Nitrates (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Adverse effects of statins

Niacin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ezetimibe
Fibrates (gemfibrozil + -fibrates) (mechanism, use,
toxicity)

Digoxin and digitoxin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Class 1A antiarrhythmics
Class 1B antiarrhythmics
Class 1C antiarrhythmics
Class 1 antiarrhythmics (general mechanism and
toxicity)

Class 2 antiarrhythmics
Class 3 antiarrhythmics
Toxicity of amiodarone

Class 4 antiarrhythmics
Adeosine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Magnseium (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Treatment for prolactinoma
Treatment of secondary hyperaldosteronism
Treatment of carcinoid syndrome
Rapid-acting insulins (3)
Short-acting insulin (1)
Intermediate-acting insulin (1)
Long-acting insulins (2)

Metformin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Tolbutamide, chlorpropamide (mechanism, use,

toxicity)
Glyburide, glimepiride, glipizide (mechanism, use,
toxicity)

Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Acarbose, miglitol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Pramlintide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Exenatide, liraglutide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin (mechanism, use,
toxicity)

Propylthiouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Methimazole (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Levothyroxine, triiodothyronine (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Oxytocin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Demeclocycline (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Glucocorticoids (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Cimetidine and ranitidine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

-prazoles (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Bismuth, sucralfate (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Misoprostol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Octreotide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Toxicity of long-term antacid use
Infliximab (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Sulfasalazine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Ondansetron (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Metoclopramide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Can be used to prevent mast cell degranulation
Treatment of lead poisoning

Heparin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Enoxaparin, dalteparin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Warfarin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Alteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase (mechanism, use,
toxicity)

Aspirin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Clopidogrel, ticlodipine, prasugrel, ticagrelor
(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Cilostazol, dipyridamole (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Methotrexate (mechanism, use, toxicity)

5-fluorouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Cytarabine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), daunorubicin
(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Bleomycin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Busulfan (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Vincristine, vinblastine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Paclitaxel (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Cisplatin, carboplatin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Etoposide, teniposide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Hydroxyurea (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Prednisone (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Tamoxifen, raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Trastuzumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Imatinib (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Rituximab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Vemurafenib (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Bevacizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, ketorolac,
diclofenac (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Celecoxib (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Acetominophen (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Alendronate (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Allopurinol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Febuxostat (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Probenecid (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Colchine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Etanercept (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Infliximab, adalimumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Latanoprost (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Morphine, fentanyl, cofeine, heroin, methadone,
meperidine, dextromethorphan, diphenoxylate
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Butorphanol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tramadol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
First-line therapy for simple partial seizures
First-line therapy for complex partial seizures
First-line therapies for tonic-clonic seizures (3)
First-line therapy for absence seizures

Phenytoin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Carbamazepine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Lamotrigine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Gabapentin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Topiramate (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Phenobarbital (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Valproate (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Ethosuximide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Benzodiazepines (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Tiagabine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Vigabatrin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Levetriacetam (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Phenobarbital, pentobarbial, thiopental, secobarbital
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Triazolam, oxazepam, midazolam (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Barbituates vs. benzodiazepines (mechanism)
Zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Ketamine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Order of sensory loss when using local anesthetics

Succinylcholine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Tubocurarine, -curium drugs (mechanism, use,
toxicity)

Dantrolene (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Levodopa/carbidopa (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Selegiline (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine (mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Sumatriptan (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Trifluoperzine, fluphenazine, haloperidol

(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Chlorpromazine, thioridazine (mechanism, use,

toxicity)

Olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone,

aripripazole, ziprasidone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Lithium (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Buspirone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Venlafaxine, duloxetine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

-iptyline, -ipramine, doxepin, amoxapine

(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Tranylcypromine, phenelzine, isocarboxazid,

selegiline (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Bupropion (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Mirtazapine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Maprotiline (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Trazodone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Mannitol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Acetazolamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Furosemide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Ethacrynic acid (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Hydrochlorothiazide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Spironolactone, eplerenone (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Triamterene, amiloride (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril (mechanism, use,

toxicity)

Losartan, valsartan (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Leuprolide (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Finasteride (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Flutamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ketoconazole (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Clomiphene (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Tamoxifen (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Anastrozole, exemestane (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Mifepristone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Terbutaline (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tamsulosin (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Sildenafil, vardenafil (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Danazol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Treat methemoglobinemia with
Diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate,
chlorpheniramine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Loratadine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, cetrizine
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Albuterol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Salmeterol, formoterol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Theophylline (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ipratropium (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Beclomethasone, fluticasone (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Montelukast, zafirlukast (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Zileuton (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Omalizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Guaifenesin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
N-acetylcysteine (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Bosentan (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Dextromethorphan (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Difference in competitive vs noncompetitve
inhibitors?
What is Km?
What is Vmax?
What is bioavailability?

Time to steady state depends on?

What is rate of elimination in zero order kinetics?
Give three drugs that are zero order eliminated.
What is the rate of elimination for first order
kinetics?
How does ionization relate to urine pH?
How do you treat overdose of weak acid? Give drug
examples.
How do you treat overdose of weak base? Give drug
examples.
What is phase I drug metabolism? What pt.
population loses this?
What is phase II metaboloism? What population
depend on this?
What is efficacy?
What is potency?
What happends to efficacy when a partial agonist
and full agonist are mixed?
What is therapetuic index?
What is a therapeutic window?
What are the two types of Nicotonic receptors? What
kind of messenger do they use?
Alpha-1 sympathetic receptor (G-protein class, major
function)
Alpha-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
Beta-1 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
Beta-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
M-1 Parasymp receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
M-2 Parasymp(G-protein class, major function)

M-3 parasymp(G-protein class, major function)

What receptor is responsible for miosis and
accomadation?
What receptor is responsbile for mydriasis?
Dopamine D-1 receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
Dopamine D-2 receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
Histamine H-1 receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
histamine H-2 receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
vasopression V-1 receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
vasopression V-2 receptor(G-protein class, major
function)
Which receptors work via Gq -> Phospholipase C
->Pip2->DAG + IP3?
DAG causes activation of what?
IP3 causes increase in what?
Which receptors work via Gi->Adenyly cyclase
->cAMP ->Protein Kinase A?
Which receptors work via Gs->adenylyate cyclase
->cAMP->Protein Kinase A?
What does protein kinase A do?
What are the two classes of cholinomimetics?
Bethanechol(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Carbachol(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Pilocarpine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
methacholine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Neostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
pyridostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
edrophonium(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Physostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Donepezil(mechanism,use,toxicity)
signs of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning.
treatment.
Parathion(mechanism, treatment)
Atropine, homatropine, tropicamide (mechanism,
use, toxicity).

Benztropine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Scopolamine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Ipratropium,tiotropium (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Oxybutynin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Glycopyrrolate(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Jimson Weed(mechanism, toxicity)
Epinephrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use,
toxicity)
Norepinephine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use,
toxicity)
Isoproterenol(Mechanism, receptors bound, use,
toxicity)

dopamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use,

toxicity)
dobutamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use,
toxicity)
Phenylephrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use,
toxicity)
Albuterol, salmetrol, terbutaline (Mechanism,
receptors bound, use, toxicity)
Ritodrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity)
Amphetamine (mechanism, use)
Epinephrine(Mechanism, use, toxicity)
Cocaine (mechanims, use).
Why must B-Blockers be avoided in suspected
cocaine intoxication?

How does norepinephrine cause reflex bradycardia?

How does isoproterenol cause reflex tachycardia?
Clonidine, alpha-methyldopa(Mechanism, receptors
bound, use)
Phenoxybenzamine(Mechanism, receptors bound,
use, toxicity)
phentolamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use,
toxicity)
Prazosin, Terazosin,
Doxazosin,Tamsulosin(Mechanism, receptors bound,
use, toxicity)
Mirtazapine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Describe what occurs when you alpha-blockade epi
vs. phenylephrine.

Give 6 applications of Beta-blockers in general.

give general toxicites of b-blockers
What are the B1 selective b-blockers? When are they
useful?
What are the nonselective ( b1 = b2) b-blockers?
what are the nonselective a and b-antagonists?
What are the partial B-agonists?
Give treatment for acetaminophen overdose.
Give treatment for salicylates overdose.
give treatment for amphetamines overdose
Give treatment for antimuscarinic and
anticholinergic overdose.
Give treatment for b-blocker overdose
Give treatment for digitalis overdose
give treatment for iron overdose.
give treatment for lead overdose
give treatment for mercury, arsenix, gold overdose
give treatment for copper, arsenic, gold overdose
give treatment for cyanide
give methemoglobin treatment
Give Carbon monocide treatment
give treatment for methanol, ethylene glycol
overdose
give treatment for opiods overdose
give treatment for benzodiazepine overdose
give treatment for TCA overdose
give treatment for heparin overdose
give treatment for warfarin overdose
give treatment for tPA, Streptokinase, urokinase
overdose
give treatment for theophylline overdose
give treatment for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
causes coronary vasospam
causes cutaneous flushing

causes dilated cardiomyopathy

causes torsades de pointes
causes agranulocytoisis
causes aplastic anemia
causes direct coombs positive hemolytic anemia
causes gray baby syndomr
causes hemolysis in G6PD-defiect patients
causes megaloblastic anemia
Causes thrombotic complications
Causes cough
causes pulmonary fibrosis
causes acute cholestatic hepatits, jaundice
causes focal to massice hepatic necrosis
causes hepatits
can lead to pseudomembranous colitis
can lead to adrenocortical insufficiency
can causes gynecomastia
causes hot flashes
causes hypergylcemia
causes hypothyroidism
causes fat redistribution
causes gingival hyperplasia
causes gout
causes myopathies
causes osteoporosis
causes photosensitivty
causes rash/SJS
cause drug induced lupus
causes teeth problems
causes
causes
causes
causes
causes
causes

tendonitis, tendon rupture, tooth damage

diabetes insipidus
fanconi's syndome
hemorrhagic cystits
interstital nephritis
SIADH

causes cinchonism
causes parkinson-like syndome
causes seizures
causes tardive dyskinesia
acts like an anti-muscarinic
can cause a disulfiram like reaction
can cause nephro/ototoxicity

list p450 inducers

list p450 inhibitors

lists the sulfa drugs

Difference between peniciliin G and V.

Penicillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Oxacillin,Naficillin,Dicloxacillin(mechanism,use,toxici
ty)

Ampicillin, amoxicillin(mecanism,use,toxicity)
Which has better bioavailibility; amoxicllin or
ampicillin?
What does clavulanic acid do?

Ticarcillin,piperacillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
List the B-lactamse inhibitors

Cephalosporin(mechanism,use,toxiciity)
give use of cefazolin, cephalexin.

give use of cefoxitin, cefaclor,cefuroxime`

give use of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime,ceftazidime
give use of cefepime.

Aztreonam(mechanism,use,toxicty)
what transpeptidase inhibitor can be used in
penicillin allergy?

imipenem/cilastatin,meropenem,etrapenem,doripen
em(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Vancomycin(mechanism,use,toxicty)
How is redman syndrome prevented in vancomycin
use?
How does vancomycin resistant occur?
List antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitors
Gentamicin, neomycin,
amikacin,tobramycin,streptomycin(mechanism,use,t
oxicity)
how does resistenace to aminoglycosides occur?

tetracycline, doxycycline,
demecycline,minocycline(mechanism, use, toxicity)
how does resistance to tetracyclines occur?
Azithromycin, clarithromycin,
erythromycin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
how does resitance to macrolides occur?

Chloramphenicol(mechanism,use,toxicity)
what causes grey baby syndrome?

How does resistance to chloramphenicol occur?

clindamycin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Sulfamethoxazole(SMX), sulfisoxazole,
sulfadiazine(mechanism, use, toxicity)
how does resistance to sulfonamides occur?

Trimethoprim(mechanism,use,toxicity)

ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, etc...

(mechanism, use, toxicity)
how does resistance to fluroquinolones occur?
What groups are susceptible to fluorquinolone
tendon rupture?

Metronidazole(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Isoniazid(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Rifampin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Pyrazinamide(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Ethambutol(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Amphotericin B(mechanism, use, toxicity)

nystatin(mechanism,use,toxicty)
Fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole,
itraconazole, voriconazole(mechanism, use,toxicity)

Flucytosine(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Caspofungin, micafungin(mechanism, use, toxicity)

terbinafine(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Griseofulvin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Pyrimethamine use
suramin and melarsoprol use
nifurtimox use
sodium stibogluconate use

Chloroquine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
quinidine use
artemether/lumifantrine use
Zanamivir,oseltamivir(mechanism,use)

Ribavarin(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Acyclovir,valacyclovir(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Famciclovir use
mechanism for resistance to acyclovir

Ganciclovir,valgangciclovir(mechanism,use,toxicity)
mechanism for resistance to acyclovir

Foscarnet(mechanism,use,toxicity)
mechanism for resistance to foscarnet

cidofovir(mechanism,use,toxicity)
HAART consist of what?

give mechanism and toxicity of protease inhibitors

Ritonavir does what to be a "booster"

Tenofovir, emtricitabine, abacavir, lamivudine,

zidovudine, didansoine,
stavudine(mechanism,use,toxicity
Nevirapine, Efavirenz,
Delavirdine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Raltegravir(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Interferons(mechanism,use,toxicity)

What antibiotics must be avoided in pregnancy?

cause direct toxicity to nerves
By what mechanism does isoniazid cause
B6(pyridoxine) loss?
What medications can be given before Amphotercin
B infusion to lessen side effects?
Does digoxin cause hyper or hypokalemia? which
states increases patient susceptibility to digoxin
toxicity?
list signs of ammonia overdose
cause restrictive lung disease
Contrast urine Ca with loop diuretics and thiazides
What is a sensitive indicator of alcohol abuse?
What is the treatment for delirium tremens?
Why is the naloxone-buprenorphine combo used for
heroin addiction treatment?
What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome? What is the treatment?
What is tardive dyskinesa? Is it reversible?

What is serotonin syndrome? what is the treatment?

What can long term Phenactin use cause?
What are the teratogenic effects of ACE inhibitors?
What are the teratogenic effects of alkylating agents?
What are the teratogenic effects of aminoglycosides?
What are the teratogenic effects of carbamazepine?
What are the teratogenic effects of diethylstilbestrol?
What are the teratogenic effects of folate antagonists?
What are the teratogenic effects of lithium?
What are the teratogenic effects of phenytoin?
What are the teratogenic effects of tetracyclines
What are the teratogenic effects of thalidomide
What are the teratogenic effects of valproate?
What are the teratogenic effects of warfarin?
At what time period is a fetus most susceptable to teratogens?
What are the teratogenic effects of vitamin a?
What are the teratogenic effects of cocaine?
What are the teratogenic effects of smoking?
What drug is the leading cause of birth defects and mental retardation?
What are the toxicities of Loop diuretics?
What are the toxicites of HCTZ?

By what mechanisms do thiazides and loop diutetics cause metabolic

alkalosis?
What drugs can stimulate prolactin secretion?
What is a difference in the mechanism of PTU and methimazole?
Can sulfonylureas be used in type 1 DM?
What drugs can be used to treat type 1 AND 2 DM?
What drug is used to prevent tumor lysis urate neuropathy?
List acute and chronic gout drugs.
probenacid(mechanism, use, tox)
febuxostat(use, mechanism)

Polymixin B(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Methylphenidate, destroamphetamine, methamphetamine(mechanism,
use)
Phytonadione(use)

Leucovorin(use,mechanism)
Protamine sulfate (use, mechanism)
What is tyramine crisis caused by?
Why is phenoxybenzamine prefered over phentolamine for presurgery
pheochromocytoma surgery?

Why is Lactulose fed to people with hepatic encephalopathy?

Eculizumab(mechanism, use)
Cladribine(mechanism, use)
Trans-retinoic acid(use)

Is an increase in serum creatinine normal after starting ACE inhibitors?

Daptomycin(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ondansetron acts on 5HT3 receptors in what location, in order to
decrease nausea?
Why must mu agonists be avoided in suspected pancreatic or biliary
pain?
What drugs inhibit dihydrofolate reductase?

Varenicline(mechanism, use)
What class of drug can precipitate mania in those with bipolar disorder?
What is the treatment for sleep enuresis?
In general, what is the best drug to use for edema of any kind?
Which drug used for hyperthyroidism decreases peripheral T3->T3
conversion?
Can atropine be used to block gastric secretions? why or why not?
Fomepizole(mechanism, use)
Disulfiram(mechanism, use)
What can be given to those suffering from hyperammonia caused by a
metabolic derangement?
What is first dose effect, typically seen in A1 blockers?
Which nitrate can be given PO?
Colchine stops what specific cell to decrease gout symptoms?
What is the first line drug used to treat hypertension in pregnancy?

Why is MRSA resistant to Naficillin but normal S. Aureus is not?

Palizumab(mechanism, use)

Rhogam(mechanism, use)

Entacapone, Tolcapone (mechanism, use, tox)

What opioid effect is most resistant to tolerance?
Aldesleukin (mechanism, use)
Epoetin Alfa(mechanism, use)
Filgrastim, Sargramostim (mechanism, use)
alpha-inerferon(use)
B-Interferon(use)
gamma-interferon(use)
Oprelvekin(mechanism, use)
thromopoietin(use)
Muromonab-CD3 (mechanism, use)
Digoxin Immune Fab(mechanism, use)
Rasburicase (mechanism, use)
denosumab(mechanism, use)

What keeps heparin from crossing the placental barrier?

cyclosporine(mechanism, use, toxicity)

Isotretinoin, tretinoin, Acitretin(mechanism,use,toxicity
Calcipotrol(mechanism, use)
Orlistat(mechanism, use)
giving what drug 30 minutes before Niacin can help reduce flushing?
Paclitaxil or sirolimus are commonly used in cardiac stents. why?
What is the drug used for Pre-eclampsi and ecplamsia?

Bortezomib(mechanism,use, toxicity)
What causes nitroprusside toxicity? What is the antidote?
Memantine(mechanism, use, toxicity)
What vitamin is used in alzheimer's treatment?

In gas anesthesias, what is the lipid solubility and the blood solubility?

Calcitrol, calcipotriene, tacalcitol (mechanism, use)

Usetekinumab(mechanism, use)
Why is it required to wait 14 days after stoping a MAO-i before starting
an SSRI?
Lepirudin, Bivalirudin (mechanism, use)
Ropinirole, Pramipexole (mechanism, use)
what are the uses of amantidine for parkinsons?
What compound can cause sickling of sickle cell trait RBC's?
How do atypical antipsychotics avoid causing parkinson's symptoms and
tardive dyskinesia?
Which anti-inflammatories will not impair platlet aggregation? why?
Natalizumab(mechanism, use, toxicity)
What drugs are preferred in medication induced parkinson's treatment?
why?
What defines induction and potency in gas anesthetics?

Cause NO release -> vasodilation (veins >>> arteries); used in

angina; fast tolerance, hypotension, flushing, headache
Hepatoxicity and muscle breakdown
Inhibits lipolysis and reduces VLDL secretion, lowering LDL and
raising HDL; hyperlipidemia; flushing and hyperuricemia
Inhibits reabsorption of bile acids -> lower LDL with slight increase in
HDL; unpigmented gallbladder stones and malabsorption
Prevents cholesterol reabsorption -> lower LDL
Upregulates LPL -> lower triglycerides, slightly inc. HDL and slightly
dec. LDL; myositis and hepatoxicity
Inhibits Na/K ATPase -> indirectly inhibits Na/Ca exchanger -> inc.
calcium levels -> inc. contractility; stimulates the vagus; causes
cholinergic symptoms and hyperkalemia
Quinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide; inc. AP duration and QT
interval; can cause torsades de pointes, cinchonism (qunidine),
procainamide (drug-induced lupus)
Lidocaine, mexiletine, and tocainide; dec. AP duration especially in
depolarized/ischemia tissue; best following MI
Flecainide, propafenone; no effect on AP, used in ventricular
tachycardias; do not use post-MI due to risk for arrhythmias
Blocks Na channels, decreasing the slope of phase 0 depolarization;
toxicity exacerbated by hyperkalemia
Beta-blockers; reduces cAMP, slowing SA and AV node activity,
increases PR interval; adverse effects include impotence, asthma
exacerbation, sedation
Amiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol; K channel blockers; inc. AP
duration and QT interval
Pulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, thyroid dysfunction
Ca channel blockers; verapamil and diltiazem; dec. conduction
velocity and inc. PR interval; cause constipation, flushing, and edema
Inc. K efflux, hyperpolarizing the cell; used in supraventricular
tachycardias; can cause flushing, hypotension, and chest pain
Used in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity
Bromocriptine or cabergoline (dopamine agonists)
Spironolactone (or other AT2 antagonist)
Octreotide (somatostatin analogues)
Lispro, aspart, and glulisine
Regular
NPH
Glargine and detemir
Biguanide; unknown mechanism; increases insulin sensitivity and
glycolysis and decreases gluconeogenesis; can cause lactic acidosis
(don't use in renal failure patients)

First-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing

depolarization and increased insulin release; causes disulfuram-like
effects
Second-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing
depolarization and increased insulin release; causes hypoglycemia
Thiazolidinediones; activates PPAR-gamma, increasing insulin
sensitivity and adiponectin levels; causes weight gain, hepatotoxicity,
and heart failure
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; prevent sugar hydrolysis and
absorption, reducing blood sugar levels
Amylin analog; reduces glucagon secretion; causes hypoglycemia
GLP-1 analogues; increase insulin, decrease glucagon secretion;
causes pancreatitis
DPP-4 inhibitors; increase insulin, decrease glucagon secretion;
causes mild urinary/respiratory infections
Blocks thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase; used to treat
hyperthyroidism; causes agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia,
hepatotoxicity
Blocks thyroid peroxidase; used to treat hyperthyrodism; teratogenic
Thyroid hormone analogs; causes thyrotoxicosis
Used to control uterine hemhorrage
ADH antagonist used to treat SIADH; can cause photosensitivty and
bone/teeth abnormalities
Inhibits phospholipase A2 activity and expression of COX-2; used for
immune suppression; can cause Cushing's syndrome, adrenal
insufficiency (if withdrawn quickly)
H2 antagonists; used to treat hyperchloridia; cimeditine is a P-450
inhibitor and has antiandrogenic effects, both reduce creatinine
secretion
Irreversibly inhibit the H/K pump; used to treat hyperchloridia;
increased risk of C. difficile infection and hypomagnesemia
Coats ulcer base and protects underlying tissue
PGE1 analog that decreases acid production and increases bicarb
production; used to prevent NSAID ulcers; abortifacient
Somatostatin analog; used to treat VIPoma and carcinoid syndrome
Hypokalemia
Anti-TNF; used to treat IBD and RA; can cause activation of latent
microbes

Combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid

(anti-inflammatory); used to treat IBD; causes oligospermia
5-HT3 antagonist; used as an antiemetic
D2 antagonist; used to increase gut muscle activity and as an
antiemetic; causes parkinson signs
Cromolyn sodium
Dimercaprol and EDTA, succimer in kids
Activates antithrombin, which inactivates thrombin and Xa; used for
immediate coagulation and in pregnant women; some patients
develop antibodies to platelet factor 4 (HIT)
Same actions as heparin, but has a longer half-life, does not have to
be monitored as closely, and has a reduced risk of HIT
Inactivated gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X, C, and S;
used for long-term and non-immediate anticoagulation; can cause
tissue necrosis, teratogenic
Converts plasminogen to plasmin; used as a thrombolytic
Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2; anti-platelet and antiinflammatory; gastric ulcers, tinnitus, Reye's syndrome in childhood
viral infections
Irreversibly blocks ADP receptors on platelets, preventing
degranulation; used for acure coronary syndrome; ticlodipine causes
neutropenia
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases cAMP and decreases ADP,
preventing platelet degranulation; nausea, headache, facial flushing,
hypotension
GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors, preventing platelet aggregation; bleeding,
thrombocytopenia
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting DNA synthesis;
myelosuppression, macrovesicular fatty change in liver
Pyrimidine analog that is activated and inhibits thymidylate synthase,
inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression, photosensitivity
Pyrimidine analog that inhibits DNA polymerase; leukopenia,
thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemia
Purine analogs that are activated by HGPRT and inhibit purine
synthesis; toxicity is increased with allopurinol, causes bone marrow,
GI, and liver toxicity
DNA intercalator; used for childhood tumors; myelosuppression
Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; dilated
cardiomyopathy(Dexrazoxone, an iron chelator, prevents this),
myelosuppression, alopecia

Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; pulmonary

fibrosis with minimal myelosuppression
Crosslinks DNA (must be activated by liver); myelosuppression,
hemhorragic cystitis (can be minimized with mesna)
Used to treat CNS tumors
Alkylates DNA; pulmonary fibrosis, hyperpigmentation
Block microtubule polymerization; vincristine causes neurotoxicity,
vinblastine causes bone marro suppression
Blocks microtubule breakdown; myelosuppression
Crosslinks DNA; nephrotoxicity (minimize with chloride diuresis,
amifostine), acoustic n. damage
Inhibits topoisomerase II; myelosuppression, GI upset, alopecia
Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and increases HbF; used in cancers
and HbSS disease; bone marrow suppression
Unknown but may trigger apoptosis in dividing cells; Cushingoid
symptoms
Prevents estrogen receptor binding; used in breast cancer and
prevention of osteoporosis; tamoxifen increases the risk of
endometrial cancer due to agonist effects. Raloxifene = no increase
in endometrial cancer.
Antibody against HER-2 receptor; cardiotoxicity
Antibody against bcr-abl tyrosine kinase
Antibody against CD20; used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and
rheumatoid arthritis
B-raf kinase inhibitor (V600 mutation); used in metastatic melanoma
Antibody against VEGF
Reversible COX inhibitor; gastric ulcers, renal ischemia (due to
constriction of afferent arteriole)
Reversible COX-2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory without damage to
gastric mucosa; sulfa allergy, thrombosis
COX inhibitor in the CNS (not anti-inflammatory); causes hepatic
necrosis
Pyrophosphate analog that inhibits osteoclasts; used to treat
osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease; corrosive
esophagitis
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, reduces production of uric acid
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor
Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PCT

Inhibits microtubule polymerization, preventing neutrophil

extravasation
TNF-alpha receptor that binds free TNF-alpha
Anti-TNF-alpha antibody
PGF2 analog that increases the outflow of aqueous humor; can cause
darkening of the iris
Mu opioid agonists that open K channels and close Ca channels,
inhibting synaptic transmission; addiction, respiratory depression,
constipation, miosis
Mu opioid partial agonist; used to treat severe pain; causes
withdrawal if being treated with full agonist
Weak opioid agonist that inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake;
increases risk for seizures
Carbamazepine
Carbamazepine
Carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate
Ethosuximide
Increases Na channel inactivation and inhibits glutamate release;
used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and status
epilecticus prophylaxis; nystagmus, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism,
megaloblastic anemia, teratogenic, drug-induced lupus, P450 inducer
Increases Na channel inactivation; first-line for simple, complex, and
tonic-clonic seizures and trigeminal neuralgia; agranulocytosis,
aplastic anemia, P450 inducer, SIADH, liver toxicity
Blocks Na channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic
seizures; Steven-Johnson syndrome
Inhibits Ca channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic
seizures, migraine prophylaxis, peripheral neuropathy, bipolar
disorder; ataxia
Blocks Na channels and increases GABA secretion; used for simple,
complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and migraine prevention; mental
dulling, kidney stones, weight loss
Increases GABA channel action; first-line for simple, complex, and
tonic-clonic seizures in children; P450 inducer
Increases Na channel inactivation and increases GABA levels; firstline for tonic-clonic seizures, used for simplex, complex, tonic-clonic,
and myoclonic seizures; hepatotoxicity, neural tube defects, weight
gain, tremor
Blocks thalamic Ca channels; first-line for absence seizures; GI
distress, Steven-Johnson syndrome

Increases frequency of GABA channel opening; first-line for status

epilepticus (diazepam, lorazepam), used for eclampsia seizures
(diazepam, lorazepam), anxiety, alcohol withdrawl, sleep walking,
night terrors; sedation
Inhibits GABA reuptake; used for simple and complex seizures
Irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase, increasing GABA
concentration; used for simple and complex seizures
Unknown mechanism; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic
seizures
Increase duration of GABA channel opening; induction of anesthesia,
sedative; CNS depression, P450 inducer, contraindicated in patients
with porphyrias
Short-acting benzodiazepines; more addictive potential
Increase duration vs. increase frequency
BZ1 subtype GABA channel agonists; used to treat insomnia
Blocks NMDA receptor; used as an anesthetic; increases cardiac
activity, hallucinations, bad dreams
Pain -> temperature -> touch -> pressure
ACh receptor agonist, produces sustained depolarization and
desensitization; used as a paralytic; hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia,
malignant hyperthermia
ACh antagonists; used as paralytics
Inhibits release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum and skeletal
muscle; used to treat malignant hyperthermia and neurolepticmalignant syndrome
Converted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase in CNS/inhibits
peripheral dopa decarboxylase activity; used to treat parkinson
symptoms; can cause arrhythmias and "on/off" phenomenon
MAO-B (prefers dopamine for breakdown) inhibitor, inhibits dopamine
breakdown; used to treat parkinson symptoms; enhances adverse
effects of levodopa
ACh esterase inhibitors; used to treat Alzheimer's disease; cholinergic
symptoms
Agonist at 1B/1D serotonin receptors; used to treat acute migraines
and cluster headaches; coronary vasospasm
High potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to
treat schizoprehnia, psychosis, mania, and Tourette's;
hyperprolactinemia, anti-cholinergic symptoms (dry mouth,
constipation), extrapyramidal effects (dyskinesia), neuroleptic
malignany syndrome, tardive dyskinesia (haloperidol)

Low potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to

treat schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; corneal
deposits (chlorpromazine), retinal desporits (thioridazine)
Atypical antipsychotics with unknown mechnism; used for
schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, OCD, and others; weight gain
(olanzapine, clozapine), agranulocytosis (clozapine), seizures
(clozapine), prolonged QT (ziprasidone)
Unknown mechanism; used for bipolar disorder and SIADH; tremor,
sedation, edema, hypothyroidism, polyuria
Agonizes 1A serotonin receptors; used for generalized anxiety
disorder; no side effects, but takes 1-2 weeks for improvement
Block reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft; depression and
others; sexual dysfunction, sertonin syndrome (hyperthermia,
myoclonus, flushing, diarrhea, seizures)
Block reuptake of NE and serotonin from synaptic cleft; depression,
diabetic neuropathy (duloxetine); hypertension
TCAs, block reuptake of NE and serotonin; depression, bewetting
(imipramine), OCD (clomipramine); convulsions, coma, arrhythmias,
sedation, hypotension, anti-cholinergic effects
Inhibit breakdown of NE, serotonin, and dopamine; used for atypical
depression, anxiety, and hypochondriasis; hypertensive crisis
(tyramine in wine/cheese), don't use with other serotonin agonists
Increases NE and dopamine; used for smoking sensation, depression;
seizures
Alpha-2 antagonist, increases NE and serotonin release, and
serotonin receptor agonist; used for depression; sedation, increased
appetite with weight gain;
Blocks NE reuptake; used for depression; sedation, hypotension
Inhibits serotonin uptake; used for insomnia; pripism
Osmotic diuretic; used to treat drug overdose and increased ICP;
pulmonary edema, CHF
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; used for glaucoma, metabolic
alklalosis; hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, ammonia toxicity, sulfa
allergy
Inhibits NKCC channel, preventing urine concentration; used in
hypertension, CHF, hypercalcemia; ototoxicity, hypokalemia,
hypocalcemia, nephritis, gout, sulfa allergy
Inhibits NKCC channel; used in patients with furosemide (sulfa)
allergy; hyperuricemia

Inhibits NaCl reabsorption in DCT and increases Ca reabsorption;

hypertension and hypercalcinuria; hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia,
hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia, sulfa allergy
Aldosterone receptor antagonists; hyperaldosteronism, CHF,
hypokalemia; hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), antiandrogen effects with
spironolactone
Block sodium channels in cortical collecting duct;
hyperaldosteronism, CHF
ACE inhibitor, leads to reduced angiotensin II levels and decreases
GFR; prevents heart remodeling, hypertension, CHF; cough,
angioedema, transient creatinine increase, hyperkalemia
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists; similar to ACE inhibitors, but do
not cause cough due to normal metabolism of bradykinin
GnRH analog that acts as an agonist in pulsatile doses and an
antagonist in continuous doses; used as an agonist for infertility and
an antagonist for prostate cancer, fibroids, and precocious puberty;
antiandrogenic
5-alpha reductase inhibitor; used for BPH and male-pattern baldness
Testosterone receptor antagonist; used in prostate cancer
Inhibits 17,20-desmolase, stopping sex steroid synthesis; used to
treat polycystic ovarian syndrome
Partial estrogen agonist in the hypothalamus, increases release of LH
and FSH, stimulating ovulation; used for infertility and PCOS
Estrogen receptor antagonist at the breast; used for breast cancer;
partial agonist at the uterus, can cause endometrial hyperplasia
Estrogen receptor agonist at bone, inhibits osteoclast activity and
stimulates osteoblast activity; used to treat osteoporosis
Aromatase inhibitors; used in breast cancer
Progesterone receptor antagonist, given with misoprostol for
abortion; abortifacient; bleeding, abdominal pain
Beta-2 agonist, inhibits uterine contractions
Alpha-1 antagonist; used to treat BPH
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, causing inc. cGMP levels and smooth
muscle relaxation; used in erectile dysfunction; impaired blue-green
vision, contradindicated with nitrates

Partial androgen receptor agonist; used to treat endometriosis and

hereditary angioedema; weight gain, acne, hirsutism, low HDL,
hepatoxicity
Methylene blue
(First generation) H1 antagonists; used in allergies, motion sickness,
insomnia; sedation, antiadrenergic, antiserotonergic, and
antimuscarinic effects due to CNS penetration
H1 antagonists, 2nd gen; used in allergies; less fatigue than 1st gen
antihistamines due to decreased CNS penetration
Short-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma
Long-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma; tremor, arrhythmias
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases cAMP and causes
bronchodilation; asthma; cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity
Muscarinic antagonist, prevents bronchoconstriction; asthma and
COPD
Inhibit cytokine synthesis, reducing inflammation due to asthma; 1st
line for chronic asthma
Leukotriene receptor antagonists; especially useful in aspirin-induced
asthma
Inhibits activity of 5-lipoxygenase, inhibiting leukotriene production;
reduces inflammation
Anti-IgE antibody; used in refractory allergic asthma
Thins respiratory secretions
Loosens mucus plugs; used in CF patients and as an antidote to
acetominaphen posioning
Antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors, reducing vascular resistance in
the pulmonary vessels; used in pulmonary hypertension
Antagonizes NMDA receptors, inhibiting coughing; produces opioid
effects in large doses and carries mild abuse potential
Alpha-1 agonists that reduce edema and nasal congestion; rhinitis;
hypertension, quick tolerance (recurrence of symptoms despite
continued treatment)
competitive = decrease potency, noncompetitive = decrease efficacy.
Inverse relation of affinity of enzyme for its substrate.
Direct proportion to enzyme concentration
Fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation
unchanged.

depends on half-life. Does not depend on frequency or size of dose.

constant amount eliminated per time.
PEA - phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin.
A constant FRACTION is eliminted, variable by concentration!
Ionzied species are trapped in urine and not resorbed. Neutral can be
resorbed.
Treat with Bicarb to make neutral. Exp: phenobarbital, methotrexate,
aspirin.
Treat with ammonium chloride. exp: amphetamines.
Reduction, Oxidation, hydrolysis with CYP450. Often gives neutral
products. Geriatrics lose this phase.
Conjugation (Glucuronidation, Acetylation, and Sulfation.) Gives
charged products. Geriatrics depend on this, old people have GAS.
maximal effect a drug can produce.
amount of drug needed for the same effect.
DECREASED efficacy. fight for same binding site, full agonist cant
exert full effect.
LD50/ED50. Median lethal dose divded by median effective dose.
Safer drugs have a higher TI.
Minimum effective dose to minimum toxic dose. Think of it as range
of use.
1. Nicotinic - Ligang gated Na/K channels. Two nicotinic types:
Nm(NMJ) and Nn(autonomic ganglia. 2. Muscarinic - G-proteins. 5
types, M1-M5.
q, increase: vasc. smooth muscle contraction, pupillary dilator muscle
contraction, intestinal and bladder sphincter contaction.
i, decrease: sympathetic outflow, insulin release, lipolysis. increase:
platlet aggregation.
s, increase: heart rate, contractilty, renin release, lipolysis
s, vasodilation, brochodilation, increase: heart rate, contractility,
lipolysis, insulin release, aqueous humor production. decrease:
uterine tone, ciliary muscle tone.
q, CNS, enteric nervouse system.
i, decease: heart rate, contractility of atria

increase: exocrine gland secretion (tears, gastric, etc), gut peristalsis,

bladder contraction, bronchoconstriction, pupillary spinchter
contraction, cilliary muscle contraction.
Parasympathetic M-3.
Sympathetic Alpha-1.
s, relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle
i, modulates transmitter release especially in brain.
q, increase: mucus production, contraction of bronchioles, pruritus,
pain.
a, increase gastric acid secretion
q, increase: vascular smooth muscle contraction
s, increase water permeability and reabsorption in kidneys. (V2 found
in 2 kidneys).
H1,Alpha1,V1,M1,M3. (remember HAVe 1 M&M)
Protein Kinase C.
Calcium -> smouth muscle contraction
M2, Alpha2, D2. (remember MAD 2's.)
Beta1, Beta2, D1, H2,V2.
increase calcium release in heart and blocks myosin light chain
kinase.
1. direct agonsts 2. indirect agonists (anticholinesterases).
Direct cholinomimetic. Postop or neurogenic ileus, urinary retention.
COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
Direct Cholinomimetic. Identical to Ach. Glaucoma, pupillary
contraction, relief of IOP. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
Direct Cholinomimetic. Stimulates tears, salvia, sweat. Open and
closed-angle glaucoma.COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
Direct Cholinomimetic. challenge test of asthma diagnosis.
COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.

Indirect cholinomimetic agonist. NO cns penetration. Postop and

neurogenic ileus, myasthenia gravis, reversal of NMJ block.
COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Long acting myasthenia gravis
treatment. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Short acting, for myasthenia gravis
diagnosis. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
indirect cholinomimetic agonist. for anti-cholinergic overdose, crosses
BBB. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Alzheimers disease. COPD+asthma
exacerbation, peptic ulcers.
DUMBBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchospasm, bradycardia,
excitation of skeletal muscle +CNS, lacrimation, sweating, salvia.) tx:
atropine + pralidoxime.
Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor, ACH overdose. Tx: atropine +
pralidoxime.
Muscarinic antagonist. produces mydriasis and cycloplegia. (Atropine
also used for bradycardia). Causes hot as a hare, dry as bone, red as
beet, blind as bat, mad as a hatter.
Muscarinic antagoist. Parkinsons disease (park my benz). Can be
used in haloperiodal O.D, whihc causes torticolliosis. Causes hot as a
hare, dry as bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.
Muscarinic antagonist. Motion sickness. causes hot as a hare, dry as
a cone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.
Muscarinic antagonist. COPD, Asthma. Causes hot as a hare, dry as a
bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.
Muscarinic anatagonist. reduces urgency in mild cystitis and reduce
bladder spasms. causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet,
blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.
Muscarinic anatagonist. IP: given in preop to reduce airway
secretions. oral:reduce drooling, peptic ulcer. Can cause hot as a
hare, dry as a bone red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter.
muscarinic antagonist, causes gardner's pupil (mydriasis).
Direct Sympathomemetic. A1,A2,B1,B2. Anaphylaxis, open angle
glaucoma, asthma, hypotension.
direct sympathomemetic. A1,A2, some B1. used in hypotension but it
decrease renal perfusion.
Direct sympathomemetic. B1, B2. Used in Torsade de pointe and
bradyarryhmia. Can cause tachycardia and worsen cardiac ischemia.

Direct sympathomimetics. Receptors depend on dose. low = D1, med

= D1,B2,B1, high = A1,A2,B1,B2,D1. Used in shock and heart failure
(ionotropic and chronotropic).
Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B1, little a1,a2,b2. Used in heart
failure and cardiac stresstest (ionotrpic and chronotropic)
Direct sympathomimetic. A1, A2. Used in hypotension, to cause
mydriasis, and rhinitis (decongestant).
Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B2, some b1. Sal = long term
ashtma or copd. Albuterol for short term asthma. Terbutaline for to
reduce premture uterine contractions.
Direct sympathomimetic. B2 only. Used to reduce premature uterine
contractions.
indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for
narcolepsy, obesity, ADD.
indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for
nasal decongestion, urinary incontience, hypotension.
direct sympathomimetic. Reuptake inhibitor. Causes vasoconstriction
and local anesthesia.
mixing them can lead to unopposed A1 activation and extreme
hypertenion.
stimulates A1>B2. Causes increased vasoconstrciton -> increased BP.
This causes reflex bradycardia and slowing of HR.
Stimulates B2>A1. This cause vasodilation and dropping of BP. B1 is
stimulated and causes tachycardia.
Centrally acting alpha-2 agonists, this causes LESS peripheral
sympathetic release.Used in hypertension, especially renal disease
due to no increase in renal blood flow!
IRREVERSIBLE nonslective alpha blocker. Used in pheochromosytoma
BEFORE surgery! toxic: orhtostatic hypotension, reflec tachycardia.
REVERSBILE nonselective alpha blocker. give to patients on MAOI who
each tyramine contraining foods.
Alpha-1 blocker. Used in hypertension, urinary rentention in BPH.
tox:orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache.
Alpha-2 blocker. Used in depression. tox: sedation,
hypercholesterolemia, increased apetite.
Before blockade: Both epi and phen RAISES BP. After alpha blockade:
only epi raises, no change in phenyl. Why: Epi has B binding, phenyl
does NOT.

Angina - decreases HR and contractility, decreasing oxygen use. MI decrease mortality. SVT - decrease AV duction. Hypertension decrease CO and renin secretion. CHF - slows progression. Glaucoma
- decrease secretion of aqueous humor.
impotence, asthma exacerbation, bradycardia, seizures, sedation,
hides hypoglycemia.
A BEAM. acebutolol, betaxolol, Esmolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol. Useful in
comorbid pum. disease.
Please Try Not Being Picky. Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol, Pindolol. B =
B-blocker.
Carvedilol, labetalol.
Pindolol, Acebutolol.
N-Acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione).
NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine)
NH4Cl (acidify urine)
Phygostigmine and control the hyperhermia.
Glucagon
(KLAM) normalize K, Lidocaine, Anti-dig fab fragments, Mg2
deFEroxamine, deFErasirox.
CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine
Dimercaprol, succiner
penillamine
nitrite + thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin
Methylene blue, vitamin c
100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen
Fomepizole>Ethanol, dialysis
naloxone/naltrexone
flumazenil
NaHCO3 (alkalinize plasma)
protamine
Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma
aminocaproic acid
B-Blockers
atropine + pralidoxime
cocaine, sumatriptan, ergots
(VANC) Vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacin, Ca blocker

doxorubicin, daunorubicin
class III (sotalol) and class Ia (quinidine)
Clozapine, Carbamazepine, Colchine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole,
Dapsone
chloramphenicol, benzene, NSAIDs, propylthiouracil, methimazole
methyldopa, penicillin
chloramphenicol
(hemolysis IS PAIN)isoniazid, sulfonamides, primaquine, aspirin,
ibuprofen, nitrofurantoin
(females with PMS are on full BLAST mode) Phenytoin, Methotrexate,
Sulfa drugs
OCPs like estrogen
ACE inhibitors
Bleomycin, amiodarone, Busulfan
erthryomycin
Halothane, Amanita Phalloides, Valrpoic acid, Acetaminophen
isoniazid
clindamycin, ampicillin
glucocorticoid withdrawl via HPA suppression
`(Some drugs create awkward knockers) spironolactone, digitalis,
cimetidine, chronic alcohol use, ketoconazole
estrogen, clomophene
niacin, tacrolimus, protease inhibitor, HCTZ, corticosteriods
lithium, amiodarone, suldonamides
glucocoricoids, protease inhibitors
phenytoin, verpamil
furosemide, thiazides, niacin, cyclosporine
fibrates, niacin, colchine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon-alpha,
penicillamine, statins, glucocorticoids
corticosteroids, heparin
(SAT for a PHOTO) Sulfonamides, amiodarone, tetracycline
penicillin, ethosuximide, carbamazepine, sulfa drugs, lamotrigine,
allopurinol, phenytoin, phenobarbital
Hydralazine, isonizid, procainamine, phenytoin
tetracyclines
fluoroquinolones
lithium, demeclocycline
expired tetracycline
Cyclophosamide, ifosfamide
methicllin, NSAID, furosemide
carbamazepine, cyclophosamide

Quinidine, qunine
antipsychotics, resperine, metoclopramide
(with seizures, I BITE My tongue) isoniazid, Buproprion, imipenem,
Tramadol, Enflurane, Metoclopramide
antipsychotics
Atropine, TCA, H1-blocker, neuoleptics
metronidazole, some cephalosporins, procarbazine, 1st gen
sulphonoureas
aminoglycosides, vancomycin, loop dieuetics, cisplatin
(Momma Barb Steals Phen-phen and Refuses Greasy Carbs
Chronically)Modafinil, Barbiturates, St. John wart, phenytoin,
rifampin, griseofulvin, carbamazepine, chronic alcohol use.
(MAGIC ROCKS in GQ) Macrolides, amiodarone, grapefruit juice,
isoniazid, cimetidine, ritonavir actue alcohol use, ciprofloxacin,
ketoconazole, sulfonamides, gemfibrozil, quinidine.
(Popular FACTSSS) probenacid, furosemide, acetazolamide, celecoxib,
thiazide, sulfonamide antibiotics, sulfaasalazine, sulfonylureas
G = IV and IM. V = oral.
Bind penicillin-binding proteins(transpeptidases), block cross linking
of peptidoglycans;most effective on G+, also N. Meningitidis,
Treponema;hypersensitivy reaction, hemolytic anema.
bind transpeptidases, penicillanse resistant due to bukly r-group
blocking B-Lactamse; S. Aureus, except MRSA; hypersensitivity and
interstitial nephritis.
bind transpeptidases, wide spectrum and more penicillinase
sensitive. combo with claculanic acid to protect from B-lactams;kills
enterococci(HELPSS)H.iB,
E.coli,Listera,Proteus,Salmonella,Shigella,enterococci;hypersensitivity
reaction,rash,pseudomemrane colitis.
amOxicllin has better Oral bioavilability.
B-lactamse inhibitor
transpeptidase inhibitor but extended spectrum;pseduomonas and grods, use with claculanic acid due to B-lactamse suspectibilty;
hypersensitivity reaction.
(CAST) Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam,Tazobactem.
inhibit cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to B-lactamases,
are bactericidal;use depends on generation, there are
four;hypersensitivty reactions, vitamin K defiency, increased
nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides.
1st generation cephalosporins. PEcK. Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella.
Cefazolin used preop to prevent A.aureus infections.

2nd generation cephalosporins. HEN PEcKs. H.ib, Enterbacter,

Neisseria, Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella, Serratia.
3rd gen. cephalosporins. Serious gram - infections. Ceftriaxone =
meningitis and gonorrhea. Ceftazidime = pseudomonas.
increased activity against pseudomonas and G+ bugs.
a monobactem resistant to B-lactamases, prevents binding to PBP3
and is synergistic with aminoglycosides;gram - rods only;very
nontoxic, some GI upset.
aztreonam.
broad spectrum, B-lactamase resistent but imipenem needs cilastatin
to inhibit renal dehydropeptidase. later carbepenems do not;G+
cocci,G- rods, anerobes. used only in life threating events;skin rash,
CNS toxicity, seizures.
inhibits cell wall binding peptidoglycan formation by binding D-ala
percursors, is bacterialcidal; G+ only, especially for multidrug
resistant onces;NOT - nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis,
red man syndrome.
slow infusion and rate and antihistamines.
amino acid change of D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac.
AT 30, CCEL at 50. 30S = Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines. 50S =
Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Linezolid.
aminoglycosides, bacterialcidal, block translocation but require
oxygen for uptake;ineffective in anaerobes,use in gram - rod
infections and before bowel surgery; nephrotoxicty, NMJ block,
ototoxicity, teratogen.
transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation,
phosphorylation, or adenylation.
bacteriostatic, prevents aminoacyl-tRNA binds;Borrela, M. Pneuomo,
Rickettsia, Chlamysia; can't take with milk, antacids, iron because
ions bind it, GI distress, discoloration of teeth, inhibition of bone
growth, contraindication in pregnancy.
decrease uptake into cells or increased efflux by pumps.
bacteriostatic, blocks translocation; atypical pneumonias, chlamydia,
gram + cocci; MACRO: increased Motility, arrhythmia, Cholestatic
hepatitis, Rash, eOsinophilia.
methylation of 23s rRNA binding site.
Bacterialstatic, blocks peptidlytransferase; Meningitis in adults, used
in power countries due to being cheap; dose dependent anemia, dose
independent aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome.
use of chloramphenicol in premature infants, they lack UDOglucuronyl-transferase.

plasmid-encoded acetyltransferase.
Bacteriostatic. Blocks peptide transfer; anaerobic infections in lung
infections and oral anerobes; C. Diff infection, fever, diarrhea.
Bacteriostatic, PABA metabolites inhibit dihydropteroate synthase;
Gram +, G-, Nocardia, Chlamydia, UTI; hypersensitivty, hemolysis in
G6PD, nephrotoxic, kernicterus, displaces other drugs from albumin.
altered bacterial dihydropteroate or increased PABA synthesis.
Bacteriostatic, inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, blocks folate
synthesis; used in UTI, PCP (prophylacis and treatment), shigella,
salmonella; megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia.
bactericidal, inhibits DNA gyrase(topo II and IV);G- rods of urinary
and GI tracts, Neisseria, some G+;( lones hurt the bones) tenonitis
and tendon rupture, superinfections, don't give to kids or pregnant
women due to cartilage damage.
mutation in DNA gyrase or efflux pumps.
older than 60 or taking prednisone
bacterialcidal, forms free radical toxic metabolites that damge
bacterial DNA damage; (GET GAP) Giardia, Entamoeba, trichomonas,
Gardnerella, Anaerobes, Pylori; causes disulfiram like reaction,
headache, metallic taste.
decrease synthesis of mycolic acids, bacterial catalase
peroxidase(KatG) must activate INH; TB drug, only one used as
prophylaxis and in latent TB; peripheral neuropathy, hepatoxic, lupis
like drug interaction, pyridoxine antagonist.
inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase; TB, Leprosy, prophylaxis in
meningococcus and Hib type B; hepatotox, p450 inducer, orange
body fluids.
unknown; TB; hyperuricemia, hepatotoxic.
decreased carbohydrate polymerization of TB cell wall, blocks
arabinosyltransferase; TB; optic neuropathy(red-green color
blindness_
binds fungal ergosterol, causes holes in membranes; use in systemtic
and CNS mycoses infections; fever/chills, hypotension, arrythmias,
nephrotoxic, IV phlebitis, must supplement K and MG.
binds fungal ergosterol;topical only due to high toxicity, used for oral
thrush and topical diaper rash or vaginal candidiasis.
inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis by binding p450;Fluconazole for
suppression of cryptococcus in AIDs patients, itraconazle for blasto,
coccio, histo.

inhibits fungal DNA and RNA synthesis by conversion to 5FU; used in

systemic fungal infections, especially cryptococcus; bone marrow
suppression.
inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting B-glucan synthesis;
invasive aspergillosis, candida; flushing via histamine releae.
inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase; treat dermatophytes - toe nail
infection especially;abnormal LFT, visual disturbances.
interferes with microtubules, stops mitosis in fungi;deposits in keratin
so used in superficial infections, stops dermatophytes; teratogenic,
carcinogenic, confusion, p450 inducer.
toxoplasmosis
trypanosoma brucei
trypanosoma cruzi
leshmaniasis
blocks formation of heme into hemozoin. Heme accumulates and is
toxic to plasmodia;used on all species but falciparum(too much
resitance); retinopathy
lifethreatening malaria
p. falciparum killing
inihibits influenza neuraminidase, stops progeny release; treamt of
influenze a and b
inhibits sythesis of guanine nucleotides by competitvely inhibiting
IMP dehydrogenase; RSV, chronic hep C; hemolytic anemia, severe
teratogen
Guanosine analog, inhibits viral DNA polymerase;
monophosphorylated by thymidine kinase in HSV/VZV so active in
lesions and encephalitis, good for prophylaxis,
used in herpes zoster active infections
mutated viral thymidine kinase
guanosine analog, 5'-monophosphate formed by CMV viral kinase,
inhibits viral DNA polymerase;CMV
infections;leukopenia,neutopenia,thrombocytopenia,renal toxicity
mutated CMV DNA polymerase or lack of viral kinase
viral DNA polymerase inhibitor, binds to pyrofosphate binding site,
doesn't need viral kinase activation;CMV retinitis when ganciclovir
fails and acyclovir restitant HSV; nephrotoxic
mutated DNA polymerase
inhibits DNA polymerase, doesn't require activiation by viral kinase;
CMV retenitis, acyclovir resistant HSV; nephrotoxic(coadminister with
probenacid and IV saline to reduce toxicity).
[2 NRTI] +[1 NNRTI OR 1 protease inhibitor OR 1 integrase inhibitor]

all end in -NAVIR! stops HIV mRNA cleavage into functional parts;
hyperglycemia, GI upset, lipodystrophy.
inhibits cytochrome p-450, boosting concentration of other drugs.
(NRTI)competitively blocks binding of nucleotide to reverse
transcriptase, only tenofovir doesn't need to be activated;all NRTIs,
zidovidine used in pregnancy to reduce fetal transmision; bone
marrow suppression, lactic acidosis, peripheral neuropathy.
(NNRTI) bind at a site different from NRTIs, no don't require activation
don't compete with nucleotides; bonow marrow suppression,
peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis,
inhibits integrase, which stops HIV integration into host
cells;HIV;hypercholesterolemia
glycoproteins synthesized my virus infected cells, block RNA and DNA
virus replication; INFa- chronic hep b and c, Kaposi sarcoma, IFN-b
-MS, INF-gamma -NADPH oxidase defiency; neutropenia, myopathy.
SAFe Children Take Really Good Care. sulfonamides(kericterus),
aminoglycosides(ototox), fluoroquinolones(cartilage damage),
Clarithromycin(embryotoxic), Tetracycline(teeth,bone
damage),Ribavarin(teratogenic),Griseofulvin(teratogenic),Chloramph
enicol(grey baby)
vincristine and paclitaxil
isoniazid structurally similar to B6, which causes renal excretion of B6
and competes for B6 binding sites.
antihistamines and antipyretics.
digoxin causes hyperkalemia. HOWEVER, a HYPOkalemic state
increses patient susceptibility to digoxin toxicity.
ataxia, slurred speech, somnolence, vomiting
bleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone, methotrexate
loop diuretics: increased urine Ca via decreased reabsorption.
thiazides: decreased urine Ca.
Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase.
benzodiazepenes
The naloxone is only active if inected, making it hard to abuse the
combo.
rigidity, myoglobinuria, autonomic instability. seen with antipsychotics overdose. treatment:
dantrolene and bromocriptine (d2 agonist)
sterotypical oral-facial movements, from long term antipsychotic use. often NOT reversible.

occurs with any drug that increases serotonin (MAO inhibitor, SNRI, TCA) hyperthermia,
confusion, myoclonus, cardio collapse, flushing. tx: cyproheptadine (5ht antagonist)
Translitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
renal damage
absence of digits, toes
CV VIII toxicity
neural tube defects, craniofacial defects
vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, congenital mullerian anomalies
neural tube defects
ebstein's anomaly -> atrialized right ventricle
fetal hydantoin syndrome->microcephaly,dysmorphic face
discolored teeth
limb defects like flipper arms
inhibitor of maternal folate absorption ->neural tube defects
bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion
3rd -8th week.
extremely high risk for spontaneous abortion
placental abruption, developmental abnormalities
preterm labor, placental problems, ADHD
alcohol
(OH DANG) Ototox, hypokalemia, dehydration, allergy(sulfa), Nephritis, Gout
(hyperGLUC) hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia.
1. Volume contraction ->AT II increases ->increased bicarb absorbed in PT. 2. K loss leads to K
leaving all cells and thus H entering all cells. 3. in a low K state, H is exchanged instead of K for
Na in the CCT leading to paradoxical aciduria.
OCP and dopemaine antagonists (antipsychotics)
PTU disables peroxidase AND 5'-deiodinase. Methimazole only inhibits peroxidase.
NO, they require some islet function to release insulin. type 1 - those cells are dead.
Insulins, amylin analongs(pramlintide).
allopurinol stops urate crystal collection -> no gout.
acute: NSAID, indomethicin. Chronic: allopurinol, febuxostat, probenacid, colchicine
used in chronic gout; inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in the proximal tubule; inhibits secretion
of penicillin; do NOT use in renal dysfunction.
used in chronic gout, inhibits xanthine oxidase.
binds to G- cell membrane phospoholipids, disrupting them; only works in g-; peripheral
neuropathy, dizziness, nsytagmus, nephrotoxicity.
increase catecholamines at synaptic cleft, especially NE + dopamine; ADHD, nacrolepsy,
appetite control
this is vitamin K, used in warfarin overdose

folinic acid, it is a metabolite of folic acid; given with methotrexate to replish the body's folate
stores.
antidote to heparin overdose. Protamine is a postive ion that binds to negative heparin,
inactivating it.
When someone taking MAO inhibitors eats hard cheeses and drinks wine, causing a crisis.

it has a MUCH longer half life, plus it is irrversible while phentolamine is reversible
It is broken down in the gut into an acid. This acid acts as both as osmotic (draws out some
ascites) and also it gets rid of excess ammonia, which is causing the encephalopathy.
Complement inhibitor, used in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.
adenosine analog, used in treatment of hairy cell leukemia
Used in treating the M3, promyelocytic subtype of AML.
Yes, they lower GFP by stopping efferent arteriole constrinction. Creatinine can increase up to
30% and should peak by 1 weak. This can be BAD in renal artery stenosis, where ACE II is
what is keeping the kidney alive.
causes depolarization of cellular membrane; used in invasive MRSA; myopathy, raised CPK,
inactivated by pulmonary surfactant
chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema), the solitary nucleus, and in the presynpatic vagus
nerve.
They cause constriction of the spinchter of oddi -> increased billiary pressures -> billiary colic.
trimethoprim, methotrexate, pyrimethamine.
partial agonist for nicotinic aCh channels in CNS. fights with ciggeratte nicotine for channel.
reduces nicotine withdrawl cravings while attenuating the rewarding effects.
antidepressants
Desmopression (sleep enuresis = bed wetting)
furosemide. TAL of Henlee absorbs the most NA here compared to where over diuretics work.
will reduce edema quickly.
PTU does. Methimazole does NOT.
NO. G cells are under vagal influence but they do not use ACh as a neurotransmitter. Instead,
they use GRP.
Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase; used as an antidote to methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning.
Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, makes acetaldehyde accumulate leading to hanger;
used in alcohol abuse.
Benzoate or Phenylbutyrate will bind amino acids and lead to excretion.
On first dose, patient gets severe hypotension. Correct this by starting with a small dose.
Isosorbide mononitrate can be swallowed. It has an almost 100% biavailability that way. Others
cannot due to first pass metabolism.
Stops chemotaxis of neutrophils
methlydopa

All S. Aureus has Beta-lactamases. Naficillin fights this. But MRSA has this AND altered
penicillin binding proteins, which prevents Naficillin from working in MRSA.
antibody against F protein, prevents pneumonia from RSV in infants
IgG anti-RH antibodies. given to mom at 28 weeks and also at birth, it sticks to the RH antigens
in the MOM's blood, keeping her from developing antibodies.
COMT blockers, which increase DOPA levels; Both stop peripheral methylation and only
Tolcapone stops central methylation; tolcapone causes hepatotoxicity
Constipation
IL 2; used in RCC, metastaic melanoma
erythropoietin; anemias, especially in renal failure
Fil = GC-SF, Sar = GM-CSF; both used in recovery of bone marrow, aplastic anemia
hepatitis B and C, Kaposi sarcoma, Leukemias, Malignany Melanoma
Multiple sclerosis
Chronic Granulamatous disease
IL-11; thrombocytopenia
thrombocytopenia
antibody to CD3; used in acute transplant rejection
antibody to digoxin; used as antidote to digoxin intoxication
Recombinat version of Urate oxidase, breaks uric acid down into allantoin; use in tumor lysis
syndrome and gout
monoclonal anitbody that binds to RANKL and prevents its interaction with RANK, inhibiting
osteoclasts; decreases bone loss in bone mets
It's high water solubility. Things with a high lipid solubility (unconjugated bilirubin) tend to cross
the placenta while things with high water solubility(conjugated bilirubin) tend to not. binds
albumin = probably lipid soluble
Used in transplant anti-rejected, treatment of graft-vs-host disease, and psoriasis; binds
calineurin on T cells, stopping IL2 from being expressed, lowering T cell response; nephtrotox
and lymphomma risk
a retinoid that has immunomodulatory effects, binds nuclear receptors; psorisias and acne;
severe teratogen
vitamin D analog; used in topical psoariasis treatment
Inhibits intestinal lipase, decreasing fat absorption; used to treat obesity
aspirin. Niacin increases prostaglandin D2. release. asprin blocks this release = lower flushing
Prevent growth of intima by inhibiting cellular growth = no restenosis
IV magnesium sulfate for seizures
Protease inhibitor, proteases are overactive in some cancers and can destroy pro-apototic
proteins; used in multiple myeloma; peripheral neuropathy
Nitroprusside degrades into cyanide. Give thiosulfide to inactivate.
blocks NMDA-type glutamate receptors; used in alzheimers; confusion
Vitamin E (generic name is alpha-tocopherol)

Lipid solubility = potency (MAC). Blood solubility = speed of induction.

topical vitamin D analogs, activate nuclear receptors that inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and
enhance keratinocyte differentiation; psoriasis
monoclocal antibody that binds IL-12 and IL-12 thus inhibiting activation of Th1 cd4+ t cells;
used in psoriasis
MAO-inhbitors (phenelzine) inactive the MAO-I enzymes. It takes 2 weeks for them to get resynthesized. If both SSRI and MAO-I are active at the same time, serotonin syndrome could
occur
from leeches, inhibit thrombin; used as an alternative to heparin in HIT.
are D2 agonists that DON'T need to be activated like l-dopa does; used in parkinsons and
restless leg syndrome
indirect and direct D agonist, also some anticholingergic functions which reduces tremors
sodium metabisulite, found as a food additive and sanitizer
They act on D4 instead of D2 receptors -> no risk of tardive dyskinesia or parkinson's like
symptoms
Celecoxib. It only impairs COX2. COX1 is predominate in platlets.
binds alpha-4 integrin, which blocks movement of WBC into orgrans;used in crohns and MS;
can cause PML and hepatotoxicity.
Anti-muscarinics (Benzotropine). Giving dopamine agonists would exacerbate psychosis.
induction = lower solubility in blood, quicker induction. potency = higher with higher lipid
solubility =1/MAC.

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