LEVEL 2 GENERAL AND SPECIFIC THEORY RI-2

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1. What qualities would a radiograph of a 10 mm thick steel weld posses, if it had been produce using
30 Ci cobalt source over 5 minutes?
a) High contrast relative to a radiograph produced using 10 Ci cobalt source.
b) It would have high density unless solarisation has occurred.
c) It would have high definition.
d) It will probably be black.
2. What quality must a radiograph of a weld posses if the main aim is to try and evaluate the through
thickness depths of defects?
a) It must posses high contrast and good definition.
b) It must posses sensitivity greater than 1.7 %.
c) It must posses wide latitude and a lower contrast.
d) None of the above.
3. Why are radiographic densities in the weld area approximately 1.5 and below are usually considered
too low for acceptance of the radiographic?
a) Because the radiographic definition is too low.
b) Because the subject contrast is too low regardless of the light intensity of the viewer used.
c) Because the radiographic contrast is impaired.
d) Radiographs with these densities in the weld are not usually considered unacceptable.
4. Low voltage x-ray tubes are generally fitted with windows made of:
a) Tungsten.
b) Lead.
c) Steel.
d) Beryllium.
5. The velocity of electron striking the target in an x-ray tube is a function of?
a) The atomic number of the material.
b) The amount of current flowing through the filament.
c) The amount of current in the cathode.
d) The potential difference across the cathode and anode.
6. Which of the following isotope has the longest half-life?
a) Cobalt 60.
b) Cesium 137.
c) Iridium 192.
d) Thulium 170.
7. The primary form of energy conversion when elements strike a target in an x-ray tube results in the
production of:
a) Long wavelength radiation.
b) Soft radiation.
c) Primary x-rays.
d) Heat.
8. The purpose of circulating oil in some type of x-rays tube is:
a) To dissipate heat.
b) For lubrication purposes.

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c) To reduce the chance of scatter radiation reaching the tube head.

d) To reduce the need of high currents.
9. A good cobalt radiograph is made on a 30 steel weld using an exposure time of 10 minutes and a
source to film distance of 36. If is necessary to change the source to film distance to 24, what
exposure time would be used to produce a similar radiograph if all other considerations remain the
same?
a) 1 minutes 36 seconds.
b) 4 minutes 26 seconds.
c) 4 minutes 40 seconds.
d) 5 minutes.
10. After a period of 296 days activity of an iridium 192 sources, activity 400 GBq would be:
a) 100 GBq.
b) 50 GBq.
c) 25 GBq.
d) 12.5 GBq.
11. The effect when all the photons energy is lost on impact caused through ejecting an electron is
termed:
a) Pair production.
b) Compton effect.
c) Rayleigh scattering.
d) Photoelectric effect.
12. An increasing in kilovoltage will result in (if all other consideration remain the same):
a) A reduction in film contrast.
b) An increase in radiographic contrast.
c) No overall change to the radiograph definition.
d) A reduction in subject contrast.
13. If a 200 mm f.f.d, object to film distance 20 mm using a 4 mm source size, it is calculated that the
geometric unsharpness is 0.4 mm. Assuming the source size and object to film distance cant be altered
what will be the required f.f.d. to reduce the unsharpness to an acceptable level of 0.25 mm:
a) 340 mm.
b) 251 mm.
c) 288 mm.
d) 388 mm.
14. A lead sheet containing a pinhole may be placed half way between x-ray tube and the film in order
to:
a) Measure the intensity of radiation (central beam).
b) Used to set up exposure times.
c) Reduce secondary radiation.
d) Determination of focal spot size.
15. From a radiograph it has been determined that the penumbra is 0.3 using the following factors, size
of source 3 mm, focal spot to film distance 268 mm and the object to film distance 27 mm. In order to

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ensure that penumbra levels do not exceed 0.25 mm what will be the new maximum focal spot to film
distance?
a) 324 mm.
b) 351 mm.
c) 268 mm.
d) 386 mm.
16. Which of the following applies to constant potential x-ray tube?
a) Thickness cables and larger tube heads.
b) Faster sets and more commonly used on site.
c) More robust and lighter sets.
d) Faster sets and smaller heads.
17. If an Ir-192 isotope 1200 GBq activity, which would be its activity be after 370 days?
a) 1.0 Curie.
b) 9.0 Curie.
c) 10.0 Curie.
d) 10 Bq.
18. Which of the following are reasons of insufficient density on a radiograph?
a) Over development and insufficient final wash.
b) Low kilo voltage and excessive exposure time.
c) Developer temperature to low and under exposure.
d) Under development and develop temperature to high.
19. A large physical source may produce an equivalent quality radiograph if:
a) The source to film distance is increased.
b) The object to film distance is increased.
c) Exposure time is reduced.
d) A faster film speed used.
20. The general method of producing x-rays involves the sudden deceleration of velocity electrons in a
body called:
a) Focusing cup.
b) Filament.
c) Target.
d) Cathode.
21. In an x-ray tube, the filament and focusing cup are the two essential part of the:
a) Anode.
b) Cathode.
c) Rectifier.
d) Control panel.
22. An x-ray tube with a small focal spot is considered better than one with a larger focal spot size
when it is desired to obtain:
a) Greater penetration.
b) Better geometric unsharpness.
c) Better inherent film unsharpness.

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d) Improved radiograph contrast.

23. One method reducing radiographic contrast is to:
a) Increase the distance between the radiation source and the object.
b) Decrease the distance between the radiation source and the object.
c) Increase the potential difference between the anode and cathode.
d) Increase the development time within manufacturers recommendation.
24. In x-ray radiography, alternating current must be changed to pulsing direct current in order to
satisfy the need for fast and more efficient x-ray sets, this change may be accomplished by:
a) Transformers.
b) Rectifiers.
c) Inverters.
d) Filaments.
25. Two isotope of the same element have to different specific activity values. The source with the
higher specific activity value will:
a) Produce radiation with a shorter wavelength.
b) Have a shorter half-life than the source with a lower activity.
c) Will increase the half value thickness of most materials.
d) None of the above.
26. The radiographic absorption of a material will tend to becomes less upon the material density and
thickness when:
a) The kilovoltage is increased.
b) The kilovoltage is reduced.
c) The source to film distance is reduced.
d) The intensity of radiation in increased.
27. Two factors with greatly effect the suitability of the target material in an x-ray tube are:
a) The melting point and magnetic strength.
b) Electrical resistance and the melting point.
c) The material Z number and the melting point.
d) All of the above.
28. An x-ray tube which is designed to operate in large diameter pipes and cylindrical vessel which can
produces a panoramic x-ray beam over the full 360 is term:
a) Bipolar.
b) Rod anode.
c) High voltage generator.
d) Betatron.
29. Filters used at the spot of the x-ray tube:
a) Intensify the x-ray beam by intensifying the secondary radiation.
b) Filter out hard radiation and secondary radiation.
c) Filter out short wavelength radiation to provide softer radiation.
d) Filter out soft radiation and secondary radiation.
30. Which of the following best describes characteristic of x-rays:

LEVEL 2 GENERAL AND SPECIFIC THEORY RI-2

a)
b)
c)
d)

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X-rays consisting of discrete wavelength are which characteristic of the emitting material.
X-radiation that is sometimes classed as secondary radiation.
X-radiation arising from the retardation of moving charged particles.
A term used to describe very penetrating x-rays.

31. A filter in the primary radiation beam will:

a) Reduce exposure time.
b) Increase the effective energy of the beam and reduce radiographic contrast.
c) Increase the scatter radiation that the radiographic film is subject to.
d) Decrease the effective energy of the beam and increase overall radiographic contrast.
32. The specific activity of a gamma source usually measured in which of the following units?
a) Curies per gram.
b) Counts per second.
c) Mega electron volts.
d) Roentgens per hour.
33. Radiation of a single wavelength is known as:
a) Real time radiation.
b) Microscopic radiation.
c) Heterogeneous radiation.
d) Monochromatic radiation.
34. Characteristic x-rays have:
a) High energy and are of little use in industrial radiography.
b) High energy and are very important in industrial radiography in order to produce good quality
radiographs.
c) Low energy and are of primary use in industrial radiography.
d) Low energy and of little use in industrial radiography.
35. The property of a material to block or partially block the passage of x-rays and gamma rays is
termed:
a) Absorption.
b) Latitude.
c) Attenuation.
d) Penetration.
36. If the original exposure were 5 mA at 12 minutes, what would the new mA be for an exposure time
of 4 minutes?
a) 10 mA.
b) 15 mA.
c) 18 mA.
d) 20 mA.
37. Which of the following has the shortest half-life?
a) Ce 137.
b) Ir 192.
c) Co 60.
d) Yb 169.

LEVEL 2 GENERAL AND SPECIFIC THEORY RI-2

38. In welding the most likely cause for a through is:

a) Small root face and excessive current values.
b) Small root gap and excessive current values.
c) Loss of welding gas shield and excessive current values.
d) All of the above.
39. Beta particles:
a) Do not penetrate as far as alpha particles.
b) Travel and penetrate further than alpha particles.
c) Generally have a larger wavelength than alpha particles.
d) Carry a positive charge.
40. An x-ray energy increase, wavelength will:
a) Increase.
b) Decrease.
c) No change to the wavelength.
d) Increase in mass.

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