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!"#$%&'()%"*#%*+,-./-*+01.2(.

*3+456789*
!"#$%&"'(()'*+,"-'.'
Dr. D. Shaun Bloomfield
Astrophysics Research Group
Trinity College Dublin

:0-#*;<="<.*-*:-><?*
o Mechanical examples:
o sound, string, water
o Energy transfer
o Restoring forces:
o pressure, tension, gravity
o Characteristics:
o wave speed
o motion of medium
o direction of propagation
o Dispersion relation really important!

@2/A,<*:-><*B<A$<.<"#-)%"*
o For plane waves propagating with wave vector k = (kx, ky, kz) and angular
frequency !, [N.B. r = (x, y, z) is the position vector]
U = CU exp[i(k ! r " #t )]

o and for propagation in only the x-direction,


U = CU exp[i( kx ! "t )]

o Constant phase is maintained for a point on the wave when,


d
(kx ! "t ) = 0
dt
d ( kx )
!" = 0
dt
dx "
= = v p phase speed
dt k

:-><*C$%'A*@A<<&*
o Phase speed is not the rate of information (i.e., energy) transfer
o Group speed is similarly defined, but for constant phase on a modulated
wave envelope,
U ! exp[i( "kx # "$t )]
o giving,
d
( !kx " !#t ) = 0
dt
dx !#
=
dt !k
% !# ' d#
lim
=
= vg
!# $0& !k (
dk

group speed

:-><*;2.A<$.2%"*B<,-)%"*
o Everything is contained
in dispersion relation,

! = !(k)
o k often complex, but
waves propagate only
for,
!(k) > 0

o Dispersion relation
indicates cutoffs and
resonances

:0-#*D-E<.*+,-./-*:-><.*;2F<$<"#?*
o Plasma properties:
o gas-like
o charged
o magnetic field
(complicates
everything)

o Fluid equations
o mass continuity
o equation of motion
o energy equation
o ideal gas law
o EM equations
o Maxwells equations
o induction equation
o Ohms law

G,'2&*HI'-)%".*!*
o Mass Continuity

!"
+ # $ ( "v) = 0
!t

o matter is neither created nor destroyed


o but, ! " ( aB) = (B " !) a + a! " B

!"
+ ( v # $) " + "$ # v = 0
!t
o Equation of Motion

Dv
= "#p + F
Dt

o Newtons 2nd law; F represents all external forces


o

D !
= + v " # is the convective time derivative
Dt !t

HJA-"&<&*HI'-)%"*%K*D%)%"*
o External forces
o magnetic force:
o gravitational force:
o viscous force (ignored)

J!B
!g

(the Lorentz force)

o New Equation of Motion

!
o Expand D/Dt,

Dv
= "#p + J $ B + !g
Dt

"v
+ !( v # $) v = %$p + J & B + !g
"t

G,'2&*HI'-)%".*!!*
o Ideal Gas Law

p=

R
!T

o is mean atomic weight

o Energy Equation

D # p&
% ( = )L
Dt $ !" '

o L represents all energy losses


o " is the ratio of specific heats (cp/cv; constant pressure to constant volume),
normally taken as 5/3
o only consider adiabatic case (i.e., at constant energy)
L=0

D%&2=<&*H"<$L1*HI'-)%"*
o Apply change rule,

o Expand

D
,
Dt

D # p & 1 Dp "p D!
)
=0
% (=
Dt $ !" ' !" Dt !" +1 Dt

1 #p 1
"p #! "p
(v $ %)! = 0
+ " ( v $ %) p & " +1
&
"
! #t !
! #t !" +1

!p
%p ' !&
)
+ ( v " #) p $
+ ( v " #) & = 0
*
!t
& ( !t
o But, !

& "#
(
+ ( v $ %) # = #% $ v from mass continuity equation,
' "t
)

!p
$p
+ ( v " #) p + ( %# " v) = 0
!t
%
!p
+ ( v " #) p = $%p# " v
!t

HD*HI'-)%".*!*
o Ampres Law

! " B = 0J +

1 #E
c 2 #t

o gradients in magnetic fields create electric currents


o in MHD approx. displacement current (RHS 2nd term) is neglected

! " B = 0J
o Solenoidal Constraint

!"B = 0
o no magnetic monopoles
o Faradays Law

!B
= "# $ E
!t

o spatially varying electric field induces a magnetic field

HD*HI'-)%".*!!*
o Gauss Law

!"E =

#
$0

o charge conservation
o Ohms Law

J = ! (E + v " B)
o generalized form
o couples EM equations to plasma equations through v
o Induction Equation

!B
= " # ( v # B)
!t

o combination of Ohms, Ampres, and Faradays laws


o diffusivity term ignored

:-><*M..'/A)%".*
o Wave amplitudes are small
o allows for linearization of MHD equations

o Basic state is a static equilibrium


Eqn. of Motion:
Solenoidal Constraint:

0 = !"p0 + J 0 # B 0 + $0g

[A]

! " B0 = 0

[B]

p0 =

Ideal Gas Law:

R
!T
0 0

[C]

o quantities X0 and X0 are the initial equilibrium state


o not necessary to be static (just simplified proof)

:-><*+<$#'$N-)%".*
o After wave initiation,

B = B 0 + B1 (r,t )
v = v 0 + v1 (r,t )

! = !0 + !1 (r,t )

p = p0 + p1 (r,t )

T = T0 + T1 (r,t )

o X and X are the perturbed quantities


o X1 and X1 are the applied perturbations (<< X0 and X0 quantities)
o Static initial condition:
o v0 = 0
v = v1 (r,t )
o initial quantities are time independent

!X 0
=0
!t

!X 0
=0
!t

DO;*P2"<-$2Q-)%"*3(%")"'2#1*<I"R9*
o Put perturbed quantities into MHD equations and neglect products of small terms
(i.e., X1Y1)
o Mass Continuity:

!"
+ # $ ( "v) = 0
!t
!"0 !"1
+
+ # $ ( "0 v1 ) + # $ ( "1v1 ) = 0
!t
!t

o but with

!"0
= 0 and dropping X1Y1 terms,
!t
!"1
+ # $ ( "0 v1 ) = 0
!t

DO;*P2"<-$2Q-)%"*3<I"R*%K*/%)%"9*
o Eqn. of Motion:

"v
+ !( v # $) v = %$p + J & B + !g
"t

"v1
"v
+ !1 1 + !0 ( v1 # $) v1 + !1 ( v1 # $) v1 =
"t
"t
!"p0 ! "p1 + J 0 # B 0 + J 0 # B1 + J1 # B 0 + J1 # B1 + $0g + $1g
!0

o Neglecting X1Y1 terms and substituting for J,

!0

"v1
($ % B0 ) % B + ($ % B1) % B + ! g + (#$p + J % B + ! g)
= #$p1 +
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
"t
0
0
o but, !"p0 + J 0 # B 0 + $0g = 0 ,

!0

"v1
($ % B0 ) % B + ($ % B1) % B + ! g
= #$p1 +
1
0
1
"t
0
0

DO;*P2"<-$2Q-)%"*3<"<$L1S2"&'()%"*<I".R9*
o Adiabatic Energy Eqn.:

!p
+ ( v " #) p = $%p# " v
!t

!p0 !p1
+
+ ( v1 " #) p0 + ( v1 " #) p1 = $%p0# " v1 $ %p1# " v1
!t
!t
!p0
o but with
= 0 and dropping X1Y1 terms,
!t
!p1
+ ( v1 " #) p0 = $%p0# " v1
!t

!B
= " # ( v # B)
!t

o Induction Eqn.:

!B 0 !B1
+
= " # ( v1 # B 0 ) + " # ( v1 # B1 )
!t
!t

o but with

!B 0
= 0 and dropping X1Y1 terms,
!t
!B1
= " # ( v1 # B 0 )
!t

DO;*P2"<-$2Q-)%"*3L-.*,-TS.%,<"%2&-,*(%".#$-2"#9*
o Ideal Gas Law:

p=
p0 + p1 =
o but p0 =

R
!T

R
R
R
R
!0T0 + !1T0 + !0T1 + !1T1

R
! T and dropping X1Y1 terms,
0 0
R
R
p1 = !1T0 + !0T1

o Solenoidal Constraint:

!"B = 0
! " B 0 + ! " B1 = 0

o but with ! " B 0 = 0 ,

! " B1 = 0

@'//-$1*%K*P2"<-$2Q<&*DO;*HI'-)%".*
!"1
+ # $ ( "0 v1 ) = 0
!t

!0

"v1
($ % B0 ) % B + ($ % B1) % B + ! g
= #$p1 +
1
0
1
"t
0
0

[1]

[2]

!p1
+ ( v1 " #) p0 = $%p0# " v1
!t

[3]

!B1
= " # ( v1 # B 0 )
!t

[4]

R
R
!1T0 + !0T1

[5]

! " B1 = 0

[6]

p1 =

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