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IS 14504 (1998): Natural Gas - Calculation of calorific

values, density, relative density and Wobbe Index from
composition [PCD 3: Petroleum, Lubricants and their Related
Products]
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IS 14594 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
( Reaffirmed 2003 )
NATURAL GAS - CALCULATION OF

CALORIFIC VALUES, DENSITY, RELATIVE
DENSITY AND WOBBE INDEX FROM
COMPOSITION
ICS 75.050
0 BIS 1998
BUREAU
MANAK
January
1998
OF
BHAVAN,
INDIAN
STANDARDS
9 BAHADUR
SHAH
NEW DELHI 110002
ZAFAR
MARG
Price Group
14
Natural Gas Sectional
NATIONAL
Committee,
PCD 24
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard which is identical with IS0 6976 : 1995 Natural gas - Calculation of calorific
values, density, relative density and Wobbe index from composition
issued by the International
Organization
for Standardization
(ISO) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the
recommendation of Natural Gas Sectional Committee and approval of the Petroleum, Coal and Related
Products Division Council.
The text of this IS0 standard has certain conventions which are, however,
in Indian Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following:
not identical to those used
a)
Wherever the words international

read as Indian Standard.
Standard appear referring to this standard; they should be
b)
Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards,
is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker.
For tropical countries like India, the standard temperature

27 * 2C and 65 f 5 percent respectively.
the current practice
and the relative humidity
shall be taken as
In reporting the results of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value,
observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for
rounding off numerical values (revised).
IS 14504 : 1998
ISO 6976 : 1995
Contents
1
Scope
Definitions
Principle
Behaviour
Page
.. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . ..~....................._......._..
.. . . .. .. . . .. . ... ... . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . 4
.....................................................................................
of ideal and real gases
4.1
Enthalpy of combustion
4.2
Calculation
Calculation
.............................................
..........................................................
of compression
factor
..........................................
..........................
of calorific value on a molar basis
5
6
5.1
Ideal gas
.................................................................................
5.2
Real gas
..................................................................................
Calculation
..........................
of calorific value on a mass basis
6.1
Ideal gas
.................................................................................
6.2
Real gas
..................................................................................
,7
Calculation
of calorific value on a volumetric
basis
..................
7.1
Ideal gas
.................................................................................
7.2
Real gas
..................................................................................
Calculation
8.1
Ideal gas
8.2
Real gas
Accuracy
of relative density,
........
denstty and Wobbe Index
..............................................................................
....................................................................
.............
...................................................................................
9.1
Precision
................................................................................
9.2
Trueness
.................................................................................
10
9.3
Expression
10
Tables of recommended
of results
............. .............. .........

data
............... .......
.............................................
11
12
iS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Annexes
A
Symbols
Values of auxiliary
.. . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. 17
and units
constants,
B.1
Molar gas constant
B.2
Critical constants
B.3
Properties
B.4
Enthalpy
. . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . 19
etc.
19
..............................................................
and acentric
19
.................................
factors
19
.............................................................
of dry air
of vaporization
................
Conversion
of volume
Examples
of calculations
D.l
Calorif?
value on a molar basis (clause 5)
..........................
23
D.2
Calorific value on a mass basis (clause 6)
...........................
23
0.3
Calorific value on a vblumetric
D.4
Relative density,
D.5
Preci$ion (clause 9)
Behaviour
to mole fractions
22
fractions
19
........................................
of water
density
. . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . ..
basis (clause 7)
and Wobbe
.......
index (clause 8)
. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .
of ides1 and real gases
Variation of ideal-gas enthalpy of combustion with

..,............,........._................................._...........,..
temperature
E.2
Corrections
for non-ideality;
volumetric
E.3
Corrections
for non-ideality:
enthalpic
Effects of water vapour on calorific
F.l
General
F.2
Excluded
F.3
Latent heat (enthalpic)
F.4
Compression
effects
effects
28
.....................
30
. . .. . . .. .. . . . .. . . ...__..._... 32
value
32
. . .. . ... . . .. ..
. . . .. . .. . . .. .. ..__.._____.......................... 33 -
factor effect
Summary,
methane
discussion and selection of the calorific value of

..,....................._.,........_....,......,...._.._....,_....,..............
Derivation
of equations
H.l
Methane
by difference
H.2
Methane
by analysis
relating to precision
35
. . .. .. . .._..._...........
38
. ..__................_...._..._..,.,...,.......
38
.. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. ..._._.._.....................
38
Approximate
Computer
Calorific values on a molar basis for 60 F reference

45
. . .. . ...~.~.~~~~~~.....................~.....~~.~..~~~...............~~....~
temperature
conversion
32
33
.,...._,_..._...,...,............,...
effect
27
...................
. ..._....__.............................
effect
24 .
27
. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . ..._.._._...........................
volume
23
25
..............................................................
E.l
23
.......................................................
implementation
Bibliography
factors
between
reference
of recommended
states
methods
40
.
42
.. .. . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . . . .. .. . . ... .. . .. .. . ..r...___.__._.............. 47
is 14504:1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Indian Standard
NATURAL GAS - CALCULATION OF

CALORIFIC VALUES, DENSITY, RELATIVE
DENSITY AND WOBBE INDEX FROM
COMPOSITION
synonymous
wrth calorific value,
specific gravity
is
synonymous
wrth relative density;
Wobbe number IS
synonymous with Wobbe Index, compressibrltty
factor
IS synonymous wrth compression
factor.
Scope
This International Standard specifies methods for the

calculation
of the superior calorific value, inferior
calorific value, density, relative density and Wobbe
Index of dry natural gases, natural gas substitutes and
other combustible
gaseous fuels, when the compositron of the gas by mole fraction is known. The
methods provide a means of calculating the properties of the gas mixture at commonly used metric reference conditions.
The methods of calculation require values for various
physical properties of the pure components;
these
values are provided in tables and their sources are
Identified.
Methods are given for estimating
calculated properties.
the
precision
are given in annex

of calculation.
4 For the purposes of this International Standard, the sum

of the mole fractions used must be unity to the nearest
0,000 1, and all components
with mole fractions greater
than 0,000 05 must be accounted for
5 For the calorific value calculated on a volumetrtc basis,
there are limitations on the amounts of components
other
than methane which may be present. It IS rmpossible to be
definitive on thrs matter, but the following gurdelrnes may
be useful.
of
N, should not be present
mole fractron.
The methods of calculation of the values of properties

on either a molar or mass basis are applicable to any
dry natural gas, natural gas substitute
or other
combustible
fuel which is normally gaseous. For the
calculation of the values of properties on a volumetric
basis, the methods are restricted to gases consisting
preponderantly
of methane (not less than 0,5 mole
fraction).
Examples of calculations
recommended
methods
3 If the composition
of the gas IS known by volume fractions these must be converted
to mole fractrons (see
annex C). Note, however, that the derived mole fractions
will have uncertarnties greater than those of the onginal
volume fractrons.
D for the
CO, and C,H, should each not exceed

tion:
no other component
should exceed
Given these limits, the expected

within 0.1 %
exceedrng
0.3
0,15 mole frac-
0.05 rnole fraction
trueness
of the calculation
IS
6 The effects of water vapour on the calonfic value, erther

directly measured or calculated, are discussed In annex F
7 For the methods of calculation described to be valid, the
gas must be above tts hydrocarbon dew-point at the prescribed reference condlttons.
NOTES
1 The symbols used In this international
Standard,
gether with their meanings, are given in annex A.
in amounts
to-
2 The qualifiers higher,

upper,
total
and gross
are, for the purposes of this lnternattonal
Standard, synonymous with superior;
likewise, lower and net are
synonymous
with inferior.
The term heating value is
8 The values of basic physical property data are subject to

revision as more accurate values become available frorn
authoritative sources
I$ 14504 : 1998
%O 8978 : 1995
Definitions
For the purposes of this International

following definitions apply.
On molar, mass and volumetric

bases,
calorific value_ is designated respectively
Standard,
Y(4sd
the
and 4[(h
the inferior
as q (r, ,p,),
PJJ%P~)I
2.3 density: The mass of a gas sample divided by

its volume at specified conditions
of pressure and
temperature.
2.1 superior calorific ualue: The amount of heat

which would be released by the complete combustion
in air of a specified quantity of gas, in such a way that
the pressure p, at which the reaction takes place remains constant, and all the products of combustion
are returned to the same specified temperature t, as
that of the reactants, all of these products being in the
gaseous state except for water formed by combustion, which is condensed to the liquid state at t,.
2.4 relative density: The density.of

a gas divided
by the density of dry air of standard composition
(see
annex B) at the same specified conditions of pressure
and temperature.
The term ideal relative density applies when both gas and air are considered as fluids
which obey the ideal gas law (see 2.7); the term real
relative density applies when both gas and air are
considered as real fluids.
Where the quantity of gas is specified on a molar basis, the calorific value is designated as &(~,,JJ,); on a
mass basis the calorific
value is designated
as
2.5 Wobbe index: The superior calorific value on a

volumetric
basis at specified
reference
conditions,
divided by the square root of the relative density at
the same specified metdng
reference conditions.
Hs (G$I ).
Where the quantity of gas is specified on a volumetric
the
calorific
value
is
designated
as
basis,
Hs[f,,p,, V(r2,p2)], where t2 and p2 are the gas volume
(metering) reference conditions (see figure 1).
2.8 enthalpy of transformation:

The enthalpy of
transformation
of a substance from state A to state
B is thermodynamic
terminology
for the amount of
heat release which accompanies
the transformation
between states. A positive heat release is taken by
convention
to be a numerically
identical negative
enthalpy increment. The quantities enthalpy of combustion and enthalpy of vaporization
therefore have
meanings which should be contextually
self-evident;
the term enthalpic correctton refers to the (molar)
enthalpy of transformation
between the ideal and real
states of a gas.
2.2 inferior calorific value: The amount of heat

which would be released by the complete combustion
in air of a specified quantity of gas, in such a way that
the pressure p, at which the reaction takes place remains constant, and all the products of combustion
are returned to the same specified temperature t, as
that of the reactants, all of these products being in the
gaseous state.
Water a5 vapour
Inferior calorlfic
value
Water as Liq&i
Superior calorific
value
rS,
Combustion
Heat release
= Calorific value ii
Metered volume of gas
Figure
1 -
Calorific value on a volumetric
basis -
Metering
and combustion
reference
conditions
IS
14504
IS0
2.7 ideal gas and real gas: An ideal gas is one

which obeys the ideal gas law:
. . (1)
p-V,,, = R-T
where
P
is the absolute
is the thermodynamic
vrn
is the volume
per mole of gas;
is
the
units.
gas
molar
pressure;
in coherent
No real gas obeys this law. For real gases, equation

(1) must be rewritten as
p.V,
= Z(T,p).R-T
sponding
mole fraction,
all the terms then being
added together to obtain the mole fraction average
of the property for the ideal-gas mixture. Values on a
volumetric basis are then converted to values for the
real-gas state by applying a volumetric correction factor.
NOTE 10
An enthalpic correction factor which is also, in
principle, required in calorific value calculations IS deemed
to be negligible in all relevant cases.
temperature;
constant,
(2)
where Z(T,p) is a variable, often close to unity, and is

known as the compression factor (see 2.8 and E.2).
2.8
compression
factor: The actual (real) volume
of a given mass of gas at a specified pressure and
temperature
divided by its volume, under the same
conditions, as calculated from the ideal gas law.
2.9 combustion
reference conditions:
The specified temperature
t, and pressure p,. These are the
conditions at which the fuel is notionally burned (see
figure 1).
2.10
metering reference conditions: The specified
temperature
f2 and pressure pz. These are the conditions at which the amount of fuel to be burned is
notionally determined;
there is no a priori reason for
these to be the same as the combustion
reference
condrtions (see figure I).
NOTE 9
A range of reference
conditions
is in use
throughout the world; appropriate data for the principal sets
of metric reference conditions are given rn tables rn this
lnternatronal Standard.
2.11
dry natural
gas: Gas which does not contain
water vapour at a mole fractron greater than 0,000 05.
In clause 10, values are given for the physical

properties of the pure components
of natural gas on
molar, mass and volumetric bases for the commonly
used reference conditions.
are given in annex D.
4
4.1
Behaviour
Enthalpy
of ideal
and real gases
of combustion
The most fundamental

physical quantities required in
the calculation of calorific values from first pnnciples
are the ideal-gas (standard) molar enthalpies of combustion for the component
gases of the mixture.
These quantities are complex functions of temperature; thus, the values required depend upon the
combustion
reference temperature
t,. For practical
reasons, it is not intended that the user himself carries out calculations which give the appropriate values
at any arbitrary combustron
reference temperature.
Instead, tabulations
are given for the temperatures
t, = 25 C, 20 C, 15 C and 0 C. In clause Ei.1 the
derivations of the values tabulated are discussed; the
important
point is that all four values for any substance are mutually consistent
in a therrnotlynamlc
sense.
For the calorific value (on any of the three possible
bases), a so-called enthalprc correction IS, in pnncrple,
required in order to convert the Ideal-gas enthalpy of
combustion for the gas mixture to a value appropriate
to the real gas. This, however,
is generally small
enough to be negligible. A dtscusston justifying such
neglect is given in clause E.3.
4.2
: 1998
6976 : 1995
Calculation
of compression
factor
Principle
Methods
are provided
for the calculation
of the
calonflc values, density, relative density and Wobbe
Index of any dry natural gas, natural gas substrtute
or
other cornbustlblc
gaseous fuel from a known compostIon
These methods use equat~orls in which, for
roll ~r!cj~v~d~ral
rnoloclular species of the gas mixture, the
v3l~res of Ideal-gas thermophyslcal
propertIes (which
il1t7 ~j~veri) ;3rf: wf?ightr?tf in accnrdnr:c..r, iritrtli the rorre-
For the volumetric-basis

calorrfrc value, a second realgas correctron IS required to account for the detilation
of the gas from volu~netr~c tdeality, and this IS gerler
ally not negligible. This correctron is also required III
the calculation of density, relative density and, by It-nplication, Wobbe III&X
Claluse C 2 gives tile back
yround to t/he way in which correctlons for vol~I:y)otrIc
non-ideality
should be apr,lle.tl. c?lscuss;cs the pr~r~c~
pies Involved.
:jrltl ;ltlflfti:
!he
Sltli~/lflCdtlOll
, j;fll
1s 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
ployed which enable tractable calculations to be made

without necessitating
machine computation.
have been derived from the 25 C values in accordance with the methods described in clause E.l
Such corrections for volumetric non-ideality are made

using the compression factor Gx. The formulation to
be used for Z,,,,x at the metering reference conditions,
as required for the calculations described in clauses
5 to 9, is (equation E.17):
NOTES
&Jt*,&)
= I -
et
[ ,I
(3)
kXj*fi
j=l
where the summation is taken over all N components

of the mixture. Values of the so-called summation
factor II- bj are given in table 2 (clause 10) at the
three metering reference conditions of common interest, for all of the components
of natural gas and
substitute natural gas considered in this International
Standard. Values are also given for all pure component
compression
factors (or hypothetical
compression
factors) 3, from which the 4s have generally been
derived using the relationship bj = 1 - 5. Any user requiring greater detail should consult clause E.2.
5 Calculation
molar basis
5.1
of calorific value on a
Ideal gas
The ideal-gas calorific value on a molar basis, at a

temperature t,, of a mixture of known composition
is
calculated from the equation
=
kxj.iip(t,)
...(4)
J=l
11 Values of q
are independent
of pressure; consequently the combustion
reference pressure p, is irrelevant
for the ideal-gas case and is omitted from the nomenclature
adopted.
12 The ideal-gas calorific value on a molar basis of a gas

or gas mixture is defined in this International Standard as a
positive number. The values given in table 3 are numerically
equal to the standard molar enthalpies
of combustion,
which are, however, conventionally
expressed as negative
quantities (see 2.6).
5.2
Real gas

Standard the
real-gas calorific value on a molar basis is taken as
numerically
equal to the corresponding
ideal-gas
value.
NOTE 13
A rigorous approach to the calculation of the

real-gas calorific value on a molar basis from the Ideal-gas
value would require the calculation
of an enthalpic correction (see 4.1) for the mixture. In practice, this correction
is very small for typical natural gases, and can usually be
neglected with resultant errors not exceeding 50 J.mol-
(approximately
0,005 %i (see clause E.3).
6 Calculation
basis
6.1
of calorific value on a mass
Ideal gas
The ideal-gas calorific value on a mass basis, at a

temperature I,, of a mixture of known composition
is
where
JWI)
is the ideal molar calorific value

mixture (either superior or inferior);
of the
H70(4) is the ideal molar calorific value of component j (either superior or inferior);
XI
is the mole fraction
of component
j.
ri(t,) = W4)
(5)
where
M
.
is the molar mass of the mixture,
Numerical values of T for t, = 25 C

- are given in
table3 (clause 10); the values for (H,y)s are taken
from the original literature sources cited in annex M,
and the values for (T), derived using the accepted
value of the standard enthalpy of vaporization of water
at 25 C (see annex B).
M = &M,
Values for T
for other temperatures
(t, - 20 C,
15 C and 0 0 are also given in table 3; these values
M/
and is
(6)
I=1
heing
the
component
being
ponent
the
J;
mole
fraction
of
j,
molar
mass
of com-
IS 14504:1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
$(t,)
is the ideal calorific value on a mass basis

of the mixture (either superior or inferior).
Table 1 (clause
all components
dard.
is the
molar
gas
constant
(= 8,314 510 J.mol-*K-l,
see clause B. 1);
10) lists values of the molar mass for

considered in this International
Stan-
Use of equations (5) a%d (6) represents

method for calculating H. An alternative
the equation
the definitive
method uses
T2( = r2 + 273,15)
is the absolute
kelvins.
temperature,
in
The use of equation

(8) represents
the definitive
method for calculating 2. An alternative method uses
the equation
(7)
j=l
where $(t,)
is the ideal calorific value on a mass basis of component j (either superior or inferior).
For convenience,
values
of I$
for four values
of
1, (25 C, 20 C, 15 C and 0 C) are given in
table4 (clause IO), in order that the user may avoid
the necessity of using values of T as the starting
point of a calculation.
Numerical values obtained from either method will be
concordant to within 0,Ol MJskg- , which is within
the limits of significance
for the current state-of-theart.

Standard, the
real-gas calorific value on a mass basis is taken as
numerically
equal to the corresponding
ideal-gas
value.
NOTE 14
See 5.2 for clarification
Real gas
The real-gas calorific value on a volumetric basis, for

combustion at temperature t, and pressure p, of a gas
mixture metered at a temperature
t2 and pressure p2
is calculated from the equation
where
~hV(bP*)l
Ideal gas
The ideal-gas calorific value on a volumetric basis, for

a combustion
temperature
r,, of a mixture of known
composition,
metered at a temperature
r2 and pressure h, is calculated from the equation
(8)
where
~[$W,.p,)l
Numerical values obtained from either method will be

concordant to within 0,Ol MJ.mV3, which is within
the limits of significance for the current state-of-theart.
and justification.
7 Calculation of calorific value on a

volumetric basis
7.1
value on a
superior or
For convenience,
values of I?,? for a variety of combustion and metering reference conditions are given
in table5 (&use
lo), in order that the user may avoid
the necessity of using values of q as the starting
point of a calculation.
7.2
Real gas
6.2
where $[t,,V(t2,p2)]
is the ideal. calorific
volumetric
basis of component j (either
inferior).
is the ideal calorific value on a

volumetric
basis of the mixture
(either superior or infenor);
is the real-gas calorific value on a

volumetnc
basis (either superror
or inferior);
is the compressron
metering reference
factor at the
conditions,
The compression
factor q,,,(t&
IS calculated from
e uation (31, using values of the summation
factor
9 b, given for individual
(clause IO).
pure substances
in table2
NOTE 15
See 5 2 for clanflcation and justlflcatlon of the
practical approach to real-gas calorlftc values
Since no
enthalplc correction is made to the Ideal-gas caloriflc value
on a volumetric
basis rn this calculation, the combustion
reference pressure p, IS irrelevant and IS omltted from the
nomenclature adopted
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
8 Calculation of relative density, density

and Wobbe index
f
8.2
Real gas
The relative density

the equation
8.1
Ideal gas
d(t,p)
The relative density of the ideal gas is independent

of any reference state, and is calculated from the
equation
do =
kxj -f&
air
/=I
(11)
!i
Mair
of the ideal gas;
is the molar mass of component

is the molar
composition.
j;
d(t,p)
is the relative density
GM (t.p)
is the compression
The density of the ideal gas depends upon its temperature t and pressure p, and is calculated from
of the real gas,
factor of the gas;
is the compression
factor
standard composition.
of dry air of
in table 2
I?- bj given for individual pure substances
(clause 10). The compression
factor Z,,,(t,p)
is given
-..
in clause 8.3 as
Table 1 (clause IO) lists values of molar mass. Clause

B.3 gives the composition of standard air; the derived
value for Mai, is 28,962 6 kg.kmol-
&)$jaMj
(14)
The compression
factor Z,,,,,(t,p) is calculated from
e uation (31, using values of the summation
factor
mass of dry air of standard
PO(t,P)
=(
where
Zair(t,P)
is the relative density
from
dO*Zm(t,P)
G,x(t,pj-
where
do
of the real gas is calculated
&,,(273,15
K, 101,325 kPa) = 0,999 41
&i,(288,15
K, 101,325 kPa) = 0,999 58
~i,(293,15
K, 101,325 kPa) = 0,999 63
The density
equation
of the
(12)
P(LP) =
real gas is calculated
from
the
PVIP)
(15)
Gix(t,P)
where
p(t,p)
where
PO(LP)
is the density
is
is the density
molar
the
gas
(= 8,314 510 J.moI-X-l,
see clause 8.1);
constant
The Wobbe index of the real gas is calculated

the equation
k w?2.P4]
= P-L-~
JG
W[t,,V(t2,p2)]
(= t + 273,151 is the absolute
ture, in kelvins.
tempera-
The Wobbe index of the ideal gas is calculated

the equation
from
is the Wobbe
Hs
is calculated
NOTE 16
Same
calculattons
described
culations
where
is
H;
is calculated
the Wobbe
index of the ideal gas,

In 7.1.
...(@
of density.
,J tn kllopascals
value
of p IS ohtalned
the preferred
index of the real gas;

as described
care in the use of units
kelvin,
metre,
as described
from
where
(13)
of the real gas.
of the ideal gas;
In this
With
subclause,
K expressed
and M In kIlograms
automatically
SI unit
in 7.2.
IS rcqu~r~d
pdrtlc..ularly
for the:
fvr cc~l-
11110~10s pcr IIIOIP

per b.llnmole,
III klloglarns
the
per cubic
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
yi
Accuracy
is the value of the physical property

calculated from the ith analysis of the
gas;
9.1
Precision
9.1.l
Repeatability and reproducibility
The precision of a calculated physical property value,

which results solely from random errors in the analytical procedures, may be expressed in terms of repeatability
and/or reproducibility,
where these are
/
defined as follows.
Repeatability: The value below which the absoiute difference between a pair of successive test
results obtained
using the same method,
on
Identical test material, by the same operator, using
the same apparatus, in the same laboratory, within
a short interval of time, may be expected to lie
with a specified
probability.
In the absence of
other Indications, the probability is 95 %.
Reproducibility: The value below which the absolute difference between two single test results
obtained using the same method, on identical test
material, by different
operators,
using different
apparatus, in different
laboratories,
may be exDected to lie with a specified probability.
In the
absence of other indications,
the probability
is
95 %.
The latter quantity is usually significantly
larger than
the former. Each measure of the precision of a calculated physical property depends only upon the precision of the analytical data.
repeatability
and
concepts
of
The
general
reproducibility
may be applied not only to physical
properties
calculated
from compositional
analyses,
but also to each component
concentration
in the
analyses from which the properties are derived. Consequently,
the repeatability
or reproducibility
of a
physlcal property value may actually be obtained in
either of two apparently equivalent ways, viz.
a)
By direct appkatlon
of the above deflnltions
repeated calculations of the physical property
question, i.e. from the equation
n
(Y, -
At
either
iS
reproducibility
b)
By combining,
in an appropriate manner, the repeatability or reproducibility
of the concentration
of each component
in the gas analysis; the appropriate combination formulae are given in 9.1.2
and 9.1.3 (for the derivation of these equations,
see annex HI.
NOTE 18
The equivalence of a) and b) in practice as opposed to principle is open to discussion. This is because the
statistical link between the methods assumes that the repeatedly measured analytical values are distnbuted
in a
Gaussian (normal) fashion for each component
concentration, and that this is also the case for the set of calculated
physical property values. Experience has shown that these
criteria are not usually met, especially for small data sets
and/or sets containing outliers.
9.1.2
Estimation of repeatability
The repeatability AH, at a 95

the calorific value H may be
equation (17) (with Y replaced
the analytical data, using the
as follows:
a)
% confidence
level, of
calculated either from
by H), or directly from
appropriate expression,
When all components except methane

sed, the methane (j = 1) concentration
culated by difference, then
are analybeing cal-
l/2
.(18)
where
the repeatability
of the calculated
ideal-gas calorific value (molar or tiolumetrrc basis) for the mixture;
. (17)
%
is the repeatability of the mole fraction

of component ; In the mixture of N
components;
H:
IS the ideal-gas calonfic

ponent J;
the
repeatabillty
of Y. as appropnate;
of
NOTE 17
For definitions
of
repeatability
and
reproducibility, their interpretation in terms of the standard deviation of the population of values as given b
equation (171, and for the origin of the factor 2 Jy 2
therein, see for example reference [26] in annex M.
Y)
J--_-
mean of n values
AHi,, is
112
I.
AY=2fi
to
in
is the arithmetic
or
value of com-
IS 14504: 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
HP
b)
is the ideal-gas
methane.
When all components

analysed, then
hH~i, =
calorific
including
value
methane
of
are
(9)
9.1.3
j=l
where, although Hi,,is calculated using the normalized mole fractions xP A$ is the repeatability
of the mole fraction of component j in the mixture
of N components
before normalization
is carried
out.
The repeatability
Ap of the density
lowing
equations,
Ad of the relative density and

may be calculated from the folrespectively:
Ad&@-
w-8
M,,,
Ap=
NOTE 19
The contribution of the repeatability AZ of the
calculated compression factor Z to the overall repeatability
AH of the calorific value on a volumetric basts IS small, and
is therefore ignored in the above formulation;
likewise, the
contribution of AZ to the overall repeatability Ap of the realgas density, Ad of the real-gas relative density and AW of the
real-gas Wobbe index is also ignored.
M-P
The reproducibilities
for case a):

112
k[tij.(~j-~,)]2
j=2
relative
density,
calculation of 2fi
times the standard deviation of
the population of calculated values of If,d, p or W,
using equation (171, where the analyses of compositions have been carried out in accordance with the
definition of reproducibility
given in 9.1 .I.
Trueness
9.2
AM=
AH, Ad, Aclpand AW of the calorific
density and Wobbe index may

be calculated by means of the equations (18) to (24)
inclusive, provided that the AX, and A+* in equations
(18), (19). (22) and (23) are now identified as the appropriate reproducibllities
of the mole fractions .A,.The
reproducibilities
may also be determined
from the
values,
. . (21)
R.T
where AM is the repeatability of the mean molar

mass M of the natural gas, given by
-
Estimation of reproducibility
Observations of the precision of analytical data cannot

be regarded as carrying any implication
for the
trueness
of those data; It is entirely
possible to
achieve excellent precision at the same time as very
bad trueness.
...(22)
The absolute
trueness
of a calculated
physical
property value of a natural gas mixture may be considered as resulting from the combination of three independent sources of svstematic error, viz.
For case b):

112
AM=
&~x;-(M,-M)]~
j= 1
(23)
The repeatability AW of the Wobbe

($)+
[-$]*
j.
index may be
_.(24)
value, the repeatabilities

AM, Ad,
by calculation of
the standard deviation of a set of calculated property
values [t.e.. from equation (17) with Y replaced by M,
d, p OI W, as appropriate] where the compositional
analyses nave been carried out in accordance
with the
definition
of repeatability
given in 9.1.1. However,
the
provision
given in note 18 to 9.1 .l still applies.
As for the calorific
Ap and AW may also be determined
10
uncertainties
in the basrc data given in tables 1 to
5;
where Mj is the molar mass of component
AW=W[
a)
b)
bias in the
these data;
method
of calculation
which
uses
c)
uncertainties
(as distinct
from random rmprecision) in the analytical data used as input to the
method.
In practice, it is difficult
to make calculatrons
of
trueness due to the lack of adequate Information; for
example, reference back to ongtnal sources of basic
data often reveals information
concerning
precrslon
only (see, in this context, the dIscussIon of methane
given in annex G), and the same IS often true for
analytical data. In addrtion, a rigorous approach would
provide an absolute uncertainty, whereas what IS often required in practice IS an estimate of the uncertainty of a physical property value relative to some
datum point. For example, calorific values are often
IS 14504:1998
IS0 6976:1995
referenced
to the calorific value of pure methane;
consequently
any uncertainty in the assumed calorific
value of methane does not contribute to the relative
uncertainty of the calorific value of a natural gas, or to
the difference
between
the calorific values of two
different natural gases.
Experience has shown that the relative uncertainties
of the physical property values considered herein will
be most strongly influenced
by uncertainties
in the
analytical data, and that contributions
from uncertainties in basic data and bias in the method of calculation will be very small. The contributions
from the
basic data are expected to be less than 0,05 % and
from bias in the method of calculation to be less than
0,015 %. These contributions
may be neglected when
compared to the uncertainty
in the analytical data
from the analysis of a typical natural gas mixture
containing 12 to 20 components.
For those cases where the contributions
from uncertainties in the basic data and from bias in the method
of calculation are significant when compared with the
analytical uncertainty (for example, for the high accuracy analysis of mixtures of .only a few components,
and possibly in the future, when the accuracy of

natural gas analysis has improved), a more rigorous
approach, based on a), b) and c), may be necessary.
9.3
Expression
of results
The number of significant figures which are given for

the value of each property should reflect the expected
accuracy of calculation of the property in question.
Even in the case of a perfect
analysis, the results
of calculations for mixtures should be reported to no
better than the following levels of significance.
Calorific value
molar basis:
0.01 kJ.mol-
mass basis:
0.01 MJ.kg
volumetric basis:
0.01 MJ.m 3
Relative density:
0,000 1
Density:
0,000 1 kgN
Wobbe index:
0.01 MJ.m- 3
However, attention must be paid to whether the analytical data do in fact justify quoting to this level of
supposed significance and, if not, the number of significant figures quoted should be reduced accordingly.
11
__!s 14504 : 1998

iso 6976 : 1995
10
Tables of recommended
Table
Component
1 -
data
Molar mass for components
Values
kg-kmol-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
2-Methylpropane
n-Pentane
2-Methylbutane
2,2_Dimethylpropane
nHexane
2-Methylpentane
3-Methylpentane
2,2-Dimethylbutane
2.3-Dimethylbutane
n-Heptane
nactane
nNonane
n-Decane
16,043
30,070
44,097
58,123
58,123
72.150
72,150
72,150
86,177
86,177
86.177
86,177
86,177
100,204
114,231
128,258
142,285
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Ethylene
Propylene
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
2-Methylpropene
1-Pentene
28,054
42,081
56,108
56,108
56.108
56,108
70,134
25
26
27
Propadiene
1.2.Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
40,065
54,092
54,092
28
Acetylene
26,038
29
30
31
32
33
34
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
Ethylryclohexane
70,134
84,161
98,188
84,161
98.188
112,215
35
36
37
38
Pf:nzet\:.
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
78,1 14
92,141
1OF.167
106,167
12
of natural
gases
Component
Values
kg.kmol-
39
40
Methanol
Methanethiol
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
4%
Hydrogen
Water
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrogen cyanide
Carbon monoxide
Carbonyl sulfide
Carbon disulfide
2,015 9
18,015 3
34,082
17,030 6
27,026
28,010
60,076
76,143
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
Helium
Neon
Argon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Dinitrogen monoxide
Krypton
Xenon
Air
4,002 6
20,179 7
39,948
28,013 5
31,998 8
44,010
64,065
44,012 9
83,80
131.29
28,962 6
32,042
48,109
NOTE Values of the molar mass are numerically

identical to values of relative molecular mass obtained
using the following relative atomic masses for the major
elements involved, where the figure in brackets is the
uncertainty in the last digit quoted (see reference [I41 In
annex MI:
C
H
0
N
S
12,011 (I)
1,007 94 (7)
15,999 4 (3)
14,006 74 (7)
32,066 (6)
For compounds containing C anojor S the derived moiar

mess has been round?:,! I, 1% t;rird decrn-id pIact:, for
other compounds that f!l:.r?b ~~W:I~IYJ ~kxr
r -/we?
1 h$
.!d/~ fo; drv air oi star!dbi:; c:,,:rloi)sltiocl (JI:U table i3 2)
15 I;i;l;
;jlvc;n ?o four deci:r:al plac~?j:
-.1_.
--
IS 14504 : 1998
1SO 6976 : 1995
Table
2 -
Compression
factors and summation factors for components

metering reference conditions
All values, except for summation factors for hydrogen,

inferred from reference [13] in annex M
Component
l-
helium
0 "C,101.325 kPa
(recalculated)
Methane
Ethane
Propane
FButane
2-Methylpropane
nPentane
2-Methylbutane
2,2-Dlmethylpropane
nliexane
2-Methylpentane
3Methylpentane
2.2.Dimathylbutane
2.3.Dimethylbutane
nHeptane
n&tane
nNonane
nDecane
0,997 6
0,990 0
0.978 S
0,957 2
0.958
0,918
0,937
0,943
0.892
0,898
0,898
0,916
0,910
0,830
0,742
0,613
0,434
0,0490
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Ethylene
Propylene
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
f/ax~2~Butene
Z-Methylpropene
I-Pentene
25
26
27
gases at various
and neon (estimated),
15 "C,101,325 kPa
Z
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
of natural
JT;
l-
are taken or
20 "C.101.325 kPa
0,100 0
0,145 3
0,206 9
0.204 9
0,286 4
0,251 0
0,238 7
0.328 6
0,319 4
0,319 4
0,289 8
0,300 0
0,412 3
0,507 9
0,622 1
0,752 3
0,998 0
0,991 5
0,982 1
0,965 0
0.968
0,937
0,948
0,955
0.913
0,914
0,917
0,931
0,925
0,866
0.802
0,710
0,584
0.044 7
0,092 2
0,133 8
C.187 1
0.178 9
0,251 0
0.228 0
0,212 1
0,295 0
0,293 3
0.288 1
0,262 7
0,273 9
0,366 1
0,445 0
0,538 5
0,645 0
0.998 1
0,992 0
0.983 4
0,968 2
0,971
0,945
0.953
0,959
0.919
0.926
0,928
0.935
0.934
0.876
0,817
0.735
0.623
0,043 6
0,089 4
0.128 8
0,178 5
0.170 3
0,234 5
0,216 8
0,202 5
0,284 6
0,272 0
0.268 3
0,255 0
0.256 9
0,352 1
0.477 8
0.514 8
0,614 0
0,992 5
0,981
0,965
0.961
0,961
0,965
0.938
0,086 6
0,137 8
0,187 1
0,197 5
0.197 5
0,187 1
0.249 0
0,993 6
0,984
0,970
0,967
0,968
0,971
0.949
0,080 0
0,126 5
0,173 2
0.181 7
0,178 9
0,170 3
0,225 8
0,994 0
0.985
0.972
0,969
0,969
0.972
0,952
0,077 5
0,122 5
0,167 3
0,176 1
0,176 1
0,167 3
0,219 1
Propadlene
1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadlene
0.980
0,955
O,G66
0,141 4
0.212 1
0,184 4
0,983
0,963
0,971
0,130 4
0,192 4
0,170 3
0,984
0.965
0,973
0.126 5
0,187 1
0,164 3
28
Acetylene
0.9Sl
0.094 9
0,993
0,083 7
0,993
0,083 7
29
30
31
32
33
34
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopenrane
Ethylcyclopentane
Qclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclohexdne
0,935
0,902
0.841
O.RS7
0.855
0,770
0,255 0
0,313 0
0.398 7
0,320 9
0.380 8
0,479 6
0,947
0.921
0,876
0,918
0.886
0,824
0,230 2
0,281 1
0.352 1
0.286 4
0.337 6
0,419 5
0,950
0,927
0.885
0,924
0,894
0,838
0,223 6
0,270 2
0.339 1
0.275 7
0,325 6
0,402 5
35
36
37
38
Benzene
Toluene
Erhylbenzene
o-Xylene
0,909
0.849
0.764
0.737
0,301 7
0.388 6
0.485 8
0.512 8
0,926
0.883
0,823
0,804
0,272 0
0.342 1
0,420 7
0.442 7
0,936
0.892
0,837
0,821
0,253 0
0.328 6
0,403 7
0,423 1
39
40
Methanol
Methanethlol
0.773
0,972
0.476 4
0,167 3
0,872
0,977
0,357 8
0.151 7
0,892
0,978
0,328 6
014Y 3
41
42
43
44
4!i
46
47
48
Hydrogen
Water
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrogen cyanide
Carbon monoxide
Carbonylsulfide
Carbon dlsulflde
1,0006
0,930
0,990
0.985
0,887
0,999 3
0,985
0,954
-0,0040
0,264 6
0,100 0
0,122 5
0.336 2
0,026 5
0.122 5
0,214 5
1,0006
0,945
0,990
0,988
0.912
0.999 5
0.987
0,962
-0.0048
0,734 5
0.100 0
0,109 5
0,296 6
0,072 4
0.114 0
0,194 9
I.000G
il.952
0.990
0,989
0,920
0999 6
0,988
0,965
~0,0051
0,213 I
0,100 0
0.104 9
0,282 8
O,OZO 0
O.lO'J5
0,187 1
48
50
51
52
53
54
55
Helium
Neon
Argon
Nltrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
SulfurDwx~de
Air
1,000 5
1.0005
0,999 0
0.999 5
0,993 0
0.993 3
0.916
0,999 41
0.000 6
0.000 6
0,031 6
0,022 4
0,031 6
0,081 9
0.154 9
-
1,000 5
1,000 5
0,999 2
0,999 7
0,999 2
0,994 4
0,979
0,999 5M
0000 7
0.000 2
0,028 3
0.017 3
0,028 3
0,074 8
0.144 Y
-
1.0005
0,000 0
0.00~00
0.02G 5
0.01I 3
0.026 5
0.072 8
0.141 4
1,000 5
O.SS3 3
0999 7
0,5S!l3
0.994 7
O,SBO
O,?SS cn
13
IS 14504 : 1998
ilS0 6976 : 1995
Table 3 -
Calorific values for components of natural gases at various combustion

for the ideal gas on a molar basis
All values of @ (25 C), except for methane (see annex G), are taken from reference
g (t, # 25 C) and all values of F (t,) are obtained by a specified calculation from q
reference
conditions
[13] in annex M: values of

(25C) (see clause E.l).
Idealcalorific
value on a molar basis, 9 (kJmolKl
25 "C
Component
ZO'C
15C
0 "C
Superior
Inferior
1
2
3
4
5
I3
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
2-Methylpropane
nPentane
2-Methylbutane
2.2-Dimethylpropane
nHexane
2-Methylpentane
3-Methylpentane
2.2-Dimethylbutane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
n+ieptane
nOctane
nNonane
nDecane
890.63
1 560.69
2 219.17
2 877.40
2 868.20
3 535.77
3 528.83
3 514.61
4 194.95
4 187.32
4 189.90
4 177.52
4 185.28
4 853.43
5 511.80
6 171.15
6 829.77
802,60
1 428.64
2 043,ll
2 657.32
2 648.12
3 271.67
3 264.73
3 250.51
3 886,84
3 879.21
3 881.79
3 869.41
3 877.17
4 501.30
5 115.66
5 730.99
6 345.59
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Ethylene
Propylene
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
2-Methylpropene
I-Pentene
1 411.18
i 058,02
2 716.82
2 710,o
2 706.4
2 700.2
3 375,42
1 323.15
1 925.97
2 540.76
2 533,9
2 530.3
2 524.1
3 155.34
1 411.65
2 058.72
2 717.75
2 711.0
2 707.4
2 701.1
3 376.57
1 323.20
1 926.05
2 540.86
2 534.1
2 530.5
2 524.2
3 155.45
1 412.11
2 059.43
2 718.70
2 711.9
2 708.3
2 702.0
3 377.75
1 323.24
1 926.13
2 540,97
2 534.2
2 530.5
2 524,3
3 155.59
1 413.51
2 061.57
2 721.55
2 714.9
2 711.1
2 704.8
3 381.29
1 323,36
1 926.35
2 541.25
2 534.6
2 530.8
2 524.5
3 155.92
25
28
27
28
Propadlene
1.2-Butadiene
1.3.Butadiene
Acetylene
1 943.11
2 593,79
2 640.77
1 301.05
1 855.08.
2 461,74
2 408.72
1 257.03
1 943.53
2 594.45
2 541.43
1 301.21
1 855.08
2 461.78
2 408,76
1 256.98
1 943.96
2 595,12
2 542.10
1 301.37
1 655,09
2 461.82
2 408.80
1 256,94
1 945.25
2 597.13
2 544.13
1 301.86
1 855.10
2 461.91
2 408.91
1 256.79
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclohexene
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
3 319.59
3969.44
4 628.47
3 952.96
4600,64
5 263.05
3 301,43
3 847.89
4 607,15
4 596.31
3
3
4
3
4
4
3
3
4
4
099.51
705,34
320.36
688,86
292,53
910.92
169.38
771.83
387,07
376.23
3 320.88
'3 970.93
4 630.19
3 954,47
4 602.35
5 264,96
3 302.15
3 948.84
4 608.32
4 597.46
3
3
4
3
4
4
3
3
4
4
3
3
4
3
4
5
3
3
4
4
3
3
4
3
4
4
3
3
4
4
3
3
4
3
4
5
3
3
4
4
3
3
4
3
4
4
3
3
4
4
39
40
Methanol
Methanethlol
764.09
1 239.39
676.06
1 151.36
764.59
1 239,83
676.14
1 151.39
765.09
1 240.28
E76.22
1 151.41
766.59
1 241.63
676,44
1 151.48
41
42
43
44
:
Hydrogen
Waterl)
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Carbon
Hydrogen
monoxide
cyanide
285.83
44,016
562.01
382.81
282,98
671.5
241.81
0
517.99
316,79
282.98
649.5
285.99
44,224
562.19
383.16
282.95
671,6
24j.76
0
517,97
316.82
282.95
649,5
286,15
44,433
562,38
383.51
282.91
671.7
241.72
0
517.95
316,86
282,91
649.5
286.63
45,074
562.94
384.57
282.80
671.9
241.56
0
511.81
316.96
282.80
6494
47
48
Carbonylsulfide
Carbon disulfide
548,23
1 104.49
548.23
1 104.49
548,19
1 104.41
548.19
1 104.41
548.15
1 104.32
548.15
1 104.32
548.01
1 104.06
548.01
1 104.06
Superior
Inferior
Superior
Inferior
Superior
891.09
1 561.41
2 220.13
2 878.57
2 869.38
3 537.17
3 530.24
3 516.01
4 196.58
4 188.95
4 191.54
4 179.15
4 186,93
4 855,29
5 513.88
6 173.46
6 832.31
802.65
1 428.74
2 043.23
2 657.45
2 648,26
3 271.83
3 264.89
3 250.67
3 887.01
3 879.38
3 881,97
3 869.59
3 877.36
4 501.49
5 115.87
5 731,22
6 345.85
891.56
1 562.14
2 221.10
2 879.76
2 870.58
3 538.60
3 531.68
3 517.43
4 198,24
4 190.62
4 193.22
4 180.83
4 188.60
4 857.18
5 516.01
6 175.82
6 834.90
802.69
1 428.84
2 043.37
2 657.60
2 648.42
3 272,00
3 265.08
3 250,83
3 887.21
3 879.59
3 882.19
3 869.80
3 877,57
4 501.72
5 116.11
5 731.49
6 346.14
892.97
1 564.34
2 224.01
2 883.82
2 874,20
3 542.89
3 535,98
3 521.72
4 203.23
4 195.61
4 198,24
4 185,84
4 193,63
4 862.87
5 522.40
6 182.91
6 842.69
802.82
1 429.12
2 043.71
2 658.45
2 648.83
3 272.45
3 265.54
3 251.28
3 887.71
3 880,09
3 882.72
3870.32
3 878.11
4 502.28
5 116,73
5 732.17
6 346.88
099.76
705.59
320.63.
689.13
292.79
911.19
169.48
771,95
387.20
376.34
322.19
972.46
631.95
956.02
604.09
266.95
302,86
949.81
609.53
598.64
100.03
705.86
320.92
689,42
293.06
911.49
169.56
772.08
387,37
376.48
326,14
977.04
637.27
960.67
609.34
272,88
305.03
962.72
613.14
602.17
Inferior
100.77
706,60
321.75
690.23
293,82
912.29
169.81
772.42
387.77
376.80
I) The non-zerocalorlflc
valueof water vapourISdewed formally
from the deflnitlon
of supenor calorlflc
value.which requires
condensawn to the 11q111tl
stare
11slaterlt
heat of vaporlzatiorl
to tlw
of allwater vapour Inthe productsof combustion.Thu s,any water vapour presentIn an otherwisedry gas contributes
superiorcalonfic
valueof the mixture.(See annex F fora fuller
explanation.)
14,
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Table
4 -

for the ideal gas on a mass basis
All values have been obtained by dividing

(before rounding) from table 1.
the appropriate
H value from table3
Idealcslorific value on a mass basis, l?

20 C
25 C
Component
reference
by the appropriate
conditions
molar mass
(MJ.kg-1
0 C
15 C
Superior
Inferior
Superior
Inferior
SupOdOr
Inferior
Superior
Inferior
55,516
51.90
50,33
49.51
49,35
49.01
48.91
48.71
48.68
48.59
48.62
48,48
48.57
48,44
48.25
46.12
48,00
50,029
47.51
46.33
45.72
45.56
45.35
45.25
45.05
45,lO
45.01
45.04
44,90
44.99
44.92
44.78
44.68
44,60
55.545
51.93
50,35
49.53
4937
49.03
48,93
48.73
48,70
48,61
48,&l
48,49
48,59
48,45
48,27
48,13
48,02
50.032
47.51
46.34
45.72
45.56
45,35
45.25
45.05
45.10
45.02
45.05
44s
44.99
44,92
44.79
44,69
44,60
55,574
51.95
50.37
49.55
49.39
49,04
48.95
48.75
46.72
48.63
48,66
48,51
48&l
48,47
48.29
48,15
48,04
50,035
47.52
46.34
45,72
45.57
45.35
45.25
45.06
45.11
45.02
45,05
44.91
45.00
44.93
44.79
44.69
44.60
55,662
52.02
50.44
49.62
49,45
49.10
49.01
48,81
48.77
48.69
48,72
48.57
48.66
48.53
48.34
48.21
48.09
50,043
47.53
46,35
45.74
45,57
45,36
45,26
45,06
45.11
45,02
45,06
44,91
45,00
44.93
44.79
44.69
44,61
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Methane
Ethane
Propane
nButane
Z-Methylpropane
nPentane
2-Methylbutane
2.2-Dlmethylpropane
n+lexane
2-Methylpentane
3-Methylpentane
2.2-Dlmethylbutane
2,BDlmethylbutane
nHeptane
nactane
nNonane
riDecane
18
18
20
21
22
23
24
Ethylene
Propylene
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
irans-2-Butene
2-Methylpropene
1-Pentene
50.30
48.91
48.42
48.30
48.24
48,13
48.13
47.16
45.77
45.28
45.16
45.10
44.99
44.99
50.32
48,92
48.44
48.32
48,25
48.14
48.14
47.17
45.77
45.29
45.16
45.10
44.99
44.99
50.34
48.94
48.46
48.33
48,27
48.16
48.16
47.17
45,77
45.29
45.17
45.10
44.99
44,99
50.39
48.99
48.51
48.39
48.32
48.21
48,21
47.17
45,78
45.29
45,17
4511
44,99
45.00
25
26
27
Propadwe
1.2-Butadiene
1.3.Butadiene
48,50
47.95
46.97
46,30
45.51
44.53
48,51
4736
46.98
46.30
45.51
44.53
48.52
47.98
47,00
46.30
45.51
44.53
48.55
48.01
47.03
46.30
4551
44.53
28
Acetylene
49.97
48.28
49,97
48.28
49.98
48.27
50.00
48,27
29
30
31
32
33
34
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclohexane
47,33
47.16
47.14
46.97
46.86
46.90
44.19
44.03
44.00
43.83
43.72
43.76
47,35
47.18
47,16
46,99
46.87
46.92
44.20
44.03
44.00
43.83
43.72
43.77
47.37
47.20
47.17
47.01
46.89
46.94
44.20
44.03
44.01
43.84
43,72
43.77
47.43
47.25
47.23
47.06
46,94
46.99
44.21
44,04
44.01
43,85
43.73
43.78
35
36
37
38
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xv&e
42.26
42.85
43.40
43.29
40.57
40.94
41,32
41.22
42,27
42.86
43,41
43.30
40,58
40.94
41,32
41.22
42.28
42.87
43.42
43.31
40.58
40.94
41.33
41.22
42.31
42,SO
43.45
43.35
40.58
40.94
41.33
41.23
38
40
Methanol
Methanethiol
23.85
25.76
21.10
23.93
23.86
25.77
21.10
23.93
23.88
25.78
21.10
23.93
23.92
25,81
21.11
23.93
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
4%
Hydrogen
Water11
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrogen cyanide
Carbon monoxide
Carbonvl sulfide
Carbon disulfide
141.79
2.44
16.49
22.48
24.85
10.10
9.13
14.51
119,95
0
15,20
18.60
24,03
10.10
9.13
14.51
141.87
2,45
16,50
22.50
24,85
10.10
9,12
14.50
119.93
0
1520
18.60
24,03
10.10
9,12
14.50
141.95
2.47
16,50
22.52
24.85
0.10
9,12
14.50
119.91
0
15.20
18.61
24.03
10.10
9.12
14.50
142,19
2.50
16.52
22.58
24.86
10.10
9,lZ
14.50
119.83
0
15.19
18.61
24.03
lO.10
9,12
14.50
1) The non-zero calonfic value of water vapour is dewed formally from the definition of superior calonfic value, which reqwes condensation to the llquld state
of all water vapour In the products of combustion Thua_ any water vapour present in an otherwise dry gas contributes Its latent heat of vaponzatlon to the
superior calonfic value of the mixture. (See annex F for a fuller explanat1on.J
15
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Table
5 -

conditions for the ideal gas on a volumetric basis.
All values have been obtained
by multiplying
the appropriate
H value from table3
and metering
reference
by p2/ReT,
Ideal calorific value on a volume&ric basis I? (MJTT-~)

Component
15/l 5 C
o/o C
15/o C
25/O C
20120 C
25/20 C
Superior
Inferior
Superior
Inferior
Superior
Inferior
Superior
lnforior
Superior
Inferior
Superior
Inferior
37,044
64.91
92.29
119.66
119.28
147.04
146.76
146.16
174.46
174.14
174.25
173.73
174.05
201.84
229.22
256.64
284.03
33,367
59.39
84.94
110.47
110.09
136.01
135.72
135.13
161.59
161.27
161.38
160.86
161.19
187.13
212.67
238.25
263.80
37.024
64.88
95.25
119.62
119.23
146.99
146.70
146.11
174.39
174.07
174.18
173.66
173.99
201.76
229.13
256.54
283.92
33,365
59.39
84,93
110.47
1
2
5
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1-l
Methane
Ethane
Propane
dutane
2-Methylpropane
nPentane
2-Methylbutane
2,2-Dtmethylpropane
nHexane
2-Methylpentane
3-Methylpentane
2,2-Dimethylbutane
2.3-Dlmethylbutane
nHeptane
n&tane
nNonane
nDecane
37,706
66.07
93.94
121.79
121.40
149.66
149,36
148.76
177.55
177.23
177.34
176.82
177,15
205.42
233.28
261.19
289.06
33,948
60.43
86.42
112.40
112.01
138.38
138.09
137.49
164,40
164.08
164.19
163.66
163,99
190.39
216.37
242.40
268.39
39,840
69.79
99.22
128,66
128.23
158.07
157.76
157.12
187.53
187.19
187.30
186.75
187.10
216.96
246.38
275,85
305.29
35,818
63,76
91.18
118,61
118.18
146.00
145.69
145.06
173.45
173,ll
173.23
172,67
173.02
200.87
228,za
255.74
283.16
39,777
69.69
99.09
128.48
128.07
157.87
157.57
156.93
187.30
186.96
187.08
186.53
186.87
216,70
246.10
275.53
304.94
35,812
63.75
91.16
118.57
118,16
145.98
145.67
145.04
173,43
173.09
173,20
172.65
173,00
200.84
228.25
255.71
283.13
39,735
69,63
99,Ol
128.37
127.96
157.75
157.44
156,80
187.16
186.82
186.38
186.73
216.53
245.91
275.32
304.71
35,808
63.74
91.15
118.56
iia.i5
145.96
145.66
145.02
173.41
173.07
173.19
172.63
172.98
200.82
228.23
255.69
283.11
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
Ethylene
Propylene
1-Butene
cis-2-Butene
trans-2-Butene
2-Methylpropene
1-Pentene
59.72
87.10
114.98
114.69
114.54
114.27
142.85
55.96
81.46
107,46
107.18
107.02
106.76
133.46
63,06
121,42
121.12
120.96
120.67
150.86
59.04
85.94
113.38
113.08
112.91
112.63
140.80
63.00
91.88
121.29
120,99
120.83
120.55
150.70
59.04
85.93
113.36
113.06
112.90
112.62
140.79
62,96
91,82
121.21
120,Sl
120.75
120.47
150.59
59.03
85.93
113.36
113.05
112.89
112.61
140.77
58.68
85.58
112.98
112.70
112.55
112.29
140.37
55.01
80.07
105.63
105.34
105.19
104.93
i3t,la
58.66
85.55
112.94
112.66
112.51
112.25
140.32
55.00
80.06
105.62
105.34
105.1
104.93
131.17
25
26
27
Propadiene
1.2-Butadiene
1.3.Butadiene
82.21
109.75
107,51
78.46
104.12
lO.l.87
86.79
115.87
113.51
82.76
109.84
107.47
86.73
115.78
113.42
82.76
109.83
107,47
86.69
115.72
113.36
82.76
109.83
107.46
80.79
107.85
105.65
77.12
102.34
100.13
80,78
107.83
105.62
77.12
102.34
100.13
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
Acetylene
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclohexane
55.04
140,50
168.00
195.90
167.31
194.72
222,75
53.16
131,ll
156.73
182.74
156.03
181.56
207.72
58.08
148.40
177.43
206.89
176.70
205,64
235.25
56.07
138.34
165,37
192.81
164.64
191,57
219.16
58.06
148.22
177,23
206.65
176.50
205.41
234.98
56.08
i38,3i
165.34
192.78
164,60
191.53
219.13
58.05
148.10
177.10
206.50
176.36
205.26
234,ai
56.08
138.28
16531
192.75
164.58
191.51
219.10
54.09
138.05
165,08
192.48
164.39
191.32
218.87
52.25
i28,86
154.04
179,61
153.36
178.45
204,16
54.09
138.00
165.01
192.41
164.33
191,25
218.79
52.26
128.85
154,03
179.60
153,35
I78.44
204.15
35
36
37
38
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
139.69
167.05
194.95
194.49
134,05
159.53
185,55
185.09
147.45
176.35
205.81
205.32
141.42
168.31
195.76
195.27
147.36
176.22
205.65
205,17
141,41
168.29
195.74
195.26
147.29
176.13
205.55
205.06
141.40
168.28
195,73
195.24
137.27
114,16
1 1.57
191,12
131.76
156.80
182.38
lat.93
137.24
164.12
191,52
191.07
131.75
156.80
182.37
181.92
39
40
Methanol
Methanethtol
32.36
52.45
28.60
48.70
34.20
5540
30.18
51.37
34.13
55.33
30,17
51.37
34,09
55.30
30.16
51.37
31.78
51.54
28.11
47.86
31,76
51.52
28.10
47,86
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Hydrogen
Watert)
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrogen cyanide
Carbon monoxide
Carbonylsulfide
Carbon disulfide
12,102
1,aa
23.78
16,22
28.41
11.96
23.18
46.70
10,223
0
21.91
13,40
27.47
Il.96
23.18
46.70
I2,788
2.01
25.12
17.16
29.98
12.62
24.45
49.26
10,777
0
23.10
14.14
28.97
12.62
24,45
49.26
12,767
1,98
25.09
17.11
29.97
12.62
24,46
49;27
10,784
0
23.11
14.14
28.98
12.62
24.46
49.27
12.752
1,96
25.07
17,oa
29.96
12,63
24,46
49,28
10.788
0
23.11
14,13
28.98
12.63
24.46
49.28
11,889
1.84
23.37
15.93
27,92
11.76
22,79
45.91
10,050
0
21,53
13.17
27,00
11.76
22.79
45.91
11.882
I,83
23.36
15.91
27.91
11.76
22.79
45,91
10,052
0
21.53
13.17
27.00
11.76
22.79
45.91
9i,sa
I 86.93
i lo.08
136.01
135.72
135,13
161.58
161.26
161.37
:60.86
161.18
187.12
212.66
238.24
263.79
NOTES
1 The reference
2
The column
pressure for both combustion

headings
and metering
t,/rz C refer to the reference
is 101,325 kPa in all cases.
temperatures
for combustion
and metering,
respectively.
1) The non-zerocalorific
valueof water vapourisderivedformally
fromthe deflnltlon
of supenor caloriflc
value,which requires
condensatlontotheliquid
state
of allwater vapour In the productsof combustion.Thus, any water vapour presentin an otherwlsedry gas contributes
Itslatentheat of vaponratlonro the
_h
supenor calonflc
valueof the mixture.(See annex F fora fuller
explanation.)
16
IS 14504
: 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Annex A
(normative)
Symbols and units

Symbol
Meaning
indices for the generalized
molecular
Unit
Atomic
Gas law deviation
J b
B
Summation
Second virial coefficient
m3.molm
Third virial coefficient
m6.mol- 2
CP
Molar isobaric heat capacity
J.molf
Relative densitv
Molar enthalpy
Jmol-
Calorific value on a molar basis
kJ.mol-
Calorific value on a mass basis
MJ.kg-
(b = 1 - 2 1
coefficient
species C,H,O,N$,
a. b, c, d, e
factor
basis
.K-
MJ.me3
K
L
molar enthalpy
Molar mass
kgkmol-
II
Number of determinations
Number of components
Pressure (absolute)
kPa
qth virial coefficient
m3(Y
Molar gas constant
J.mol
Celsius temperature
Thermodynamic
Volume
m3
Wobbe index
MJ.m- 3
Mole fraction
Volume
of vaporization
in a mixture
kJ-mol-
).mol
(4
.K-
fraction
General (unspecified)
Compression
Density
physrcal property
factor
kg.m
Stoichiometric
Acentric
in a set of values
(absolute) temperature
(1)
of water
factor
coefficient
17
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Subscripts
c
Value at the gas-liquid critical point

Identifier
of a particular value in a set
Inferior (calorific value)
Component
identifier
Component
identifier
Quantity
per mole
Quantity
divided by its value at the critical point
At saturation
Superior kalorific
For water vapour
air
For air
value)
mix
For the mixture
Combustion
Metering
Superscripts
0
For the ideal gas state
reference
reference
Non-normalized
state
state
value
hOfiX
la
Denotes
the repeatability
or reproducibility
of the physical property
prefixed
Is 14504:1998
IS0 6976:1995
Annex B
(normative)
Values of auxiliary constants, etc.
B.l
Molar gas constant
The current recommended

value of the molar gas
constant R is given in reference [15] in annex -M:
Zair(273,15 K, 101,325 kPa) = 0,999 41
(B.3)
Z,,,(288,15
K, 101,325 kPa) = 0,999 58
(8.4)
Z,,,(293,15
K, 101,325 kPa) = 0,999 63
(8.5)
R = (8,314 510 f 0,000 070) J-mol- .K-.. .@.I)

The real-gas density of air of standard composition
which these values give rise are
8.2 Critical constants

factors
and acentric
p,,,(273,15
Properties
of dry air
The resulting value for the molar mass

rounded to the fourth decimal place is
Mall= 28,9626 kg.kmol-
p,,,(288,15
of dry air
K, 101,325 kPa) = 1,225 410 kg.m- 3

. (6.7)
Pair(293,15 K, 101,325 kPa) = 1,204 449 kg-me3

. . F3.8)
B.4
The recommended
molar composition
of dry air is
given in table B.2. This is, col!ated from the work of
Jones1161 and Giacomo[171, and is as given in reference ~131. Note that many alternative
sources, including IS0 2533tll
give the volumetric composition
rather than the molar composition;
the latter is more
appropriate for the direct calculation of mean molar
mass (molecular weight).
K, 101,325 kPa) = 1,292 923 kg.rnm3

(B.6)
Selected values for the critical temperature

T,, the
critical pressure pc and the acentric factor o, which
have been used in the derivation
of many of the
compression factor values Z given in table 2 by means
of the Pitzer-Curl equation (see E.2). are given in
table B.l. The source of all values is reference
[13]
in annex M.
B.3
to
Enthalpy of vaporization
of water
The standard molar enthalpy of vaporization of water

is required at each of the four commonly used combustion reference conditions, in order to facilitate calculations of the difference
between
the ideal-gas
superior
calorific value and the ideal-gas inferior
calorific value (molar basis) for each component. The
following valuesllsl
have been used in the derivation
of the inferior calorific values given in table3.
L(273.15
K) = 45,074 kJ-mol-
L(288,15
K) = 44,433 kJ.mol-
L(293,15
K) = 44,224 kJ.mol-
L(298,15
K) = 44,016 kJ.mol-
(B.9)
.
(B.lO)
(8.2)
The value of the compression

factor of dry air of
standard composition at each of the three commonly
used
metering
reference
conditions
should
be
taken I131 as
(B. 11)
(B.12)
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Table B.1 Component
Critical properties
wtkd tomperatura
K
Critical preaaurd
kPa
Acentric factor
190,555
305.83
369.82
425.14
408.13
469,69
460.39
433,75
506.4
497.5
504.4
488.7
499.8
539.2
568.4
594.4
617.8
4 598.8
4 880
4 250
3784
3648
3364
3 381
3 199
3 030
3 010
3 120
3 060
3 130
2 740
2490
2 260
2090
0,011
0,090
0.145
0,192
0,175
0,251
0,227
0,197
0,295
0,279
0.275
0,231
0,247
0.350
0,394
0.443
0,490
5
8
4
8
6
0
3
0
7
1
0
0
3
6
2
7
2
2822.35
364,85
419.53
435.58
428.63
417.90
464.78
5042
4 601
4 023
4 220
4 050
4000
3 526
0,085
0,147
0,187
0,204
0,213
0.189
0,245
6
7
4
4
8
8
0
393
443.7
425
5 470
4 500
4 330
0.149
0.339 4
0,181 4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1s
16
11
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-Butane
2-Methylpropane
n-Pentane
2-Methylbutane
Z.ZDimethylpropane
n+iexane
2-Methylpantane
3-Methylpentane
2.2-Dimethylbutane
2.3-Dimethyibutane
nHeptane
n&tane
n+Jonane
n&cane
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Ethylene
Propylene
I-Butene
cis-2-Butene
Vans-2-Butene
2-Methylpropene
1-Pentene
25
26
27
Propadiene
1.2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
26
Acetylene
308.33
6 139
0,184
29
SO
11
32
33
34
36
36
37
36
Cyclopentane
Methylcycbpentant
Ethylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclohexane
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
ayfene
511.61
532.73
569.46
553,5
572.12
609
562,16
591.80
617.20
030.33
4 502
3784
3 397
4 074
3 471
3040
4 898
4 106
3 606
3 734
0,192
0,239
0.282
0,214
0.233
0,242
0,210
0.256
0,301
0.313
3
5
6
4
3
6
0
6
1
6
39
40
Methanol
Methanethid
Yb?d?
8 092
7 230
0,556
0.163
41
42
43
Hydrogen
Water
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrogen cyanide
Carbon monoxide
Carbdnyl sulfide
Carbon .disulfide
33.2
647.14
373.2
405.5
4567
132.85
376.8
552
1 297
22 064
8940
11350
5 390
3494
6 349
7900
- 0.218
0,328
0,109
0.250
0,388
0.053
0,096
0,109
Helium
Neon
5.19
44,40
150.65
126.2
154.59
304.20
430.8
227
2 760
4 866
3 390
5043
7 386
7084
- 0.365
- 0.029
0.001
0,039
0,025
0.239
0,256
t:
46
47
46
:
51
52
63
54
55
20
Awn
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
IS
IS0
14504 : 1998
6976 : 1995
Table
6.2 -
Molar composition
Species
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Carbon dioxide
Neon
Helium
Methane
Krypton
Hydrogen
Dinitrogen monoxide
Carbon monoxide
Xenon
of dry air
Mole fraction
0,781 02
0,209 46
0,009 16
0,000 33
0,000 018
0,000 005
O.OOO001
0,300 001
0,000 000
0,000 000
0,000 000
0,000 000
2
2
5
1
5
3
2
1
21
IS. 14594: 1996

IS0 6976 : 1995
Annex C
(informative)
Conversion of volume fractions to mole fractions
If the composition is k_nown in volume fractions at the metering
fractions may be carried out using the equation
for all j,
22
reference
conditions
(r2,p2), the conversion
to mole
IS 14504
1%
6976
: 1998
: 1995
Annex D
(informative)
Table D.l gives calculations,
presented
in a simple
spreadsheet style, of the relative molecular mass, the
superior ideal molar calorific value and the compression factor of a natural gas of a given composition, from basic physical property
data, for the
15/l 5 C reference conditions (IS0 standard reference conditions). For the purposes of these example
calculations,
numerical values of all quantities
used
have been rounded to the fifth significant digit, and
used as such in any subsequent
calculations.
In reality, all calculations
should be performed using the
full number of digits available on the calculator or
computer, and only rounded at the final line to the
correctly reported number of digits (see 9.3). According to the methods described in this International
Standard, the various other physical properties of the
natural gas are calculated as follows.
The entire calculation procedure for the calorific
NOTE 20
value given in this annex is for the superior calorific value
only. Calculations of the inferior caloriftc value are entirely
analogous.
is 17,478 kg.kmol-
Thus
= 52,586 MJ.kgreported as 5259

Alternatively,
MJ.kg-
$ can be calculated
from equation
(7)
CD.21
This calculation
52,59 MJ.kg- .
also
gives
calorific
value

0.3
(clause 7)
of
basis
In accordance with 7.1, the superior calonfic value on

a volumetric basis, I?:, of the ideal gas is calculated
from equation (8):
D.l
Calorific value on a molar basis
(clause 5)
From table D.1, the superior calorific value on a molar
basis, @, of the ideal gas at 15 C is, after rounding,
919,09 kJ.mol- .
This is also taken as the value of Us, the calorific value
of the real gas, the enthalpic correction from ideal to
real gas being small enough to neglect (see note 13
to 5.2).
where
from table D. 1,
G( 15 C) is 919,09 kJ.mol-
pz is 101,325 kPa;
T, is 288,15 K;
0.2
Calorific value on a mass basis
(clause 6)
the
molar
R,
8,314 510 J.mol- K
In accordance with clause 6, the superior calorific

value on a mass basis, $. of the ideal gas is calculated from equation (5):
j&J
where,
g(l5
= sg!l
from table 0.1,
CD.11
gas
constant,
IS
Thus
;:[I5
C, V(15 C,101,325
kPa)]
919.09 x 101,325
8,314 510 x 288,15
= 38,870 MJ.m-
3, reported
as 38.87 MJ.m-
3.
C) is 919,09 kJ-mol- ;
23
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Alternatively,
can be calculated
from equation
(9):
p2) = do%!, (Q2)

(D.8)
fig[tJv
V(t2,&)]
~~jmij'[r,tv(f~tP*)]
.(D.4)
j=l
which
ZrnI&h)
where
also gives a value of 38,87 MJ.mp3.
The effect of the change from ideal to real gas is calculated in accordance with the procedure described
in 7.2
0.5)
where Z,i,, the compression

factor of the gas mixture, is calculated from equation (3):
%I,
(15 C, 101,325 kPa)

table 2);
ZmiX
is 0,997 71 (see clause D.3).
= 1-
. . (D.6)
~~j~
i
j=l
X,101,325
(see
d(15 C, 101,325 kPa)

= 0,603 47 x 0,999 58
0,997 71
D.4.2
as 0,604 6
Density
From table D.1, the value of the sum of the

fraction summation factors is 0,047 85; hence
&,x(15
0,999 58
Thus
= 0,604 60, reported

~,,(t*,p2)
is
mole
In accordance with 8.1, the density

calculated from equation (12):
P($tP2)
=
kPa) = 1 - (0,047 85)2
of the ideal gas is
0.9)
c*,'"j
J=1
= 0,997 71, reported as 0,997 7

Thus
and the superior calorific value of the real gas is
I?s[15 C,V(15 C,101,325
~(15 C,101,325
kPa)]
kPa) = 81~;~~l~
= 0,739 18 kg-m- 3, reported
38,87
= 0,997 71
= 38,959 MJ.m-
3, reported as 38,96 MJ.m-
3.
From 8.2, the

equation (15):
Relative density, density and Wobbe

index (clause 8)
D.4
P(bP2)
density
of the
lx0&$F5
as 0,739 2 kg-m- 3.
real gas is given
by
PO(bP*)
Gl&&J)
Thus
Relative density
D.4.1
In accordance with 8.1, the relative density

ideal gas is calculated from equation (11):
do = Axj
x g
of the
(D.7)
Using the data from tableD.

and the value for M,,,
of 28,962 6 kg$mol- , we obtain
=
In accordance with 8.2, the relative density of the real

gas is calculated from equation (14):
as 0,740 9 kgmrn- 3.
In accordance with 8.1, the Wobbe index of the ideal

gas is calculated from equation (13):
~Pll V(t2tPJ =
17,478
= 0,603 47, reportedas 0,603 5.
3, reported
Wobbe index
0.4.3
28,962 6
24
kPa) = gg
= 0,740 8Gg.m-
j=l
p(t5 C,101,325
ml,
W2J72)l
(D.10)
do
J--
Thus
w]l5
C,V(15 C,101,325
kPa)] =
38S870
JlGiiZ
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
= 50,036 MJ.m-
, reported
From 8.2, the Wobbe

by equation (16):
W[r,,V(/,,p,)] =
as 50,04 MJn-
Index of the real gas is grven
I?,h
V(Wz)I
~---f=_--_rzx--
D.5.3
Repeatability
volumetric basis
To obtain the repeatability for the ideal gas on a volumetric basis, the repeatability
on a molar basis is
multrplied by p2/R.T2.
M[15 C, V( 15 C,101,325
= 50,104 MJ.m-
kPa)] := ----38&9!?91L~
J 0,604 6
s, reported
as 50,lO MJ.m-
Note that all the figures calculated in this annex are

identical to those given by the computer program described in annex K, except that for IV. However, if the
full number of digits is carned throughout the example
calculations leading to the value for W, then a correct
figure of 50.11 MJ.rn
results, as in annex K.
Precision
(clause
Repeatability
molar basis
D.5.1
Repeatability
mass basis
0 11 x 101
325
.._L_.__
8,314 510 x 288,15
_L____
= 0,005 MJ.m-
3, reported as + 0,Ol MJ.rn-- 3
The repeatability
on the ideal-gas superior calonfic
value on a volumetric
basis of 38,87 MJ.m-
IS
+ 0,Ol MJ.mm3.
D.5.4
Repeatability
density
and Wobbe
D.5.4.1
Relative
of relative
density,
Index
density
To obtain the repeatability for the Ideal gas on a mass

basis, the repeatability on a molar basrs IS divided by
molar
the
mass
value
for
the
gas
of
17,478 kg.kmol .
0.11
17,478
(either
Ideal
where
AM,
from
table 0.2
+ 0,003 1 kg.kmol-:
M,,, is 28,962 6 kg.kmol-
[see
equation
(23)],
IS
Thus
A =
From table D.2, the repeatability AZ,,, of the ideal-gas

calorific
value
of
919,09 kJ.mol- is
superior
+, 0,l I kJ.mol- [see equation (19)].
D.5.2
*HE,, =
The repeatability of the relative density

or real) is calculated from equation (20):
9)
Table D.2 gives repeatability calculations, presented in

a format srmrlar to that of table D.1, for the same gas
mixture. Only the case where methane is analysed
(rather than calculated by difference) is considered. In
order to perform these calculatrons, values need to
be known for the repeatabrlity, using non-normalized
mole fraction data, of each individual component. The
values
used are grven in the fifth
column
of
table D.2.
A$,,
(D.11)
Thus
D.5
The repeatability of the superior calorific value on a

mass basis of 52,59 MJ.kg-- is +_ 0,Ol MJ.kg- .
0,003 1
28,962 6
= 0,000 11, reported as + 0,000 1

The repeatability
on the Ideal relative density
of
0,603 5 and on the real relative density of 0,604 6 IS
+ 0,000 1.
D.5.4.2
Density
The repeatability of the density

calculated from equation (21):
(either ideal or real) IS
= -___
= 0,006 MJ.kg-
, reported as + 0,Ol MJ.kg-
0,003 1 x 101,325
= 8,314 510 x 288,15
= 0,000 13 reported as F 0,000 1 kg.m- 3
25
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
The
repeatability
on
the
ideai
0,739 2 kg-mm3
and
on
the
real
0,740 9 kg-m - 3 is k 0,000 1 kg-m- 3.
D.5.4.3
Wobbe
density
density
of
of
index
= 0,001 3 MJSmw3, reported as + 0,Ol MJ.mm3.
The repeatability
of the ideal Wobbe
lated from equation (24):
index
is calcu-
.,=w?[
(Lgj+ ($)2]2
Table
Component
D.l
Details of an example
Molar mass
Superior
calorific value
M,
1%&V 5 (4
kg,kmol-'
kJ.mol-'
The repeatability
on the ideal
SO,04 MJ.m-3 is + 0,Ol MJ.mm3.
Summation
factor
of a property
Mole
fraction
fi
(15 "C,
101,325 kPa)
Wobbe
of
calculation
Mole fraction x
molar mass per
mole
Mole fraction x
calorific value
x,+?
x, (@I,
kg.kmol-'
x,
Index
Mole
fraction x
summation
factor
kJ.mol-'
6x; J- b,
I
Methane
16,043
0,044 7
891.56
0,924 7
14,835 0
824,43
0041 33
._-_____
0,003 23
Ethane
30,070
1 562.14
0,092 2
0,035 0
1,052 5
54,6?
Propane
44,097
2 221.10
0,133 8
0,009 8
0,432 2
21,77
0,001 31
Autane
58,123
2 879.76
0,187 1
0,002 2
0,127 9
6.34
0,000 41
2-Methylpropane
58,123
2 870.58
0,178 9
0,003 4
0,197 6
$76
0,000 61
n-Pentane
72,150
3 538.60
0,251 0
0,000 6
0,043 3
2.12
0,000 15
Nitrogen
28,013 5
0,017 3
0,017 5
0,490 2
44,010
0,074 8
0,006
0,299 3
0,000 30
-0,000 51
1,000 0
17.478
919.09
0.047 a5
Carbon dioxide
Totals
Table
kg.kmol-'
Methane
16,043
Ethane
30,070
D.2 -
Details of an examole
kJ.mol-'
89156
1 562,14
of a orecision
x/
0,924 7
0,001 532
0,035 0
0,000 086
calculation
0,000 004 83
0,001 779
0,000 001 17
0,003 058
I
Propane
44,097
2 221.10
0,009 a
0,000 032
0,001 736
Autane
58,123
2 879.76
0,002 2
0,000 010
0,000 384
0,000 000 17
Z-Methylpropane
58,123
2 870.58
0,003 4
0,000 006
0,000 137
0.000 000 06
Gentane
72,150
3 538,60
0,000 6
0,000 004
0,000
0,000 000 05
Nitrogen
28,013 5
0,017 50
0,000 064
0,003 460
0,000 00045
0,000 052
0.002 284
0,000 001 90
0,012 948
0,000 009 36
Carbon dioxide
Totals
Square roots of totals
26
44,010
0,006 8
1,000 0
0,113
110
0,000 000 73
0,003 06
1s 14504:1998
Iso 6976:1995
Annex E
(informative)
Behaviour of ideal and real gases

E.l Variation of ideal-gas enthalpy of
combustion with temperature
or, equivalently,
[In 4.1, reference is made to the fact that the id&-gas

(standard) enthalpy of combustion
- z of any gas or
gas mixture varies in accordance with the temperature at which combustion is deemed to take place (i.e.
the combustion reference temperature). The variation
observed, although relatively small in magnitude,
is
significant
and must not be ignored. However, the
variation is generally complex, and in consequence
it
is not practicable to provide formulations which would
enable the user to determine
H< at any arbitrary
combustion
reference temperature.
Instead, values
of H< for each distinct chemical component listed in
this International Standard are given in table 3 for each
of the commonly
used combustion
reference temperatures
of 298,15 K, 293,15 K, 288.15 K and
273,15 K (25 C, 20 C, 15 C and 0 C, respectively).
The values listed have been derived as follows. Consider the generalized
combustion
reaction for the
supposedly
gaseous,
chemical
component
pure,
(C,H,O,N,S,)
in which the atomic indices a to e are
non-negative
integers (including zero) whose values
define the specific component
in question (e.g. for
a = 1, b = 4, c = d = e = 0, the species is CH,), viz.
C,H,O,N,S,(g)
= aCWg)
+ +
+ ia + $
H,O(j)
- 5
+ +
+ e) O,(g)
N,(g) + eS%(g)
. 61)
Suppose that the standard enthalpy of combustion at

25 C, - Hg (25 0, for this reaction is available in
authoritative
publications (as is indeed the case for all
components considered herein). The value of H:(t) at
some other temperature
t, for this same component
j, IS then grven by the equation
[ -
?iY(f)l,= -
G(4l)j
Cvk[hF(f*)
- hko(f)l
k
(E.2)
K(r)]jQ
[-&(b)lj
+ Cl~vk(c~)b
k
dr
(5.3)
where
to
= 25 C;
hk0)
is the ideal-gas molar enthalpy;
(c,) k
is the ideal-gas isobaric molar heat capacity of component k (except for product
water which is taken as the liquid). The
summation is taken over all components
k
which appear in the combustion
reaction
(a maximum
of 6 in the most general
case);
is the stoichiometric
coefficient
for component k, taken as positive for reactants
(unity for the object
component i) and
negative for products.
Thus, the calculation is reduced to having sufficient

knowledge of either ho or, equivalently,
L; as a function of temperature, for the object component j and
the 5 auxiliary
components O,, CO,, N, and SO, (in
the gas phase) and liquid water. Both quantities are
complex functions of temperature,
most usualty expressed in polynomial form, for all components.
Several types of polynomial
expression
have been
used over the years to represent the variation of ho
and ci with temperature.
For the application
considered here, the temperature
range over whir% the
variation is required is rather small (a maximum
of
25 K). Partially as a consequence
of this, the entire
second term on the right-hand side of equations (E.2)
and (E.3) is very small by comparison with the frrst
term, and any reasonable formulation should produce
essentially identical results for H(t). Appropriate data
for calculating e(f)
for specific temperatures
may be
found for several of the present components (without
recourse to oolynomial expressions)
in the compilations of Arr,lstrong
and Jobe 171 and of Garvin et
al. (81,[JO]. Corresponding
polynomial
expressions
27
IS 14504 : 1996
IS0 6976 : 1995
given by Passut and Dannertlal

or of a modified
Wilhoit-Harmens
formtlsl,
1201,1211are also available.
Where possible, calculations for Hi(t) were actually
performed by a variety of routes in order to confirm
their equivalence.
No significant discrepancies
were
revealed (that is, differences
were generally in the
second decimal place, which is usually not significant
in terms of measurement
accuracy and is retained in
table 3 only for interpolation).
For the purpose of deriving final values of z(20
C),
@(15 C) and g(O C) from G(25 C), to list in
table 3, the favoured methods of calculation used data
from Garvin et a/. [al, [la], Armstrong and Jobe [7], or
the modified Wilhoit-Harmens
polynomial [211, in that
order of preference.
Further details of these calculations are given in reference [13] in annex M.
E.2 Corrections for non-ideal@:

volumetric effects
The volume V, (ideal) occupied, at the metering reference conditions (r2,p2), by 1 mol of a gas which behaves in accordance with the so-called ideal gas law
(see 2.7) is given by the equation
P-V,
ZP-,P) = r
Z(T,p) = 1 +
E.7)
B(T) +
-v
cm +
6
Q(T)
... + T4-1).
m
where V,(real) has been abbreviated to V, for clarity.

In this expression, the quantities B(T), C(T), .... Q(T)
are known as the second, third,
4th virial coefficients respectively.
Each is a function of temperature
and composition,
but is independent of pressure. The
term containing the second virial coefficient accounts
for the effect upon Z of two-body
molecular interactions (both like-molecule
and unlike-molecule);
likewise the term containing
the third virial coefficient
accounts solely for the effects of three-body molecular interactions, and so on. At the pressures of interest
in this International
Standard, three-body and higher
order interactions
are unimportant;
hence the virial
expansion may be truncated at the second term, with
no loss of accuracy.
Thus
Gi,
Z(T,p) = 1 + *
. (E.9)
V,,,(ideal) --
R.T2
p2
(E.4)
(E.8)
zmi, = 1 +
pci;;
(E.lO)
IX *
where T, is the absolute temperature,

equivalent to the Celsius temperature r2.
in kelvins,
No actual gas, and certainly no real natural gas, precisely obeys the ideal gas law: accordingly, the volume V,,,(real) occupied by 1 mol of a real gas is often
related to V,,,(ideal) through use of the quantity Z,
known as the compression factor, such that
V,(real)
= Z(T2,p2).V,(ideal)
(E.5)
Equation (E.lO) may be solved as a quadratic in &,,,

if B,,,(T)
is known. The previous text of this subclause is applicable to pure gases and mixtures alike.
Statistical mechanics also provides
B mx for a multicomponent
mixture
position, as follows:
B,i,(T)
= ~~~,l;.*,.S,(T)
I
The compression
factor is generally a function
of
temperature,
pressure and gas composition;
it may
be greater than or (more often) less than unity, but is
usually close to unity for permanent
gaseous substances.
The theory of statistical mechanics provides both an
Insight into the general dependence of Z on temperature, pressure and composition, and a means of evaluating it for a mixture of arbitrary composition,
from
the known properties of the components of the mixture.
The basrc statistical mechanical expression
infinite series of the following form:
28
an expression for
of arbitrary com-
(E.11)
where each summation

ponents of the mixture.
is taken
over
all N com-
In this expression,
there are N like Interaction (pure
component) terms of the form .$.B,,, and N(N - I)/2
unlike (mixed) interaction terms of the form ~.v,..I,.R,,
(since the subscripts are theoretrcally reversible).
It is not practicable to provide numerical values 111 ths
International
Standard for all B,, (or. equivalently,
1,)
and all B,, for each of the meterrng temperatures
of
Interest; this would require some 4 620 values. a
rather high proportion
of which would have to be
based on some estlrnatlve or correlative technlullr:
for Z is an
NOTE 21
Calculated as
IS 14504:
1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
N+
NW-I)
2
x3
&x=
A -~,i_.XjX~J(l
j
-Zj).(l
for N = 55, there being three commonly used values for Tz.
It is clear, then, that a substantial reduction of the data
requirement
in accordance
with a well-understood
(and well-behaved)
specific approximation
is necessary if GiX, and hence V,,,(real), are to be readily calculable from equations (E.lO) and (E.6). This is especially
the case if the method is to be amenable to manual
calculation.
One
such
specific
approximation
scheme
recommended by some authorities171 is to retain only the
N like interaction terms and the (N - 1) unlike interaction terms involving methane as one component
(i.e. terms of the form hl-Xk-Btk,
where the subscript
1 refers to methane)..This
formulation
has the merit
of severely reducing the number of terms to be
evaluated, and the virial coefficients
in those that remain are generally reasonably accessible; moreover,
the tf?rrYIS omitted, (i.e. all other jX~.Bjk terIYtS for
j,k # 1). can reasonably
be treated as negligible in
many calculations because X~ xk < x1 for all j, k.
However, for the purpose of this International
Standard, an alternative simplification
scheme has been
preferred which has the advantage of retaining all
terms, the like-interaction
terms being correctly represented and the unlike-interaction
terms being represented in accordance with a specific approximation.
The simplification
involved
may be understood
by
combining equations (E.9) and (E.ll)
(omitting 79 as
. (E.12)
then, making the approximation
~,,
where
Equation
in size, shape
. (E.16)
[i
~Xj'JbT
...
(E.17)
bi = 1 - Zj.
This expression
thus retains all the terms in the origbut uses only the values of
the pure component compression factors Zj to do so.
Equation (E. 17) forms the basis for making corrections
for volumetric
non-ideality that are both suitable for
manual calculations and of sufficient accuracy.
inal formulation
for &,x,
However, equation (E.17) cannot be used in an uncritical way. It is known to have limitations
for mixtures containing
any of three components,
namely
hydrogen, helium and carbon dioxidet41. In the first
two cases, this arises because Zj > 1 at metering reference conditions, so that J- b is an unreal number
(as is also the case for neon). To overcome this, hydrogen, helium and neon are assigned pseudo-values of J- b ,and so formally leave equation (E.17)
unchanged. For carbon dioxide, there is no need to
make such special provisions, provided that its concentration
is within the limit of 0,15 mole fraction
quoted in clause 1.
NOTE 22
In reference [4] in annex M, which has formed
the basis of most subsequent standard documents
in this
area, an individual treatment
is used for any hydrogen
present. Specifically, hydrogen is removed from the summation and an extra term added to the overall expression.
However, it can be shown that this is not necessary, provided that the hydrogen content of the gas does not exceed
0,05 mole fraction.
. . (E.13)
Values
. . (E.14)
a)
Wherever possible, and most obviously for the

permanent gases, it is generally preferable to use
compression
factors taken directly from experiment, or at least from the fitting of high-quality
pressure, volume and temperature data to a good
interpolative
equation of state. The values given
in table2 for such gases have generally
been
taken from secondary compilations
(identified
in
reference [13] in annex MI which satisfy this criterion.
b)
For components
which are not gaseous in the
pure state at the metering reference conditions,
(for all j,k)
for all I$ and fi

at the three metering reference temperatures
of interest are given in table2
(clause 10). A hierarchy of the means of obtaining
these values has been used as follows:
Although having no formal basis in statistical mecha&s,

this approximation
is usually reasonably accurate for mixtures
composed
of molecules
which are
not too dissimilar
= I -
-ZJ..
and polarity.
(E. 13) then becomes
(E.15)
29
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
a different
approach is required. That generally
adopted here is to estimate values for B(T), using
the Pitzer-Curl correlation [221, and to convert this
value to a hypothetical
value for Z(T,p) using
the pure-gas analogue of equation (E.lO). The
Pitzer-Curl correlation may be written as
*
= (0,144 5 + 0,073o)
-- 0,330 - 0,460
T,
-
0,138 5 + 0.50~
T2I
0,012 1 + 0,097o
r3
0,007 30
+
..
(E.18)
In this expression, the subscript c identifies the

value at the gas-liquid critical point, the subscript
r identifies the value of a quantity divided by its
value at the critical point (i.e. a dimensionless
reduced
value), and w is the so-called acentric
factor. The values used for I-,, pc and o are given
in clause B.2. In converting values of B to values
of 2, the second term on the right-hand side of
equation
(E.lO)
has been
approximated
as
p-B(T) /R-T.
Cl There are a few remaining
components which fall

outside of the scope of methods a) or b). In partrcular, the original Pitzer-Curl correlation was developed to apply mostly to hydrocarbons
and
simple non-polar species. It therefore should not
be applied
to components
such as water,
methanol,
carbonyl
sulfide,
etc. A variety of
methods, which will not be elaborated here (but
which
are discussed
in reference
[I33
in
.annex MI, has been used to estimate hypothetical compression
factors for such components.
Fortunately, none of the components involved WIII
ever be present, in a natural gas or natural gas
substitute,
in sufficient amounts that any error in
Z will propagate detectably into &,,.
E.3 Corrections for non-ideality:

enthalpic effects
The ideal-gas molar superior calorific value @ of
C,HbO,N,S,
effectively
defined in clause 2 as the
negative of the standard enthalpy of combustion
of
the generalized combustion
reaction [equation (E.l I],
refers specifically to the ideal reaction; that is, not only
is the combustible
component assumed to be in the
ideal-gas state, but so too are the reactant oxygen and
all of the products (except liquid water). A correction
to the enthalpy of combustion is therefore in principle
required, to account for the fact that combu&on
reactions cannot actually take place with all components
in the ideal-gas state. For a natural gas mixture, the
overall combustion
process is represented
by the
mole fraction sum of several equations of the same
form as equation (E.1). each having a different set of
values for the non-negative integers a,h,c,d,e.
For such a natural gas mixture, for the (initially separate) reactant oxygen and for the homogeneous
product mixture, the departure per mole [h(T,p) - h(T)]
of the actual enthalpy from the value ho(T) in the
ideal-gas state at the same temperature,
can be calculated if a suitable equation of state is available. For
the binary molecular collision (low pressure) approximation it can be shownI
that in each case, the
enthalpy departure is given by the equation
qT,p,x) - hO(T,x)
=
R.T
(E.19)
where
B(T,x)
is the second virial

composition s;
V,(T,p,x)
is the molar volume, obtainable as the

positive
solution
of the quadratic
equation
cl) Finally, the special cases of hydrogen,
helium and
neon have already been mentioned
just before
note 22. Note that the values listed for Z in
table2 for these components
are the true values;
only the values

referred to.
NOTE 23
Standard
In current
2172-861x?
for
J- h are the pseudo-values
US usage, as exemplrfred
the summatron
factor
by GPA
J- h is cffec,
ttvely dct3tged as J (1 - Z) /IJ The original deftnrtlon of J h
as J 1 z is preferred and retained In this Internatmnat
Standard.
V,(T$J)
The total
enthalpy
correctior
can then
the appropnately
weighted
stoichiometry)
of the three
butions
oppostte
Makrny
from
the
sense
sum
such
have
to that from
calculations
nevertheless
reactants
coefficient
be formed
to be applied
II? the
is not rmpossrbte,
proposltror
t)\lt
for rllanunl
calculations
Even with computer
power
avallnt,le.
IS
not a trrvlat task, largely
hecaLtse of the dnt;l
30
as
(i e. accordrng
to
terms;
the contra-
the products
of this sort
is not a practical
for a
It
rp-
IS 14504:1998
IS0 6976:1995
quirements
for the general evaluation of B and
temperature
derivative.
Fortunately
it can
shownt71, by sample calculation, that for natural
type mixtures under the conditions
of interest,
its
be
gas
the
total correction is negligibly small, typically being no

greater than 50 J-mol- (approximately
0,005 %I.
Enthalpic correction effects are considered no further
in this International Standard.
31
IS 14504: 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Annex F
(informative)
Effects of water vapour on calorific value
F.1
General
Some calorimeters used for the direct measurement,

by combustion,
of calorific value per unit volume
saturate the fuel gas with water vapour before combustion (during metering), and will therefore measure,
and probably (but not necessarily) report, calorific values on an (assumed) saturated basis. Such values are
lower than those for the unsaturated (dry or partially
saturated) gas, in simple terms, because of the displacement of fuel gas by water vapour in the metering
system.
Other instruments used for either the direct or indirect
determination
of calorific value may not function in an
analogous way. For example:
-
some direct combustion calorimeters burn the gas

on an as received basis (i.e. with its prevailing
water
vapour content)
and report the actual
calorific value, but on an (assumed) dry basis;
some instruments
dry the gas prior to calorific
value determination,
and so measure and report a
dry gas value even though the gas may originally
have contained water vapour;
instruments
for component-analysis
of gases (in
particular gas-chromatographs)
usually analyse for
all important components
with the single exception of water, and therefore a calculated calonfic
value is reported on a dry basis, even though the
gas may actually contain water vapour.
Therefore, in order to make valid comparisons of gas

calorific values determined by different techniques, it
is necessary to take into account:
-
the degree of saturation

gas in its original state;
the degree of saturation with water vapour of the

gas during the measurement
procedure (i.e. after
metering);
the operational
ment instrument
with water vapour of the
characteristics
or procedure:
of the
and
measure-
the degree of saturation with water vapour of the

gas referred to in the reported calorific value.
When all of these factors are known, it is possible to

refer all determinations
of calorific value to a uniform
and consistent basis.
Although the main text of this International Standard
refers to calculations for the dry gas, it is suggested
that the most logical basis in general is the as received basis, in which the calorific value is determined, and quoted, with any water vapour present
considered as just another component of the mixture,
and having a definite mole fraction. There are three
considerations
to take into account in making calculations if this approach is adopted, especially if analysis for water vapour does not form part of the primary
analytical ,procedure (i.e. if its amount has to be inferred by secondary means, such as hygrometric
or
dew-point measurements).
F.2
Excluded volume effect
Water may be present in natural gas at a partial

pressure pw of up to its saturation vapour pressure ps
at the reference conditions of the gas metering system. The traditional way of viewing such water vapour
is to consider it as excluding a proportion ,uw/p2 of the
metering volume from the actual dry fuel gas, thereby
reducing the determined
calorific value by this proportion to the value
H(measured)
= r?(dry gas) x -F
where ii is the calorific value

ferior) on a volumetric basis.
(either
(F.1)
superior
or in-
An entirely equivalent way of viewing this effect (for

purposes of calculation rather than measurement), but
preferable because it is more evident that H may now
represent the calonfic value on erther a molar, rnass
or volumetric
basis, is to proceed in terms of mole
fractions. Suppose a mole fraction analysis of the gas,
excluding any water vapour, is known (as is the assumption for the main text of this International Standard). If the partial pressure of water vapour in the
sample is now somehow determined,
its mole frac-
1s 14504:1998
IS0
8978 : 1995
tion may be taken as pw/p.z. In order to retain the sum

of the mole fraction of the entire mixture as unity, the
mole fraction of each component must be normalized
by multiplication
by the factor & - pw)/pZ. Thus, since
the calculated calorific value is a summation of linear
terms in component
mole fractions, the calculated
calorific value is simply reduced by this proportion
(except for secondary effects referred to in clauses
F.3 and F.4), just as is seen from the previous viewpoint.
In the case of the superior calorific value (2.11, it is

required that all the water produced by the combustion reaction is condensed to the liquid state at the
reference temperature
for combustion,
t,. This requirement may be impractical, but it does provide a
theoretical basis for the calculation of superior calorifrc
value for a dry natural gas. However, the presence of
water vapour in the gas volume prior to combustion
presents a problem of how to treat the state of that
water after combustion:
This primary effect can be important, as the followrng

example shows. Suppose we wish to calculate the
calorific value on a saturated-gas basis from a dry-gas
analysis, perhaps in order to make, a meannngful
comparison between the analytically dry-gas calorific
value and that determined
by a calorimeter
which
saturates the same gas during metering.
Suppose
also that the dry-gas volumetric
calorific value is
38.00 MJ-mm3 at combustion and metering reference
conditions of 15 C, 101,325 kPa. At 15 C, the saturation vapour pressure is 1,705 kPa, and the mole
fraction of water in natural gas saturated with water
at the reference conditions is
a) is it to be assumed, however
&=
1,705
101,325
= 0,016 83
CF.3
Thus, the saturated-gas calorific value (ignoring the

secondary effects discussed in clauses F.3 and F.4) is
less than the dry-gas calorific value by (1 - 0,016 83).
i.e.:
& = 38,00 x 0,983 17 = 37,36 MJ.me3
(F.3)
With differences
in calorific values of up to 1,68 %,
depending on the amount of water vapour present, it
is obviously very important to consider the way in
which water vapour is accounted for by a measurement or analysis technique. An especially tricky situation can arise for a gas containing water vapour as a
known component
at below its saturation
vapour
pressure. In this case, the dry-gas, as received and
saturated-gas calorific values are all calculable, all dtfferent and all capable of being confused with one another.
F.3
Latent heat (ehthalpic)
effect
A secondary effect of the presence of water vapour

in a sample gas is ignored in clause F.2. The latent
heat of vaporization
of the water produced by the
combustion of hydrocarbons is a significant factor in
the determination
of the calorific value of those
hydrocarbons
and, consequently,
the state of that
water is precisely defined in 2.1 and 2.2.
impractical, that this

water remains gaseous after combustion,
thus
having no effect on the heat of combustion; or
b) is it to be assumed
that this water is also condensed to the liquid state at the reference temperature for combustion, cl, thereby enhancing the
heat of combustion by the released latent heat of
vaporization of water?
It is suggested
that the most logically consistent
treatment of the superior calorific value is to assume
that all water, both that contained in the gas volume
prior to combustion and that produced by combustion,
is condensed
to the liquid state at the reference
temperature for combustion,
t,. Therefore, the water
vapour contained in the gas volume is to be treated
as a component of the natural gas at a particular mole
fraction and having a calorific value derived from the
latent heat of vaporization of water; in other words
there is another Xj.H/
term in the summation, for water. That is why the superior calorjfic values for water
vapour g,iven in tables 3, 4 and 5 are not zero. Such
treatment
results in only a small enhancement
of
calorific value; assuming saturation with water vapour,
the enhancement
is independent of gas composition
and is only dependent on the gas volume (metering)
temperature. On a volumetric basis, the enhancement
for a saturated gas is
-
for
metering
Q;Ol MJ.me3;
at
0 C,
an
enhancement
of
--
y3
at
15 C,
an
enhancement
of
--
for metering
at
0,045 MJ.m .
20 C,
ar
enhancement
of
rlp$iy
For Inferior calorific value, all water vapour remains in

the gas phase, and so there IS no enthalpic effect of
this type to consider.
F.4
Compression
There is a third effect
factor effect
that IS even more manor, but
33
IS 14504:1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
this should nevertheless

be taken into account. The
presence of water vapour affects the compression
factor of the mixture, and thus alters the real-gas
calorific value on a volumetric
basis by a calculable
amount. At 15 C, Z is changed from dry to saturated
by only about 4 in 10 000 (0,998 1 to 0,997 7) for a
typical natural gas.
34
The main text of this International Standard refers only

to the treatment
of dry natural gas, as this is recommended as the preferred state. In the event that
it is necessary to make calculations
for natural gas
containing water vapour, however, the points mentioned above should be taken into account when detiding upon a suitable approach.
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Annex G
(informative)
Summary,
discussion and selection of the calorific value of methane
The enthalpy of combustion of methane IS unarguably

the single most important
physical property value
used in the determination
of the calorific value of
natural gas. Not only is methane the major component
of natural gas, but ultra-high purity methane is frequently
used as a calibration
gas for recording
calorimeters
routinely used to measure the calorific
value of natural gas.
treatment of his own data in rejecting one point as an

outlrer, if all the data points are taken together as a
single set, there is then no clear statistical evidence
that any data point(s) should be discarded. Armstrong
and Jobe also considered several technical and logrstical points which remain valrd; these, together wrth
some further points, are as follows.
a) Impurity
The heat of combustion
of methane was ftrst determined in 1848, and since then eight studies have
been reported. However, only two sets of values of
the standard molar enthalpy of combustion
at 25 C
for methane of normal isotopic composition,
derived
from measurements
having claimed levels of accuracy and precision appropriate to present considerations, are available in the scientific
literature for
conversion to the quantities requiring to be listed in
this International Standard.
These two studies are those of Rossini (1931 )t231 and
of Pittam and Pilcher (1972)[241.
levels of the rnethane

samples:
the
sample Rossini used had a measured impurity
level of 1 210 ppm carbon monoxide, for which a
correction was made, while Pittam and Pilcher
used a sample containing
less than 5 ppm tmpurities.
b) Determination
of the completeness
of reaction:
Rossini measured the water formation, the standard method at the time, while Pittam and Pilcher
measured the carbon dioxide formation,
todays
preferred method.
cl
Calibration techniques
and traceability
linkages:
Rossini calibrated his calorimeter
using an electrical heating method, with traceability
to NBS
metrology
standards, while Pittam and Pilcher
used the combustion
of hydrogen for calibration
purposes,
with traceability
to Rossinis
earlier
work on the combustion of hydrogen.
d)
Correlation of the heats of formation of the alkane

series: an analysis of several heats of formation
(derived from heats of combustion) of the lower
nalkane
homologous
series favours the more
uniform
values, with
respect to the CH, In
crement, of Pittam and Pilcher and may suggest
a value for methane which IS between the values
of the two studies.
The values of the data points, in chronological

order,
of these two studies are given below (Rossinis values
have been reworked by Armstrong and Jobe 171in accordance with current molecular mass and temperature scale assignments, etc.).
Rossini
kJ.mol-
Pittam and Pilcher

kJ.mol-
- 891,823
- 890,633
890,013
- 890,503
-- 890,340
~ 890,061
- 890.36
- 891823
~- 890.62
- 890.24
- 890.61
- 891.17
In the analysis of his own data, Rossini rejected the

htghest (first) value as an outlier, which gives a mean
of ~ 890,31 kJ.mol- 4 027 kJ.mol based on the
remarnrng five data points. Pittam and Pilcher used all
six of therr data points to calculate
a mean of
~~890,71 kJ.mol :i_ 0,41 kJ.mol-.
(The uncertainty
figures quoted represent one standard devtation.)
In reviewing
the two studies, Armstrong
and Jobe
concluded
that, while they agreed wtth Rossinis
e)
of the calonmeters:
Rossinr used 011
Sealing
films to seal his calonmeter for eacli rndrvidual
experiment
ire-assembling
the calorimeter
each
time). whereas Prttam and Prlcher clarm tc, nave
sealed their calorimeter for the duration of the
test series, but in fact removed a platrnum resrstante thermometer
after each expertment and replaced it with a mercury thermoregulator,
with the
consequent possibility of water loss.
35
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
f)
Re-assembly
of
assembled
iment,
and
his
filling
Pilcher
mass
of
calibrated
calorimeter
their
had
re-assembled,
been
the
use of the same

ing the same
calorimeter.
Ultimately,
these
the
data
should
data
upon
that
for
weighting
a series
equiv-
after
the
equivalent
decide
and
modified
used
to
their
which
of the
to use for the
which
of thus International
it has been
decided
to attribute
to each
methane
two
the
Table G.l
earlier
terim
Table
G.2 -
of the
with
the
report1121
Armstrong
equal
weight
all data
points,
- 890,63
data
for
point
not within
mean.
This vrewpoint
conclusron
reached
of the
and Jobe
project
report
kJ.mol-
by
for whrch
171 was
an In-
publication.
the
on
NOTE 24
Pittam and Pilchers fourth data point IS unfortunately
misprinted
as - 890,B
in reference
[7]
In
annex M; consequently the global mean value grven 111references 171 and [13] IS In error by 0.02 kJ.mol
two
indi-
For
convenience,
calorific
values
G.l
limit of approximately
a self-cons;stent
for
in this
methane
International
to G.3.
molar basis
t_ 1.0 kJ.mol- )
Calorific value of methane:
(95 % confidence
one
Stan-
of combustion
of
just
deviations
in the final
(95 % confidence
with
accordance
considered
points.
retaining
enthalpy
25 C
at
standard
in
data set,
in a standard
f 0,53 kJ.mol-
tables
36
purpose
results
Garvrn
sets of data are to be used,

factors
for the
importance
and
to analyse
effects
dard,
is
be-
refill
Therefore,
the
continued
apparently
if not impossrble,
to
to a
energy
even
and to quantify
in order
during
work,
of water
be used or, if both
to decide
vidual
sets
points
used
justification
it is difficult,
various
exper-
of water,
Pittam
dismantled,
energy
mass
each
whereas
calorimeter
and then
throughout
to
quantity
re-
and combustion
water,
their
Rossinr
prior
a weighed
his calibration
of experiments
alent
calorimeter:
calorimeter
it with
referred
standard
the
mass basis
+ 0,06 MJ.kg- )
set
for all of the

Standard
of
resultir-lg
condrtrons
is given
In
ts 14504
Iso
6976
Table
G.3 -
(95 % confidence
volumetric
basis
+ 0,05 MJ.m-3)
Description
Ideal Gas, Superior,
Combustion
at 25 C. Metering
at 0 C
Combustion
at 15 C, Meteriw
at 0 C
Ideal Gas, Superior, Comb+tion
at 15 C, Metering
at 15 C
Ideal Gas, Superior, Combktion

_----Ideal Gas, Superior, Combustion
at 0 C, Metering
at 20 C, Metering
at 20 C
at 25 C, Metering
at 20 C
Combustion
: 1998
: 1995
MJ.m-3
39,735
at 0 C
37,706
39,840
37,024
Ideal Gas, Inferior, Combustion
at 25 C. Metering
at 0 C
35,808
at 15 C, Metering
at 0 C
35,812
at 15 C, Metering
at 15 C
33.948
at 0 C, Metering
at 20 C, Metering
at 20 C
33,367
Ideal Gas, Inferior. Combustion
at 25 C, Metering
at 20 C
33,365
at 0 C
35,818
Real Gas, Superior, Combustion
at 25 C. Metering
at 0 C
39,831
Real Gas, Superior,
Combustion
at 15 C, Metering
at 0 C
39,872
at 15 6, Metering
at 15 C
37,782
at 0 C, Me,tering at 0 C
39,936
Real Gas, Superior,
Combustion
at 20 C, Metering
at 20 C
37,115
at 25 C, Metering
at 20 C
37.095
-_
Real Gas, Inferior, Combustion
at 25 C, Metering
at 0 C
35,894
at 15 C, Metering
at 0 C
~-~ 35.898
at 15 C, Metering
at 15 C
34,016
at d C, Metering
at 20 C, Metering
at 20 C
Real gas, Inferior, Combustion
at 25 C, Meterlng
at 20 C
33,428
~
~~~~-
at 0 C
37
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Annex H
(informative)
Derivation
of equations relating to precision
Equations (181, (19), (221, (23) and (24) were

as follows.
H.l
Methane
derived
Equation (H.2) may be re-arranged, In order to remove

the dependent variable I,, as follows:
by difference
(H.3)
The fundamental
equation given in the main text for
the calculation of ideal calorific value (either molar or
volumetric) from molar composition is
HO
mu = H; +
Hamix
= c
Xj.Hp
W.1)
j=l
In the case where all components

except methane
are analysed, the methane concentration beihg calculated by difference, there are actually N - 1 independent composition variables 3, and equation (H.l) may
be rewritten as:
N
HO
mw
x,
2x,@- H;)
cH.4i
J=2
-Hp+
x,-H,?
For each term in the summation

partial derivative as follows:
= H,' X f
we may form
HP
(H.5)
Hence the contribution of the repeatabilrty

the repeatability of Hi,, is given by:
(H.2)
AX,*(HP-
A(H&,)j
=
the
Ax, of X, to
HP)
(H.6)
j=2
When
all
,quadrature,
where
HO
mix
xl
the ideal-gas calorific

ture;
is
N- 1 such terms
are
we obtain equation (18):
value of the mix-
in
112
of methane,
combined
[A_t,.(H;
- H;)12
[J=2
given by
(H.7)
x,=1-
H.2
x,
,
Methane
by analysis
j=2
where
of component
j;
is the ideal-gas calorific value of methane;
When all components

Including methane are analysed, there are N independent
composition
vanables
x,*, but these do not in general sum to unity as rem
quired for input to equation
(H I). In thrs case,
equation (H. 1) may be rewritten as
N
is the ideal-gas
ponent j.
calonfic
value
of com-
HO
mtx
x,*;'-Hl:
j=l
=
___-
c
I=1
38
xJ
(Ii F?)
IS 14504:1998
8978 : 1995
IS0
where
XJT
n.J = c
j-
. 0-W
for all j.
.
xJ
1
Note that the component repeatabilities AXE: are those

of the non-normalized
mole fractions x,:, even though
H~i, itself is calculated using the normalized
mole
fractions xJ.
This expression may be recast in an alternative
Equation (H.13) may be rewritten as
For each term in equation

partial derivative as follows:
(H.81, we
may form
the
(AHi,,)j = AX)*.HT(l -Xi,) - CX~.H~
k#j
WiIX
axJ:
.r, # rj
(H.lO)
3:
When all N such terms are combined

and re-arranged, we obtain:
c
form.
(H.15)
in quadrature
__.__
j=l
or
(H.16)
. (H.11)
where
Note that the component

repeatabilities
in this expression are again those of the non-normalized
mole
fractions, although the mole fractions themselves
are
normalized values.
. . . (H.12)
Equations (22) and (23) were derived using arguments

similar to those which led to equations
(H.7) and
(H. 141, respectively.
Hence, ignoring the factor K, which is always close to

unity for acceptable experimental
results, the contribution of the repeatability AxJFof 3: to the repeatability
of H~i, is given by the equation
Equation (24) is obtained by combining in quadrature

the relative repeatabilities of the appropriate factors in
the defining expression for the ideal Wobbe index, as
follows:
K=&,F
j=
(AH~ix)j = ~,~.(Hio - HEiJ
When all N such terms are combined

we obtain equation (19):
(H.13)
in quadrature,
l/2
2
[L?L.+(H; - H&)1*
5=
which
[ [+*+
is mathematically
(-$,i
identical
. ..(H.l.)
to the equation
. . (I-4.14)
j=l
39
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Annex J
(informative)
Approximate conversion factors between reference states
To obtain the value of a property at the reference condition given in row b) from a known value in the same units
at the reference condition given in row a), multiply by the factor indicated in table J.l, J.2. or J.3. To carry out the
reverse conversion, divide by the factor indicated. Conversions for properties of the ideal gas are expected to be
accurate within f 0,Ol % for all valid compositions.
For the real-gas volumetric
properties (compression
factor,
density, relative density) the expected accuracy is & 0,02 %, and for the real-gas combustion
prwerties
(calorific
values, Wobbe index) + 0,l %.
Table J.l
Conversion
factors for calorific values

Combustion (C)
a)
Superior calorific value on a molar basis

Inferior
Superior
Inferior
calorific
calorific
value on a molar basis

value on a mass basis
calorific
value on a mass basis
Table
J.2 -
Conversion
factors for densities,
25
25
to
to
15
to
1,001
1,002
1,001
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,001
1,002
1,001
1,000
1,000
1,000
relative
densities
and compression
factor
Metering PC)
a)
Ideal density
20
to
to
15
to
1,017 4
1,073
1,054
Ideal relative
density
1,000
1,000
1,000
Compression
factor
0,999
0,999
0,999
1,017
1,073
1,055
1,000
1,000
1,000
Real density
Real relative
40
20
density
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 8976 : 1995
J.3 -
Table
Conversion
factors for calorific values and Wobbe

Combustion
25+20
to
25+0
a)
b)
25+20
to
15+15
25+20
to
15+0
("C)+ metering ("C)
25+0
to
15+15
25+20
to
o+o
index
25+0
to
15+0
25+0
to
o+o
?5+15
to
o+o
15+15
to
o+o
15+15
to
15+0
Idealsuperiorcalorific
value on a volume basis
1 1,073 2 ( 1.0184 1 1,074 3 1 1,076 0 1 0,948 9 1 1,001 0 1 1.002 6 1 1,054 9 [ 1,056 6 ( 1,001 6 1
Idealinferior
calorific
value
on a volume basis
1 1,073 2 1 1,017 5 1 1,073 3 1 1,073 5 ) 0,948 1 1 1,000 1 1 1,0003 1 1,054 9 1 1,055 1 1 1,000 2 1
Ideal Wobbeindex
1,073 2
1,018 4
1,074 3
1,076 0
0.948 9
1,001 0
1,002 6
1,054 9
1,056 6
1,001 6
Real superiorcalorific
value on a volume basis
1,073 8
1,018 5
1.074 9
1.076 6
0,948 6
1,001 0
1.002 6
1,055 3
1,057 0
1.001 6
Real inferior
calorific
value
1,073 8
1,017 6
1,073 9
1,074 1
on a volume basis
RealWobbeindex
1,073 6
1,018 5
1,074 7
7
I
1,076 4
0,947
0,948 7
1
I
1,000
1,001 0
3
I
1,000
1,002 6
1,055
1,055 2
5
I
1,055
1,056 9
1,000
I
I
1,001 6
41
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
Annex K
(informative)
Computer
A validated
International
computer
Standard
program
implementation
implementing
is available
from
of recommended
the preferred
IS0 member
bodies
procedures
methods
and recommendations
and IS0 Central
described
in this
Secretariat.
The program will normally be supplied on 3 l/2 in double-sided high-density

5 l/4 in disk) are possible. A specification and the price per copy of executable
diskettes, but other formats (e.g

code is available upon request
The program has primarily been written for use with IBM-compatible
personal computers. Programming was carried out on an IBM-compatible
PC operating under MS-DOS 3.10 revision 3.13; the programming
language IS
GW-BASIC 3.21 revtslon 3.25. The resulting source code combust.ach has been converted to executable code
using the Microsoft QuickbasIc compller 2.02 version 1.20.
As indicated above, combust.exe implements the procedures and recommendations
The quantities calculated for monitor display and (optional) printing are as follows:
Superior
Inferior
Superior
Inferior
Superior
Inferior
(gross) calorific
(net) calonflc
value - Molar basis
value - Molar basis
(gross) calorific value - Mass basis

(net) calorific
value - Mass basis
(gross) calorific
(net) calorific
Mean molecular
Compression
value - Volume basis
value ~ Volume basis
kJ.mol-
kJ.mol-
MJskg-
MJ.kg-
MJ.m-
MJ.rn-- 3
factor
(specific gravlty)
kg-m- 3
Density
Wobbe
Standard
weight
(compresslblllty)
Relative density
of this International
MJ.mm3
index
The user may choose to calculate the above properties for either the ideal or real gas, and either
analysed (dry) or water-saturated
gas, for any of the following sets of reference conditions:
Metering
at 0 C and combustion
at 25 C
Metering
at 15 C
Metering
and combustion
both at 0 C
Metering
and combustion
both at 15 C
Metering
and combustion
both at 20 C
Metering
where In all cases the reference

choice of reference conditions.
the
as
at 25 C
pressure is 101,325 kPa. Advice is available within
the program on the appropriate
NOTES
25 Calorific values on a volume basis, in Brutish Thermal units per cubic foot at 60/60 F may also be calculated front the
values In megajoules per cubic metre at 15/15 C fof a variety of reference pressures, but the method used for these talw
lations does not form part of this International Standard.
42
IS
IS0
14504
: 1998
6976 : 1995
26 In addition, the program calculates the following properties, but again the method used is not specified in this International
Standard
Lower flammability limit in air at 25 C
96 (Vn3
Upper flammability limit in air at 25 C
% (Vn3
Stoichiometric air requirement
by volume
Once combust.exe
is loaded, all input information is solicited in a suitably user-friendly manner. Apart from option
selections, all that the user has to provide is the composition,
by mole percent or mole fraction, and a sample
identification
code. There are several built-in error traps which, without crashing the program, identify faulty input,
such as the failure of the input mole fractions to sum to unity or a methane mole fraction below the lower allowable limit of 0,5. Invalid inputs for option selections are also signalled.
One useful option is the capability of directing output to a printer. With this hard-copy option (but not with the
monitor display) comes the additional option of listing the sample composition together with the numerical results.
This capability highlights an important technical point concerning calculations for saturated gases. Such calculations
are carried out in accordance with the principle that, if a saturated
option is selected, the composition
of the
sample gas is (after validity checks) normalized to a new composition which reflects the presence of water vapour
(at the appropriate saturation vapour pressure) as an additional component of the mixture, present at a definite
mole fraction value. The program then calculates the properties of the saturated mixture for this revised composition. Consequently,
the composition
listed on a printout for a saturated gas is not the same as the original
dry input composition,
and the superior calorific value reported takes into account the heat released by
condensation
of both the water vapour formed during combustion and that present in the saturated mixture. (See
annex F.)
A typical retyped printout is shown in the table K.1. This, in fact, is for a real, dry gas of the composition
used for
the example calculations given in annex D, and with the same reference conditions (15/15 C) as therein.
NOTE 27
Although the program combust.exe and the associated files speciesdat. molwt.dat. zz-OO.dat,z-1 5.dat, zz-20.dat,
cv-OO.dat, cv-15.dat, cv-20.dat. cv-25.dat, water.dat, stoic.dat, lower.dat, upper.dat and refcons.txt
good faith, there is no implied warranty for their use in contractual or other commercial applications,
are all error-free. However, they have undergone testing by several experts and contain no known
to press.
will be made available

in
and no guarantee that they
errors at the time of going
43
IS 14504 : 1998
. IS0 8978 : 1995
Table
K.l -
Example
of a retyped
printout
Recdts for mixture/sample

Composition
14 September
(mol/mol)
Methane
= 0,924 70
Ethane
= 0,035 00
Propane
= 0,009 80
n-Butane
= 0,002 20
2-Methylpropane
= 0,003 40
nPentane
= 0,000 60
Nitrogen
= 0,017 50
Carbon dioxide
= 0,006 80
Combustion
at 15 C, Metering
at 15 C and 101,325 kPa
For the REAL DRY gas

Superior
calorific value -
Inferior calorific value Superior
calorific value -
Inferior cabrific
Superior
value -
calorific value -
Inferior calorific value Mean molecular

Compression
Molar basis
919,09 kJ.mol-
829.1 kJ.mol-
Molar basis
52.59 MJ.kg-
Molar basis
Molar basis
Volumetric
Volumetric
basis
basis
weight
factor
4744
MJ.kg-
3896
MJ-me3
35,15 MJ.mm3
17,478
0,997 7
Relative density
0,604 6
Density
0,740 9 kg-m- 3
Wobbe
Stoichiometric
Lower
50,ll
index
air-to-gas requirement
flammability
Upper flammability
44
MJ.mb3
9,85 by volume
limit in air at 25 OC
4.8 % (V/v) (gas/mix)
limit in air at 25 C
151
YO
(VN)
(gas/mix)
1994
IS 14504 : 1998
IS0
6976 : 1995
Annex L
(informative)
Calorific values on a molar basis for 60 F reference temperature
Table L.l -
Calorific values for components
All values of E
of natural
(60 F) and @ (60 F) have been obtained
Component
Methane
Ethane
Propane
nautane
gas at 60 F for the ideal gas on a molar basis
by a specified
calculation
from g
(25 C) (see clause E.l)
Ideal calorif,c value on a molar basis, R*

kJ.mol- at 60 F
Superior
Inferior
891.51
802.69
1 562.06
1 428.83
2 220.99
2 043,35
2 879.63
2 657.58
! 2-Methylpropane
2 870,45
2 648.40
1 n-Pentane
3 538.44
3 271,98
~____
Z-Methylbutane
3 53152
3 265,06
2,2-Dimethylpropane
3 517.27
3 250,81
9-
n-Hexane
4 198.06
3 887.19
10
2-Methylpentane
4 190.43
3 879.57
11
3-Methylpentane
4 193,03
3 882,17
4 180.64
3 869.78
12
-2,2-Dimethvlbutane
13
2,3-Dlmethylbutane
4 188.41
3 877.55
14
nHeptane
4 856.97
4 501,69
15
nactane
5 51577
5 116,08
16
nNonane
6 175,56
5 731,46
17
n-Decane
6 834,61
6 346,ll
18
Ethvlene
1 412.06
1 323 24
19
Propylene
2 059,35
1 926,12
20
1-Butene
2 718.59
2 540.96
21
cis-2-Butene
2 711,8
2 534.2
22
trans-2-Butene
2 708,2
2 530,5
23
2-Methylpropene
2 701.9
2 524,3
24
1-Pentene
3 377,62
3 155,57
25
Propadiene
1 943.91
1 855.09
26
1,2-Butadrene
2 595,05
2 461.82
27
1,3-Butadiene
2 542.03
2 408.80
28
Acetylene
1 301.35
1 256.94
45
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ac(l Gu!sn s!seq Jelow e uo anleff 3yJole3 ayl

e uo anleA 3y~ole3 ayl (j. 09) 8 40 sanleA
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9661: tOS*L SI
IS 14504 : 1998
Iso 6976 : 1995
Annex M
(informative)
Bibliography
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(19861,
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KILMER, J. and FLING, W. Calculation of Gross
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Properties of Components of Natural Gas and Cognate
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IS 14504 : 1998
IS0 6976 : 1995
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IS 14504 (1998): Natural Gas - Calculation of calorific

Invent a New India Using Knowledge

Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen

NATURAL GAS - CALCULATION OF

Natural Gas Sectional

not identical to those used

Wherever the words international

Standard appear referring to this standard; they should be

For tropical countries like India, the standard temperature

the current practice

and the relative humidity

of calorific value on a molar basis

of calorific value on a mass basis

of calorific value on a volumetric

denstty and Wobbe Index

............. .............. .........

Molar gas constant

value on a molar basis (clause 5)

Calorific value on a mass basis (clause 6)

Calorific value on a vblumetric

of ides1 and real gases

Variation of ideal-gas enthalpy of combustion with

Effects of water vapour on calorific

Latent heat (enthalpic)

discussion and selection of the calorific value of

Calorific values on a molar basis for 60 F reference

.. .. . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . . . .. .. . . ... .. . .. .. . ..r...___.__._.............. 47

NATURAL GAS - CALCULATION OF

This International Standard specifies methods for the

are given in annex

4 For the purposes of this International Standard, the sum

The methods of calculation of the values of properties

CO, and C,H, should each not exceed

Given these limits, the expected

0,15 mole frac-

0.05 rnole fraction

6 The effects of water vapour on the calonfic value, erther

2 The qualifiers higher,

8 The values of basic physical property data are subject to

For the purposes of this International

On molar, mass and volumetric

2.3 density: The mass of a gas sample divided by

2.1 superior calorific ualue: The amount of heat

2.4 relative density: The density.of

2.5 Wobbe index: The superior calorific value on a

2.8 enthalpy of transformation:

2.2 inferior calorific value: The amount of heat

Calorific value on a volumetric

2.7 ideal gas and real gas: An ideal gas is one

per mole of gas;

No real gas obeys this law. For real gases, equation

where Z(T,p) is a variable, often close to unity, and is

In clause 10, values are given for the physical

and real gases

The most fundamental

For the volumetric-basis

ployed which enable tractable calculations to be made

Such corrections for volumetric non-ideality are made

where the summation is taken over all N components

.. .. . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . . . .. .. . . ... .. . .. .. . ..r..._.._.............. 47