Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Sustainable Development
and Green Buildings
Odrivi razvoj i zelena gradnja
Review paper Pregledni rad
Received prispjelo: 17. 2. 2012.
Accepted prihvaeno: 15. 11. 2012.
UDK: 630*833.1
doi:10.5552/drind.2013.1205
ABSTRACT Global sustainability goals have led to the development of the green building movement. The Green
Building Program, stemming from the movement, has had unprecedented success as it provides a quantiable
metric to peoples efforts towards sustainable development. Sustainable development and green buildings are often
used interchangeably. Although, sustainable development and green buildings are related, they are not the same.
This paper provides an overview of how green building relates to sustainable development practices. Sustainability also governs decisions concerning building materials. A comprehensive explanation of what constitutes a green
building material is discussed and how renewable material like wood fare in the deciding criteria. There are many
green building rating systems in place. United States Green Building Council administered Leadership in Energy
and Environment Design (LEED) is the global market leader in the rating systems. LEED is a commendable and
grand effort in moving towards sustainable development by converting the built environment green. However, it
does have certain pitfalls and challenges. Some of these challenges are with respect to policies on material selection and performance monitoring. The materials used in a project are considered at a common starting point
and no consideration is given to the life cycle performance of the material. Statements concerning sustainability
require validation, and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is a tool that can provide such validity. This paper presents how
benecial it can be, when included, in the bigger scheme of green building rating systems and introduces an integrated design concept for green buildings.
Key words: LEED, life cycle analysis, wood
SAETAK Ciljevi odrivosti drutva i graana svijeta doveli su do razvoja pokreta zelene gradnje. Programi
zelene gradnje, koji proizlaze iz pokreta, imali su nevien uspjeh jer su osiguravali mjerljive veliine za uspjenost u
naporima za odrivi razvoj. Odrivi razvoj i zelena gradnja esto se upotrebljavaju u istom znaenju. Iako su odrivi
razvoj i zelena gradnja povezani, oni nisu isto. U ovom je radu dan pregled kako se zelena gradnja odnosi prema
praksi odrivog razvoja. Odrivost takoer utjee na odluke koje se odnose na materijal za gradnju. U radu se daje
opseno objanjenje to je to zeleni graevni materijal se te navodi kako je obnovljivi materijal poput drva esto
meu odluujuim kriterijima pri gradnji. Postoje mnogi rejting sustavi zelene gradnje. Savjet za zelenu gradnju
SAD-a upravljao je skupinom Vodstvo u energetici i zatiti okolia (LEED), koja je globalni trini lider u rejting
sustavima. LEED skupina simbolizira vrlo pohvalan i velik trud u kretanju prema odrivom razvoju pretvaranjem
izgraenog okolia u zeleno. No tu su i neke zamke i izazovi. Neki od tih izazova odnose se na pravila odabira materijala i praenje uinaka gradnje. Materijali koji se koriste u projektu razmatrani su s obzirom na zajedniko polazite,
no nije razmatran i njihov ivotni ciklus. Izjave o odrivosti zahtijevaju dokaz valjanosti, a analiza ivotnog ciklusa
(LCA) alat je koji moe dati takav dokaz. Rad pokazuje kako ukljuivanje takve analize u veim shemama rejting
sustava zelene gradnje moe biti korisno, kao i uvoenje integriranog koncepta dizajna zelenih zgrada.
Kljune rijei: LEED, analiza ivotnog ciklusa, drvo
1
Authors are assistant professor and professor at Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon,
USA. 2Author is research associate at Andrej Marui Institute, University of Primorska, Koper and at ILTRA d.o.o., Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Autori su docent i profesor Odjela znanosti o drvu i inenjerstva Sveuilita u Oregonu, Corvallis, Oregon, SAD. 2Autorica je znanstvenica
Instituta Andrej Marui, Sveuilite Primorska, Koper, i ILTRA d.o.o., Ljubljana, Slovenija.
45
..................
ings is the measure of our efforts in attaining that idealistic sustainable construction practices. According to
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the US,
Green Building is the practice of creating structures
and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efcient throughout a building life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction. This denition
has evolved over the years. Green Buildings is an ever
evolving, dynamic term. Green Building is the status of
our efforts in attaining sustainability in construction
practices. As technology evolves and new materials are
developed, the status of our efforts are also changing.
Hence, the essence of green buildings is changing. The
aim of this paper is to discuss sustainability with respect
to green buildings, its importance in one of the worlds
leading Green Building program - Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design (LEED) certication from
the perspective of sustainable material selection, and
governing policies in LEED. Furthermore, the role of
life cycle assessment (LCA) in assessing the sustainability claims of green buildings and building materials is
introduced. Moreover, the potential for including LCA
in the scheme of Green Building rating system is critically evaluated.
2 SUSTAINABILITY WITH RESPECT TO
BUILDING MATERIALS
2. ODRIVOST S OBZIROM NA MATERIJALE
ZA GRADNJU
Sustainability is increasingly becoming a key
consideration of building practitioners with the goal of
increasing economic efciency, protecting, and restoring ecological systems and improving human well-being. To achieve sustainability, the following objectives
should be met:
1. Minimize consumption of matter and energy;
2. Reusability and recyclability of the material;
3. Human satisfaction;
4. Minimum environmental impacts and embodied energy.
It is important to minimize the consumption, as
while a material is consumed, its chances for future use
are diminishing; hence, its potential utility to future
generation is lost (Roberts, 1994). Another aspect of
minimizing the consumption is either reusing the same
material or recycling the material to mold into a different or similar building product. This also ties into the
third criteria i.e., meeting a certain level of end-user
satisfaction (Pearce at al., 1995). Trade-offs are inevitable when deciding on a material, and mostly are between resource consumption and human satisfaction.
Human satisfaction level also changes with time and is
correlated to various external factors, such as, costs,
ensuring human comfort, safety and enriching the human spirit (Day, 1990). Human satisfaction level is
also driven by the sustainability goal that in turn dictates the material selection process. Addressing the
need of human satisfaction is very important. Another
important aspect of material selection is its environ-
Design
oblikovanje
Transportation
transport
Development
razvoj
Manufacturing
proizvodnja
Planning
planiranje
Phase
faza
Deconstruction
razgradnja
Construction
gradnja
Maintenance
RGUDYDQMH
Modification
promjena
..................
The USGBC, although a grand and comprehensive effort towards sustainable design, has certain pitfalls in terms of how it rates the materials. There are
provisions in LEED and other primary green building
programs, which could result in signicant negative impact on wood and wood products as a building material
(Bowyer, 2008). The LEED rating system rates the material at the same level while being used in the building.
All materials are considered at an equal footing and their
life history does not have an impact on the rating credits.
Materials like, concrete and wood are considered equal.
However, life cycle analysis have shown that wood has
less embodied energy than concrete or steel because it is
a biological renewable material (Puettman et al., 2005),
while the raw materials to make cement and then concrete is a product of energy intensive mining (PCA,
2002; van Oss and Padovani, 2002; Rajendran and Gambatese, 2007). Steel is preferred over wood and concrete,
because of its recyclability and recycled content (USG-
Besides its ambiguity in rating materials, the performance of the LEED program has also been challenged
(Torcellini, 2004; Bowyer, 2008; Bribian et al., 2011).
The LEED program is a not performance based rating
system. Rather, it is a checklist of provision, which is
supposed to ensure performance. There are no provisions
for performance monitoring in LEED. As a result, a question is often posed Does the LEED program help in
reducing energy consumption and improve energy performance of building? The LEED program has been
around long enough to assess the changes. Various studies have tried to answer this. Torcellini et al. (2004) conducted an overview of six sustainable buildings in the
USA to compare the results to predicted energy savings.
Analysis showed that all buildings performed worse than
predicted, but all managed a substantial saving compared
to a comparable code-compliant building. The deviation
from the predicted savings was due to higher than expected occupant loads and systems not performing together as designed. Turner (2006) compared 11 buildings
in the Cascadia Region, USA and found all buildings performed better than their baseline. In other words, buildings performed better than their non-green code-compliant counterparts. Fowler and Rauch (2008) investigated
12 Federal Buildings, all designed with energy conservation approach and found that they saved 25-30 % more
energy that similar US commercial buildings. Baylon
and Storm (2008) examined the characteristics of LEED
commercial buildings in the US Pacic Northwest, and
compared them to regional non-LEED buildings. The
mean energy use per oor area for the 12 LEED buildings was 10 % lower than the 39 similar non-LEED
buildings in the same region.
Diamond et al. (2006) investigated 21 LEEDcertied (LEED-NC Version 2.0/2.1) buildings using the
modeled energy data for the as-designed and baseline
building as submitted to the USGBC. On average, for
the 18 buildings that had both simulated whole building
design and actual energy use data, energy use was 1 %
lower than modeling predictions (which were 27 % below baseline). However, there was large variability
(standard deviation, s.d. 46 %), and some performed better than predicted, while others performed worse. Further, the number of LEED energy credits obtained in the
certication did not correlate with the actual energy use
per oor area. Newsham et al. (2009) reported similar
results. The authors studied 100 LEED certied buildings, compared the results to commercial US buildings,
and reported that LEED buildings used 1839 % less
energy per oor area than their conventional counterparts, conrmed by statistical analysis. However, 2835
% of LEED buildings used more energy than their conventional counterparts. Similar to Diamond et al. (2006),
Newsham et al. (2009) did not nd any correlation between the certication level (Silver, Gold, Platinum) and
the measured energy performance. Therefore, they recommended that although green buildings contribute to
signicant energy savings, more work is needed to dene the scope of the rating systems and design a plan to
be consistent at a generic level as well as at the individual building level.
4 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA)
POTENTIAL GREEN BUILDING RATING
SYSTEM
4. OCJENA IVOTNOG CIKLUSA (LCA)
POTENCIJALNI REJTING SUSTAV ZELENE
GRADNJE
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a rational, quantied approach to determining specic environmental impacts of a product or system through its entire life cycle.
49
..................
Manufacturing
proizvodnja
Building
gradnja
Decomposition, recycling
razgradnja, recikliranje
..................
48. Wadel, G., 2009: Sustainability in industrialized architecture: Modular lightweight construction applied to
housing (La sostenibilidad en la construccin industrializada. La construccin modular ligera aplicada a la vivienda). Doctoral Thesis. Polytechnic University of Catalonia-Department of Architectural Constructions;.
Available online at:
http://www.tdx.cat/ TDX-0122110-180946.
49. Webster, 2005: Research Congress.
50. YPFPG, 2008: Assessing USGBCs Policy Options for
Forest Certication & the Use of Wood and Other Biobased Materials. A summary report prepared by the Yale
Program on Forest Policy and Governance February 25,
2008.
51. Yudelson, J., 2009: Green Building through Integrated
Design. Syracuse, NY: McGraw-Hill Publishing.
Corresponding address:
Research Associate ANDREJA KUTNAR
University of Primorska, Andrej Marui Institute
Muzejski trg 2, 6000 Koper, SLOVENIA
ILTRA d.o.o., Celovka cesta 268,
1000 Ljubljana,
SLOVENIA
e-mail: andreja.kutnar@upr.si
53