Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Method
The Design of R.C.C. Columns is very important, as in the Framed Structured Building that is in the
modern day construction the Frames are formed by networks of Columns and Beams. A Column is a
Structural Member which is vertical and axially loaded and subjected to Compressive forces, and
having its Effective Length (Height) Three times greater than the least cross-sectional dimension of
itself. To Satisfactorily Complete the Design of Columns The Following Steps must followed.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
The Loads acting are broadly classified as Dead Load (DL) and Live Load (LL). Dead Loads are the load of
objects which cannot be moved from on place to another like the loads of Brick Work, Beams, Slabs etc.
and the Live Loads are the loads coming from movable objects such as Humans, Chair, Table etc.
Thus We Need to Calculate the Dead Loads as well as Live Loads within the Influence Area, these are as
follows in the general case of a Building :A)Dead Loads :
Due to weight of Slab
[25000 N/m3 ]
Due to weight of Floor Finish
[500 N/m2]
Due to weight of Brick Masonry
[19200 N/m3]
Due to weight of Beam
[25000 N/m3]
Due to weight of Self Weight of Column
[25000 N/m3]
B) Live Load :
It depends upon the Nature of the Structure, and it values for different structural nature are given in
the concerned Code of Practice, like in India these are given in I.S.: 875-Part II.
For Residential Buildings it is generally considered @ 2KN/m 2 = 2000 N/m2
Now after correct calculation of above loads the Total Load is Calculated by,
Total Load on each floor = Dead Load + Live Load
Now this the actual load which will be acting on column for each floor, now if the building say 5 storied,
then just multiply the value with the nos. of floors, like for five storied building multiply the Total Load
on each story with 5.
Now thus the Total load acting on column at Column Base is Obtained and it is denoted with P.
Hence P= Total Load on each Floor X Nos. of Stories = (Dead Load + Live Load) X Nos. of Stories.
Now we shall move to the actual Designing to determine suitable Column sections and its
Reinforcements so that the above load is safely resisted by the column Designed.
It can be done by Three main Methods of Design : a) Working Stress Method b) Ultimate Load Method
and c) Limit State Method.
The Modern Practice is to use Limit State Method for all types of Designing, Hence Ill discuss here the
Limit State Method Of Design Of Column.
Loading (Pu) in N
Satisfactory Design
Also Rectangular Column Sections Can be made by using different proportion say b : D = 1 : 2 , Hence
D=2b , Therefore, Ag = b X D = b X 2b = 2b2 or b=
Depending upon the ratio of Effective Length to the Least Lateral Dimension of a column, a column may
be classified as Long Column and Short Column. If the value of this ratio is less than 12 then its called
as a short column and if the value is more than 12 then its called as a Long Column. A short column
mainly fails by direct compression and has a lesser chance of failure by buckling. And in the case of a
long column the failure mainly occurs due to the buckling alone. Long column being slender, that is
being thin like stick as compared with its length it grows a tendency to get bended by deviating from its
verticality under the action of loads. Due to this tendency of long column to get buckled (bended) a
long column of all same properties and dimensions that of a short column will be able to carry much
lesser load safely than that of the short column. Suppose a 400mmx400mm short column can take a
load of 1000KN , then a long column of 400mmx400mm having same grade of concrete, same amount
of reinforcement and same workmanship will be able to carry a lesser load like say about 800KN only,
hence we get a loss of 200KN which is 20% loss of load carrying capacity. So the above formula used in
Step 3 holds good only for the Short Column. For using it in long column a little modification is needed,
which I will update it later when I will get hands on this article again. For now let us concentrate on
Short Column. First of all we need to find out the effective length of a column, which can be obtained by
multiplying a factor with the actual unsupported length of the column. The factor depends upon the
end condition of the column. In most general cases we use a Both End Fixed Column for which The
Factor is 0.65.
Therefore, Effective Length = Effective Length Factor (0.65) x Unsupported Length (l). suppose a
column has a unsupported length of 2.7m = 2700mm, hence the effective length will be lef = 0.65x2700
= 1755mm. Least lateral dimension means the shorter of the two dimensions of column that is length
and breadth. But in case of a circular column as there is only diameter, hence we will use the diameter.
Suppose a column is of 400mmx200mm section and has an unsupported length of 2700mm, then the
Ration of Effective length t the Least Lateral Dimension will be as follows :(Effective Length/Least Lateral Dimension) = (lef/b) = (1755/200) = 8.775 which is less than 12 and
hence is a Short Column.
Permissible Eccentricity :- 0.05b where b is the dimension of a side of a column, we have to check for
two sides separately in case of rectangular column.
The Permissible eccentricity must be greater than or equal to the actual eccentricity
of the column. Or else we have to design it for bending also.
Hence the Area of Steel Provided is Greater than Area Of Steel Required, Hence the Structure will be
Safe.
NOTE : The minimum of 4 Nos. of Bars to be provided at the four corners of a
rectangular or Square Columns and minimum diameter of Bars that to be used
is 12mm Diameter. Hence 4 Nos. of 12mm Diameter Bars are must in any
Columns irrespective of their necessities.