Report On Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE
CHAPTER 1
ABSTRACT
Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) may be defined as a composite materials made
with Portland cement, aggregate, and incorporating discrete discontinuous fibres. Now,
why would we wish to add such fibres to concrete?
Plain,
unreinforced concrete is a
brittle material, with a low tensile strength and a low strain capacity. The role of
randomly distributes discontinuous fibres is to bridge across the cracks that develop
provides some post- cracking ductility. If the fibres are sufficiently strong, sufficiently
bonded to material, and permit the FRC to carry significant stresses over a relatively
large strain capacity in the post-cracking stage. There are, of course, other (and probably
cheaper) ways of increasing the strength of concrete. The real contribution of the fibres is
to increase the toughness of the concrete, under any type of loading. That is, the fibres
tend to increase the strain at peak load, and provide a great deal of energy absorption in
post-peak portion of the load vs. deflection curve. When the fibre reinforcement is in the
form of short discrete fibres, they act effectively as rigid inclusions in the concrete
matrix. Physically, they have thus the same order of magnitude as aggregate inclusions;
steel fibre reinforcement cannot therefore be regarded as a direct replacement of
longitudinal reinforcement in reinforced and pre stressed structural members. However,
because of the inherent material properties of fibre concrete, the presence of fibres in the
body of the concrete or the provision of a tensile skin of fibre concrete can be expected to
improve the resistance of conventionally reinforced structural members to cracking,
deflection and other serviceability conditions. The fibre reinforcement may be used in the
form of three dimensionally randomly distributed fibres throughout the structural member
when the added advantages of the fibre to shear resistance and crack control can be
further utilised. On the other hand, the fibre concrete may also be used as a tensile skin to
cover the steel reinforcement when a more efficient two dimensional orientation of the
fibres could be obtained.
Plain concrete pavements have low tensile strength and strain capacity, however
these structural characteristics are improved by fibre addition, allowing reduction of the
SKNSCOE, Pandharpur.
pavement layer thickness. This improvement can be significant and depends on fibre
characteristics and dosage. The most significant influence of fibre reinforcement is to
delay and control the tensile cracking of concrete. Therefore it is found to have significant
impact on the cost due to reduced thickness requirements, less maintenance costs and
longer useful life.
1.1 List of Tables:

Sr.
Table
No.
No.
3.1
Title
Page
No.
Different
cement
specification
as
per
their
14
respective IS codes.
2
3.2
Sieve analysis of fine aggregate.
15
3.3
Grading limits for fine aggregate as per IS:383-
16
1970 .
4
3.4
Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate.
16
3.5
Physical and mechanical properties of steel fibre.
18
3.6
Description of workability and magnitude of slump.
28
3.7
Test results of slump cone test.
29
4.1
Compressive strength test results.
38
4.2
Splitting tensile strength test results.
40
10
4.3
Flexural strength test results.
42
1.2 List of graph:

Sr.
Graph
Title
Page
No.
No.
3.1
Graph showing test results of slump cone test.
29
4.1
Graph showing variation in 28 days compressive
38
No.
strength.
3
4.2
Graph showing variation in 28 days splitting
40
tensile strength.
4
4.3
Graph showing variation in 28 days flexural
42
strength.
CHAPTER 2
PREAMBLE
General Introduction:
In the present scenario the most commonly used structural material for all types of
construction is concrete which owes its distinct position as a structural material in the
field of construction that it is economically high resistant to fire, wind, water and
earthquake. In recent times its use in construction has been increased.
It is important that we critically examine the technological development in the use
of concrete and explore how it can be improved to make concrete a truly high
performance material in the future.
The quality of good and durable concrete depends not only on the quality of basic
raw materials but also on proper mix design, use of admixtures, proper mixing,
placement, compaction and efficient curing.
A number of supplementary materials are being used with concrete to enhance
structural properties covering ultimate strength and serviceability requirement .Steel fiber
is one of the good supplementary materials in concrete.
Steel fibers have been used in concrete since the early1900s.The early fibers were
round and smooth and the wire was cut or chopped to the required lengths. The use of
straight, smooth fibers has largely disappeared and modern fibers have either rough
surfaces, hooked ends or are crimped or undulated through their length. Modern
commercially available steel fibers are manufactured from drawn steel wire, from slit
sheet steel or by the melt-extraction process which produces fibers that have a crescentshaped cross section.
Steel fibers have equivalent diameters (based on cross-sectional area) of from
0,15 mm to 2 mm and lengths from 7 to 75 mm. Aspect ratios generally range from 20 to
100. (Aspect ratio is defined as the ratio between fiber length and its equivalent diameter,
which is the diameter of a circle with an area equal to the cross-sectional area of the
fiber). Steel fibers have high tensile strength (0,5 2.0 GPa) and modulus of elasticity
(200 GPa), a ductile/plastic stress-strain characteristic and low creep. Concretes
containing steel fiber have been shown to have substantially improved resistance to
impact and greater ductility of failure in compression, flexure and torsion. It has been
extensively used for overlay roads, airfield pavements and bridge decks.
Steel fiber :
Extensive research work has been carried out in the field of concrete by using
every type of fibers. Steel fiber is one of the most commonly used fiber. Generally the
diameter for round fibers may vary from 0.25-0.75 mm and for flat fibers cross section
ranging from 0.15- 0.4 mm thickness by 0.25-0.90mm width.
The design procedure of steel fibre reinforced concrete member has been
developed based on various research works by complementary procedure for the fiber
contribution. It has been observed that SFRC is the composite material containing fibers
in the cement matrix in an orderly manner or randomly distributed manner. Its properties
would obviously depends upon the efficient transfer of stress between matrix and the
fibers, which is largely dependent on the types of fibers, fiber geometry fiber content,
aspect ratio (length/dia.) shape, orientation and distribution of fibers mixing and
compaction techniques of concrete, size and shape of aggregate.
The volume of fiber content generally lies between 0.5- 2% of the total concrete
mix. The quality of steel fibers should confirm to ASTMA820.
2.2 Statement of the problem:

In case of steel fibers tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, stiffness, modulus
and mechanical deformation provide an excellent means of
internal mechanical
interlock. The uniform dispersal of steel fibers in a concrete distributes stresses and
enhances resistance to cracking, impact loading, shrinkage cracks and also improves
durability for better energy absorption.
An experimental study has been taken to thoroughly investigate the variation in
strength characteristics of concrete by using :
1) Conventional concrete of M40.
2) Various percentage of steel fiber in concrete.
3) Mixing of steel fiber randomly in concrete.
4) Placing of steel fiber 1/3rd position from top.
2.3 Literature Review:
I. Experimental Study on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete

.By M. Gulfam Pathan
In this paper steel fibers of 50, 60 and 67 aspect ratio were used. A result data
obtained has been analyzed and compared with a control specimen (0% fiber). A
relationship between aspect ratio vs. Compressive strength, aspect ratio vs. flexural
strength, aspect ratio vs. Split tensile strength represented graphically.
This paper shows that as we increase aspect ratio strength goes on decreasing.
II. Structural strength enhancement of rigid pavement using scrap steel fiber
reinforcement
By Ravindra V. Solanki
An attempt has been made to analyze the mechanical characteristics of the waste
steel scrap material which is available from the lathe is used as a steel fiber for pavement
construction to optimize the fiber content. The application of Steel Fiber Reinforced
Concrete (SFRC) as composite matrix is potentially advantageous from the point of view
of its capacity to bear much higher stresses. Under similar loading conditions pavement
thickness can considerably be reduced in SFRC, hence reduction in material and cost.
Sound SFRC pavement promises an appreciably higher life expectancy, reduced crack
growth offer better serviceability and minimum corrosion.
The main objectives of that study were:
1) To investigate the use of steel scraps as a Steel Fiber Reinforcement in FRC
2) To study the mechanical characteristics of the SSFRC
3) To optimize the fibre proportions
4) To check the toughness resistance of the SSFRC.
5) To check the abrasive resistance of the SSFRC.
6) To find out the cost effective cross section of the pavement.
From the experimental studies and subsequent pavement analysis carried out as
per IRC: 58-2002, it is concluded that the compressive strength of SSFRC increased
when compared to plain cement concrete. Addition of steel scraps increases the flexural
strength of SFRC to great extent.
III. Mix proportion and properties of steel fiber reinforced roller-compacted
concrete for pavement.
By S..Gopalkrishanan
Indented and hooked steel fibers were selected as two possibilities for use in
roller-compacted concrete for pavements. Appropriate unit water content, sand
percentage, and fiber content were determined while water was reduced by a suitable
degree by incorporating a super plasticizer in appropriate proportion. The target
consistency was given in terms of a vibration compaction value as measured by a
Swedish-type Vee-Bee apparatus. Segregation was reduced by using steel fibers, and the
fiber orientation in the concrete tended to approach the horizontal when compaction was
with a surface vibrator. Flexural strength, ductility, and frost resistance were improved.
Bond strength between the concrete and abraded asphalt pavement surface were
evaluated at the age of 7 days. Drying shrinkage was almost the same as for non-fiber
roller-compacted concrete despite the increase in unit water content for a given
consistency. There are four types of steel fibers were tested from the viewpoint of
reinforcement effect. These are indented and hooked steel fibers with different lengths.
The first step in the study was to decide on the mix proportion. The relation between
water content and modified VC value as a consistency reading was obtained, and a unit
water content and sand percentage for a given consistency were decided. Then relations
between fiber content and both modified VC value and flexural strength was obtained
and appropriate fiber contents were decided from the viewpoints of workability and
strength. The degree of unit water content reduction and the resulting change in flexural
strength when a super plasticizer was added were examined, and an appropriate dosage
selected. Secondly, the degree of coarse aggregate segregation and steel fiber segregation
was clarified using drop test apparatus. Then the angle of the steel fibers in the SFRCC to
the horizontal after compacting by surface vibrator was measured, and the angle was
compared with the case of compacting by an immersed vibrator. Thirdly, the mechanical
properties of the concrete were investigated, and differences in flexural strength and
toughness depending on fiber type were used. Then, assuming that SFRCC would be
overlaid on the abraded asphalt pavement surface, the bond strength between the concrete
and asphalt was tested. Finally the physical properties of the SFRC were investigated.
The freezing and thawing resistance with and without AE agent was compared, and
drying shrinkage properties were examined for each fiber type. A number of useful
results were obtained from these investigations.
They conclude that the mix design procedure for SFRCC to be used as pavement
material is the same as for conventional
pavement concrete in that the choice of
appropriate sand percentage and fiber content is very important.
2.3.1 Steel fiber reinforced concrete:

Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) form a new technology in the world of
concrete. This advanced technology used in developed countries to improve the physical
properties of concrete. Using steel fibers enhances the static flexural strength, fatigue
resistance and shear strength. It also improves torsional strength and toughness. By
applying SFRC, it is possible to minimize the crack width in highly corrosive
environments. The concrete becomes more ductile and its resistance to crack formation
increases tremendously. The uniform distribution of fibers in the concrete ensure three
dimensions at reinforcement.
Factors effecting properties of F.R.C. :

Properties of fiber reinforced concrete would obviously, depend upon the efficient
transfer of stress between matrix and the fiber, which is only depend on the type of fiber,
fiber geometry, fiber content, orientation and distribution of the fibers mixing and
compaction techniques of concrete, and size and shape of aggregate. These are briefly
discussed below.
Relative fiber matrix stiffness:

The modulus of elasticity of matrix must be much lower than that of fiber for
efficient given transfer. Low modulus of fiber such as polypropylene, nylon, natural fiber
are therefore unlikely to give strength improvement, but they helping in the absorption of
large energy and therefore impart greater degree of toughness and resistance to impact.
High modules fibers such as steel, glass and carbon impart strength stiffness to the
composite.
Volume of fiber:
The strength of composite largely depends on the quantity of fibers used in it. The
increasing the volume of fibers the tensile strength and toughness increase approximately
linearly. Use of higher percentage of fibers is likely to cause segregation and harshness of
concrete.
Aspect ratio:
It is the ratio of the fiber length to equivalent fiber diameter. Where the equivalent
diameter is the diameter of the fiber. The value of this ratio are usually restricted between
50-250.
The empirical formula is
L
As = d
Where,
As = Aspect ratio.
L = Length of fiber.
d =
Diameter of fiber.
Orientation of fiber:
One of the differences between conventional reinforcement and fiber
reinforcement is that in conventional reinforcement, bars are oriented in the direction
designed, while fibers are randomly oriented.
2.3.2 Benefits of using steel fiber in concrete:

The following benefits can be achieved by using steel fibers in concrete
structures.
1) Enhanced fatigue strength:
SFRC enhance fatigue stress and crack resistance leading to minimum
maintenance cost.
10
2) Impact resistance:
Impact resistance increased by more than 20 times with steel fibers concentration
of only 0.4 - 2.0 % by volume. This makes SFRC most useful in areas of heavy
concentrated loads such as airport runway, bridge deck and elevate metal flooring
system.
3) Three dimensional reinforcement:
Due to uniform distribution of steel fibers, and providing three dimensional
reinforcement the strength of concrete structure is maintained evenly.
4) Elimination of pocket and voids:
With Majix fiber reinforced concrete air pockets and voids which takes place with
wire mesh are eliminated, leading to improved crack resistance and imparting
greater strength to concrete.
5) Leads to less maintenance cost.
6) Decrease in cross sectional area and reduces construction cost.
7) Improves concrete quality and increase durability.
Practical applications of steel fiber:

1) Shotcrete: Slope stabilization, tunnel lining, soil nailing, rehabilation and
restoration.
2) Slabs: Airport runways, roads and bridge decks.
3) Precast products.
11
CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
3.1 Aim:
The aim of this experimental investigation is to study the variation in strength
characteristics of concrete structural elements, for which M40 grade concrete were used
in each mix containing different percentages of steel fibers in concrete were used.
The main objectives of this study are:
To investigate the use of steel fiber in concrete.
To determine compressive strength of mixes with compression test carried out on

cubes.
To determine Flexural Strength of beams with flexural testing machine.
To determine splitting tensile strength of mixes with compression test machine

carried out on cylinder.
3.2 Concrete making materials :

3.2.1 cement :
Cement in general can be defined as a material which possesses very good
adhesive and cohesive properties which make it possible to bond with other materials to
form compact mass.
Types of cement
There are many types of cement in the market to suit every need. Some of them which
are included in the revised IS : 456-2000 are as follows:
Ordinary Portland cement
Pozzolana Portland cement
Rapid Hardening cement
Sulphate resisting Portland cement
Portland slag cement
Low heat Portland cement
12
Even though only Ordinary Portland Cement is graded according to strength, the other
cements too have to gain a particular strength. 33, 43 and 53 grade in OPC indicates the
compressive strength of cement after 28 days when tested as per IS: 4031-1988, eg, 33
Grade means that 28 days of compressive strength is not less than 33 N/mm2 (MPa) .
Similarly for 43 grade and 53 grade the 28 days compressive strength should not be less
than 43 and 53 MPa respectively. 43 and 53 grade are also being introduced in PPC
and PSC shortly by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
Portland pozzolona cement
PPC is manufactured by inter grinding OPC clinker with 15-35% of pozzolanic
material. Pozzolonas are essentially siliceous or aluminous material, which in itself
possesses no cementitious properties, which will be in finely divided form and in the
presence of moisture react with calcium hydroxide, liberated in the hydration process,
at ordinary temperature, to form compounds possessing cementitious properties. The
pozzolonic materials generally used are fly ash or calcined clay. PPC produces less heat
of hydration and offers greater resistance to attack of aggressive environment, gives
long-term strength and enhances the durability of structures.
13
Table 3.1:Different cement specifications as per their respective Indian Standard

Codes
Sr.No. Type of cement
53 grade OPC
PPC
PSC
I.S.code
I.S.12269
I.S.1489 part-1
I.S.445
OPC/ Blended
OPC
Blended
Blended
% Gypsum added
3 to 5%
3 to 5%
3 to 5%
Fineness in m2/Kg
Min.225
Min.300
Min.225
Initial seeting time
Min.30 Min.s
Min.30 Min.s
Min.30 Min.s
Final seeting time
Max.600Min.s
Max.600Min.s
Max.600Min.s
Min. replacement
Min.
15
% Min
25
70
pulverized fly GGBS

ash
8
Max. replacement
Max.
35
% Min
pulverized fly GGBS

ash
9
3 Days strength
Min. 27 MPa
Min. 16 MPa
Min 16 MPa
10
7 Days strength
Min. 37 MPa
Min. 22MPa
Min.22MPa
11
28Days strength
Min. 53 MPa
Min. 33MPa
Min.33MPa
12
Sulphates or chlorides Poor
Higher
Higher
resistaance
13
Heat of hydration
Highest
Lower
Lowest
14
Permeability
Highest
Lower
Lowest
15
Alkali silica reaction
Possible due to ASR resistant

hight
ASR resistant
C3 S
content
16
Specific gravity
3.15
2.95
3.05
17
Durability
Moderate
Higher
Higher
14
3.2.2 Fine Aggregate:

Locally available river sand which is free from organic impurities is used. Sand
passing through sieve is 4.75mm and retaining on IS sieve 150/1 is used in the
investigation.
The sample shall be brought to an air dry condition before weighting and sieving.
This may be achieved either by drying at room temperature or by heating at a temperature
of 100 C to 1100 C. The air dry sample shall be weighted and sieved successively on the
appropriate sieves starting with the maximum size. Care shall be taken to ensure that the
sieve are clean before use. (IS2386 part-I -1963).
Table3.2: Sieve analysis of fine aggregate.

Sr.
Sieve size Weight retained % Wt. retained Cumulative % % passing
No.
In gms
retained
4.75 mm
100
2.36 mm
439
21.95
21.95
78.05
2.00 mm
234
11.70
33.62
66.35
600
1039
51.95
85.60
14.40
300
227
11.35
96.95
3.05
150
45
2.25
99.2
0.8
Fineness Modulus(F.M.)
F.M.=
0+21.95+33.62+85.60+96.95+99.2
100
=3.37
15
Table3.3: Grading limits for fine aggregate as per IS:383-1970.

IS sieve
Percentage passing by weight
designation
Zone I
Zone II
Zone III
Zone IV
4.75mm
90-100
90-100
90-100
95-100
2.36mm
60-95
75-100
85-100
95-100
2.00mm
30-70
55-90
75-100
90-100
600
14-34
35-59
60-79
80-100
300
3-20
8-30
12-40
15-50
150
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-15
With reference to above grading fine aggregate lies in zone I.
3.2.3 Coarse Aggregate :

The size of aggregate bigger than 4.75 mm is considered as coarse aggregate. There are
different types of shape of coarse aggregates like rounded aggregate, flaky aggregate and
angular or crushed aggregate. In this experimental programme crushed aggregates were
used. For this study 20mm and 10mm coarse aggregates were used in different fractions.
For this studies 20mm size of C.A. used 70% of total coarse aggregate and 10mm size of
C.A. used 30% of total coarse aggregate.
Table3.4: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate.
Sieve Percentage passing
Percentage passing
mm
CAI
C A II
CAI
20
100
100
70
30
100
10
71.20
21.36
21.36
4.75
9.40
2.82
2.82
2.36
C A II Combined
16
3.3.4 Water:
The water used for mixing and curing of concrete should be free from injurious
amounts of deleterious materials. The unwanted situation leading to the distress of
concrete have been found to be a result of among others, the mixing and curing water
being not of appropriate quality. Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for
mixing concrete. In case of doubt of suitability of mixing water, particularly in remote
areas or where water is derived from source not normally utilised for domestic purpose,
water should be tested.
For this experimental work potable / drinking water was used.
3.3.5 Steel fibre:

Steel fibre used for steel fibre reinforced concrete having aspect ratio 58 is used.
It is circular in shape in cross section having diameter of 0.6mm and length of 35mm. It
is crimped type steel fibre.
Using steel fibre enhances the static flexural strength, fatigue resistance and shear
strength. It also improves torsional strength and toughness. By applying SFRC, it is
possible to minimize the crack width highly corrosive environment. The concrete
becomes more ductile and its resistance to crack formation increases tremendously. The
uniform distribution of steel fibres in the concrete ensures three dimensional
reinforcement. The complete elimination of wire mesh in shotcrete leads to easy handling
cost saving and term reliability.
17
Table 3.5: Physical and mechanical properties of steel fiber.

Sr. No.
Properties
Unit
Result
Diameter
mm
0.6
Specific Gravity
Length
Aspect ratio
Tensile strength
Mpa
1000
Modulus of Elasticity
Gpa
200
Density
Kg/m3
7900
7.9
mm
35
0.58
18
3.3 Mix Design:

General:
The design of concrete mix is not a simple task on account of the widely varying
properties of the constituent materials, the conditions that prevail at the site of work, in
particular the exposure condition, and the conditions that are demanded for a particular
work for properties of these constituent material, the implications in case of changes on
these conditions at the site, the impact of the properties of plastic concrete on the
hardened concrete and the complication inter relationship between the variables. All
these make the task of mix design more complex and difficult. Design of concrete mix
needs not only the knowledge of material properties and properties of concrete in plastic
condition, it also needs wider knowledge and experience of concreting. Even then
proportion of the materials of concrete found out at the laboratory requires modification
and readjustment to suit the field condition.
Mix design:
Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of
concrete and determine their relative properties with the objective of producing concrete
of certain minimum strength and durability and ease of placement consolidation as
economically as possible.
Variables in proportioning
Water to Cement ratio
Cement content or cement-aggregate ratio
Aggregate gradation
Consistency
In general all four of these inter related variable cannot be chosen or manipulated
arbitrarily. Usually two or three factors are specified, and the other some adjusted to give
minimum workability and economy.
Concrete Mix Design Methods
Indian standard method IS-10262
DOE (Dept of Environment, UK)
American concrete institute method (ACI)
19
Nominal mixes
Absolute volume method
Maximum Density method
Fineness modulus method
Indian road congress - 44 method ( IRC-44)
Surface area method
High strength concrete mix design
Data required
Sieve analyses of fine and coarse aggregates.
Unit weight of coarse aggregate.
Bulk specific gravities and absorption of aggregates.
Mixing-water requirements of concrete developed from experience with
available aggregates.
Relationship between strength and water-cement ratio or ratio of water to
cement plus other cementitious materials.
Type and Specific gravity of Portland cement and other cementitious materials,
if used
Maximum Size of Aggregate.
Bulk specific gravities and absorption of aggregates.
Type and Specific gravity of Portland cement and other cementitious materials,
if used.
20
3.3.1 Mix Design By Indian Standard Method:

(as per IS:456-2000, IS:10262-2009)
Step1- Target mean strength for mix proportioning
fck = fck + k S
where
fck = target mean compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days in N/mm2, and
k
= a static value depending upon the accepted proportion of low results and no. of
tests
S = standard deviation N/mm2
Assumed standard deviation IS:10262 (Table no. 1)
Grade of concrete Assumed standard deviation(N/mm2)
M10
3.5
M15
M20
4.0
M25
M30
M35
M40
5.0
M45
M50
M55
NOTE- Any deviation from good site quality control condition, the value shall be
increased by 1 N/mm2.
21
Values of k
Accepted proportions of
Low results
1 in 5
0.84
1 in 10
1.28
1 in 15
1.50
1 in 20
1.65
1 in 40
1.86
1 in 100
2.33
Step2- Selection of water cement ratio.

From table 5 IS:456
Sr.
Exposure
No.
Plain concrete
Reinforced concrete
Min.
Max. free Min.
Min.
Max. free Min.
cement
W/C ratio grade of
cement
W/C ratio grade of
content
conc.
(Kg/m3)
conc.
content
(Kg/m3)
Mild
220
0.60
300
0.55
M20
Moderate 240
0.60
M15
300
0.50
M25
Severe
250
0.50
M20
320
0.45
M30
Very
260
0.45
M20
340
0.45
M35
280
0.40
M25
360
0.40
M40
severe
5
Extreme
Select water cement ratio from above table.
Step3- Selection of water content.

From IS: 10262-2009 table no. 2
22
Sr.
Nominal max. size Max. water content
No. of aggregate (mm)
(Kg)
10
208
20
186
40
165
Above table is used for finding water content.
Step4- Calculation of cementitious material content.

The cement content per unit volume of concrete may be calculated from the free water
cement ratio (step2) and quantity of water per unit volume of concrete (step3).
Cement content =
in Kg/m3.
The cementitious material content so calculated shall be checked against the minimum
content for the requirement of durability and greater of the two values adopted. The
maximum cement content shall be in accordance with IS:456 table no. 5
Step5- Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content.

From IS:10262-2009 table 3 volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to size of coarse
aggregate and fine aggregate (zone) is find out.
Sr.
Nominal max. Size
Volume of CA per unitvolume of total aggregate
No.
of aggregate mm
For different zones of FA

Zone IV
zone III
Zone II
Zone I
10
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.44
20
0.66
0.64
0.62
0.60
40
0.75
0.73
0.71
0.69
NOTE- 1) Volumes are based on aggregate in saturated surface dry condition.

2) Above values are for w/c = 0.50.
3) For every + 0.05 change in w/c ratio change above value by -/+0.01 rate.
23
Volume of fine aggregate content = 1- volume of coarse aggregate
Step6- Mix calculations.

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Volume of concrete = 1m3
1
b) Volume of cement =
c) Volume of water =
x 1000
1000
d) Volume of all in aggregate = [a-(b + c)]

e) Mass of coarse aggregate = d x volume of CA x specific gravity of CA x 1000
f) Mass of fine aggregate = d x volume of FA x specific gravity of FA x 1000
Step7- Final Quantities.

The proportion of ingredients of concrete as obtained above can be summarized as below
Cement (Kg) : water(Kg) : coarse aggregate(Kg) : Fine aggregate(Kg)
24
3.3.2 Mix Design for M40 Concrete

Design stipulations
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Grade designation
Type of cement
Max. Nominal size of aggregate
Workability
Exposure condition
Type of coarse aggregate
Fine aggregate
: M40
: PPC conforming to IS:1489 part I
: 20mm ,10mm.
: slump100mm
: Extreme
: Crushed angular
: Grading Zone I confirming to IS:383
Test data for materials

a)
b)
c)
d)
Cement used
Specific gravity of cement
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate
Specific gravity of fine aggregate
: PPC
: 2.95
: 3.05
: 3.05
Step1- Target mean strength for mix proportioning

fck = fck + k S
= 40 + 1.65 x 5
= 48.25 N/mm2
Step2- Selection of water cement ratio.

From table 5 IS:456
w/c =0.40
Step3- Selection of water content.

Nominal maximum size of aggregate.
From IS: 10262-2009 table no. 2
Water content = 186 lit. (for 25 to 50 mm slump range)
Applying correction +3% for 25 mm slump
6
For 100mm slump, Water content = 186 + 100 x 186 =197 lit.
25
Step4- Calculation of cementitious material content.

Cement content =
=
197
0.40
in Kg/m3.
= 492.5 Kg/m3.
From IS:456-2000 table 5 minimum cement content for M40 = 360 Kg/m3.
492.5 Kg/m3 > 360 Kg/m3
Hence Ok
Step5- Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content.

From IS:10262-2009 Table 3
Volume of CA = 0.60
for w/c = 0.50
In this case w/c ratio was 0.40 Therefore ,volume of coarse aggregate require to be
increase to decrease the fine aggregate content . As the water-cement ratio was lower by
0.10,the proportion of volume of coarse aggregate was increased by 0.02.
Therefore volume of CA for w/c 0.40 = 0.62
And, volume of fine aggregate content = 1 - 0.62 = 0.38
Step6- Mix calculations.

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Volume of concrete = 1m3
1
b) Volume of cement =
x 1000
492.5
2.95
x 1000
= 0.17 m3
26
c) Volume of water
197
1
1000
1000
= 0.197 m3
d) Volume of all in aggregate = [a-(b + c)]

= [1-(0.17 + 0.197)]
=
e) Mass of coarse aggregate
0.633 m3
= d x volume of CA x specific gravity of CA x 1000

=0.633 x 0.62 x 3.05 x 1000
= 1197 Kg
Assumed fraction for CA = 70 % for 20mm and 30% for 10mm

20mm = 837.9 Kg
10mm = 359.1 Kg
f) Mass of fine aggregate
= d x volume of FA x specific gravity of FA x 1000

= 0.633 x 0.38 x 3.05 x1000
= 733.64 Kg
Step7- Final Quantities.

The proportion of ingredients of concrete as obtained above can be summarized as below
Cement
water
: Fine aggregate :
492.5Kg/m3 : 197 Kg/m3 : 733.64 Kg/m3

1
0.40
1.49
coarse aggregate
20mm
10mm
3
: 837.9 Kg/m 359.1 Kg/m3
1.70
0.73
27
3.4 Slump Cone test:

This is a test used extensively in site work all over the work. The slump test does
not measure the workability of concrete although ACI 116R 90 describes it as a
measure of consistency, but the test is very useful in detecting variations in the
uniformity of a mix of given nominal proportions. The slump test is prescribed by 15456
(2000), ASTM C 143 90a and BS 1881 Part 102 : 1983. The mould for the slump test is a
frustum of a cone, 300 mm high. It is a placed on a smooth surface with the smaller
opening at the top and filled with concrete in three layers. Each layer is tamped 25 times
with a standard 16 mm diameter steel rod, rounded at the end, and the top surface is
truck off by means of a sawing and rolling motion of the tamping rod. The mould must be
firmly held against its base during the entire operation, this is facilitated by handles or
foot rests brazed to the mould. Immediately after filling, the cone is slowly lifted, and the
unsupported concrete will now slump hence the name of the test. The decrease in the
height of the slumped concrete is called slump and is measured to the nearest 5mm. The
decrease is measured to the highest point according to IS456 (2000) B5 1881 : Part 102 :
1983, but to the displaced original center according to ASTM C 143 -90a. In order to
reduce the influence on slump of the variation' in the surface friction, the inside of the
mould and its base should be moistened at the beginning of every test, and prior to lifting
of the mould the area immediately around the base of the cone should be cleaned of
concrete which may have dropped accidentally.
Table3.6: Description of Workability and Magnitude of slump.
Description of Workability
No slump
Very low
Low
Medium
High
Very High
Slump in mm
0
5-10
15-30
35-75
80-155
162 to collapse
28
Table 3.7:Test
Test results of slump cone test
% of steel fiber
Slump in mm
0%
85
1%
70
2%
55
Graph 3.1: Graph showing test results of slump cone test
29
3.5 Casting and Curing of specimen(IS:516-1959):

1) Preparation of materials:
All materials shall be brought to room temperature preferably 27 30 C before
commencing the tests.
The cement samples, on arrival at the laboratory shall be thoroughly mixed in dry
either by hand or in a suitable mixer in such a manner as to ensure the greatest blending
and uniformity in the material, care being taken to avoid the intrusion of foreign matter.
The cement shall then be stored in a dry place preferably in airtight metal containers.
Samples of aggregates for batch of concrete shall be of the desired grading and shall be in
air dried condition. In general, the aggregate shall be separated into fine and coarse
fraction and recombined for each concrete batch in such manner as to produce the desired
grading. For present investigation IS sieves 12.5mm, 10mm, 8mm and 6mm are being
used to separate coarse fraction into different sizes and IS sieve 4.75 mm is being used to
sieve the fine fraction i.e. sand.
2) Weighing of materials:
The quantities of cement, each size of aggregate and water for each batch shall be
determined by weight to an accuracy of 0.1 percent of the total weight of the batch.
3) Mixing Concrete:
The concrete shall be mixed by hand or preferably in a laboratory mixer in such a
manner as to avoid loss of water or other materials. Each batch of concrete shall be of
such a size as to leave about 10 percent excess after molding the desired number of test
specimens. For this investigation concrete mixed by laboratory mixer.
4)Mixing by Laboratory mixer :
The concrete batch mixed in a laboratory tilting type drum mixer, using the following
procedure.
a) The cement and fine aggregate shall be mixed dry until the mixture is thoroughly
blended and in uniform in color.
30
b) The coarse aggregate shall then be added and mixed with the cement and fine
aggregate until the coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch.
c) The water shall then be added and the entire batch mixed until the concrete
appears to be homogeneous and has the desired consistency. If repeated mixing is
necessary, because of the addition of water in increments while adjusting the
consistency, the batch shall be discarded and a fresh batch mix without
interrupting the mixing to make trial consistency tests.
LABORATORY TILTING MIXER
RANDOMLY MIXED STEEL FIBRE CONCRETE
31
1/3RD PLACED STEEL FIBRE CONCRETE

5)Size of test specimen :
Compression test:
For compression test, specimens cubical in shape and size of 150 X 150 X
150mm shall be used.
Split tensile test:

For this test, cylindrical specimens of size 150mm in diameter and 300mm long
shall be used.
Flexural test:
For flexural test beam specimens standard size of the aggregate does not exceed
20mm, specimens 150 X 150 X 700mm may be used.
6) Compaction of Concrete:
The test specimens shall be made as soon as practicable after mixing and in such a
manner as to produce full compaction of the concrete with neither segregation nor
excessive lightness. The concrete shall be filled into the mould in layers approximately
5cm deep. In placing each scoopful of concrete, the scoop shall be moved around the top
edge of the mould as the concrete slides from it, in order to ensure a symmetrical
distribution of the concrete within the mould. Each layers shall be compacted by 16mm
diameter tamping rod. After filling the complete mould it is compacted by table vibrator.
32
The surface of the concrete shall be finished level with the top of the mould using a
trowel.
33
7) Curing:
The test specimens shall be stored in a place free from vibration, in moist air of at
least 90 percent humidity and at temperature of 27 + 2 C for 24 hours + 1/2 hour from
time addition of water to the dry ingredients. After this period the specimens shall be
marked to the dry ingredients. After this period the specimens shall be marked and
removed from moulds and unless required for test within 24 hours, immediately
submerged in clean, fresh water. The water in which the specimens are submerged shall
be renewed every seven days and shall be maintained at a temperature of 27 2C. The
specimens shall not allow becoming dry at any time until they have been tested.
34
3.6 Testing of Specimens:

3.6.1 Test for compressive strength of concrete (IS:516-1959)
The compressive strength of concrete is one of the most important and a useful
property of concrete. In most structural application concrete is implied primarily to resist
compressive stress. In this investigation plain cement concrete cubes and fiber reinforced
concrete cubes (with randomly placed and 1/3rd placed fiber) were tested on compression
testing machine of capacity 2000 KN. The load is applied to opposite sides of specimen.
The load at which the control specimen ultimately fails is noted.
The compressive strength is calculated by
Compressive strength =
in MPa
Where,
P = Cube compressive load causing failure in N.
A = Cross sectional area of cube in mm2.
No. of cube tested for different percentage of fiber content.
The average of no. of specimen strength is calculated and it is taken as compressive
strength of one set.
35
3.6.2 Test for split tensile strength of concrete (IS:5816-1970):

Tensile strength is a one of the basic and important properties of concrete.
Knowledge of its value is required for the design of concrete structural element. Subject
to transverse shear, torsion, shrinkage and temperature effect. Its value is also used in the
design of pre stressed concrete structures, liquid retaining structures roadways and
runways slab. The use of splitting cylinder test for assessing the tensile strength of
concrete in the laboratory is widely accepted and use of the this test for control purpose in
the field is under investigation.
In this investigation plain concrete and steel fiber reinforced concrete specimen
were tested on CTM. The load at which the control specimen ultimately fails is noted and
split tensile strength is calculated by
Splitting tensile strength =
in MPa
Where,
P = Applied compressive force at failure in N.
d = Diameter of the cylinder in mm.
l = Length of cylinder in mm.
The average no. of specimen strength is calculated which are taken as split tensile
strength of one set.
36
3.6.3 Test for flexural strength of concrete (IS:516-1959):

This test is carried out for finding out flexural strength of concrete. The no. of
beams tested for different percentage of fiber content. The specimens were tested by
using universal testing machine. The load at which control specimen ultimately fails is
noted.
The flexural strength is calculated by
Flexural strength = bd
in MPa
Where,
P = maximum load in N.
l = Length in mm of the span on which the specimen was supported.
b = Width of specimen in mm.
d = Depth of specimen in mm
37
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND CONCLUSION
4.1 Results:
Table 4.1. Compressive
pressive strength test results:
PLAIN
COMP.
STRENGTH
IN
MPa
7
DAYS
28
DAYS
32.88
1 % STEEL FIBER
7 DAYS
2 % STEEL FIBER
28 DAYS
28 DAYS
RANDOM
1/3rd
RANDOM
1/3rd
RANDOM
1/3rd
42.66
35.11
24.00
51.55
42.66
48.88
33.33
33.33
44.00
37.22
23.11
47.11
40.00
53.77
29.33
Avg.
33.10
Avg.
43.33
Avg.
36.16
Avg.
23.55
Avg.
49.33
Avg.
41.33
Avg.
51.32
Avg.
31.33
60
50
40
30
Randomly
20
1/3rd
10
0
0%
1%
2%
Graph No.4.1: Graph showing variation in 28 days compressive strength
38
1% RANDOM
2% RANDOM
1% 1/3RD
2% 1/3RD
39
Table No.4.2: Splitting tensile strength test results.

PLAIN
SPLITING
TENSILE
STRENGTH
IN
MPa
2 % STEEL FIBER
28
DAYS
1 % STEEL
FIBER
28 DAYS
Random
4.38
5.52
5.94
4.95
5.37
6.08
Avg.
4.66
Avg.
5.44
Avg.
6.01
28 DAYS
Random
8
6
4
Ran
2
0
0%
1%
2%
Graph No.4.2: Graph showing variation in 28 days splitting tensile strength
40
1% RANDOM
2% RANDOM
PLAIN
41
Table 4.3: Flexural strength test results:

PLAIN
28
DAYS
FLEXURAL
STRENGTH
IN
MPa
1 % STEEL FIBER 2 % SYEEL FIBER

28 DAYS
28 DAYS
RANDOM
1/3rd
RANDOM
1/3rd
7.6
8.4
7.4
9.2
6.8
7.2
8.8
7.7
9.6
6.7
Avg.
7.4
Avg.
8.6
Avg.
7.2
Avg.
9.4
Avg.
6.75
60
50
40
30
Randomly
20
1/3rd
10
0
0%
1%
2%
Graph No.4.3: Graph showing variation in 28 days flexural strength
42
4.2 Conclusion:
It is observed that compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength
are on higher side for 2% fibres as compare to that produced from 0% and 1%
randomly mixed fibres.
It is observed that compressive strength and flexural strength were decreases as

we increases % of steel fibre at 1/3rd position.
As we increase % of randomly mixed steel fibre it arrest cracks in concrete.
It is observed that compressive strength increases from 13 to 18 % with addition

of steel fibre with randomly.
It is observed that flexural strength increases from 16 to 27 % with addition of

steel fibre with randomly.
It is observed that split tensile strength increases from 17 to 29 % with addition of

steel fibre with randomly.
43
CHAPTER 5
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Shetty M.S. Concrete technology,Fiber reinforced concrete.
2) Experimental studies on fiber reinforced concrete(sept. 2012) by A.M.Pande
and A.M.Shende.
3) National conference on recent trends in engineering and technology Use of steel
fiber in concrete : A review by Prof.C.B. Mishra, Prof.D.A. Sinha (May 2011).
4) International journal of scientific and technology research volume 1,
Introduction to steel fiber reinforced concrete on engineering performance of
concrete by Vikrant S. Vairagade, Kavita S.Kene(May2012).
5) Experimental Study on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete by M. Gulfam Pathan.
6) Mix proportion and properties of steel fiber reinforced roller-compacted concrete
for pavement .by S.Gopalkrishanan.
7) Structural strength enhancement of rigid pavement using scrap steel fiber
reinforcement by Ravindra V. Solanki.
8) IS:456-2000 Plain and reinforced concrete code of practice 4th revision.
9) IS:10262-2009 Concrete Mix Proportioning Guidelines (First revision)
10) IS:383 1970 Specification for Coarse and Fine aggregate from natural sources
for concrete(second revision).
11) IS:1489 part I 1991- Specification for Portland pozzolana cement(third revision).
44

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A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

1.1 List of Tables:

Sieve analysis of fine aggregate.

Grading limits for fine aggregate as per IS:383-

Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate.

Physical and mechanical properties of steel fibre.

Description of workability and magnitude of slump.

Test results of slump cone test.

Compressive strength test results.

Splitting tensile strength test results.

Flexural strength test results.

1.2 List of graph:

Graph showing test results of slump cone test.

Graph showing variation in 28 days compressive

Graph showing variation in 28 days splitting

Graph showing variation in 28 days flexural

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

2.2 Statement of the problem:

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

2.3 Literature Review:

I. Experimental Study on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

pavement concrete in that the choice of

appropriate sand percentage and fiber content is very important.

2.3.1 Steel fiber reinforced concrete:

Factors effecting properties of F.R.C. :

Relative fiber matrix stiffness:

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

2.3.2 Benefits of using steel fiber in concrete:

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

Practical applications of steel fiber:

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

To investigate the use of steel fiber in concrete.

To determine compressive strength of mixes with compression test carried out on

To determine Flexural Strength of beams with flexural testing machine.

To determine splitting tensile strength of mixes with compression test machine

3.2 Concrete making materials :

Ordinary Portland cement

Pozzolana Portland cement

Rapid Hardening cement

Sulphate resisting Portland cement

Portland slag cement

Low heat Portland cement

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

Table 3.1:Different cement specifications as per their respective Indian Standard

Initial seeting time

Final seeting time

pulverized fly GGBS

pulverized fly GGBS

Sulphates or chlorides Poor

Alkali silica reaction

Possible due to ASR resistant

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE

3.2.2 Fine Aggregate:

Table3.2: Sieve analysis of fine aggregate.

Sieve size Weight retained % Wt. retained Cumulative % % passing

A STUDY FOR EFFECT OF STEEL FIBRE ON STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE