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Oscillations
Chapter 14: Oscillations
Read Chapter 14 this week. We shall cover Sections 14.1, 2, 3 this week
Section 14.1, 2, 4 Simple Harmonic Motion
Consider a block (or air track glider) attached to a spring (horizontal) and on a
frictionless surface.
In equilibrium, with the spring relaxed, the block sits still
at a point we shall define as x=0, the equilibrium
position.
Frictionless surface.
F
0
x
F
where k is the force constant of the spring. Hookes Law. Units of k are N/m.
F = ma =md2x = -kx This is the equation of motion for the block-spring system
dt2
a = -(k/m)x
It is also the general equation for a system (Simple Harmonic Oscillator) undergoing
simple harmonic motion.
An object moves with simple harmonic motion whenever its restoring force is
proportional to its displacement from some equilibrium position and is oppositely
directed.
x
time
t=0
A
t
2A
a = dv = -2Acos(t + ) a
dt
t(s)
-5
-10
Find , v (0) and vmax
T = 8s, = 2/T = 0.785 s-1, A = 10 cm. x(0) = Acos = 5cm; = cos-1(0.5) = 1.02 rad
Note that cos () = cos (-) (and sin () = - sin(-)) If we use the x position at a single
time and the amplitude alone to determine phase, then we cannot distinguish between the
positive and the negative value for . The positive value for corresponds to the dotted
curve and the negative value for corresponds to the solid line. Therefore we choose the
negative value, -1.05 rad.
The v(0) = - Asin() = - 0.785s-1* 10cm*sin (-1.05rad) = 6.8 cm/s and vmax = A = 7.85
cm/s
Section 14.3: Energy in simple harmonic motion:
K = mv2 = m2A2sin2(t + ) = kA2sin2(t + ) using 2 = k/m
Intermediate position, x = x
Problem: A 1.00kg block slides on a frictionless surface with a speed of 2.00 m/s. The
block meets an unstretched spring with force constant 250 N/m.
(a) How far is the spring compressed before the block comes to rest?
mv2 = kA2 ; then A = vm/k = 2.00m/s*1.00kg/250N/m = 0.126m =12.6cm.
The relevant time is T/2 because we
know the final velocity of the block
will be 2.00m/s and that will be the
velocity of the end of the spring after
T/2. From this point on the spring
slows down.
L
y
+
mg
This is the same expression we used for the horizontal spring block system and it holds
for y positive or negative. Above the equilibrium point (where y <0), the net force
experienced by the block is downward and below the equilibrium point it is upward.
When the block is below its equilibrium point, the spring force is greater than the weight
of the block so it pulls the block up and when the block is above its equilibrium force the
spring force is less than the weight of the block so the block moves down.
Length L
mgsin
m
mgcos
mg
If we sum forces along s, the tangent to the curve followed by the bob
Ft = -mgsin = md2s
dt2
Then d2 = -gsin
dt2
L
using s = L
s
L
Provided we stick to trajectories for which is less than about 10o, sin is close to .
Show excel plots on sin, and the % difference vs .
We can write d2 = -g
dt2 L
Solution = maxcos(t + )
d = -maxsin(t + ) d2 = -2maxcos (t + )
dt
dt2
Then for the pendulum, = g/L and T = 2L/g
Note that the period of oscillation for the pendulum depends only on the length of
the string and the acceleration of gravity.
Problem from a midterm You are asked to build a simple pendulum that will act as a
perfect 'seconds' clock; i.e. one for which each half period is 1.00 second. What will be
the length of this pendulum?
T = 2L/g
Pendulum Problem
L=2.50m
Fv
v
For example, a sphere moving through a fluid experiences a viscous force Fv = -6v
where = fluid viscosity, v = speed of particle. Stokes Law. The - sign is there
because the force is in the opposite direction to the velocity.
We use the general expression that frictional retarding forces follow R = -bv.
b is called the damping constant.
Consider the block-spring problem again:
v
Fk
bv
x
0
Fx = ma = -kx -bv
md2x = -kx - bdx
dt2
dt
Note: 1. The amplitude of the oscillations Ae-b/2mt decays exponentially with time.
This is called a damped Oscillator.
Note: 2. The frequency of the oscillations depends upon not only k/m but also b/2m.
= o2 - (b/2m)2 where o = k/m the natural frequency of the oscillator
Note that the damping always slows down the oscillations.
bvmax is the maximum viscous force (occurs at equilibrium point), kA is the maximum
restoring force of the spring (occurs at maximum displacement).
We distinguish three regimes of damping:
Condition
Underdamped
Critically damped
Overdamped
Description
Oscillates, falls to zero
No oscillation, falls to zero
Slow fall to zero
bvmax vs kA
bvmax < kA
bvmax = kA
bvmax > kA
o vs b/2m
o > b/2m
o = b/2m
o < b/2m
A classic example is the shocks in a car. They should be critically damped. With age they
become underdamped and bounce a long time after we pass over a bump. If they are
overdamped, then they don't absorb the shock well.
Whenever friction is present, the energy of the oscillator falls to zero. The lost
mechanical energy goes to the internal energy of the retarding medium. It gets
warm.
Energy in the Damped Oscillator
E = kA2 and A = Aoe-b/2m t
Then E = k Ao2 e-t/ where = m/b is the decay constant for the energy of the
oscillator. Note that energy decays twice as fast as amplitude.
Problem: A Spring block system has spring constant, k = 200 N/m and mass M=200g (a)
Determine the frequency of the oscillation, assuming no damping. (b) It is observed that
after 55 oscillations, the amplitude of the oscillation has dropped to one/half its original
value. Estimate the value of = b/2m. (c) How long does it take the amplitude to
decrease to one-quarter of its original value.
10
Fk
-bv
0
Fo/m
( - o ) + (b/m)2
2
2 2
Note: (1) is the frequency of the applied periodic force, o =k/m, the natural
frequency of the oscillator.
Note: (2) There is no damping of the motion since the system is driven by the applied
periodic force.
Note: (3) The amplitude of the oscillations depends on frequency, the closer is to o
the higher the amplitude. When = o, the amplitude peaks. This is called resonance. At
resonance, the applied force is in phase with the velocity and the power transferred to the
oscillator is at a maximum.
Note: (4) The width of the resonance depends on the damping factor b, as b goes to zero,
the width becomes very narrow.
Examples, radio tuner, NMR, breaking wine glass
11
Problem: A 0.150 Kg mass is hanging from a light 6.30N/m spring. The system is driven
by a force oscillating with an amplitude of 1.70N. At what frequency will the force make
the mass vibrate with an amplitude of 0.440 m. Damping is negligible.
The amplitude of the motion is given by
A=
Fo/m
Set b=0 since damping is
2
2 2
negligible
( - o ) + (b/m)2
We have only to solve this problem for . Then
2 -o2 = Fo/(mA) and
= Fo/mA + o2 = 1.70N/(0.150kg*0.440m) + (6.30N/m)/(0.150Kg)
= 8.2 rad/s ; f = 1.31 Hz
End of Oscillations
Using o2 = k/m