diagrams for the GHB and adjacent adakitic and bimodal

TE

magmatisms (after Whalen et al., 1987). (c) FeOT/(FeOT+MgO) vs. Al2O3 diagram showing

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composition of representative oxidized and reduced A-type granites compared with calc-alkaline
granites (after Dall'Agnol and Oliveira, 2007). (d) Subtype classification of A-type granites (after

AC

Eby, 1992). Symbols are the same as in Fig. 7 and data sources are the same as in Fig. 9.

Fig. 13. (a) TiO2 vs. Fe2O3T diagram for the diabase dikes and MMEs with fields for experimental
peridotite melts (Falloon et al., 1988). (b) Ba/Nb vs. La/Nb diagram, the compositions of different
end members are after Wilson (2001). (c), (d), (e) and (f) are source discrimination diagrams: (c)
after Altherr et al. (2000); (d) and (f) after Patio Douce (1999); (e) after Sylvester (1998).
Symbols are the same as in Fig. 7 and data sources are the same as in Fig. 9.

Fig. 14. (a) Y/15-La/10-Nb/8 diagram (after Cabanis and Lecolle, 1989). (b) Zr/Y vs. Zr diagram

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(after Pearce and Norry, 1979). (c) Rb/30-Hf-Ta*3 discrimination diagram (after Harris et al,
1986); (d) Rb vs. (Y+Nb) discrimination diagram (after Pearce, 1996). Symbols are the same as in

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Fig. 7 and data sources are the same as in Fig. 9.

Fig. 15. (a) Hf(t), (b) Nd(t), (c) zircon saturation temperatures (TZr) and (d) Sm/Yb vs. age
diagrams showing the variation among the GHB and adjacent adakitic and bimodal magmatisms.

AC

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P

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MA

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Symbols are the same as in Fig. 10 and data sources are the same as in Fig. 7, 9 and 10.

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Table 1
List of ages of adakitic and bimodal magmatism in the Gan-Hang Belt (GHB) and adjacent.
Batholith or Group

Rock type

Age (Ma)

Method

Reference

ca. 142 Ma

coeval quartz porphyry

Wang et al. (2012b)

ca. 135 Ma

coeval felsic volcanics

Banqiao

basaltic andesite

GHB and adjacent mafic rocks and MMEs

Yang et al. (2010)

SHRIMP zircon

Jiang et al. (2011)

IP

mafic microgranular enclave

Xiangshan
(MME)
diabase dike

129 2 Ma

Miaohou

diabase dike

131 3 ~ 126 2 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Xishan rhyolite

176 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Jiuqu quartz porphyry

176 1 Ma

Beishan quartz porphyry

172 1 Ma

Jiuqu dacite porphyry

170 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Xishan andesite porphyry

166 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

171 3 Ma

SHRIMP zircon

Wang et al. (2006)

171 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Zhou et al. (2012)

174 1 ~ 171 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Liu et al. (2012c)

171 2 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Wang et al. (2015)

171 3 Ma

SHRIM zircon

Wang et al. (2006)

171 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Zhou et al. (2012)

170 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Wang et al. (2015)

172 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Zhou et al. (2012)

170 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Wang et al. (2015)

Tongchang granodiorite porphyry

Dexing

MA

Yinshan

NU

GHB and adjacent adakitic rocks

SC
R

Tongshan

TE

Fujiawa granodiorite porphyry

This study

LA-ICP-MS zircon
LA-ICP-MS zircon

Wang et al. (2012a)

CE
P

Zhushahong granodiorite porphyry

granitic porphyry

168 3 ~ 156 3 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Qiu et al. (2011)

Shangsanzhi

granitic porphyry

159 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Zhu et al. (2014)

Banqiao

quartz porphyry

142 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Wang et al. (2012b)

Pujiang

Laocun Formation andesite

136 1 ~ 131 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Liu et al. (2014a)

127 2 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

This study

137 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Shanhou

AC

Tongcun

granodioritic porphyry

GHB and adjacent A-type felsic rocks

ignimbri

rhyodacite

137 3 ~ 136 2 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

rhyodacitic porphyry

135 2 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

porphyroclastic rhyolitic lava

134 2 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

136 1 ~ 132 1 Ma

SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS zircon

granitic porphyry

137 1 Ma

SHRIMP zircon

quartz monzonitic porphyry

136 1 Ma

SHRIMP zircon

rhyodacite

135 2 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

rhyodacitic porphyry

135 1 Ma

SHRIMP zircon

rhyolitic porphyry dyke

135 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Yang et al. (2012a)

rhyodacite

136 2 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Zhang et al. (2014)

Yang et al. (2013b)

porphyritic lava
Xiangshan

Yang et al. (2011)

Yang et al. (2010)

Tangang
Yangmeiwan

granite

135 2 ~ 135 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

granitic porphyry

136 2 ~ 133 1 Ma

SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS zircon

136 3 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Yang et al. (2012b)

Daqiaowu
Caiyuan

porphyritic quartz syenite

64

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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Batholith or Group

Rock type

Honggong

Age (Ma)

Method

127 2 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

132 1 ~ 131 2 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

porphyritic quartz syenite

Reference

alkali-feldspar granite and

Lingshan
syenogranite

Zhou et al. (2013)

135 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

132 2 ~ 130 2 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Sanqingshan-Damaoshan

alkali-feldspar granite and

IP

syenogranite
126 2 Ma

SHRIMP zircon

Tongshan

Shanghekou

syenogranite

132 1 Ma

syenogranite

130 1 Ma

SHRIMP zircon

LA-ICP-MS zircon

132 1 Ma

syenogranite

132 1 Ma

Wangcun

syenogranite

132 2 Ma

SHRIMP zircon

Yingcun

granitic porphyry

134 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

Luojia

granitic porphyry

127 2 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

134 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

133 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

129 2 ~ 127 4 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

129 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

126 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

125 1 Ma

LA-ICP-MS zircon

127 2 Ma

SHRIMP zircon

Yang et al. (2013a)

126 3 Ma

SHRIMP zircon

Wong et al. (2009)

Jiuhua

granitic porphyry

Miaohou

granitic porphyry

Ruhong

granite

Huangshitan

granite

Jiuligang

granite

Dazhou

rhyolite

CE
P

porphyritic alkali-feldspar granite

AC

Baijuhuajian

MA

syenogranite

Lingkeng

NU

granitic porphyry

Huangkang

TE

Sucun

syenogranite

Jiang et al. (2011)

SHRIMP zircon

SC
R

alkali-feldspar granite and

129 2 Ma

Sun et al. (2015)

65

LA-ICP-MS zircon
LA-ICP-MS zircon
Zhu et al. (2014)

This study

Li et al. (2013)

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Table 2
Lithologies and mineral assemblages of Miaohou and Shanhou dike swarms.
Main minerals

granitic

K-feldspar+quartz+plagioclase+biotite

porphyry

Location (GPS position)

MH01

291139.5N, 119406E

MH05

291128.7N, 119409.8E

MH06
MH23

Miaohou

291114.3N, 119390.1E
291156.6N, 1193947.9E

plagioclase+orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene

MH04

291149.7N, 1193955.5E

+magnetite+amphibole+quartz

MH21

291042.0N, 1193840.6E

MH22

291053.9N, 1193856.7E

SH03

291444.5N, 1194631.4E

SH06

291543.3N, 1194731.5E

plagioclase+quartz+K-feldspar+FeTi

porphyry

oxides+biotite

NU

granodioritic

plagioclase+clinopyroxene+orthopyroxene
+magnetite

AC

CE
P

TE

MA

diabase dike

291050.1N, 1194011.5E

MH02

SC
R

diabase dike

Shanhou

Sample No.

Rock type

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Location

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Table 3
Summaries of the zircon category, U-Pb age and Hf isotopic results of the samples from Miaohou
and Shanhou dike swarms.

MH01

Igneous zircon

MH02
MH04

Hf(t)

TDM (Ga)

TDM2 (Ga)

Average

1292

7.8 to +0.9

2.81.4

Igneous zircon

1271

10.9 to 0.4

4.91.5

0.891.29

1.181.84

Igneous zircon

1272

11.3 to +1.9

1.51.3

0.701.34

1.031.87

Xenocryst

82919

MH05

Igneous zircon

1291

6.5 to 2.0

4.70.6

1.281.58

MH06

Igneous zircon

1274

9.6 to 0.1

3.30.8

1.161.76

MH22

Igneous zircon

1302

7.5 to 0.1

4.20.8

MH23

Igneous zircon

1272

5.0 to +2.5

1.10.7

1.001.47

SH03

Igneous zircon

1282

12.4 to +0.3

4.72.9

1.141.94

Xenocryst

4479

Xenocryst

83911

Xenocryst

8248

25.51.5

Xenocryst

4336

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Total

NU

U-Pb age (Ma)

TE

MA

+10.41.3

CE
P

Shanhou

Zircon category

AC

Miaohou

Sample

67

0.781.07

1.101.65

1.161.64

0.74

3.37

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Table 4
Chemical compositions of representative samples from Miaohou and Shanhou dike swarms.
MH01

MH05

MH06

MH23

MH02

MH04

MH21

MH22

SH03

SH06

72.53

68.91

75.44

51.61

49.31

48.44

50.02

68.44

46.93

TiO2

0.21

0.21

0.54

0.19

1.15

2.33

2.39

2.23

0.71

2.04

11.83

11.95

13.40

12.05

17.37

13.92

15.84

14.57

12.51

16.25

Fe2O3

2.03

1.63

3.19

2.32

9.27

11.72

11.93

11.25

5.29

13.82

MnO

0.04

0.03

0.05

0.05

0.16

0.20

0.21

0.18

0.06

0.20

MgO

0.11

0.25

0.68

0.12

4.87

3.41

5.61

4.04

1.50

5.14

CaO

0.39

1.07

1.23

0.35

5.83

6.73

6.82

6.27

3.26

5.47

Na2O

3.70

3.95

3.13

4.26

4.77

2.46

3.66

4.34

5.08

5.16

K2O

4.87

4.62

5.04

4.66

1.55

2.98

0.87

1.47

0.24

0.51

P2O5

0.02

0.04

0.16

0.02

0.29

0.81

0.85

0.80

0.19

0.29

Al2O3
T

IP

73.91

NU

SiO2

SC
R

Major elements (in wt.%)

1.29

3.76

2.97

0.55

2.63

5.33

3.65

5.20

2.06

4.53

SUM

98.39

100.05

99.29

100.01

99.49

99.20

100.27

100.37

99.33

100.33

8.57

8.57

8.17

8.92

6.32

5.44

4.53

5.81

5.32

5.67

A/CNK

0.98

0.89

1.04

0.95

A.R.

5.69

4.85

3.53

6.13

34.5

1)

3.70

10.8

Cr

1.88

1.76

Co

0.39

1.34

Ni

0.64

0.51

TE

Trace elements (in ppm)

ALK

Ga

24.6

Rb

130

Sr

39.4

80.7

2.38

0.86

1.75

1.71

1.50

1.77

2.02

1.71

215

199

309

242

105

426

45.3

48.2

19.0

128

47.5

42.7

52.8

4.50

1.97

29.36

26.47

35.41

31.89

10.57

43.45

4.18

34.99

28.39

16.76

45.10

38.55

20.84

46.14

18.5

18.3

21.6

20.9

21.5

22.1

22.5

11.1

23.8

126

139

116

44.7

95.7

19.9

24.9

3.69

14.7

89.1

193.9

28.5

837

440

553

562

281

715

48.3

38.2

58.9

21.5

44.7

32.6

39.8

13.8

34.3

CE
P

8.71

AC

Zr

MA

LOI

595

211

347

772

119

295

229

361

138

207

47.1

24.7

19.2

49.8

5.09

18.9

13.0

18.1

8.49

7.50

96.5

333

991

39

622

1241

608

1029

58

146

La

106

83.6

63.7

97.8

14.6

38.4

27.2

41.7

17.2

14.4

Ce

210

162

126

168

32.3

87.6

62.8

92.3

36.6

34.6

Pr

23.0

16.7

13.6

22.8

4.45

10.82

7.94

11.20

4.72

4.72

Nd

86.3

58.4

49.0

83.2

19.6

47.0

35.3

47.3

18.1

22.0

Sm

16.7

10.9

9.13

14.8

4.46

10.4

7.58

8.88

3.61

5.31

Eu

0.42

0.66

1.38

0.32

1.36

3.62

2.48

2.87

1.05

2.13

Gd

14.0

8.69

7.35

13.52

4.19

9.47

7.52

8.86

3.08

6.30

Tb

2.36

1.41

1.16

1.91

0.68

1.45

0.97

1.19

0.47

0.91

Dy

13.5

8.19

6.43

12.52

3.82

8.32

6.56

7.74

2.59

6.39

Ho

2.72

1.59

1.28

2.56

0.74

1.62

1.37

1.64

0.47

1.38

Er

7.96

4.73

3.74

7.61

2.18

4.51

3.88

4.66

1.38

3.90

Tm

1.15

0.69

0.54

1.12

0.31

0.62

0.50

0.66

0.21

0.53

Yb

7.79

4.82

3.80

6.25

2.00

3.91

3.06

3.87

1.22

3.22

Nb
Ba

68

1.17

0.74

0.57

1.10

0.28

0.59

0.47

0.59

0.20

0.51

Hf

15.8

6.64

9.08

19.2

3.06

6.71

5.21

7.79

3.32

4.77

Ta

2.78

2.27

1.29

3.13

0.27

1.09

0.80

1.05

0.56

0.50

Pb

18.3

16.2

18.9

31.9

5.77

15.5

29.1

5.09

2.02

8.49

Th

22.0

34.1

16.8

17.6

1.08

3.16

1.65

4.56

2.23

1.84

3.78

6.59

2.90

3.44

0.33

0.79

0.44

0.97

0.80

0.66

Eu/Eu*

0.08

0.20

0.50

0.07

0.95

1.09

0.99

0.98

0.94

1.13

REE

493

363

288

434

91

228

168

234

91

106

T()3)

888

744

821

915

2)

1) A/CNK = molar Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O);

2) Eu/Eu*= 2EuN/(SmN+GdN);

AC

CE
P

TE

MA

NU

3) Temperature (C) is calculated after Boehnke et al. (2013).

SC
R

69

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Table 5
Sr-Nd isotope compositions of representative samples from Miaohou and Shanhou dike swarms.
Sa

Sm(

Nd(

(87Sr/

ppm

ppm

147Sm/

143Nd/

144Nd

144Nd

Age(

Rb(p

Sr(p

87Rb

87Sr/

Ma)

pm)

pm)

/86Sr

86Sr

86Sr)i

9.570

0.725

0.00

0.707

488

216

0004

53

0.629

0.707

0.00

0.706

778

513

0007

35

2.072

0.710

0.00

0.706

39.4

MH
04

130

95.7

440

MH
06

130

139

194

MH
22

130

24.9

562

MH
23

130

116

28.5

932

339

0006

51

0.128

0.707

0.00

0.707

080

454

0007

22

11.74

0.732

0.00

0.711

1513

785

0006

09

0.038

0.704

0.00

0.704

013

479

0005

41

0.059

0.704

0.00

0.704

679

329

0012

22

SH
130

3.69

281

SH
14.7

715

CE
P

TE

130

AC

06

Shanhou

03

T2DM

(t)

(Ga)

16.7

86.3

70

0.11681

0.5124

0.00

-3.

14

0004

0.13380

0.5124

0.00

-2.

78

0004

0.11253

0.5123

0.00

-4.

SC
R

130

10.4

9.13

47.0

49.0

NU

130

MA

MH

IP

Miaohou

01

Nd

mpl

8.88

14.8

3.61

5.31

47.3

83.2

18.1

22.0

30

0003

0.11325

0.5124

0.00

-2.

50

0008

0.10745

0.5124

0.00

-2.

43

0003

0.12040

0.5123

0.00

-3.

95

0009

0.14603

0.5126

0.00

1.

81

0007

1.17

1.09

1.30

1.11

1.11

1.21

0.79

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Highlights

The study of Miaohou and Shanhou dike swarms indicate the transition of

IP

The adakitic rocks (175-130 Ma) were remelted from Neoproterozoic magmatic

SC
R

magmatism.

rocks.

The bimodal magmatism (~ 130 Ma) produced by inadequate mixing of different

MA

The slab subduction and rollback caused the transition of regional tectonic

CE
P

TE

regime.

AC

NU

melts.

71