ffi,oct

lrrlJl
dr$S$dqfamo!.
l*cl*rfld*lt,
&Ctrtffio*r$
df tt. *kl!*l*d
re,tc,ffi*cddrrr
ft*lqr.*ffilr-(tu
eq+lttrcl{o, [tuI
ffiri*tuEafq!&
XfLiftn*rydGe,
ntqf.}

Example2,6
A free vibration test is conducted on en empty elevated watstank such

as the one in Fig" 1.1.2.

(horizontal)
farse of 16.4 kips and pulls &e tsnk
A sable etteched 0o the ts applies a laterel
horizontelty by 2 in. The cable is sudden ct and tk resulting free bration is recotded,
At tb end of four corrplete cyclm, the time ie 2.0 sec and the umplitude is I ia. From ese
data compute tb following: (a) danping ratio; (b) natural period cf undamped vibr*tion;
(c) sti&ess; (d) weight; (e) dsmping coefficient; aDd (f) number of cycles requird for the
displaceme* amplitude to decrease to 0.2 h.

alution

(a) ubstitutins a

2m.,

j-

4n

and

ui+i

I in. in Eq.

(2.2.144) give

l)

t:;@ri:o.on6:2.76%
Assumptioa of small damping implicit
2.0

(b) ID

(clt-

4
t6.4
2

bt

(d) a:o

T
Ln

ur

Bq. (2.2.L44) is valid.

- 0.5 sec; T = Tp:.0.5 sec.

: 8.2 kips/in.

:#

*: kfi
(e) c

tz.STradlre;

: 0.051e rip.#/iu;

8.2

ffi

(0.0519)386

20.03 kips.

(,QJ) :0.a276 fz",efOrnry

0.0360 kipsecn.

j ^ .)-m=f = t3.2Bcycles(0( =
=J-roJl-;
0.2
brj *' " = hr(0.0276)

13cyctes.

Example 2.7
The weight of water required to ll the tank of Example 2.6 is 80 ps. Deterrnine the ntural
vibration period and damping ratio of the stflrcture with the tank full.

olution
ur

20.03

* - lffis
386

c :

100.03 kips

:0.2591 kipsec2/in.

:z*rlls8:

Tu:Ztt

_.
sr _

80

r.12sec

0.0360
______==:0.0123:1.23%

observe that the

r*,r'#-",3fffi, ,.;;::.r;

becauss the mass

sf the

Ll

ftll

toz.76%rn Exampre 2.6)

tank is larger and hence the critical damping coefficient is larger.

A tevy trble ts zupportodby fl*tste6l lry ig. y.1). I& es period in lt&ral vibmtioo
ir 0.5 rw. ffien a SGIb plae ir clumped to i surfh, tlrc ns*Ial Fcriod is lshrat vibrliut

ue

is lengtlsucd to 0.75 sec. Whst

I.*05

T,r--

sec

In

zr{E

z o'5 s

ri '-z ,F4

'-r-

-, fH'=

rh+504
h^

thc weig$t and e luteral

-0.75 cc

rtiftess of &e tbb?

FigrrGg!.l

Ca)

0P

r'

Ct)

c tuJ:Yt
\0,5

-) Da (a) -=) L= lbzt'

hn9

?n 161r'@n)

= Aotb'

/'"
= b&

Exarnple 3.1

Thc splaccrnent arnplitudc ro of an DF system duc to harmonic forcc is kovn for two
cxcitation frequcncies, At al : o)n, uo : 5 in; &t a : Sco, u6 : 0.(}2 in" Estirnttc ttc
daping ratio of the systcrlt"

l.

If the frequencyratio tD/a,

(i.e.,

I ) 4, implying that the fareis

*slowly

varring"), & is only slightly larger thlri I and is essentially independent of damping. Thus

uo- (uoo: !2

(3.2.r3)

This result implies that the amplitude of dynamic response is essentially the same as the
static deforrnation and is controlled by the stiffness of the system.

)) I (i.e., T << Tn, implytng that th force is 'tapidly varying"), R

2. ff o/an

o iac:eas*;s and is essentially unaffcted by damping. For large values

(ala,\a termis dominant in Eq. (3.2.11), which can be approximaM by

tends to zes as

of o/ot,,t}rc.,

asf

!!u,-(ui"4:
(t)z ,n(D'

(3.2.14)

This result implies that the response is conlrolled by the mass of the system.

3. lf a/a,

1 (i.e., tlrc ftrcing frequency is close io the naturel freguency of the

to damping ar( fm the smaller dcmping values, R can b
very
sensitive
system), R is
that the emilitude of dynamic response can be much
times
larya
than
I,
implying
several
If
a
Iarger than the static deformatitn.
= arn, Eq. (3.2.11) gives

,,:S:L
4

(3.2.15)
CQ)n

This result implies that the rcsponse is mntrolled by the damping of the systcm.

Solutian

A;t'L

arn, frorn Eq. (3.2.15),

uo

(u"1o!

:5

(a)

At ro : 5rh, fbm Eq. (3.2.14),

u,=(uur,
From Eq. (b), ("r)o

o)

@h:ry:0.02

0.5 in. Substituting in Eg. (a) glYes

I:

0.05.

Example 3,4
An automrbile is haveling aloag a multi*pan elevated roadwuy supported every 100 ft. [,ongtenr creep has resulted in a Gin. deflection at the middle of each span (Fig. E3.4a). Tl.re
roadway profile can be approximated as sinusoidal with au amplitude of 3 in. and a period
of 100 ft. The SDF system shown is a simple idealfuation of an automobile, appropriate for a
"first apprcximation" sudy of the ride quality of the vehicle . When fully loede{ the weight of
the *utomobile is 4 kips. The stiffness of the automobile zuspensicn system is 800 lMn., and
its viscous damping coefficient is such that the damping ratio of the system is 40%. Detertine

(b)

(a)

Figurr E3.4

(a) the amplitode uf of vertical motion n'1r when the automobile ie traveling at 40 mph, and
(b) the speed of the vehicle that would @uce a rsonant condition for uf .

Solution

Aszuming that the tires are infinitely stiff and they remain in contact with the road,
the problem can be idealized as shown in Fig. E3.4b. The vertical displacemelt of the tires is
where the forcing
us(r)
urosiaot, where ugo 3 in. The forcing frequency o
period
L.
L/v, the time taken by the automobile to crss the span; therefore, o

:
I :

:2n/7,

(a) Determine ut
u

Q)n

40

:Zruf

mph:

,=3$&g=3.686rad/sec

58.67 ff/sw

(t)

8.786 rasec

0.420

Substituting these data in Fq. (3.6.5) gives

uL
ugo

:{

ll -

l + t2(0.4x0.42f
= l.lg6
+ tz(0.xo .420712 T,U

(0.420)21?

ato: lrlSuso :

1.186(3)

3.56 in.

(b\ Determine tha ryeed at resanance. If 6 were small, rcsonance would occur ep.
proximately at af un: l. However, autornobile suspensions have heavy dtmping, to reduce
vibration. In this case, ( : 0.4, and for such large damping the resonant frquency is significmtly different from aro. By delinitioa, rrsonance occurs for rf when TR (or TR2) is
maximum over all a;, Substituting ( * 0.4 in Eq. (3.6.5) and inuoducing : atf a4 gSves

l+0.&ff2
rr2*
"'-w-F:t@+t
dffR)2

0 .+

0.893

t+0.&p2

0.893ar"

0.893(8.786)

Resonance occurs et this forcing frequency, which implies a speed

:
u: dtL
-2n

(7.M6)100

-:----=...;_-

br

:1249 fi/sec:85

7.846 rad/sec

of

mph

J.t

Thcnaosan,

stifus

&, and oatural frcqucncy ar, of an undanped DF systcmarc uaknorva.

dctcrrrid byhamronic cxcitatioa tcrt. At n cxcitmion frqucocy

rcrponsc tcnds to incrsssc vi&out bornd (i.c., a rc{xrant codition). Ncxt a
weigt Aru
5 lb i rttchcd to thc macs m and tte rts{xrilrcc cst is rtpcabd. Thi tirrc
IIz. Dsrmm thc mr and c gtiffirs of thc systcm.
rc$xuts occurt rt

Tfrcrc propcrtics

of 4 t*a

tb

{r"wn

rrt

to bc

f :3

4 *--^n, -- Lnh)" = &n'

i
-v
It*

G)
cb)

3,2

-- @),
\ '' --

Co)

(^ f,)L -- g6rn ( )

t*Ml^

rvt--

t+

l^h

An SDF sysbm ie cxcitcdby a sinusoidal fo'tcc. At rcsunce tbc arrylit& of displacemcot

was mcasurrcd o b 2 in. At an cxcitiag frerytcrrcy of orc-tenth rc nmtnrl flcrycncy of tc
systcrn, thc diqftsecmant amplihrdc was mcasncd to c 0.2 io. Estimate thc daaping ratio of

tk $ystcm.
?dra

tr1

"tNrl
"Llo

@4-\o

-L
-?3 ao=

(?.)o ?-<

?9

?e

Ctln

1lr-- [as).

(uat

w--O,ltN*-t

tTlsa

U'')'

ppgrtTlaT,aolu

Ls

" ar?
*1 C) 4 $a 0.a6

(o)