15th BiennialARD Symposium Proceedings

AssociationofResearchDirectors,Inc.
15thBiennialResearchSymposium
March28April1,2009
HyattRegency
Atlanta,Georgia
1890Research:
SustainableSolutionsforthe21stCentury
Program
&
Abstracts
TableofContents
GreetingsfromtheChairofARD.....iii
1890LandGrantUniversities.....................................................................................................................iv
Program..1
Summary2
SundayAfternoon..4
MondayMorning....15
MondayAfternoon.18
Posters...24
AbstractsofPaperPresentations
GraduateStudents...................................40
UndergraduateStudents.................................75
ScientistNonCompetitive..........................93
AbstractsofPosterPresentation
UndergraduateStudents....133
GraduateStudents.151
ScientistNonCompetitive178
IndexofAuthors..228
Acknowledgements250
Exhibitors.Insidebackcover
ii
GreetingsfromtheChair,
AssociationofResearchDirectors,Incorporated
On behalf of the Association of Research Directors, Inc. (ARD), I welcome you to the Fifteenth
Biennial Research Symposium. The primary goal of this endeavor is to provide a forum for
interactions, knowledge sharing, and building networks for expanded partnerships. The
symposiumalsoshowcasesthetalentsandachievementsofthe1890Community.TheARDtakes
greatprideinthisendeavor,whichhasbeenatraditionalactivityfortheorganizationsince1976.
The ARD is the official representative body of agricultural research administrators of the 1890
LandGrant Universities. The mission of the Association is to provide visionary and enlightened
leadership to member institutions as they continuously address issues impacting their ability to
accomplishthefoodandagriculturalresearchchallengesfacingthestate,nationandworldatlarge.
TheARDthereforeundertakesavarietyofactivitiestoassistmemberinstitutionsinaccomplishing
their missions. These include the encouragement and support of cutting edge basic and applied
research, conducting scientific conferences, workshops, forums, and meetings relating to
agriculturalresearch;thesupportofgraduate,undergraduate,andprecollegestudentsinvolvedin
researchorexposuretothefoodandagriculturalsciences;andthesupportfornationallegislation
toenhanceagriculturalresearch.Wearestronglyfocusedonassistingourinstitutionstobecome
more involved in integrated, multidisciplinary, collaborative and multistate projects and will
continuetoworkwithallfacetsofthetotallandgrantfamilytoincreasethenumberofinitiatives
thatwouldhavethesecharacteristics.
ThethemeofthisSymposiumis190Research:SustainableSolutionsforthe21stCenturyand
the five focus areas selected incorporate the strong research initiatives on our campuses. Strong
emphasis is placed on incorporating students and young scientist activities into this program as
workforcedevelopmentistheprimaryresponsibilityofinstitutionsofhighereducation.
TheARDisferventlyproudofitsmemberinstitutionsandtheirstellarcontributionsineducating
outstanding students, discovery, and helping to enhance the wellbeing of the people the 1890s
passionatelyserve.Welookforwardtoevengreatercontributionsaswecontinuetogrowinsize
and continue to evolve our complex, cuttingedge, specialized programs of advanced science and
technology.
We hope you will find this, our Fifteenth Symposium, to be a very rewarding and beneficial
experience. Please enjoy yourselves, the city of Atlanta and the camaraderie of the participants
who share your interests and aspirations. We sincerely thank you for being a part of what we
expectwillbeanexcitingandfruitfulexperience.
Sincerely,
Orlando F. McMeans, Chair
iii
1890LandGrantUniversities
The1890LandGrantUniversitiesandTuskegeeUniversity,commonlyreferredtoasthe
1890s, are those institutions established under the Second Morrill Act of 1890. These
Historically Black Institutions share the landgrant mission of teaching, research, and
extension.Theeighteen(18)1890sarelocatedinseventeen(17)statesshownonthelogo
oftheAssociationofResearchDirectors,Inc.(ARD).
HavingasitsmottoProgressthroughResearchandService,theARDbringstogetherthe
administratorsofthe1890ResearchProgramsattheselandgrantuniversitiestoconduct
regionalresearchprojectsandinitiativesandtocollectivelypromotethetrainingofyoung
researchers as well as the research goals of their institutions in a way that benefits their
states, region and the nation. ARD members serve on state, regional, national and
internationalbodies.
ThePresidentandResearchDirectorforeachmember1890universityarelisted
below:
President
AlabamaA&MUniversity
BeverlyEdmond
AlcornStateUniversity
GeorgeRoss
DelawareStateUniversity
ClaibourneD.Smith
FloridaA&MUniversity
JamesH.Ammons
FortValleyStateUniversity
LarryRivers
KentuckyStateUniversity
MarySias
LangstonUniversity
JoAnnHaysbert
LincolnUniversity
CarolynR.Mahoney
NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
StanleyF.Battle
PrairieViewA&MUniversity
GeorgeC.Wright
SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
GeorgeE.Cooper
SouthernUniversity
RalphSlaughter
TennesseeStateUniversity
MelvinN.Johnson
TuskegeeUniversity
BenjaminF.Payton
UniversityofArkansasPineBluff
LawrenceA.Davis,Jr.
UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
ThelmaB.Thompson
VirginiaStateUniversity
EddieN.Moore,Jr.
WestVirginiaStateUniversity
HazoW.Carter,Jr.
OfficersoftheARDfor20082010are:
OrlandoF.McMeansChair
DyrempleMarshChairElect
RobertBarneySecretary
ConradBonsiTreasurer
AltonThompsonImmediatePastChair
AmbroseAnoruoMemberatLarge
CarolynB.BrooksExecutiveDirector
iv
Director
RobertTaylor
BarryL.Bequette
DyrempleMarsh
MakolaAbdullah
MarkLatimore
HaroldBenson
MarvinBurns
StevenMeredith
AltonThompson
AlfredL.Parks
LeonardA.McIntyre
KirklandMellad
ChandraReddy
WalterA.Hill
JamesGarner
GladysG.Shelton
WondiMersie
OrlandoF.McMeans
ARD 2009
1890Research:
SustainableSolutionsforthe21st
Century
AssociationofResearchDirectors,Incorporated
FifteenthBiennialResearchSymposium
March28April1,2009
ProgramofEvents
Event
Time
Location
Saturday,March28
1:00p.m.5:00p.m.
8:00a.m.3:00p.m.
8:00a.m.3:00p.m.
8:00a.m.5:00p.m.
10:00a.m.12:00p.m.
10:00a.m.12:00p.m.
12:00noon1:00p.m.
1:00p.m.6:30p.m.
3:00p.m.6:00p.m.
6:15p.m.7:00p.m.
6:45p.m.7:30p.m.
6:45p.m.7:00p.m.
7:00p.m.9:00p.m.
7:00a.m.8:15a.m.
8:00a.m.5:00p.m.
8:30a.m.10:00a.m.
10:15a.m.11:45a.m.
10:15a.m.11:45a.m.
10:15a.m.11:45p.m.
12:00p.m.1:45p.m.
2:00p.m.5:00p.m.
3:30p.m.
2:00p.m.6:00p.m.
7:00p.m.9:00p.m.
9:00p.m.12:00a.m.
HanoverA,HanoverB,HanoverG
CentennialIV
RegencyV
RegencyRegistrationArea
Greenbriar
Fairlie
Baker,Dunwoody,Fairlie,Greenbriar,
Piedmont,Roswell,Spring,Vinings
CentennialIV
Baker
Dunwoody
CentennialBallroomArea
PreconferenceWorkshops
TRAVELDAY
Sunday,March29
PosterSetup
ExhibitSetup
Registration
CompetitivePaperJudgesMeeting
CompetitivePosterJudgesMeeting
Lunch(onyourown)
StudentPaperSessions
CompetitivePosterJudging
StudentCompetitivePosterJudges'Meeting
StudentCompetitivePaperJudgesMeeting
ExhibitHallOpening(ribboncutting)
Reception
Monday,March30
Breakfast
Registration
General(Opening)Session
VisitwithExhibitors
Posterswithauthor(s)present
ScientistPaperSessions
StudentAwardsLuncheon
VisitwithExhibitors
AfternoonRefreshments
ScientistPaperSessions
Dinner(Onyourown)
PosterTeardown
StudentHospitality
RegencyVII
RegencyVI
RegencyV
CentennialIV
Greenbriar,Roswell,Spring,Vinings,
Piedmont,
RegencyVIVII
RegencyV
Greenbriar,Piedmont,Roswell,Spring,
Vinings
CentennialIV
Montreal/Vancouver
Tuesday,March31
Breakfast
Registration
PlenarySession
VisitwithExhibitors
Breakoutsessionsontopicareasandworkshops
onSARE&CapacityBuildingGrants.
Lunch(onyourown)
Breakoutsessionstoplancollaborativeinitiatives
ExhibitBreakdown
MorrisonEvans&B.D.MayberryAwardBanquet
Wednesday,April1
PostSymposiumCommitteeMeeting
TRAVELDAY
7:00a.m.7:45a.m.
8:00a.m.10:00a.m.
8:00a.m.10:00a.m.
10:15a.m.3:00p.m.
10:15a.m.12:00p.m.
12:00p.m.1:00p.m.
2:00p.m.6:00p.m.
3:00p.m.4p.m.
7:00p.m.10:00p.m.
9:00a.m.11:00a.m.
CentennialIIIIV
RegencyV
Greenbriar,Piedmont,Roswell,Spring,
Vinings
Greenbriar,Roswell,Spring,Vinings,
Piedmont
RegencyV
CentennialIIIIV
HanoverC
March28April1,2009
Program
SundayAfternoon,March29
ConcurrentStudentOralPresentationsGraduateCompetition
EmergingTechnologies
GreenbriarRoom
1:00
1
UltrasonographicMonitoringofFollicularGrowthandDayofOvulationafterUseof
PGF2inCombinationwithGnRHorGnRHandhCGinDairyHeifers.M.Mason,Alcorn
StateUniversity
1:15
2
IsolationandCharacterizationofInducedAcquiredDefenseRelatedPR2Geneingrapes
(VitisL.).Reed,R.,FloridaA&MUniversity
1:30
3
TheEffectsofGnRHLyticPeptideConjugatesontheOvaryinFemaleRats.Sims,M.N.,
TuskegeeUniversity
1:45
4
TheEffectsofModifiedGnRHConjugatedwithLyticPeptidesJCHLHandJC21LH:An
ExplorationintoNonSurgicalSterilizationAlternativeMethods.Grant,K.E.,Tuskegee
University
2:00
5
ExpressionofCancerTumorReducingPeptideinSweetpotato.Traore,S.,Tuskegee
University
2:15
6
EffectofAntimicrobialSyntheticPeptideD4E1onCottonSeedlingDiseaseandSoil
MicrobialDiversity.Odom,L.,TuskegeeUniversity
2:30
7
GeneticDiversityandStructureinPeanut(ArachishypogaeaL.).Allie,A.,Tuskegee
University
2:45
8
MappingQuantitativeTraitLoci(QTL)inTetraploidWatermelon.Rahman,M.A.,West
3:00
9
ComparisonofSericeaLespedezaLeafandWholePlantMealforControlof
GastrointestinalNematodeInfectioninGoats.Lucas,S.D.,FortValleyStateUniversity
3:15
10 EvaluationofCopperOxideWireParticlesinaFeedPellettoControlGastrointestinal
NematodesinSheepandGoats.Soli,F.,FortValleyStateUniversity
3:30
11 EfficacyofAntiMicrobialandAntiInflammatoryPeptidesintheTreatmentof
CoccidiosisinGoats.Massey,S.,TuskegeeUniversity
3:45
15 DevelopmentofaRealTimeGIS/HydrologyFloodWarningSystemforFirstResponders
inRuralAreas.Lekote,O.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
GreenbriarRoom
4:00
16 ExperientialLearningandResearchtoPromoteEnvironmentallyConscious
AgriculturalPracticesontheDelmarvaPeninsula.Henry,X.,Universityof
MarylandEasternShore
4:15
18 PerformanceofPacific
WhiteShrimp,Litopenaeusvannamei,RaisedinStaticHeterotrophicTank
SystemsUnderDifferentLightandDensityRegimes.Wood,D.R.,KentuckyState
University
4:30
19 CharacterizationofChannelCatfishEggQualitySpawnedUnderDifferent
EnvironmentalConditions.Jose,M.T.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
4:45
20 DevelopmentofaPestManagementStrategyforControlofSmallHiveBeetle
(AtheniatumidaM,Coleoptera:Nitidulidae),aPestofHoneyBees(Apismellifera
Linguistica).Somorin,A.B.,FloridaA&MUniversity
5:00
238 DevelopmentofMicrosatelliteMarkersinSweetpotato[Ipomoeabatatas(L.)
Lam.]andtheirApplicationtoitsRelatedWildSpecies.Vajja,V.G.,WestVirginia
StateUniversity
RenewableResourcesandEnvironmentalStewardship
PiedmontRoom
1:00
21 BacterialSourceTrackingforInStreamWaterSamples.Hill,LorraBelle,
1:15
22 ImpactofAnguillicolacrassusonAmericanEelinDelawareWaters.Brady,M.
G.,DelawareStateUniversity
1:30
23 InvestigatingAquaticHealthviaMonitoringTotalBacteriaandVibrionaceae
ConcentrationsinEasternOysters(Crassostreavirginica)inDelaware.Fay,
Johnna,DelawareStateUniversity
1:45
24 GrowthandDigestibilityofNileTilapiaFedOrganicDietsContainingYeast
ExtractandSoybeanMealasaCompleteFishMealReplacement.Trosvik,K.A.,
2:00
25 SpatialandTemporalVariabilityofFishAssemblagesonGravelBarsinthe
ArkansasRiver.Will,L.A.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
2:15
26 ChangesinSportFishCharacteristicsandBiomassofAquaticVegetationBefore
andAfterBiologicalControlofVegetationinSouthernArkansas.Timmons,
BrettA.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
2:30
27 AssessmentofCatchandExploitationofLargemouthBassMicropterus
salmoidesintheLowerArkansasRiver.Fontaine,B.V.,UniversityofArkansasat
PineBluff
PiedmontRoom
2:45
28 ManagementofAquaticWeedsinPublicWatersofArkansas:Speciesand
CurrentControlTechniques.Eklund,P.E.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
3:00
29 AComparativeStudyontheUtilizationofCornPericarpandPeanutHullinthe
ProductionofEthanolandtheImpactofFoodEconomics.Narayanan,V.C.,
3:15
30 CarbonandEnergyBalanceofaNoTillSystem.Gebremedhin,Maheteme,
3:30
31 AgronomicValueofOrganicWastederivedBiocharforCropProduction.Lin,
Y.,DelawareStateUniversity
3:45
32 TheUntappedPotentialofFoodWasteRecycling.Foster,IV,W.A.,PrairieView
A&MUniversity
4:00
33 UsingRecycledPaperinCompostingforOrganicMatterProductiontoIncrease
MicrobialCommunitiesandtoEnhanceSoilQuality.Biley,J.A.B.,PrairieView
A&MUniversity
4:15
34 CarbonDecompositioninanOrganicFarmingSystem.Sissoko,A.,Tuskegee
University
4:30
35 AnAssessmentofTotalSystemSustainabilityinSmallFarmsProductionUsing
anAgroecologicalApproach.Shange,R.S.,TuskegeeUniversity
4:45
36 TeparyBean,BiologicalNFixation,andEnvironmentfriendlyCropProduction.
Mohrmann,M.,VirginiaStateUniversity
5:00
37 TropicalSodaApple(Solanumviarum)MediatedCompetitionviaInduced
Resistance:InteractionBetweenGratianaboliviana,Spodopteraexiguaand
Frankliniellaoccidentalis.Kariuki,E.,FloridaA&MUniversity
5:15
38 DevelopmentoftheBlueOrchardBeeforPollinationofAppleOrchards.
Johnson,C.,VirginiaStateUniversity
5:30
39 HealingGardens:AParticipatoryStudyontheTherapeuticBenefitsandUsers
Satisfaction.Yu,L.,FloridaA&MUniversity
5:45
40 HistoricalLiveOaksHealthAssessmentinCovington,Louisiana.Legiandenyi,T.
N.,SouthernUniversity
6:00
14 ExaminingLandscapeTransitionthatLeadstoHypoxiaAlongLouisiana
CoastalAreasUsingSatelliteImaging.Chambers,R.L.,SouthernUniversity
6:15
17 HeavyMetalBiosorptionPotentialofTwoMarineMacroalgaefromthe
ChincoteagueBay,Virginia.Chaudhuri,A.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
PiedmontRoom
6:30
239 ResidencyPatternsandDepthUtilizationofSandTigerSharks(Carcharias
taurus)inDelawareBay.Moore,J.E.,DelawareStateUniversity
SmallScaleAgricultureandRuralDevelopment
RoswellRoom
1:00
41 GeneticDiversityofCulturedandWildPopulationsoftheFreshwaterPrawn,
Macrobrachiumrosenbergii,BasedonMicrosatelliteAnalysis.Schneider,K.J.,
1:15
42 AcuteToxicityof5%PrentoxPrenfishRotenonetoFreshwaterPrawn
Macrobrachiumrosenbergii.Ogunsanya,T.J.,KentuckyStateUniversity
1:30
43 EvaluationoftheEffectsofTemperatureandBodyMassonRespirationRates
ofPaddlefish,Polyodonspathula,UsingStaticRespirometry.Patterson,J.T.,
1:45
44 DoesHarvestingandGradingCatfishMoreFrequentlyImproveOverall
ProductionofCatfish?Sudhakaran,P.O.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
2:00
45 PreventingWinterWeightLossofCatfish.Nanninga,A.S.,UniversityofArkansas
atPineBluff
2:15
46 GrowthandMitochondrialRespiratoryChainEnzymeActivitiesinLiver,
MuscleandIntestineofJuvenileChannelCatfish:DietsandStrainEffects.
Pomeroy,C.,WestVirginiaStateUniversity
2:30
49 KentuckyFarmersMarkets:AnAnalysisofAccessibilitytoSmallScale
Producers.Probst,K.R.,KentuckyStateUniversity
2:45
50 AnAnalysisoftheStatusofFarmersMarketsinAlabamasBlackBeltCounties.
Boateng,M.A.,TuskegeeUniversity
3:00
51 AnalysisofRegionDisparitiesandWageConvergenceinAlabama.Davis,L.C.,
3:15
52 AssessingTaxeFilingamongSmallMinorityBusinessesinAlabamasBlack
BeltCounties.Echeverry,R.A.,TuskegeeUniversity
3:30
53 EconomicAnalysisofPasturePoultryandIndustrialBroilerProduction
SystemsinAlabama:ACaseStudy.Salifu,W.,TuskegeeUniversity
3:45
54 EconomicsofUsageofPharmaceuticalsandVeterinaryServicesbyLimited
ResourceFarmersintheBlackBeltCountiesofAlabama.Jackson,L.,Tuskegee
University
RoswellRoom
4:00
55 TheEffectsofFeedingRegimesandProductionPracticeonSensoryQualityof
Chevon.Williams,T.A.,TuskegeeUniversity
4:15
56 YieldLossAssociatedwithInsectDamagetoPeppersinMississippi.Woods,R.,
4:30
57 MedicinalPlantGrowthandQuality.Beeman,P.,AlcornStateUniversity
4:45
58 PotentialEnergyCropforFarmersinSouthwestMississippi.Shorter,P.,Alcorn
StateUniversity
5:00
59 BiologicalControloftheGrapeRootBorer(Lepidoptera:Sesiidae)in
'Cynthiana'Grape.Roaida,S.,FloridaA&MUniversity
FoodSafety,HumanNutritionandHealth
BakerRoom
1:00
60 AntioxidantPotentialofVegetableGreensonReducingCardiovascularDisease
Risks.Lomax,K.,TuskegeeUniversity
1:15
61 AnImpactStudyoftheRelationshipBetweenHealthyEating/HealthyLifestyles
andCognitive/AcademicDevelopmentinYouthinRuralSouthCarolina.
Hallman,F.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
1:30
62 AssessmentofWICServicesforHispanicsinPiedmontandMidlandRegionsof
SouthCarolinaoveraFourYearPeriod(20002003).Ayers,S.,SouthCarolina
StateUniversity
1:45
63 PotentialEffectsofWheatGermandWheatGermOilinAzoxymethaneInduced
ColonCarcinogenesis.Field,R.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
2:00
64 ProtectiveEffectsofSynergy1andSoybeaninChemicallyInducedColon
CarcinogenesisinaninvivoModel.Gourineni,V.P.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
2:15
65 AComparisonofChemopreventivePotentialofTwoVarietiesofCabbage
(GreenandRed)onAzoxymethaneInducedAberrantCryptFociinFisher344
MaleRats.Dukes,L.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
2:30
66 DownRegulationoftheThreeMajorAllergensinPeanut(Arachishypogea)
Seeds.Ananga,A.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
2:45
67 TheEffectsofReplacingAlfalfaHaybySericeaLespedezaonGoatMilkFat
Composition.Broussard,T.,FortValleyStateUniversity
3:00
68 PrevalenceofAntibioticResistanceEnterobactersakazakiiinDomestic
Kitchens.Rotich,E.,TennesseeStateUniversity
BakerRoom
3:15
69 ComparisonofChemicalCompositionandColorIndexCharacteristicsofGoat
Milk,itsYogurtandSaltedYogurt.Nouira,W.,FortValleyStateUniversity
3:30
70 EvaluationofLipolysisandProteolysisinReducedFatandFullFatGoatMilk
CheesesduringThreeMonthsAging.Nouira,W.,FortValleyStateUniversity
3:45
71 RiceExtractasStabilizerinBananaFlavoredYogurt.Bor,T.,NorthCarolinaA&
TStateUniversity
4:00
72 DairyFoodsAmongHistoricallyAfricanAmericanCollegeCampusStudents.
Patterson,A.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
4:15
73 BovineMilkBasedInfantFormulaPromotetheGrowthandAcidProductionof
Bifidobacteria.Mohamedal,K.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
4:30
74 EffectofDifferentProteinSourcesintheGrowthMediumonLactobacillus
reuteriCellDensityCultivation.Atilola,O.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
4:45
75 EffectofSugarongalactosidaseandgalactosidaseActivityfrom
Lactobacillusreuteri.Alazzeh,A.Y.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
5:00
76 InductionofaandGalactosidasesinLactobacillusreuteriUsingDifferent
ProteinSources.Alazzeh,A.Y.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
DunwoodyRoom
1:00
77 CytotoxicityandGenotypicCharacterizationofCampylobacterjejuniIsolated
FromPoultryProducts.Kallur,Vanija,AlabamaA&MUniversity
1:15
78 EpidemiologicalApproachesforFoodSafety.Olasunmbo,Ajayi,AlabamaA&M
University
1:30
79 AntimicrobialResistanceTestingofStaphylococcusIsolateswithSpiral
GradientEndpointTechnology.Olasunmbo,Ajayi,AlabamaA&MUniversity
1:45
80 SurvivalandPersistenceofE.coliO157:H7,SalmonellaandListeriain
MinimallyManagedPilesofPoultryLitterCompost.Smith,B.D.,Universityof
2:00
81 MolecularAnalysisofAntibioticResistantSalmonellatyphimuriumand
SalmonellakentuckyRecoveredfromWholeBroilerCarcasses.Mohamed,T.,
UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
2:15
82 AComparisonofDifferentCollagenExtractionMethodsforChickenCollagen.
Hettiarachchi,K.A.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore

DunwoodyRoom
2:30
83 TheImpactofWildBirdsandFarmManagementonSalmonellaand
CampylobacterinSmallRuminants.Hagens,B.,VirginiaStateUniversity
2:45
84 AntibioticTestingofEnterohemorrhagicEscherichiacoliIsolatedFromGround
BeefSamplesUsingSpiralGradientEndpointMethod.Fullerton,M.S.,Alabama
A&MUniversity
3:00
85 OxidativeStabilityofGelatinCoatedPorkatRefrigeratedStorage.
Jonnalagadda,S.C.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
3:15
86 InfluenceofFeedDeprivationTimeonPhysiologicalResponsesandMicrobial
LoadsinMeatGoats.Vanguru,M.,FortValleyStateUniversity
3:30
87 CharacterizationandAntimicrobialActivityofSweetpotatoStarchBased
EdibleFilmContainingOriganum(Thymuscapitatus)Oil.Ehivet,F.E.,Tuskegee
University
3:45
88 EffectsofSelectedDryingMethodsonPhytochemicalsPresentinBasil
(OcimumbasilicumandOcimumtenuiflorum).Gajula,M.,AlabamaA&M
University
4:00
89 EfficientInVitroShootRegenerationMethodinEdibleYam(Dioscoreaspp.).
Ogunkunle,F.N.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
4:15
90 ViabilityofProbioticCultureinCarrotJuiceDuringRefrigeratedStorage.
Abdulsalam,N.M.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
4:30
91 TotalPhenolicsandOtherQualityCharacteristicsofThreeSweetpotato
Beverages.Moultrie,S.,TuskegeeUniversity
4:45
92 RheologicalandThermalPropertiesofanIsomerizedFructoseSweetpotato
StarchSyrup.Brunson,D.S.,TuskegeeUniversity
5:00
93 SeasonalityofProteinsintheSeavegetableFucusvesiculosusfromthe
DelmarvaPeninsula.Madden,M.L.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
10

ConcurrentStudentOralPresentationsUndergraduateCompetition
SpringRoom
1:00
94 AgriculturalUseofSewageSludgeandPotentialBioaccumulationofHeavy
MetalsinEdiblePlants.Embry,M.J.,KentuckyStateUniversity
1:15
95 MitigationofPesticideResiduesinSoilandRunoffWaterfromAgricultural
Field.Hayden,R.S.,KentuckyStateUniversity
1:30
96 ResidualLead,MicronutrientsandPropertiesofaSoilGrowntoThree
MissouriNativePlantSpecies.Gannaway,M.,LincolnUniversity
1:45
97 LeadUptakebySilkyDogwood(Cornusamomum)andWildHydrangea
(Hydrangeaarborescens)GrowninContainers.Forde,A.,LincolnUniversity
2:00
98 DNAasaSignalingforDetectingChemicalContamination.Glass,A.,Prairie
ViewA&MUniversity
2:15
99 DevelopmentofTechniquesandConditionsforLargeScaleProductionof
MicroalgalBiomass.Dudenhoeffer,N.,LincolnUniversity
2:30
100 CultivationofSelectedMicroalgalSpeciesforthePurposeofProducing
BioenergyandBiomaterials.Bamber,A.,LincolnUniversity
2:45
101 IdentificationofmRNAsEncodingCellulosicBiomassRelatedEnzymesin
Peanut.Brown,T.K.,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
3:00
102 GrowthPerformanceandCarcassCharacteristicsofGoatKidsFedDiets
ContainingSericeaLespedeza.Drake,C.,TuskegeeUniversity
3:15
103 FlankScaleMorphologyandPotentialRoleinFertilizationofSunfishes.
Hollingsworth,B.D.,LincolnUniversity
3:30
104 LadyBeetleandGreenLacewingPopulationsinOrganic,Conventionaland
GeneticallyEngineered(Bt)SweetCorn.Brent,L.S.,KentuckyStateUniversity
3:45
105 IsProximitytoOilRefineryaBigFactorinExplainingDifferencesinGas
Prices?White,F.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
4:00
106 AreGreenSpacesOptimallyDistributedforSustainableNeighborhoods?
Cummings,G.,FloridaA&MUniversity
4:15
107 InfluenceofDesignedLandscapesonCrime.Thompson,A.J.,FloridaA&M
University
4:30
108 HazardousEmissionsbySomeTypesofCandles.Hamidi,A.,SouthCarolinaState
University
11
FairlieRoom
1:00
109 ImpactofKnowledgeandAttitudesRelatedtoVegetableConsumptiononBody
WeightStatusofKentuckyAdults.Strayer,J.,KentuckyStateUniversity
1:15
110 EarlyDetectionofRisksforMetabolicSyndromeinYoungAfricanAmerican
Population.Robertson,D.,KentuckyStateUniversity
1:30
111 HealthyEating/HealthyLifestyles:AQualitativeStudyofaSummerHealthand
WellnessCampforLimitedResourceYouthinSouthCarolina.GlasgowPierre,
K.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
1:45
112 AssessmentofthePrevalenceofDiabetesamongHispanicsintheUSA.
Arroyave,H.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
2:00
113 ConsumerWillingnesstoPayforValueAddedFruitsandVegetablesin
Alabama.Broughton,B.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
2:15
114 AreConsumersWillingtoPayaPricePremiumforPesticideFreeProduce?
EvidencefromMiddleGeorgia.Jones,G.,FortValleyStateUniversity
2:30
116 AntioxidantContentsofSelectedHotPepperFruitsfromEightCountriesof
Origin.Lobel,L.,KentuckyStateUniversity
2:45
117 AntioxidantActivitiesofNaturalPhenolicCompoundsAgainstLipidOxidation
InducedbyFerrousIronorUltravioletLight(UV).Chaney,S.M.,PrairieView
A&MUniversity
3:00
118 EffectofCookingTimeonNutritiveValuesofEdibleSoybeanGenotypes.
Garrison,E.,VirginiaStateUniversity
3:15
119 MicrobialQualityofGroundBeefandGroundBeefPattiesProcuredfrom
InternetandLocalRetailMarkets.Rogers,A.,VirginiaStateUniversity
3:30
120 GrowthandSurvivalofVibriovulnificusinPostharvestAmericanOysters.
Cephas,K.D.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
3:45
121 SeasonalityofMoisture,Fat,andAshConstituentsofSeavegetableFucus
vesiculosusfromtheChincoteagueandDelawareBaysoftheDelmarva
Peninsula.Parran,C.L.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
4:00
122 HighDietarySoybeanOilforGoatsinLateLactationonIntake,toImproveMilk
FattyAcidProfile.Williams,H.,FortValleyStateUniversity
4:15
123 TheEffectsofSericeaLespedezainDairyGoatTotalMixedRationonMilkYield
andComposition.Elzy,M.,FortvalleyStateUniversity
12
HumanSciences
FairlieRoom
4:45
12 TheEconomicsofFoodAid.Okello,F.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
5:00
13 PerceptionsofAgricultureFacultytowardInternationalizationofAgriculture
Curriculum:Attitudes,KnowledgeandNeeds.DaSilva,S.,Brown,B.L.,Tennessee
StateUniversity
5:15
47 ImportationofCatfishintoUSA:TrendsandDeterminants.Rabbani,AbedG.,
UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
5:30
48 TheAsianEthnicFishMarketintheNortheasternRegionofU.S.:Consumer
Preferences,andMarketGrowthandStructure.Thapa,Ganesh,Universityof
ArkansasatPineBluff
5:45
240 AQualitativeEvaluationofaViolencePreventionProgramforLimited
ResourceChildren,Youth,andFamiliesinRuralSouthCarolina:ALongitudinal
Study.Rabb,R.O.SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,
HumanSciences
FairlieRoom
6:00
141 TheSocialComparisonofFashionPrintAdvertisementsandFemaleCollege
StudentsBodyImage.Payton,L.C.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
ViningsRoom
1:00
124 TheRoleofLocalLeadershipinPromotingAgriculturalValueAdded
Enterprises.Brazil,L.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
1:15
125 WillingnesstoPayforOrganicFoodinMiddleGeorgia.Campbell,T.,FortValley
StateUniversity
1:30
126 GeorgiaConsumersWillingnesstoPayforLocallyGrownFood:Evidencefrom
MiddleGeorgia.King,S.,FortValleyStateUniversity
1:45
127 FactorsAffectingtheAdoptionofSpecialtyVegetablesonMarylandsEastern
Shore.Hales,E.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
2:00
128 EggplantVarietyTrialinCentralMissouri.Jones,K.,LincolnUniversity
2:15
129 SoilAmendmentsModifyOrganicSulfurCompoundsinFieldGrownOnions.
Perkins,E.,KentuckyStateUniversity
13

ViningsRoom
2:30
130 UseofHerbsasDewormersforSustainableandProfitableProductionof
SheepandGoatsunderNaturalGrazingConditions.Gray,A.L.,Lincoln
University
2:45
131 TallFescueEndophyteAltersMeatGoatGrowthRate.Moore,L.,TennesseeState
University
3:00
132 CostAnalysisofRearingSunfishesfromConceptionthrough56DaysPost
exodus.Carter,T.L.,LincolnUniversity
ViningsRoom
3:30
133 SomaticEmbryogenesisandHighFrequencyPlantRegenerationinValeriana
officinalis.Howard,T.,FortValleyStateUniversity
3:45
134 TheInfluenceofLightLevelonAnnonaceousAcetogeninActivityinPawpaw
(Asiminatriloba)StemTissue.Gates,E.G.,KentuckyStateUniversity
4:00
135 OocyteRecoveryfromSlaughteredGoatsduringtheNonBreedingSeason.
Richardson,S.,FortValleyStateUniversity
4:15
136 InvestigationofTetraploidyInductionofBluegill.Kitchens,J.,LincolnUniversity
4:30
137 UtilizingFungusMyceliatedMealforMoltInductionandPerformancein
CommercialLayingHens.Thomas,C.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
4:45
138 TheUnperturbedDimensionsofPoly(3,5dimethylphenylacrylate)in
Chloroform.Payne,A.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
5:00
139 ActionResearch:AnEffectiveInterventionModelforRuralStudentsinLow
AchievingSchools.Krider,D.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
5:15
140 RoleofEnvironmentalFoodAccessandAvailabilityinCancerPrevention.
Blake,K.,TuskegeeUniversity
14
MondayMorning,March30
ConcurrentScientistOralPresentations
GreenbriarRoom
10:15 143 ProteomicandTranscriptAnalysisofWaterStressedFloridaHybridBunch

andMuscadineGrapeGenotypes.Katam,R.,FloridaA&MUniversity
10:30 144 ProteomicsandGenomicsApproachtoIsolateNovelProteinsandGenesfrom

PDTolerantVitisSpecies.Hemanth,V.,FloridaA&MUniversity
10:45 145 DifferentialScreeningofOverexpressedGenesInvolvedinFlavonoid

BiosynthesisinNorthAmericanNativeGrapes:muscadiniaNoblevar.and
aestivalesCynthianavar.Bourne,J.L.,FloridaA&MUniversity
11:00 146 ProteomicAnalysisofMuscadineGrapeLeaf.Basha,S.M.,FloridaA&M

University
11:15 147 DevelopmentofESTSSRmarkersforgenemappingandgenotypingingrapes

(VitisL.).Lu,J.,FloridaA&MUniversity
PiedmontRoom
10:15 148 OrganicWasteCompostingTechnologies,Processing,Monitoring,Challenges,

andProductQuality.Johnson,H.Y.,LincolnUniversity
10:30 149 PotentialofSweetpotatoandSweetSorghumasAdvancedBiofuelCropsfor

LowInputProductiononSmallFarms.Bomford,M.K.,KentuckyStateUniversity
10:45 150 InfluenceofCoverCropsonEnzymeActivitiesinaMarvynSandyLoamSoil.

Hamido,S.A.,TuskegeeUniversity
11:00 151 MixingPerformanceofMimicAnaerobicDigesterVessels.EspinosaSolares,T.,

11:15 152 AdsorptionandPhotolysisofSelectedAntibioticsinSoils.Atalay,A.,Virginia

StateUniversity
11:30 153 PhenologicalRelationshipoftheBlueOrchardBeewithSpringTreeBloom.

Kraemer,M.,VirginiaStateUniversity
15
RoswellRoom
10:15 154 PriceVariabilityandtheMarketingofGoatClassesinGeorgia.LiuX.,FortValley

StateUniversity
10:30 155 InfluencesofForageQualityandQuantityonthePerformanceofGoatsand

CattleUnderMixedSpeciesGrazingSystems.Gebrelul,S.W.,SouthernUniversity
10:45 156 EffectsofJointCattleandGoatsGrazingSystemonSoilPhysicalProperties.

Ghebreiyessus,Y.T.,SouthernUniversityandA&MCollege
11:00 157 EfficacyofAnthelminticsonLlamaandAlpacaFarmsinGeorgia.Gillespie,R.M.,

11:15 158 UseofBrewersGradeRiceasAlternativeEnergyFeedtoCornorMilofor

FinishingPigs.Gekara,O.J.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
11:30 159 EmbryonicDevelopmentinJapaneseQuail(Coturnixjaponica).Arora,K.L.,

ViningsRoom
10:15 160 PreliminaryEvaluationofSmallScalePrawnProductioninPonds.Madden,U.

A.,FloridaA&MUniversity
10:30 161 AReviewofNutritionResearchandDietDevelopmentfortheLargemouthBass

(Micropterussalmoides).Tidwell,J.H.,KentuckyStateUniversity
10:45 162 SmallScaleAquacultureataWastewaterTreatmentPlant.Mims,S.D.,Kentucky

StateUniversity
11:00 163 UnderstandingElectricRatestoHelpCatfishFarmersLowerTheirElectric

Bills.Pomerleau,S.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
11:15 164 EconomicsandRiskofFoodFishProductionfromFingerlingsofHybridCatfish

asComparedtoChannelCatfishStrains.Kumar,G.,UniversityofArkansasatPine
Bluff
11:30 241 NutritiveEvaluationofProteinfromAnaerobicallyDigestedPoultryWastes,as

aDietaryIngredientReplacerforChannelCatfish.Ashame,M.F.,WestVirginia
StateUniversity
16
FoodSafety,Health,andNutrition
SpringRoom
10:15 165 EstimatingEdamameforRaffinoseandStachyoseContentUsingCombining

AbilityAnalysis.Mebrahtu,T.,VirginiaStateUniversity
10:30 166 ScreeningCapsicumchinenseFruitsoftheWorldforHeavyMetal

Bioaccumulation.Antonious,G.F.,KentuckyStateUniversity
10:45 167 HydroponicCarrots:NutritionalPropertiesofFourCultivarsGrownUnder

DifferentLightandCO2Conditions.Gichuhi,P.N.,TuskegeeUniversity
11:00 168 DepletionRateofTetracyclineResiduesintheMilkofAlpineandNubian

BreedsofGoats.Attaie,R.,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
11:15 169 ProfilingCampylobacterGenotypesinBroilerChicksDuringthePostHarvest

StagesofProcessing.Stanley,V.G.,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
11:30 170 TheAntimicrobialEffectsofaSingleandCombinedTreatmentofSodium

ChlorideandLimeJuiceontheSurvivalofE.coli0157:H7onGroundBeef.
Stanley,V.G.,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
17
MondayAfternoon,March30
GreenbriarRoom
2:00
171 TransgressiveSegregationandCytomixis:ImportantGeneticandCytological
PhenomenainthePhenotypicExpressionofEssentialOilConstituentsand
PatternsinMentha(Mint).Tucker,A.O.,DelawareStateUniversity
2:15
172 ApplicationofSRAPRGHDNAMarkersinPeanut.Yuan,M.,TuskegeeUniversity
2:30
173 TowardPhysicalMappingofResistanceGeneHomologs(RGHs)inPeanut.He,
G.,TuskegeeUniversity
2:45
174 MetabolicEngineeringofIsoflavoneinRice.Manoharan,Muthusamy,University
ofArkansasatPineBluff
3:00
176 GeneticDiversityofSweetpotatoCultivarsandtheirWildSpeciesasRevealed
byAFLP.Ponniah,S.K.,WestVirginiaStateUniversity
3:15
3:30
BREAK
3:45
177 GrowingScotchBonnetHotPepperinShadeHouses:ManipulatingLight
IntensitytoBoostProductivity.Queeley,G.L.,FloridaA&MUniversity
4:00
178 PopulationsofBeneficialInsectsinOrganicallyGrownSweetCornUsing
MethylSalicylateBasedPredaLureInsectAttractant.Sedlacek,J.D.,Kentucky
StateUniversity
4:15
179 FlavorPreferenceforRipeFruitfrom16PawpawVarieties.Pomper,K.W.,
4:30
180 AProteomicsStudyofSaltStressofTomato.Zhou,S.,TennesseeStateUniversity
4:45
181 InvitroPropagationofPecan[Caryaillinoinensis(Wangenh)K.Koch].NilimaN.
Renukdas,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
5:00
182 CloningandPartialCharacterizationoftheUpstreamPromoterRegionofthe
MyostatinGeneinSpanishGoats.Singh,M.,FortValleyStateUniversity
5:15
183 EffectivenessofCopperOxideWireParticlesforControlofGastrointestinal
NematodeInfectioninSheepandGoats.Terrill,T.H.,FortValleyStateUniversity
5:30
184 FertilityIndicesforDairyandMeatGoatSires.Tress,U.,PrairieViewA&M
University
5:45
185 CharacterizationofTesticularGenesintheGoatTestis.BoldenTiller,OlgaU.,
TuskegeeUniversity
18
PiedmontRoom
2:00
186 UnderstandingCollaborativeCommunityInvolvementintheForest
ImplementationProcess.Fraser,Rory,AlabamaA&MUniversity
2:15
187 EffectsofQualityofNeighborhoodParksonAdjacentPropertyValues.
Lorenzo,A.B.,FloridaA&MUniversity
2:30
188 AReproducibleRegenerationSystemforTransgenicPaulowniaelongate.
Joshee,N.,FortValleyStateUniversity
2:45
189 QuantifyingRelationshipBetweenSoilProductivityIndexandTreeVolumein
PrimevalForestEcosystems.Yang,J.,LincolnUniversity
3:00
190 ApplicationofPaclobutrazolTreeGrowthRegulatorintoUrbanandUtility
ForestManagement.Qi,Y.,SouthernUniversity
3:15
191 ImmediateEffectofForestBurningandLoggingTreatmentsontheAvian
BiodiversityatBankheadNationalForestofNorthernAlabama.Wang,Yong,
3:30
BREAK
3:45
192 UtilizationofNativeGrassSpeciesforCogongrassManagementinPotted
GreenhouseStudy.Bamboo,S.K.,FloridaA&MUniversity
4:00
193 CashforConservation:PotentiallyIncreasingSmallLandownerIncomevia
WildlifeandNativeGrassEnvironmentalStewardshipEducationalOutreach.
Anderson,L.L.,SouthernUniversityandA&MCollege
4:15
194 EasternOyster(Crassostreavirginica)GardeningProgramforHabitat
RestorationinDelawaresInlandBays.Ozbay,G.,DelawareStateUniversity
4:30
195 MonitoringWaterWellswithDownWellCamerainaKarstAquiferofMiddle
Tennessee.Dennis,Sam,TennesseeStateUniversity
4:45
196 OffshorePreEmptiveResearchonHighRiskInvasivePestThreatstothe
UnitedStates.Kairo,M.T.K.,FloridaA&MUniversity
5:00
197 Trade,theEnvironment,andTheirImpactsonStateExports.Karemera,D.,
5:15
198 TrainingtheNextGenerationofAgriculturalScientistsinPlantBiosecurity.
Collins,DanielJ.,SouthernUniversity
5:30
242 TheEnvironmentalImpactoftheWoolfolkChemicalWorksSuperfundSiteon
theFortValley,GeorgiaCommunity.Surrency,J.,FortValleyStateUniversity
19
RoswellRoom
2:00
199 LandChangeandHumanWellBeingintheForestDependentCountiesof
Alabama.Gyawali,B.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
2:15
200 TheInfluencesofPovertyanditsPersistenceinSelectedAreasofMississippi:
theCaseofIssaquenaandSharkeyCounties.Hargrave,T.,AlcornState
University
2:30
201 QualityofLife,BusinessClimateandEmploymentinMajorSectorsofSouth
Carolina:CrossCountyAnalysis.Mustafa,M.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
2:45
202 AnEvaluationof1890CollaborativeProjectsforSmallFarmersandRural
Communities:TheCaseoftheInitiativeforFutureAgricultureSystems
CollaborativeSmallFarmEnterprisesandCommunityDevelopmentProjectin
theBlackBeltSouthProject.Hargrove,T.,TuskegeeUniversity
3:00
203 TrainingMarylandUnderservedFarmersUsingInnovativeApproaches.
Tubene,S.L.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
3:15
3:30
BREAK
3:45
204 AnEvaluationofThreePigeonPea(Cajanuscajan)CultivarsinNorthFlorida:
TimingofPlanting,CropGrowth,GrainDevelopmentandComposition.
Gardner,C.S.,FloridaA&MUniversity
4:00
205 MarketableYieldofNutrientFilmTechnique(NFT)GrownBeetroot:Influence
ofMineralNutrientSourceGrowingEnvironmentandSubstrate.Egilla,J.N.,
LincolnUniversity
4:15
206 IdentifyingMacroandMicronutrientDeficiencyDisordersinOkra,Eggplant
andSpinach.Pitchay,DharmalingamS.,TennesseeStateUniversity
4:30
207 AlternativeUsesofCanola.Bhardwaj,H.L.,VirginiaStateUniversity
4:45
208 EvaluationofGreenhouse,FieldandHeirloomTomatoVarietiesin
HydroponicGreenhouseProduction.Liedl,B.E.,WestVirginiaStateUniversity
5:00
209 GrainYieldandComponentTraitsofPearlMilletGenotypesatDifferentRow
Spacing.Gulia,S.K.,FortValleyStateUniversity
5:15
210 SuccessfulApplicationofNewCostEffectiveProceduresforGenotypingPearl
MilletsforGeneticDiversityandLinkageMapping.Gulia,S.K.,FortValleyState
University
20
HumanSciences
ViningsRoom
2:00
211 2008NSFREUSiteResearchExperiencesforUndergraduatesinMolecular
GeneticsandGenomicsatDelawareStateUniversity.Kalavacharla,V.,Delaware
StateUniversity
2:15
212 EnhancingK12ExperientialLearninginAgriScienceRelatedDisciplineswith
LeadershipDevelopmentandServiceLearning.McKee,M.,TuskegeeUniversity
2:30
213 EnhancingK12ExperientialLearninginAgriScienceRelatedDisciplines
throughLaboratoryBasedTrainingandLeadershipDevelopment.Brown,V.
M.,TuskegeeUniversity
2:45
214 FrameworkforaBridgeProgramBetweenSecondaryandPostsecondary
EducationtoEnhanceCurricula.Harned,C.P.,UniversityofMarylandEastern
Shore
3:00
215 AnEvaluationofaViolencePreventionProgramforLimitedResource
Children,YouthandFamiliesinRuralSouthCarolina:ALongitudinalStudy.
Heggins,M.J.A.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
3:15
216 FinancialBehaviorsandFinancialStressamongAfricanAmericans:Research
BasedPrescriptionsforPositiveChange.Conley,R.D.,UniversityofArkansasat
PineBluff
3:30
BREAK
3:45
243 StrategiestoInternationalizeAgriculturePrograms:ApplicationofInfusion
ApproachtoInternationalizationatTennesseeStateUniversity.Singh,S.P.,
4:00
244 CreatingaProfileontheFreeandReducedLunchServicesUsedbyHispanicsin
PeeDeeandCoastalRegionsofSouthCarolinaDuringthePeriodof2000
2003.Mathis,C.C.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
ViningsRoom
4:15
217 EnhancedMercuryIonAdsorptionbyanAmineModifiedActivatedCarbon.
Zhu,J.Z.,LincolnUniversity
4:30
218 FentonLikeReactionCatalyzedbyIronOxideImpregnatedGranularActivated
CarbonforDisinfectionByproductFormationControl.Hua,B.,Lincoln
University
4:45
219 ApplyingGISintheMonitoringofGreenhouseGasesEmissionsfromSoilin
AgriculturalFieldsinCentralMissouri.Nkongolo,N.V.,LincolnUniversity
21
ViningsRoom
5:00
220 GISMappingofApalachicolaForestforImprovedManagement.Carter,C.S.,
5:15
221 UsingHandheldComputers,Databases,andSpreadsheetstoAssistFarmers
withRecordKeepingandManagement.Pomerleau,S.,UniversityofArkansasat
PineBluff
5:30
222 ImprovementoftheModelforPredictingRainfallbyFuzzySetTheoryUsing
USDAScanData.Hasan,M.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
5:45
223 ComputationalApproachestoEvaluatingBMPScenariosConsidering
StochasticityofWeather.Gitau,M.W.,FloridaA&MUniversity
SpringRoom
2:00
224 SelectedFruitExtractsandPhytochemicalsProtectAgainstTertbutyl
HydroperoxideInducedOxidativeStressinHumanLiverCells.Boateng,J.,
2:15
225 EffectofEPAandDHAFortificationonOxidationStabilityofGoatMilkInfant
FormulaAnalogues.Park,Y.W.,FortValleyStateUniversity
2:30
226 AntigenotoxicPotentialofSulforaphaneAgainstChronicLowLevelExposure
toPesticides.Tope,A.M.,KentuckyStateUniversity
2:45
227 RoleofAntiInflammatoryAgentsinInflammatoryBowelDiseaseand
ColorectalCancer.Alexander,A.D.,TuskegeeUniversity
3:00
228 EvaluationoftheUsageofWICServicesbyHispanicsinSouthCarolinaduring
thePeriodof20002003.Mathis,C.C.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
3:15
229 AfricanAmericanStudentsPerceivedSelfEfficacyandHIVAIDSScreening.
Brandon,D.P.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
3:30
BREAK
3:45
230 FrequencyofEatinginBuffetStyleRestaurantsandBodyWeightStatusof
Adults.Wang,C.,KentuckyStateUniversity
4:00
231 TheFoodEnvironment:FoodStoreTypes,FoodAvailabilityandtheObesity
CrisisinNorthCarolina.AduNyako,K.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
4:15
232 LimitedIncomeMothersInputsAboutProminentChildOverweight
PreventionMessages.Idris,R.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
22
SpringRoom
4:30
233 AComparativeAssessmentofHeadStartParentsversusCaregiversFeeding
PracticesandNutritionalKnowledgeEffectonPreschoolersHealthOutcome
(OverweightandChildhoodObesity)inAlabama.Moss,E.M.,AlabamaA&M
University
4:45
234 Obesity:WillHoneyReduceOvereatingHabit?Biswas,B.K.,FortValleyState
University
5:00
235 UnderstandingInformationAlongtheFoodSupplyChain.Liu,X.,FortValley
StateUniversity
5:15
236 TheSweetpotato:AddressingNutritionalandEconomicChallengesinGhana,
WestAfrica.Bonsi,E.A.,TuskegeeUniversity
5:30
237 CharacteristicsofMineralCompositionsandTheirRatiosinSkimandWhole
GoatMilkCheeses.Park,Y.W.,FortValleyStateUniversity
5:45
245 ImprovingFoodAccessthroughaFreshProduceGleaningProject.Godwin,S.L.,
6:00
246 CharacterizationoftheSecretoryProcessofCapsaicininCapsicumchinense
Var.Habanero.Broderick,CyrilE.,DelawareStateUniversity
23
March28April1,2009
Posters
GrandHallEast
UndergraduatePosters
P1
Mapping,Analysis,andManagementZoneDelineationofMultipleYearsofSpatially
DistributedHarvestData.Morris,A.D.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
P2
ExploringtheEffectivenessofPelletierineandTannatesinPomegranateHuskinTreating
CoccidiainGoats.Chestnut,F.,TuskegeeUniversity
P3
LengthPolymorphismofMelonMicrosatellitesAcrossMajorCucurbitCrops.Lutz,F.G.,
P4
UseofFTACardstoIsolateHighQualityDNAforGenotypingGoats.Hawley,Q.,North
CarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity
P5
PotentialApplicationsforBiodegradablePolymers:ChitosananditsDerivatives.Brown,
J.,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
P6
CarpoolFairSchedulingAlgorithm.Johnson,B.G.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
P7
ViscosityStudyofPoly(3,5dimethylphenylacrylate)inTernarySolutionsofPolymer,
AcetonitrileandTriethylamine.PearsonMcKnight,A.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
P8
AnalysisofCharacteristicsofTomatoFlavor:Malicacid,Citricacid,SugarsandVolatiles.
Touray,L.,FortValleyStateUniversity
P9
SequencingtheSixthChromosomeofthePotatoGenome.Oglesby,L.,FortValleyState
University
P10
PhysiologicalandBiochemicalImpactofanOxalateOxidaseGeneOverexpressionin
Tomato.Zhou,J.,TennesseeStateUniversity
P11
DecompositionRateofSweetCornResidueinaHeavySoilasAffectedbyPlacementandC:
NRatio.Allen,B.,AlcornStateUniversity
P12
InfluenceofProhexadioneCalciumonSweetpotatoVineGrowthandYield.Tenner,A.,
P13
PlantingWindowforIndianMustard,Brassicajunceavar.PacificGold,forBiofumigation
ofSoilBorneDiseaseinKentucky.Rodgers,J.A.,KentuckyStateUniversity
P14
EffectofLeadAcetateonthePropertiesofaSoilGrowntoSilkyDogwood(Cornus
amomum)andNinebark(Physocarpusopulitolius).Mitchell,L.,LincolnUniversity
24
P15
MicrobialContributiontoGreenhouseGasEmissionsfromManagedGrasslandinCentral
Missouri.Grato,N.,CooperativeResearchPrograms,LincolnUniversity
P16
SpawningandRaisingWarmouthSunfishIndoors.Hirsch,L.P,LincolnUniversity
P17
ChitosananditsDerivativesAffecttheGrowthofSelectedCrops.Carter,M.,PrairieView
A&MUniversity
P18
SynthesisandCharacterizationsofChitosanComposites.Stewart,M.,PrairieViewA&M
University
P19
PropagationandRearingMethodsforYellowcheekDarterEtheostomamoorei.
Fisher,C.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff
P20
DietHabitsofAmericanEels.Farrar,A.B,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
P21
AssessingtheAbsorptionofAntibioticsbyVegetableCrops.Claiborne,K,VirginiaState
University
P22
CanParboiledRiceHullsReplacePerliteasaHydroponicSubstrate?Atkins,N.A.,West
P23
PresenceofManganeseinAquaticTerrestrialBoundariesofSeasonalWetlandsonthe
TexasGulfCoastPrairie.Schoffield,S.,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
P24
EffectofEnvironmentalConditionsonBiomassProductionandCelluloseCompositionof
DifferentVarietiesofSwitchgrass.Davis,A.N.,FortValleyStateUniversity
P25
CharacteristicsofAgricultureValueAddedProducersinAlabama.Parmer,A.,Alabama
A&MUniversity
P26
Growth,Germination,Yield,FruitSize,andFloweringDatesofInterandIntraSpecific
CrossesofChilePepper(Capsicumspp).Keremy,N.,AlcornStateUniversity
P27
EffectsofProteinandLipidLevelsinFeedonTotalWeight,FilletYieldandGutBody
WeightIndexinBluegillSunfish,(Lepomismachrocirus).Stamp,A.,LincolnUniversity
P28
EvaluationofFourCommercialFeedsforBluegillSunfish(Lepomismacrochirus)Growth
Potential.Scheppers,C.,LincolnUniversity
P29
Inclusionof10%CrudeGlycerolintheDietofGrowingFinishingBoerGoats.Cave,C.K,
LincolnUniversity
P30
TheEffectsofWeaningTimeonGrowthPerformanceCharacteristicsofBluegill(Lepomis
macrochirus).Weckenborg,A.J.,LincolnUniversity
P31
TheEffectsofWeaningTimeonGrowthPerformanceCharacteristicsofRedearSunfish
(Lepomismicrolophus).Burns,J.,LincolnUniversity
P32
ParasiteResistanceinSpanishxBoerandSpanishGoats.Kershaw,T.,NorthCarolina
AgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity
25
P33
VaginalArtificialInseminationinHairSheepEweLambsusingLiquidSemenStoredat
RoomTemperature.Thompson,T.C.,VirginiaStateUniversity
P34
TrialsofLowCostGreenhousesforUsebyGrowersandGardeners.Smith,M.A.,West
P35
HealthyEating/HealthyLifestyles:AQualitativeStudyofaSummerHealthandWellness
CampforLimitedResourceYouthinSouthCarolina.GlasgowPierre,K.,SouthCarolinaState
University
P36
EvaluationoftheeffectsofNutraceuticalGradeofColostrumontheGrowthof
Caenorhabditiselegans.Sutherland,D.,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalState
University
P37
EfficacyofSelectPlantEssentialOilsagainstFoodbornePathogens.Brooks,J.,North
CarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity
P38
EvaluationofanOpticalMicrobiologicalMethodforRapidlyEstimatingMicrobialQuality
ofFreshProduceandFrozenChickenWings.Fitzpatrick,L.,NorthCarolinaAgriculturaland
TechnicalStateUniversity
P39
ProducingBreadedChickenWings:AnEconomicAnalysis.Cole,D.,AlcornStateUniversity
P40
EffectsofSugarontheWaterActivityandWaterPhaseSaltContentofSmokedPaddlefish
Meat.Rodriguez,K.,KentuckyStateUniversity
P41
InfluenceofFlaxseedFlourontheQualityCharacteristicsofCookies.Murphy,A.,North
CarolinaA&TStateUniversity
P42
ReproductionPerformanceofObeseandLeanPigs.Robinson,S.,PrairieViewA&M
University,PrairieView
P43
DietaryTomatoesreducedAzoxymethane(AOM)InducedAberrantCryptFociinFisher
344rats.Mounts,L.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P44
ModulatoryEffectofPeaches(Prunuspersica)ontheformationofAzoxymethane
inducedaberrantcryptfoci.Kanda,B.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P45
EffectofShiitakeMushroom(Lentinusedodes)onPrecancerousLesionsinaRatModel
Crutcher,D.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P46
Chemopreventive Effects of Corn Pericarp Against Colon Carcinogenesis. Asiamah, D.,
P47
EffectofBitterMelononAntioxidantStatusandprecancerouslesionsinFisher344Male
Rats.Asiamah,D.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P48
CombinedEffectofCitricAcidandSodiumChlorideonReductionofSalmonella
typhimuriuminvivo.Walker,K.,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
P49
AssessmentofthePrevalenceofDiabetesAmongHispanicsintheUSA.Arroyave,H.,
26
HumanSciences
P50
SynthesisofaDehydroalanineAnalogofGlutathione.TarkoS.,WestVirginiaState
University
P51
EatingDirt:ASurveyofKaolinConsumptioninaRuralCommunity.Purdie,T.,Tuskegee
University
GraduatePosters
P52
IdentificationOfMolecularControlForToleranceToFreezingTemperatureInHelleborus
UsingcDNAFluorescentDifferentialDisplay.Liu,Z.,TennesseeStateUniversity
P53
FunctionalAnalysesofDifferentiallyExpressedGenesInvolvedinFlavonoidBiosynthesis
inNorthAmericanNativeGrapes.Payton,T.,FloridaA&MUniversity
P54
RelationshipBetweenTesticularMorphometry,BodyWeightandConformationin
PubertalMaleBoerGoats.Keith,L.,TuskegeeUniversity
P55
LibidoTestScores,BodyConformationandTesticularTraitsinPubertalBoerandKiko
Goats.Ford,Jr.,D.,TuskegeeUniversity
P56
GenomeMethylationEffectsonQuantitativeTraitLociRelatedtoPlantGrowthTraitsin
Arabidopsis.Gist,R.,WestVirginiaStateUniversity
P57
AssessingtheBenefitsofExogenousProgesteroneSupplementationontheSurvivalof
EmbryosTransferredtoRecipientBeefCows.Mason,M.,AlcornStateUniversity
P58
DetectionofAluofRepetitiveSequencesinCaprineDNA.Lane,L.,NorthCarolinaA&TState
University
P59
EffectsofBlackSeedOil(Niagrasativa)OntheLifeCycleandReproductiveBehaviorof
CaenorhabditisElegans.Gerald,C.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
P60
EnhancedRhizodegradationofMunitionsExplosivesinSoilbyWarmSeasonGrasses.
Yang,H.,LincolnUniversity
P61
ExploringtheRelationshipBetweenSoilBiologicalPropertiesandSpatialVariationin
CO2,N2OandCH4EffluxinaSecondaryForestinCentralMissouri.Hoilett,N.O.,Lincoln
University
P62
CharacterizationofEpithelialCellApicalPlasmaMembraneProteinsCarrying
EndometrialHType1(HT1)Antigen.Reevely,A.M.,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
P62A
MolecularCharacterizationofthePearlGrayGuineaFowlthroughComparativeAnalysis
ofPartialGeneSequenceConstructs.Kelley,G.,TennesseeStateUniversity
P63
OrganochlorinePesticideContaminationofTerrestrialandAquaticEcosystemsinNorth
Alabama.GolsonGarner,K.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
27
P64
P65
P66
P67
P68
P69
P70
P71
P72
P73
P74
P75
P76
P77
P78
P79
P80
P81
SurveyForEggParasitoidsAttackingCactoblastiscactorumInNorthFlorida.Paraiso,O.,
BiologicalControlofCrownGallDiseaseCausedbyAgrobacteriumtumefaciensUsing
BdellovibrioandLikeOrganisms.GordonBradley,N.M.,FloridaA&MUniversity
EffectsofHydrologicalProcessesontheSuwanneeRiverCoastalEcosystem.Nnaji,G.A.,
PlantZonationinCoastalMarshesanditsPotentialtoIndicateClimateandSealevel
Changes.Gajewska,I.,FloridaA&MUniversity
InteractionBetweenDowneyMildewPathogen(Plasmoparaviticola)Inoculatedon
SusceptibleandResistantGrapevineCultivars.Rodrigue,P.,FloridaA&MUniversity
EvaluationofExtractsofNativeandNonNativePlantSpeciesfortheControlof
Cogongrass(ImperataCylindricaL).Reid,L.D.,FloridaA&MUniversity
EffectofSelectSurfactantsOnCornNutrientUptake.Banks,M.L.,LincolnUniversity
ProcessOptimizationandAdsorptionModelingofNutshellBasedActivatedCarbonsfor
DrinkingWaterPurification.Rehrah,D.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
EffectsofHurricaneGustavontheUrbanForestintheCityofCentral,EastBatonRouge
Parish,Louisiana.Preutt,J.,SouthernUniversity
ComparativeAnalysisbetweenTreeRadarUnitandPicusSonicTomographyforTree
DecayDetection.Chappell,C.C.,SouthernUniversity
MicrobialDiversityandEnzymeActivityinSoilswithThreeRatesofApplicationof
PoultryLitterinBlackBeltSoilsinAlabama.King,S.,TuskegeeUniversity
LarvalCollectionandObservedMovementsofTelemeteredBigmouthSleeper
GobiomorusDormitorinPuertoRico.Adelsberger,C.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
MinimizingSurfaceWaterPollutionUsingDryPoultryLitterIncorporationTechnologyon
NoTillSoils.Kibet,L.C.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
MicrobialEcologyofBioenergyfromWasteBiomass.Mpabanga,T.,WestVirginiaState
University
AssessingNitrateContaminationinPrivateWellsintheBlackBeltCountiesofAlabama.
Hampton,M.,TuskegeeUniversity
AssessingtheImpactofLandUsePracticesonNitrogenandPhosphorusLoadinginTwo
CreeksoftheAlabamaBasinUsingPLOADModel.Gurung,D.,TuskegeeUniversity
TheEffectsofTillagePracticesonSelectedSoilEnzymeActivitiesandParameters.Giles,K.,
TuskegeeUniversity
EvaluationofRatesofPoultryLitterApplicationonSoilMicrobialDiversityandEnzyme
ActivityinSoilswithThreeinBlackBeltSoilsinAlabama.King,S.,TuskegeeUniversity
28
P82
EvaluationofSoilEnzymeActivityandMicrobialDiversityAsMeasuresofWetland
FunctionAlongaForestedTransectinMaconCounty,AL.Haugabrooks,E.,Tuskegee
University
P83
LeafLevelPhysiologicalActivitiesofRhododendronMaximuminResponsetoSeveral
EnvironmentalFactors.Hall,E.E.,SouthernUniversity
P84
DevelopingaRiskAssessmentMapoftheU.S.GulfCoastforSuddenOakDeath.
Pruett,J.,SouthernUniversity
P85
AssessingtheApplicationofGIS/GPSTechnologyinDetectingCitrusTreesinUrban
EnvironmentsforEnhancedDiseaseMonitoringandSurveyActivities.
Zepherin,T.,SouthernUniversity
P86
DisseminationofFecalColiformsinJuniperCreekWatershed,NWFlorida.Rolle,K.A.,
P87
TheAnatomyandMorphologyofFourDifferentHibiscusAccessions.Ferchaud,V.A.,
SouthernUniversity
P88
AnthelminticResistanceonMidAtlanticU.S.Farms:ResultsObtainedUsinginvitro
DrenchRiteLarvalDevelopmentAssays.Crook,E.K.,DelawareStateUniversity
P89
PumpkinSeedsFailtoHaveAnthelminticEffectsinMeatGoats.Eierman,J.,DelawareState
University
P90
ComparisonofGrowthPerformanceforPigsFedGarlicAdditive.Martinez,M.,North
P91
CharacterizationofInsectPestsofCruciferVegetablesinSmallHolderConventionaland
OrganicFarmsinNorthFlorida.Lewis,K.M.,FloridaA&MUniversity
P92
EffectsofPlasticMulchonDevelopmentandNodulationofCowpeas.Wysinger,S.H.,
TuskegeeUniversity
P93
ChangesinSelectedSocioeconomicandDemographicFactorsinMississippi:Impacton
EconomicGrowth.Dumevi,J.,AlcornStateUniversity
P94
IntroductionofPeristenusrelictusintoAlfalfaFieldstoControlTarnishedPlantBugin
Delaware.Urian,J.C.,DelawareStateUniversity
P95
SustainableTomatoProduction:TillageandFertilizerEffects.Mayalagu,G.,AlabamaA&M
University
P96
ExpandingMarketingOpportunitiesforSmallFarmers:ACaseStudyAnalysisofFarmto
SchoolandFarmtoTableOpportunitiesinAlabama.Baba,A.,TuskegeeUniversity
P97
NovelMethodforEarlyDetectionofForeignSubstancesinMilk.Phetsomphou,S.,North
P98
EffectofCaffeineontheSurvivalandGrowthofCronobactersppinLaboratoryMedium
andSkimMilk.Hassan,O.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
29
P99
P100
P101
P102
P103
P104
P105
P106
P107
P108
P109
P110
P111
P112
P113
P114
P115
SensoryCharacteristicsandConsumerAcceptabilityofChocolateIceCream
SupplementedwithFishorFlaxseedOils.Aljaloud,S.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
AnalysisofAntibodyResponsesinPoultry.Sullivan,D.R.,NorthCarolinaA&TState
University
EffectofDietaryProteinandEnergyLevelonGrowthPerformance,Yield,andSalmonella
PopulationinBroilerChickens.Nolen,S.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
EvaluationofanOpticalMicrobiologicalMethodforRapidlyEstimatingMicrobialQuality
ofFreshProduceandFrozenChickenWings.Fitzpatrick,L.,NorthCarolinaA&TState
University
CytotoxicandAntiproliferativeEffectofChardonnayGrapePomaceExtractsonCaco2
andHT29HumanColonCancerCells.Smith,N.,VirginiaStateUniversity
GrowthandSurvivalofTotalandPathogenicVibrioparahaemolyticusinGulfCoast
ShellstockOysters.Mudoh,M.F.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
FeedingCranberryandSorrelCalyxMealReducesAzoxymethaneinducedColonCancerin
Fisher344MaleRats.Shackelford,L.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
ChemopreventivePotentialofCanolaandMustardonColonTumorigenesisinFisher344
MaleRats.Miller,A.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
ChemopreventivePotentialoftwoCommonlyConsumedAppleVarietiesand
CommerciallyProcessedAppleJuiceagainsttheDevelopmentofChemicallyInduced
ColonTumors.Rock,C.R.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
AComparisonofPhenolics,Flavonoids,AnthocyaninsandAntioxidantCapacityof
SelectedFruits.Hampton,J.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
AStudyoftheChemopreventiveEffectsofPrebioticsandSoyIsoflavonesUsingaFisher
344MaleRatModel.Gourineni,V.P.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
ChemopreventivePotentialofBasil(OcimumbasilicumandOcimumtenuiflorum)against
AzoxymethaneInducedColonTumorsinFisher344MaleRats.Gajula,D.,AlabamaA&M
University
ProcessingEffectsonRedKidneyBeans(PhaselousvulgarisL.)inSuppressing
AzoxymethaneinducedAberrantCryptFociinFisher344MaleRats.Field,R.,Alabama
A&MUniversity
EvaluationofAntiproliferativeActivityofRosacaninaAgainstHumanCancerCells.Davis,
S.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
DevelopmentofFortifiedPeanutbasedPowderedMilkforRecoveryofUndernourished
Children.Rehrah,D.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
APreliminaryAssessmentofHeadStartParentsFoodBehaviorPracticesatParticipating
HeadStartCentersinSelectedCountiesinAlabama.Drew,A.D.,TuskegeeUniversity
TheEffectsofBlueberryandFigontheGeneExpressionofCReactiveProtein,
ApolipoprotienA,andApolipoproteinBinGoldenSyrianHamsters.Hudley,S.M.,Tuskegee
University
30
P116
InactivationofE.coliO157:H7ontheSurfaceofBeefUsingPulsedUVlightsterilization.
Hughes,S.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
P117
EvaluationofPhenolicCompositionandAntioxidantCapacitiesofChineseJujube
Cultivars.Sitayo,D.S.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P118
EnhancementofButylatedHydroxyanisoleEfficiencyinGroundTurkeyMeatusing
EncapsulatedBHA.Janen,A.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P119
ProcessingEffectonTotalPhenolics,FlavonoidsandAnthocyaninsinRedGrapes.
Chitapandu,S.K.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P120
FermentationEffectsonTotalPhenolics,FlavonoidsandAnthocyaninsinCranberries
DuringWineMaking.Poreddy,V.B.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P121
AssessmentoftheUsageofMedicaidProgrambyHispanicsinSouthCarolinaOveraFour
YearPeriod(20002003).Ayers,S.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
HumanSciences
P122
ExpressionofOsteopontininHumanFetalOsteoblasticCellsTreatedwithChitosan
CompositeMaterialsinvitro.Stone,J.M.,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
P123
AQualitativeEvaluationofaViolencePreventionProgramforLimitedResourceChildren,
Youth,andFamiliesinRuralSouthCarolina:ALongitudinalStudy.Rabb,R.O.,South
CarolinaStateUniversity
ScientistPosters
P124
PredictingSeedQualityofPrimedCanolaSeedviaProteomicAnalysis.Bishnoi,U.R.,
P125
AdoptionofGPSGuidanceSystemsinAlabamaAgriculture.Banerjee,S.B.,A&MUniversity
P126
CloningandCharacterizationofGenesAssociatedwithAnthracnoseToleranceinFlorida
HybridBunchGrapes.Hemanth,V.,FloridaA&MUniversity
P127
InheritanceFlowerFertility,Fruitsize,andColorinMuscadineGrapes.Ren,Z.,Florida
A&MUniversity
P128
EffectofNaturalOrganicMatteronArsenicRemovalfromDrinkingWater.Jain,A.,Florida
A&MUniversity
P129
DigitalIdentificationResourceforInsectPestsofCultivatedPalmsintheUnitedStates
andCaribbeanCountries.Haseeb,M.,FloridaA&MUniversity
P130
DifferentialExpressionofLeafProteinsinlowandhighChillRequiredRaspberry
Cultivars.Umar,G.,FloridaA&MUniversity
P131
WeightofVariousEggComponentsinJapaneseQuail.Arora,K.L.,FortValleyStateUniversity
P132
RelationshipBetweenWeightandDimensionsofJapaneseQuailEggs.Arora,K.L.,Fort
ValleyStateUniversity
31
P133
P134
P135
P136
P137
P138
P139
P140
P141
P142
P143
P144
P145
P146
P147
P148
P149
P150
P151
IntroducingModernMolecularBiologyandBiotechnologytoStudentsandPublicin
KentuckyAreas.Lu,L.,KentuckyStateUniversity
DevelopmentofSimpleSequenceRepeatMarkersforExaminingGeneticRelationshipsin
PawpawVarieties.Dutta,S.J.,KentuckyStateUniversity
TheInfluenceofHeatingofPawpaw(Asiminatriloba)FruitPulponAnnonaceous
AcetogeninActivity.Craycroft,D.,KentuckyStateUniversity
EvaluationofPollenTubeGrowthinSelfandCrossPollinatedPawpawFlowersUsing
FluorescentMicroscopy.Crabtree,S.B.,KentuckyStateUniversity
RipePawpawFruitPulpColorforSixPreferredCultivarsandAdvancedSelections.
Pomper,K.W.,KentuckyStateUniversity
EvaluationofAdvancedFloricaneFruitingBlackberrySelectionsfromtheUniversityof
ArkansasGrowninKentucky.Pomper,K.,KentuckyStateUniversity
IdentificationofDifferentiallyExpressedGenesinGoatsDuringtheLactationPeriod.
Matand,K.,LangstonUniversity
DifferentialExpressionofCKitGeneinGoatMammaryGlandsDuringLactationandDry
Periods.Wu,N.,LangstonUniversity
AntioxidantActivityofPeptidesfromPorcinePlasmaAlbumininRats.Wang,Z.,Langston
University
EfficientGerminationProtocolDevelopmentforAlexandrianLaurel.Yang,G.*North
ModelingGoatGrowthasaFunctionofFeedIntake.Risch,E.,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
NanotechnologyApplicationinForestHealthManagement.Qi,Y.,SouthernUniversity
FlowCytometricAnalysisAndSortingOfHostSignalInducibleTransposonInsertion
MutantsOfErwiniacarotovoraSubspeciesAtroseptica.Dumenyo,C.K.,TennesseeState
University
FoliageDiseasesOfBigleafHydrangeaInTennessee.Mmbaga,M.T.,TennesseeState
University
ImprovingPhytoremediationForRemediatingOrganicContaminantsInSoil.Kersey,C.M.,
AProteomicsStudyOfAluminumToxicityInTomato.Zhou,S.,TennesseeStateUniversity
IsolationandCharacterizationofPotentiallyLignocellulosicMicroorganisms:Relevance
toSweetpotatoBasedBiofuels.Alexander,A.D.,TuskegeeUniversity
EffectsofFeedingVaryingLevelsofDistillersDriedGrainwithSolublesonGrowth
Performance,BloodParametersandCarcassQualityofMeatGoats.Gurung,N.K.,Tuskegee
University
ImprovingUVProtectionofCottonFabricsThroughDigitalTextilePrinting.
Namwamba,G.N.,SouthernUniversity
32
P152
EnvironmentallyFriendlySiteSpecificFarmingandAssociatedAdvancedTechnologiesin
aMultidisciplinaryCourseataLandGrantUniversity.Nagchaudhuri,A.,Universityof
P153
MolecularDiversityinUkrainianMelonGermplasm.Tomason,Y.,WestVirginiaState
University
P154
TreatingFieldGrownNurseryStockforJapaneseBeetleQuarantineCertificationusing
ConventionalandBiorationalInsecticidesAppliedbyaGrowerIrrigationTechnique.
Oliver,J.B.,TennesseeStateUniversity
P155
ResponsesofStressResistantandSensitivePotatoestoConcurrentHeatStressandSoft
RotInfection.Aziz,A.N.,TennesseeStateUniversity
P156
Aestivales(Planchon),AmericanNativeGrapesandTheirPhylogenetics.Mongerie,T.A.,
P157
ApplicationofSonicTomographyTechnologyintoDetectionofInternalDecayinWater
Oak(QuercusnigraL.).Qi,Y.,SouthernUniversity
P158
RegionalWaterSecurity,ContemporaryFarmLanduseTrend,andGlobalClimateChange
ImpactinNorthernRegionofAlabama.Kebede,G.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P159
LampreyGnRHIIISelectivelyReleasesLuteinizingHormonebutnotFollicleStimulating
HormoneinPigs.Vizcarra,J.A.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P160
ComparativeAnalysisofAmmoniaOxidizingBacteriaPopulationsandAmmonia/Nitrate
LevelsinanAgriculturalSoilEnvironment.Moss,E.M.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P161
NutrientReleasefromFieldWeatheringofDelmarvaPoultryLitter:ImplicationsforLand
Application.GuoM.,DelawareStateUniversity
P162
FarmlandFragmentationintheStateofDelaware.Yang,Z.,DelawareStateUniversity
P163
InsectCommunitiesinFloridaPanhandleStreams:IntheContextofStreamand
LandscapeVariables.Pescador,M.L.,FloridaA&MUniversity
P164
AnEconomicEvaluationofNitrateinGroundwater:AContingentValuationSurveyin
Northwest,Florida.LyttleNGuessan,C.J.,FloridaA&MUniversity
P165
AssessingtheEnvironmentalImpactoftheAbandonedMinesoftheCentralMissouri
MiningDistrict.Tesfaye,S.,LincolnUniversity
P166
DistributionofCarbonStocksinSurfaceSoilsofaPastureLandinCentralMissouri.Adisa,
S.J.,LincolnUniversity
P167
TheEffectofOwnerCharacteristicsontheIntensityofTimberLogging.Ejimakor,G.C.,
NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
P168
EvaluationofSustainableProductionPracticesofVegetablesinaPiedmontsoilofNorth
Carolina.Ravella,R.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
P169
UsingAquaticPlantSpeciesForPhytoremendationOfAgriculturalPollutantsInPonds
33
AndSmallCreeks.Clardy,A.E.,TennesseeStateUniversity
P170
ControllingImportedFireAntsUsingABiorationalPesticide.Mrema,F.A.,TennesseeState
University
P171
ChangesintheLevelsofAbscisicAcidLevelsduringtheGerminationofCitrulus
colocynthis.Radwan,T.,TuskegeeUniversity
P172
ScreeningofSweetpotatoCultivarsforBiofuelEnergy.Min,B.J.,TuskegeeUniversity
P173
AnAssessmentofStormWaterRunoffIssuesinPineBluff,WhiteHall,theUniversityof
ArkansasPineBluffandJeffersonCounty.Buckner,E.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
P174
RhizobiophagesSpecificforSoybeanBradyrhizobiumjaponicumIsolatedfromDelmarva
Soils.Green,B.M.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
P175
NutritionalQualitiesandSeedYieldofDiverseSoybeanBreedingLinesGrowninthe
DelmarvaPeninsula.Hashem,F.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
P176
BradyrhizobiaInfluenceonSeedYieldandNutritionalQualityofCowpeaGenotypesinthe
DelmarvaPeninsula.Dadson,R.B.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
P177
TowardImprovementofCropDroughtTolerance:UnderstandingtheMechanismsof
DroughtToleranceanditsGeneticDiversityinaXerophyteSpecies,Purslane.Ren,S.,
P178
PhysiologicalandMolecularCharacterizationofSoybeanSaltTolerance.Ren,S.,Virginia
StateUniversity
P179
StableIsotopeProbingtoIdentifyCarbohydrateUtilizingBacteriainAnaerobicDigestion.
Smith,A.M.,WestVirginiaStateUniversity
P180
DustAccumulationasaSourceofIronforProductionofRedoximorphicFeaturesinSandy
SoilsontheTexasGulfCoastPrairie.Griffin,R.W.,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
P181
EvaluationofTurfgrassPerformanceBasedonColorQualityandRootLengthDensity.
Githinji,L.J.M.,TuskegeeUniversity
P182
ExploringthePossibilityofUsingWasteFruitsasanAlternativeSourceofEnergythrough
MicrobialFuelCell.Singh,H.P.,FortValleyStateUniversity
P183
ImpactofTreeBasedMulchontheGrowthandCO2UptakeofQuercusnuttallii.
Ning,Z.H.,SouthernUniversity
P184
EvaluationoftheBiopesticidalPotentialofHedychiumSpeciesforPestsandDisease
ControlinOrganicVegetableProductionSystems.Nyochembeng,L.M.,AlabamaA&M
University
P185
EffectofPlasticMulchandBiofungicideonFruitYieldandSeverityofFoliarDiseasesin
OrganicTomatoProductionSystem.Nyochembeng,L.M.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P186
AttitudesandPerceptionsofSouthwestMississippiConsumersTowardsPastureRaised
34
P187
P188
P189
P190
P191
P192
P193
P194
P195
P196
P197
P198
P199
P200
P201
P202
P203
Pork:ASurvey.Joseph,A.,AlcornStateUniversity
EvaluationoftheEffectivenessofaSingleOralAdministrationofVariousDosesofPour
OnMoxidectinandIvermectinAgainstIntestinalParasitesinMeatGoatsinExtensiveand
SemiIntensiveSystems.Madden,U.A.,FloridaA&MUniversity
TheEffectofSynchronizationTreatmentsonSeasonalandNonSeasonalDoes.McKenzie
Jakes,A.,FloridaA&MUniversity
TheEvaluationofThreeFeedingRegimensandThreeAnthelminticsinaMeatGoat
ProductionSystem:AFloridaA&MUniversityResearch/ExtensionProject.Peterson,T.,
ProductionofTableCucumber(Cucumissativa)ontwoTrellisSystemsinNorthFlorida.
Brown,B.G.,FloridaA&MUniversity
InfluenceofBreedandYearonAverageDailyGain,ScrotalCircumference,andUltrasound
RibeyeAreaAmongBucksintheGeorgiaandSoutheastMeatGoatBuckPerformance
EvaluationProgram.Getz,W.R.,FortValleyStateUniversity
EffectsofProteinSupplementationonH.ContortusInfectioninGoats.Wang,Z.,Langston
University
GenderDifferencesinanOnLineCertificationProgramforGoatProducers.Merkel,R.C.,
LangstonUniversity
Methane Emission by Goats Consuming Different Sources of Hay. Puchala, R., Langston
University
Effects of Acclimatization on Energy Expenditure by Meat Goats. Goetsch, A.L., Langston

University
EffectsofSomaticCellCountonSemiHardCheesefromGoatMilk.Zeng,S.S.,Langston
University
EffectofSmallmouth(Ictiobusbubalus)andBigmouth(Ictiobuscyprinellus)Buffaloon
DissolvedOxygeninContinuousCultureChannelCatfish(Ictaluruspunctatus)Ponds.
Luker,G.W.,LangstonUniversity
IntroductionofJicamatoCentralMissouri.Gu,S.,LincolnUniversity
ThePerformanceofBrangusCalvesUnderMixedSpeciesGrazingSystems.Gebrelul,S.W.,
SouthernUniversity
RoselleHibiscus(Hibiscussabdariffa)ResearchatSouthernUniversity.Chin,K.L.,Southern
University
MixedSpeciesandGrazingPracticesEffectsontheYieldandQualityofForageCrops.
Bachireddy,V.R.,SouthernUniversity
Hibiscus(Hibiscussabdariffa)speciesgrowninLouisiana.Chin,K.L.,SouthernUniversity
AnalyzingAndScreeningVariousSpeciesOfOrnamentalGrassesAsAnAlternativeCrop
ForSmallAndLimitedResources/ProducersForResaleToTheFloriculturalIndustry.
Clardy,A.E.,TennesseeStateUniversity
35
P204
EffectofForagesonPerformanceofBoerCrossMaleGoats.Bartlett,J.R.,Tuskegee
University
P205
TheInfluencesofU.S.GovernmentPriceSupportProgram,SoybeansExportation,and
StockAccumulationonU.S.SoybeansPrices.Siaway,A.,TuskegeeUniversity
P206
YieldandGrainSettingRateofRiceNewStrainsatUABPFarm.Yan,Z.,Universityof
ArkansasatPineBluff
P207
ImpactofStraighheadDiseaseInducedbyHighTemperaturetoRiceYields.Huang,B.,
UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
P208
SweetCornResponsetoPotassiumonanAcidSoilwithLowPotassiumTestLevel.
Ntamatungiro,S.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
P209
AnalysisofFreshSeedYieldandharvestIndexofSouthernPeaGenotypesinSouth
Arkansas.Ntamatungiro,S.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
P210
EffectofTrehaloseonMotilityandFertilityofBuckSemenAfterExtendedStorageat4C.
Wildeus,S.,VirginiaStateUniversity
P211
AnInterdisciplinaryResearchApproachtotheImprovementofSmallFarmer
Sustainability:ACaseStudywithPasturedPoultry.Vaughan,B.T.,TuskegeeUniversity
P212
EnvironmentalEffectsonFeedingBehaviorofGrowingMeatGoats.Gipson,T.A.,Langston
University
P213
EfficacyofWormwoods(Artimesiaspp.)asanAnthelminticinGoats.Hart,S.P.,Langston
University
P214
ThresholdsforPotatoLeafhopperforGlandularHairedCultivarsofAlfalfa.Peiffer,R.,
P215
EffectofFinishingCrossbreadMeatGoatswiththeSameTotalQuantityofFinisherRation
OverVariableDurationonChevonProduction,CarcassTraitsandReturnOverFeedCost.
Lema,M.,TennesseeStateUniversity
P216
FurazolidoneInducedDilatedCardiomyopathyinGuineaFowl.Nahashon,S.,Tennessee
StateUniversity
P217
TheEffectofMixedSpeciesGrazingintheDeterminationofGastrointestinalInfectionsof
HaemonchuscontortusinSpanishDoes.Marshall,R.W.,SouthernUniversity
P218
ProfilingofBioactiveCompoundsinCultivarsofRunnerandValenciaPeanutMarket
typesusingLiquidChromatography/APCIMassSpectrometry.Chukwumah,Y.C.,Alabama
A&MUniversity
P219
PeanutSkinColorasaBiomarkerforTotalPolyphenolicContentandAntioxidative
CapacitiesofPeanutCultivars.Chukwumah,Y.C.,AlabamaA&MUniversity
P220
CytotoxicEffectsofSelectedFruitExtractsonHumanColonCancerCells.Boateng,J.,
DoFluctuationsinHealthExpendituresAffectEconomicGrowth?Bukenya,J.O.,Alabama
P221
A&MUniversity
36
P222
P223
P224
P225
P226
P227
P228
P229
P230
P231
P232
P233
P234
P235
P236
P237
P238
P239
IdentificationofaSustainableSourceofOmega3FattyAcidsforNutritionandHealth.
Ezekwe,M.O.,AlcornStateUniversity
ProgressinBACContigDevelopmentfortheUr3RustResistanceLocusinCommonBean
(Phaseolusvulgaris).Kalavacharla,V.,DelawareStateUniversity
StorageTemperature,PostharvestTexture,andShelfLifeofMuscadineGrapes.Xu,X.,
InfluenceofFeedingSericeaLespedezaHayonNutritionalandFlavorProfileofChevon.
Lee,J.H.,FortValleyStateUniversity
MultipleShootInductionandProliferationfromNodalExplantsofGuavaInVitro.Viji,G.,
EvaluationofanIULFlash&GoAutomatedColonyCounter.Harris,D.,FortValleyState
University
ReductionofE.coliO157:H7onBeefSurfacesUsingLowVoltageDirectCurrent.
Mahapatra,A.K.,FortValleyStateUniversity
HealthyLifestyleChoices:Perceptions,BehaviorsandOutcomesAmongMembersofan
AtRiskPopulation.Templeton,S.B.,KentuckyStateUniversity
EffectofDietSupplementationwithPeanutPolyphenolsonCholesterolandOther
BiomoleculesinLaboratoryRats.Yu,J.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
EffectsofOrallyAdministeredViableBifidobacteriumfromHealthyCentenarianson
ImmuneSysteminBalb/CMice.Ibrahim,S.A.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
DeterminationofMinimumInhibitoryConcentrations(MIC)ofDifferentAntibioticsfor
Enterobactersakazakii.Ibrahim,S.A.,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
ScreeningOfAntibacterialActivityOfLacticAcidBacteriaagainstDifferentFoodBorne
PathogensinVacuumPackagedMeatProducts.Awaisheh,S.S.NorthCarolinaA&TState
University
InvestigationsonDNA/RNADamageinDiabetesInvolvingGlycoxidationReactions.
Ahmed,M.,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
GeneticAnalysisofSexPheromoneSynthesisinDrosophilamelanogaster.Scott,D.,South
ExploringAfricanAmericanStudentsHealthOrientationsandBehaviors.Staten,D.,South
EffectofPeanutSkinPolyphenolsonQualityofRawGroundBeefPatties.Yu,J.,North
AssessmentofFoodSafetyKnowledge,Beliefs,andPracticesAmongCollegeStudents.
Gager,J.V.,SouthernUniversity
FoodAwayFromHome(FAFH)ConsumptionHabitofAfricanAmericansAndStrategies
ToChangeIt.Tegegne,F.,TennesseeStateUniversity
37
P240
P241
P242
P243
P244
P245
P246
P247
P248
P249
P250
P251
P252
P253
P254
P255
P256
P257
HandlingOfRawMeatDuringFoodPreparationAndThePotentialForCross
ContaminationInHomeKitchens.Godwin,S.L.,TennesseeStateUniversity
MicrobiologicalEvaluationofGleanedProduceFromAFoodRecoveryProgram.Chen,F.C.,
NovelApplicationofGIStoMeasureFoodAccessinRuralAlabama.BovellBenjamin,A.C.,
TuskegeeUniversity
IntegratedPestManagementandFoodSafetyforSmallVegetableProducers.Dingha,B.N.,
TuskegeeUniversity
FruitProductionforHomeOwnersandSmallScaleProducersUsingOrganicMethods.
Bonsi,E.,TuskegeeUniversity
TransFatIntakeAffectsLipoproteinCompositionandAdipokineLevelsWithoutChanging
InsulinSensitivityIndexinWistarRats.Huang,Z.,TuskegeeUniversity
EfficacyofSelectedProbioticCulturestoInhibitFoodPathogensinModelReconstituted
DairyProducts.MakubaA.L.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluffPineBluff
PhysiologicalFunctionsofBiologicallyActiveCompoundsIsolatedfromIpomoeabatatas
L.Leaves.Shahidul,I.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
TraditionalGreenLeafyVegetablesasSourcesofMicronutrientsandRemedytoFood
InsecurityamongtheLuoPeoplefromWesternKenya.Schwarz,J.G.,UniversityofMaryland
EasternShore
AModeloftheEffectofTemperatureontheGrowthandSurvivalofVibriovulnificusin
GulfCoastShellstockOysters.Parveen,S.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
FattyAcidCompositionandAntioxidantActivitiesofChardonnayGrapePomace.Parry,J.
W.,VirginiaStateUniversity
BloodPressure,PlasmaLipidsandUrinaryCatecholamineExcretioninReducedRenal
Mass(RRM)HypertensiveRats.Chi,M.S.,LincolnUniversity
AComparisonbetweenRegularSugarCookiesandHibiscusCookies.Malekian,F.,Southern
University
SurveyoftheTotalFlavonoidContentinFreshCalyxesandLeavesofFourVarietyof
Roselle(Hibiscussabdariffa).Qi,Y.,SouthernUniversity
TheEffectofIncomeandEducationontheAcceptabilityofChevonServedatanUpscale
Restaurant.Dawkins,N.L.,TuskegeeUniversity
CharacterizationoftheSecretoryProcessofCapsaicininCapsicumchinenseVar.
Habanero.Broderick,C.E.,DelawareStateUniversity
TheUseofLowVoltageAlternatingCurrentforControllingE.ColionBeef.Mahapatra,A.K.,
GIS Analysis of Environmental Factors and Socioclimatic Factors Relating to Tapeworm

InfectionintheStateofBahia,Brazilfrom20022005.Silva,M.M.N.,SouthernUniversity
38
P258
AnEmpiricalAnalysisofNutritionalKnowledgeandImportanceRankingsoftheDietary
GuidelinesforSodiumIntake.McLeanMeyinsse,P.E.,SouthernUniversity
P259
CharacterizationoftheSecretoryProcessofCapsaicininCapsicumchinenseVar.
Habanero.Broderick,C.E.,DelawareStateUniversity
HumanSciences
P260
ClothingRecyclingBehaviors:ACrossnationalComparisonofUnitedStatesandKorean
Consumers.JungmiOh,J.,DelawareStateUniversity
P261
UsingaResearchCentertoGrowFutureScientists.Phills,B.R.,FloridaA&MUniversity
P262
TheInfluenceofSocialSupportonAdolescent/YoungFathersInvolvementwiththeir
Children.Wheat,J.R.,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff
P263
InstructionalMaterialstoEnhanceTextileUnitsTaughtinHighSchool.Shaw,A.,University
ofMarylandEasternShore
P264
BroadeningPerspectives:EducatingYouthabouttheFoodandAgriculturalSciences.
Cotton,C.P.,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
39
AbstractsofGraduateStudentPapers
ARD 2009
1890Research:
Century
40

1
UltrasonographicMonitoringofFollicularGrowthandDayofOvulationafterUseofPGF2inCombination
with GnRH or GnRH and hCG in Dairy Heifers. Johnson, R., W. A. Bennett, E. J. Cuadra and M. Mason*,
DepartmentofAgriculture,AlcornStateUniversity,Lorman,MS39096.
AstudywasconductedtotestthehypothesisthatinjectingGnRHconcurrentlywithPGF2followedbyan
injection of hCG, would advance follicular development and ovulation time. Holstein heifers were randomly
allottedinacontrolgroup(n=13)toreceivetwoinjectionsofPGF2given7daysapart.Group2(n=13)received
aninjectionofGnRHimmediatelyafterthefirstinjectionofPGF2.Group3(n=12)receivedthesamehormonal
protocol as animals in group 2 did with an additional injection of hCG two days after first PGF2 and GnRH
treatments. Blood samples for progesterone and estrogen determination were collected on days 7, 0 (first
PGF2),3,7,and12.Heifersingroup2maintainedthesamelevelofprogesteroneondays2(3.80.9)and7(3.8
1.0);thesameconcentrationforthathormonewasobservedonday2(3.81.1)forheifersingroup3.However,
heifers in group 3 had a significantly higher level of progesterone on day 7 (8.3 1.6) when compared to
progesteronelevelonday2forthatsamegroup.Additionally,heifersingroup3ovulatedadayearlier(4.10.5)
than heifers in group 2 (5.0 0.6) and the control group (5.3 0.4). These data suggest that hCG is effective in
advancingfolliculargrowthtoovulationinheiferswheninjected48hrafteradministrationofPGF2concurrently
withGnRH.ThesedataalsosuggestthatGnRHpreventstotalluteolysisofthelutealtissueifinjectedimmediately
afterPGF2.
GraduateEmergingTechnologies
2
IsolationandCharacterizationofInducedAcquiredDefenseRelatedPR2Geneingrapes(VitisL.).Reed,
R.*,C.Louime,F.Bradley,H.HuangandJiangLu.TheGeneticsLab,CenterforViticultureandSmallFruitResearch,
CESTA,FAMU,Tallahassee,FL32317.
Aplantrespondstopathogenattacksbyactivatinghostresistantgenesinanumberofpathways.Agroup
ofproteinsthatareincludedastargetresponsegenesarethepathogenesisrelatedproteins,whichareactivated
byaphosphorylationcascadetorespondtoviruses,viroids,fungus,orbacteria.Xylellafastidiosa(XF)isagram
negative bacterium that causes Pierces disease in most grape (Vitis L.) species. However, some grape species
nativestothesoutheastUnitedStatesareresistanttothePiercesDisease.Pathogenesisrelatedprotein2(PR2)
was isolated and genetically characterized from several grape species. Map Kinase 4, (MPK4), a molecular
precursortoPR2,wasalsoisolatedandcharacterized.Finally,theexpressionofPR2andMPK4wasanalyzedat
severalpostinoculationtimepointstocomparetheirdifferentialresponsestoXFpathogenamongdifferentgrape
species.
3
The Effects of GnRHLytic Peptide Conjugates on the Ovary in Female Rats. Sims, M. N.*, J. Jaynes and O.
BoldenTiller,DepartmentofAgricultureandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
Due to the dangers associated with contraceptives, such as oral steroids in humans, as well as the high
costsofoverpopulationsofcompanionanimals,alternativemethodsarecontinuouslysought.Inthispreliminary
study, the use of a synthetic GnRHlytic peptide conjugate was evaluated to determine its effect on ovarian
functioninfemalerats.Sexuallyimmaturefemaleratsreceivedtwointravenousinjections24hoursapartofoneof
thefollowing:salinesolution(control)or500gGnRHlyticpeptideconjugateinsaline(treatment).Aftertherats
reachedbreedingage,theywereexamined105dayspostinoculation.Inthecontrolgroup,theexternalgenitalia
appeared normal. During a sevenday monitoring period, 107 days to 113 days postinoculation, each of the
controlratscompletedtwoestruscycles.Theratswerethensacrificedandnecropsied.Thereproductiveorgans
appeared histologically normal. In the treatment group, the external genitalia appeared small and insertion of a
cottontippedswabintothevaginawasdifficult.Duringasevendaymonitoringperiod107daysto113dayspost
inoculation, treated rats demonstrated late estrus or metestrus. Thereafter, the rats were sacrificed and
necropsied. Treated rats had thinned, inactive uterine and oviductal epithelia with ovaries void of developing
follicles. Although the experiments to date have been performed on female animals, similar results would be
expectedformaleanimals,asGnRHsignalspituitarycellstoreleasegonadotropinsinbothmalesandfemales.
41

4
TheEffectsofModifiedGnRHConjugatedwithLyticPeptidesJCHLHandJC21LH:AnExplorationintoNon
Surgical Sterilization Alternative Methods. Grant, K. E.*, J. Jaynes, A. Jimmerson and O. BoldenTiller,
DepartmentofAgricultureandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
Various approaches have been tried to regulate fertility, such as targeting reproductive hormones that
regulate the hypothalamicpituitarygonadal axis. Here we explore the efficacy of two GnRHlytic peptide
conjugates,JCHLHandJC21LH,innonsurgicalsterilizationinfemalerats.Ninetysixfemaleratswererandomly
assignedtooneofthefollowinggroups(n=12/group):(a)control,(b)sham,(c)JCHLH250g,(d)JCHLH500g,
(e)JCHLH1.5mg,(f)JC21LH250g,(g)JC21LH500g,and(h)JC21LH1.5mg.Animalsreceivedasingleinjection
(d0) as described above. On day fiftysix (Experiment 1) and d14 (Experiment2) animals were mated. Twenty
eight days following mating, animals were sacrificed; body weights and organ weights (brain, liver, uterus, and
ovary) were recorded. The efficacy of the peptide was determined by the presence of litters, and litter size. In
Experiments 1 and 2, JCHLH and JC21LH treated animals showed no significant difference in body weights and
organweightswhencomparedtocontrol.Further,therewasnosignificantdifferenceinthenumberoffemalesto
becomepregnant,norlittersizeintreatedanimalscomparedtocontrol.Inconclusion,JCHLHandJC21LHdidnot
efficiently interrupt the ability of female rats to become pregnant. Further study is needed to determine the
feasibilityoftheselyticpeptideconjugatesasanonsurgicalsterilizationagentsinfemales.
5
ExpressionofCancerTumorReducingPeptideinSweetpotato.Traore,S.*,M.Egnin,J.Jaynes,E.Powell,B.J.
Min, T. Radwan and S. Samuel, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University,
Tuskegee,AL36088.
Over7millionpeoplediefromcancereachyearworldwide.Althoughtreatmentssuchaschemotherapy
exist, the high cost of treatment and production makes it unavailable to more than onethird of the world
population.Thisisespeciallytrueinpoorcountrieswherethedrugisinurgentneed.Moreover,severesideeffects
associated with chemotherapy cause complications in cancer treatment. There is a need to find an alternative
sourceofdrugproduction.Plantderivedtherapeuticmoleculeproductionistheidealsourcebecauseitcombines
costeffectivenesswithsafeandefficaciousdeliverysystems.Syntheticpeptides,whichareabletosuppresstumor
cell growths have been denovo designed, and their corresponding synthetic genes constructed at Tuskegee
University. These synthetic genes driven by double CaMV 35S promoter were cloned into the binary vectors
pCGN1557andpCGN1558.TheresultingrecombinantplasmidshavebeenusedinsweetpotatocultivarsSimon
1 and D3 transformation using an Agrobacteriummediated transformation system. The presence of the
transgenesinkanamycinselectedputativetransgenicembryoswastestedbyPCRandtheintegrationconfirmed
bySouthernblotanalysisofplantlets.Theexpressionsofthetransgeneswereconfirmedattranscriptionallevelby
RTPCRandtranslationallevelbywesternanalysisandELISA.
6
Effect of Antimicrobial Synthetic Peptide D4E1 on Cotton Seedling Disease and Soil Microbial Diversity.
Odom, L.*, C. Bonsi, R. O. Ankumah, J. Jaynes, M. Egnin, L. Ogden and D. Mortley, Department of Agriculture and
EnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,AL36088.
Cottonseedlingdiseaseisacomplexfungaldiseasecausedbyseveralfungalpathogens.InAlabama,the
twofungalpathogensassociatedwithCottonSeedlingDisease(CSD)areRhizoctoniasolaniandPythium.Cotton
Seedling Disease, which in Alabama can result in loss of over 10 million dollars per year, has no known disease
resistantcultivars.Inanefforttoconferresistancethroughgeneticmodification,asyntheticpeptideD4E1,which
hasbeenshowninvitroandinplantatohavebroadspectrumantimicrobialactionagainstmanyfungalpathogens,
has been transformed into cotton seeds. The efficacy of this peptide on the control of Cotton Seedling Disease
Complex in transformed cotton plants was examined in field studies. Cotton seed transformed with D4E1
(designated357,358,and373)oracontrollinecontainingGUSmarkergenewereplantedintwo150x150fttest
plots arranged in a completely randomized design. In test plot 1 the transformed line 358 and 373 had overall
lowerdiseaseratingcottonseedlingofthanthecontrol.Infieldplot2therewasnosignificantdifferencebetween
thetransformedlinesandthecontrol.Seedgerminationscores,infieldplot1,weresignificant(P<0.05)between
each of the transformed lines and the control, however no differences were observed between the lines and
controlinthefieldplot2test.
42
7
Genetic Diversity and Structure in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Allie, A.* and G. He, Department of
AgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,AL36088.
Peanutisanimportantlegumecropcultivatedin96countriesaroundtheworldduetoitsvaluablesource
of protein and oil. It belongs to the genus Arachis which contains about 80 species. There are nine taxonomic
sectionsinpeanutgermplasmfromwhichfivesectionsconsistofthemostancientspecies,threecontainthemore
advancedspecies,andonehasthemostadvancedspeciesincludingcultivatedpeanut.Asetof96genotypeswas
selected from the most ancient species to the most advanced species, which is an excellent material for genetic
diversity study. Better understanding of genetic variation is indispensable for effective management and use of
geneticresourceincropbreeding.Therefore,theobjectiveofthisstudywastoinvestigategeneticvariationand
structure in the set of genotypes using SSR and ESTSSR markers. The TAIL PCR was used for genotyping 96
DNAs,andtheamplifiedfragmentswerethenscoredfordiversityandstructureanalysis.Theresultsshowedwild
species A. monticola is closely related to the cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea), and more variation is available in
wildspeciesthaninthecultivatedspecies.Geneticvariationisneitherrelatedtogeographicregionsnortomarket
typesinpeanut,indicatingthesurveyedDNAvariationpredatesrecentdomesticationandimprovement.
8
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) in Tetraploid Watermelon. Rahman, M. A.*, K. Zura, R. Workman, Y.
Tomason,S.K.PonniahandU.K.Reddy,GusR.DouglassInstituteandDepartmentofBiology,WestVirginiaState
University,Institute,WV25112.
Watermelon is an economically important vegetable crop of the tropical and temperate regions of the
world.Increasedconsumerdemandforseedlesstriploidwatermelonhastremendouslyincreasedtheirproduction
in the United States. Seedless triploid watermelon is produced by crossing the diploid with a tetraploid. In the
currentstudy,asegregatingF2populationwasgeneratedbytreatingaF1seedlingofthecross(Citrulluslanatus
var.citroides,PI482252xCitrulluslanatusvar.lanatus,PI248178)with0.2%colchicine.Theploidylevelswere
determined for 500 selfed F2 progeny of the above cross by both flow cytometry and counting number of
chloroplasts per guard cell pair. Ninetytwo (92) progeny were confirmed as tetraploids. The number of
chloroplastsperguardcellpairwas1.7timesmoreintetraploid(15.5)ascomparedtodiploids(8.9).Phenotypic
evaluation of tetraploid and diploid populations was done under field conditions. There was no significant
differenceinvariousfruitrelatedtraitsbetweenthetetraploidsanddiploids.Thirtyone(31)MseI/EcoRIprimer
combinationswereusedforAFLPanalysis,whichgenerated347segregatingpolymorphicmarkersacrossthe92
tetraploidprogeny.AlinkagemapwasconstructedusingaLODrangeof3to7.Themapconsistedof15linkage
groups spanning a total length of 584.4 cM. A total of 289 AFLP markers were mapped. A QTL analysis was
performed to locate the QTL linked to different horticultural and fruit related traits. Positive and negative QTL
linkedtovarioustraitswereidentifiedondifferentlinkagegroups.
9
Comparison of Sericea Lespedeza Leaf and Whole Plant Meal for Control of Gastrointestinal Nematode
InfectioninGoats.Lucas,S.D.*1,T.H.Terrill1,F.A.Soli1,M.Vanguru1,A.S.A.Shaik1,J.A.Mosjidis2,J.E.Miller3,B.
Kouakou1 and J. M. Burke4, 1Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030;
2Department of Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University, Auburn AL 36849; 3Department of Pathobiological
Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and
4USDA/ARS/DBSFRC,Booneville,AR72927.
Feeding hay of the high condensed tannin forage Sericea lespedeza (SL, Lespedeza cuneata) to goats
reducesinfectionwithgastrointestinalnematodes(GIN),buttheeffectoffeedingdriedSLleavesonlyhasnotbeen
studied.Afeedingtrialwascompletedwith20Spanish/Kikocross2yroldbucksgivenatrickleinfectionof500
GIN larvae 3 times per week for 14 weeks in pens. When fecal egg counts (FEC) were sufficiently high (after 8
weeks pen feeding), goats were stratified by FEC, randomly assigned to pens and treatments, and fed two
treatmentdietsof25%hayand75%concentrate(n=10,twopenspertreatment,5goats/pen)for6moreweeks.
ThehayportionofeachdietconsistedofgroundSLleafmealorSLwholeplantmeal,anddietswerebalancedto
provide14%crudeprotein.FecalandbloodsampleswerecollectedweeklyforFECandpackedcellvolume(PCV)
43
determination, respectively, and the goats were slaughtered and adult GIN recovered from the abomasum and
small intestines for counting and identification to species at the end of the trial. In both treatment groups, FEC
went down and PCV increased, indicating anthelmintic activity. However, goats fed the SL leaf ration had lower
(P<0.05)FECthananimalsgiventhetotalplantSLrationafter3weeks,withthedifferencesmaintaineduntilthe
endofthetrial.FeedingSLleafmealincreasedtheantiparasiticefficacyofSLhayandmayincreasetheuseofthis
plantasanaturalalternativetochemicalanthelmintics.
10
EvaluationofCopperOxideWireParticlesinaFeedPellettoControlGastrointestinalNematodesinSheep
andGoats.Soli,F.*1,T.H.Terrill1,S.A.Shaik1,W.R.Getz1,J.E.Miller2,M.Vanguru1andJ.M.Burke3, 1Agricultural
Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030; 2Department of Pathobiological Sciences,
School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and 3USDA/ARS/DBSFRC,
Booneville,AR72927.
Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) can effectively reduce gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in
small ruminants (sheep and goats) when administered in a gel capsule down the throat, but this can be
challenging. As an alternative delivery system, COWP were milled into feed pellets and fed to parasitized goats
(Kiko x Spanish cross, 1518 months old; 2 trials; n = 8) and sheep (Katahdin or Dorper x Blackface crosses, 14
monthsold;1trial;n=8)grazingthesamepastureduringspring(Trial1)andsummer(Trial2),2008.Pellets
withandwithoutCOWPwereconsumedbytreatmentandcontrolgroupsforeachspeciesduringa24hrperiodat
thestartofeachtrial,afterwhichfecalandbloodsamplesweretakenweeklytodeterminefecaleggcounts(FEC)
and packed cell volume (PCV), respectively. The goats were slaughtered after Trial 2 and adult GIN recovered
from the abomasum and small intestines for counting and identification to species. In Trial 1, COWP treatment
reducedEPG(P<0.05)inbothsheepandgoats,withalongerlastingeffectingoats,andincreasedPCV(P<0.05)
in the goats only. In the second trial with goats only, COWP treatment reduced FEC (P < 0.05) and total worm
count(P<0.05),buthadnoeffectonPCVvalues.MillingCOWPintofeedpelletsmakestreatmenteasierandmay
beaneffectivealternativedeliverymethodforthisGINcontroltechnique.
11
Efficacy of AntiMicrobial and AntiInflammatory Peptides in the Treatment of Coccidiosis in Goats.
Massey,S.*,J.JaynesandV.Brown,DepartmentofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,
Tuskegee,AL36088.
Incomparisontootherfarmanimals,goats(Capraaegagrushircus)providemilk,meat,woolandhidesof
outstanding quality. However, there are devastating diseases that affect their overall productivity; one such
disease is coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is an enteric disease caused by a singlecell microorganism Eimeria sp.; which
primarily affects newly weaned kids. There are several species of coccidian many of which have been shown to
targetanddestroycellsoftheintestinalmucosaliningandcanresultindeath.Chemotherapeuticagentscurrently
serveasdiseasepreventatives;however,manyEimeriasp.havebecomeresistanttoroutinetreatmentprotocols.
One method that has the potential to control coccidiosis is the use of antimicrobial and antiinflammatory
peptides.Theantimicrobialpeptidenaturallyworkswiththeanimalsimmunesystemtodefendagainstvarious
pathogensandtheantiinflammatorypeptideworksasasteroidtoreduceinflammationofdamagedorgans.This
study assessed (i) the lytic effect of designed antimicrobial peptides on Eimeria sp.; (ii) the effect of an anti
inflammatory peptide on alleviating inflammatory responses; and (iii) the treatment effects on body weight and
feed conversion. It is anticipated that the peptides will reduce coccidian numbers by inhibiting reproduction,
disruptmechanismsthatcauseinflammation,reduceseverepathologicalchangesandpreventdisease.
12
The Economics of Food Aid. Okello, F.* and S. B. Banerjee, Department of Agribusiness, Alabama A&M
University,Normal,AL35762.
Hunger and food insecurity contribute to political instability, exacerbate environmental degradation,
enhancemigration,andultimatelyleadtothelossofmillionsofinnocentlives.Bytheendof2007,theworldwas
confronted with an emergency of rising food and fuel prices, which threatened to push millions of people into
hunger, driving up the cost of providing lifesaving food assistance. These price pressures combined with other
44
challenges including increased frequency of natural disasters, tightening commodity markets, declining levels of
foodaidinapostfoodsurplusera,andskyrocketingenergycosts.FortheUnitedStates,globalhungerisbotha
humanitarian concern and a strategic problem. Americans have traditionally supported humanitarian assistance
for those in need and in crisis. However, the U.S. aid reflects not just a noble humanitarian impulse, but also an
investment in preventive diplomacy. This paper looks at the pros and cons of food aid with specific focus on its
economicimplicationstotheUnitedStatesandtheaidreceivingcountry.Somepolicyrecommendationsarealso
discussed.
GraduateHumanSciences
13
Perceptions of Agriculture Faculty toward Internationalization of Agriculture Curriculum: Attitudes,
Knowledge and Needs. Brown, B. L., Dasilva, S.* and R. V. Wordlaw, Department of Agricultural Sciences,
TennesseeStateUniversity,Nashville,TN37209.
AgriculturefacultywhotaughtorconductedresearchinagricultureandrelatedareasatTennesseeState
UniversityandSouthCarolinaStateUniversityisthefocusofthisstudy.Thepurposeofthispaperistodetermine
faculty members perceptions of internationalization, attitudes, knowledge about internationalization, and what
they perceive as needs for internationalizing the agriculture curriculum. For the purpose of this paper,
internationalization is defined as the incorporation of internationalrelated contents, materials, activities and
understandingsintotheteaching,research,cooperativeextension,andpublicservicefunctionsoftheUniversity.
The rationale for internationalization into learning, discovery, and engagement has never been more urgent for
students, for communities, and for our nation. The data collected for assessing perceptions and activities of
facultiesinagricultureandrelatedareasatTennesseeStateandSouthCarolinaStateUniversitieswereanalyzed.
Thesalientfindingsare:(a)anoverwhelmingmajorityoffacultybelievesthathighpriorityshouldbeplacedon
internationalizationofagriculturecurriculum,(b)internationalizationwillhelpstudentsandfacultygainabetter
understanding of interdependence of the world, (c) the respondents also believed that attitudes, values and
commitment of college faculty are important factors in trying to integrate global perspective in the agricultural
educationcurriculum,and(d)agriculturefacultyneedabackgroundofinternationalknowledgeinordertohelp
studentsdevelopattitudesandpracticesthatwillbehelpfulonaglobalscale.
14
Examining Landscape Transition that Leads to Hypoxia Along Louisiana Coastal Areas Using Satellite
Imaging. Chambers, R. L.*, Urban Forestry Program, Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension
Center,BatonRouge,LA70813.
ThepurposeofthisprojectwastoexploreandintegratedataforcoastalLouisianaareasusingLIDARland
cover to show current land use and how it has changed over time. LIDAR data were utilized to explore land
elevationalongthecoast.ThesedatalookedathowthelandalongLouisianascoasthaschangedoveraperiodof
time and the resulting effect this change has had on nutrient loading in this area. This study hypothesized that
therewillbeanincreaseinhypoxiaiftherearenotanyregulationsformulatedtocontroldevelopmentinsensitive
areas.Anincreaseinvegetationcouldbeapossibleoptiontolowertheamountofhypoxiathatappearsalongthe
coastofLouisiana.ThisprojectsupportsNationalApplicationsofCoastalManagementandEcologicalForecasting
andisinlinewithLouisianasstrategicplanpertainingtocoastalmanagement.Conservationofficialscanbenefit
from an increased understanding of coastal ecosystems and how to better protect sensitive areas. This project
helpswithanunderstandingofwhatlandneedstobeprotectedfromdevelopment.Thisresearchconcludesthat
hypoxiaisapredominantandgrowingproblemofLouisianacoastalareas.
GraduateRenewableResourcesandEnvironmentalStewardship
15
Development of a RealTime GIS/Hydrology Flood Warning System for First Responders in Rural Areas.
Lekote, O.*, T. C. Whitney, S. J. Katzberg, Y. Xie, D. Chen, J. McDuffie and G. M. Hubbard, Department of Civil and
MechanicalEngineering,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
In rural areas, accident fatality rates are relatively high due in part to the time it takes emergency
responders to be notified and reach the accident location. This becomes even worse during severe rain events
whensomeruralroadwaysbecomeflooded,makingtravelalmostimpossible.Thisprojectseekstocreateaweb
based realtime GIS/Hydrology flood warning system for first responders in rural South Carolina. This project
45
seekstointegratereadilyavailablehydrologyanalysissystemswithaccumulated,realtimeprecipitationdatato
predictthelikelihoodthattransportationinfrastructure,e.g.roads,bridges,underpasses,etc.,inruralareaswill
be flooded during severe rain events. The project will use the National Weather Service and OneRain, Inc.
precipitation data; USGS level II Digital Elevation Models; USGS watershed data; as input to a GIScompatible
hydrologymodel,inourcasetheWatershedModelingSystem,WMS8.1.WMSwillmodelsurfacewaterconditions
tobeusedasinputtoArcGIStooverlaywithtransportationinfrastructure.Thiswillallowareaswhicharehighly
likely to be impassable to be identified. Such a prediction will serve as the basis for the creation of an internet
serverclientmappingsystemavailabletoEMSandotherfirstresponders.Thisfinalproductwillbedemonstrated
toofficialsoftheareasselectedforstudyandmadeavailabletothemuponrequest.
16
ExperientialLearningandResearchtoPromoteEnvironmentallyConsciousAgriculturalPracticesonthe
Delmarva Peninsula. Henry, X.*1, A. Nagchaudhuri2 and M. Mitra3, 1Department of Agriculture, Food and
Resource Sciences, 2Department of Engineering and Aviation Sciences, and 3Department of Natural Sciences,
UniversityofMarylandEasternShore,PrincessAnne,MD21853.
TheUniversityofMarylandEasternShore(UMES)islocatedontheDelmarvaPeninsula.ThePeninsulas
ruralenvironmentandproximitytoChesapeakeBayWatershedmakeagriculturalandenvironmentalissueskey
concerns for all stakeholders. To address these issues in an effective manner, Precision Agriculture (PA)
initiatives, which integrate mechatronics, geoinformatics, and remote sensing, are being promoted and are
graduallybeingintegratedintofarmingpracticesintheregion.Theuniversitysspecificinitiative,Environmentally
Conscious Precision Agriculture project (ECPA), has set goals which include infrastructural developments,
implementationofPApracticesincampusfarmingoperationsandoutreach.Anothersignificantundertakingofthe
project has been the development of a course in Advanced Technologies and Precision Agriculture, an
interdisciplinaryofferingintroducingstudentstothefundamentalsofprecisionfarming,environmentalissuesand
new technologies available for sustainable agricultural practice. During the class, students were given several
opportunities to meet with scientists from NASA and USDA in addition to participating in field projects to gain
practical experience related to classroom lectures. At the courses conclusion, students were offered to further
enrich their experiences by participating in an eight week summer internship conducting research designed to
demonstratetheeffectsandbenefitsofprudentagriculturalpractices.Thisfinalexerciseallowedstudentstodelve
firsthand into specific efforts needed to undertake scientific research: experimental design, data collection and
reportwriting.
17
Heavy Metal Biosorption Potential of Two Marine Macroalgae from the Chincoteague Bay, Virginia.
Chaudhuri,A.*andM.Mitra,DepartmentofNaturalSciences,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore,PrincessAnne,
MD21853.
Renewableresourcessuchasmarinemacroalgae(seaweeds)haveaffinitiesformetalsduetothepresence
of their constituent polysaccharides that provide ideal binding sites for many heavy metals. The potential for
seaweeds as biosorbents (biogenic materials used as filters of pollutants) in place of traditional metal removal
technologies is further investigated. In this study, the brown seaweed, Fucus vesiculosus, and the red seaweed,
Gracilaria tikvahiae, collected from the Chincoteague Bay, Virginia, were compared for their biosorption
performance for copper, zinc, nickel, and cobalt. The two types of dried seaweed biomasses were used for the
experiments:raw(untreated)andprotonated(acidtreated).Aseriesofmetalconcentrations(10450mg/L)were
selectedforeachmetaltocomparetheseaweedsbiosorptionperformanceatpH4.50.1and251C.Samples
were analyzed on Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emission Spectrometer (ICPAES). Adsorption isotherm
models(LangmuirandFreundlich)forsinglesolutesystemswereusedtofittheexperimentaldata.Bothrawand
protonatedFucusvesiculosusexhibitedhigheraffinityformetalionsthanGracilariatikvahiae,atbothhighandlow
endsoftheconcentrationranges.TheprotonatedGracilariatikvahiaehadmaximummetaluptakevaluesof0.99
mequiv/g (copper), 0.39 mequiv/g (zinc), 0.66 mequiv/g nickel) and 0.79 mequiv/g (cobalt), whereas, the
protonatedFucusvesiculosussorbedhigheramounts(1.63,1.10,1.40,and1.69mequiv/gofthemetalsinthesame
order). The prospects of Fucus vesiculosus being used in the treatment of industrial wastewaters in place of
expensive,conventionalionexchangeresinsareencouraging.
46

18
PerformanceofPacificWhiteShrimp,Litopenaeusvannamei,RaisedinStaticHeterotrophicTankSystems
UnderDifferentLightandDensityRegimes.Wood,D.R.*,R.S.Neal,B.M.Boudreau,S.D.CoyleandJ.H.Tidwell,
AquacultureResearchCenter,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
The Flocculated Heterotrophic Aquaculture System is a new production technology for inland shrimp
culture. Since inland production will occur indoors in insulated buildings, the role of light and its affect on
production was evaluated. Two trials were conducted to determine the optimum culture environment for these
microbialsystems.Study1wasa2x2factorialcomparingstockingdensity(139shrimp/mvs.278shrimp/m)
andlight(naturallightvs.lowlevelartificial).After12weeks,asignificant(P<0.05)interactionbetweendensity
andlightlevelforsurvival,averageweight,andharvestweightwasobserved.Naturallightsignificantlyincreased
production(P<0.05)atbothstockingdensities.Trial2comparedfivelighttreatments:1)Naturalsunlightwith
normaldiurnalcycleascontrol(midday718lux);2)onemetalhalidelight(1074lux);3)onefluorescentlight
(214lux);4)twofluorescentlights(428lux);and5)threefluorescentlights(642lux).Eachtankhavingsimilar
densities of 465 shrimp/m2. After 13 weeks, average individual weight, survival, harvest yield (kg/m2), and FCR
were not significantly different (P>0.05) among shrimp in the Natural Light (Control), Metal Halide, and 1
Fluorescent treatments. However, there was an inverse linear relationship (P<0.01: R2=0.758) between harvest
yield,survival,andfeedconversionefficiencyandfluorescentlightintensity(i.e.numberoffixtures)possiblydue
tofilamentousalgaegrowth.Highestproductionyieldsoccurredwithnaturalsunlight,brightmetalhalide,orlow
levelsoffluorescentlight.Highlevelsoffluorescentlightshouldbeavoided.
19
CharacterizationofChannelCatfishEggQualitySpawnedUnderDifferentEnvironmentalConditions.Jose,
M. T.* and A. H. Haukenes, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine
Bluff,AR71601.
Spawningandeggincubationpracticesforchannelcatfishhavechangedlittleoverthepastcenturybuta
currentindustrydesiretoincreaseproductionofhybridcatfishfingerlingsrequiresmorecontroloverspawning
and that artificial spawning practices be used. One desired change would be to lengthen the duration of the
channel catfish spawning season. The channel catfish spawning season can be advanced by manipulating water
temperature and the goals of this experiment were to characterize egg quality parameters of animals held in a
compressed versus a more natural prespawning time frame. Groups of fish were held in indoor tanks and we
applied different water temperature regimes to groups of tanks in order to advance fish towards spawning at
differentrates.Afteraccumulatingatleast168cumulativedegreedays,weinjectedfishwithcarppituitaryextract
toinducespawning.Fertilizedeggsfrompondspawnedfishwerealsocollectedandtheseeggcharacteristicswere
comparedtoeggsproducedfromthefishheldindoors.Ovulationrates,individualeggdimensions,andfattyacid
composition of eggs from spawned fish were determined and fertilized eggs were incubated to determine fry
survival. Fry survival, fatty acid composition, and dimensions of eggs from fish differed significantly among the
four treatment groups held under different environmental conditions. We will discuss these differences of egg
indices among treatment groups, provide plausible mechanisms for these differences, and illustrate how these
indicesmaycorrelatewithfrysurvival.
20
Development of a Pest Management Strategy for Control of Small Hive Beetle (Athenia tumida M,
Coleoptera:Nitidulidae),aPestofHoneyBees(ApismelliferaLinguistica).Somorin,A.B.*andH.B.L.Kanga,
DepartmentofEntomology,FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32307.
Beekeeping is important to United States agriculture for honey production and crop pollination.
Unfortunately, Small Hive Beetle like many other exotic pests and parasites has invaded the honeybee hive,
devastating it and causing loss of significant economic magnitude. Currently, this pest is found in about thirty
states of the Union and no effective control has been found so far. There is therefore an urgent need for a
sustainable control measure that will be compatible in the honeybee hive. The potential of selected insecticides,
Insect Growth Regulator, entomopathogenic fungi strains and one Bt. Strain as control measure for Small Hive
Beetle was evaluated in the laboratory and in observation hives. In the laboratory, the dosage requirement for
50%&90%mortalityoflarvaeaswellasadultSmallHiveBeetlewasevaluatedforeachofthecontrolmeasures.
47
The effective lethal dose of the best insecticides or IGR with the least toxicity on honeybee, Apis mellifera,
combinedwiththemostvirulentagainstSHBoffungiand/orbacteriawillbeevaluatedintheobservationhive.
Microbial controlusingentomopathogensespeciallyfungusandbacteriatogetherwithconventional insecticides
orIGRtomanageAtheniatumidainthemostsustainablewaypossibleisapromisingideaandtheresultcouldbe
pivotalintheIntegratedPestManagementforthehoneybeeindustry.
21
Bacterial Source Tracking for InStream Water Samples. Hill, L. B.*, T. D. Tsegaye, E. Moss and K. Konan,
AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Water is a natural resource that all living species need to survive. As such, this project has considered
microbial pollution in watersheds surrounding Madison County. The research has been made as specific as
possible by considering the Indian Creek (IC) and Huntsville Spring Branch (HSB) watersheds. The existence of
Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Listeria monocytogenes have been known to cause
human health risks. As such, these two specific microbial pollutants have been investigated as hazardous
waterbornepathogensforthetwowatershedsinthisproject.Inthisproject,BacterialSourceTracking(BST)and
DNAFingerprintingwereconductedtoobjectivelyaddresstheproblemofMRSAandListeriapollutingtheICand
HSBwatersheds.ThemainobjectiveofthisresearchistodiscoverwhatlivingsourcesarecarryingtheMRSAor
ListeriastrainasaformoffecalcoliformthatisbeingreleasedandeventuallymatriculatingintotheICandHSB
watersheds. In addition, some examples of possible sources included in this project are: waterfowl, livestock,
human, wildlife, and pet. The project requires collecting water samples for two years. In addition, successful
conduction of DNA Fingerprinting has distinguished microbial genes that will be compared to a library of genes
fromeachofthesuspectedsources,thusrevealingtheidentityofthesources.Furthermore,theresearchersofthis
project will be able to quantify the sources of pollution and determine which watersheds have the most of each
source.ThefindingswillassisttoanswersomeofthequestionsrelatedtomicrobialpollutioninnorthAlabama
watershedssurroundingMadisonCounty.
22
ImpactofAnguillicolacrassusonAmericanEelinDelawareWaters.Brady,M.G.*,C.M.Cairns,D.FoxandJ.
Wang, Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901 and
DepartmentofChemistry,DelawareStateUniversity,Dover,DE19901.
American eel (Anguilla rostrata) support an important commercial fishery in Delaware although recent
catch decreases in portions of their range have managers struggling to understand the causes for this decline.
Anguillicolacrassus,aninvasiveswimbladdernematodewhichisknowntocauseswimbladdermalfunctionand
canhinderswimmingabilityinanguillideelsmayplayaroleinthedeclineofAmericaneel.Althoughtheimpacts
ofA.crassusonAmericaneelareunknown,itisbelievedtocausemortalityinEuropeaneel(A.anguilla).Through
thisstudy,wedeterminedtheprevalenceofA.crassusinAmericaneelfromDelawarewaters.Abroadsizerange
(226630mm) of yellow phase American eel (n=1553) collected from mesohaline habitats in Delaware were
examined to quantify A. crassus infestation rates during 20052007. Infestation rates (34% (2005), 39% (2006),
and39%(2007))weresimilartothoserecordedforothernearbyareas(e.g.ChesapeakeBay(1029%),Hudson
River(39%)).Additionally,allsizeclassesofAmericaneelwereinfestedduringallsamplingperiodsindicatingA.
crassus over winters in Delaware waters. However, condition indices of American eel did not vary significantly
betweeninfestedandnoninfestedindividuals.Ourcurrentplansarefocusedonunderstandingthephysiological
impactofA.crassusonenergeticpathwaysusedbyAmericaneel.Althoughwehavenotdocumenteddifferencesin
eitherconditionindicesortriglyceridelevelsforinfestedandnoninfestedindividuals,thehighinfestationrates
amongAmericaneelinDelawaremayproveproblematicforthelongtermsustainabilityofthiscommerciallyand
ecologicallyimportantspecies.
23
Investigating Aquatic Health via Monitoring Total Bacteria and Vibrionaceae Concentrations in Eastern
Oysters(Crassostreavirginica)inDelaware.Fay,Johnna*andGulnihalOzbay,DepartmentofAgricultureand
NaturalResources,DelawareStateUniversity,Dover,Delaware19901.
48
Historically,theEasternoyster(Crassostreavirginica)hasbeenakeystonespeciesinDelaware,forming
reefsthatsupplyhabitattonumerousspecies.Oystersplayanimportantroleinnutrientcyclingviafilteringlarge
volumes of water on a daily basis, therefore improving water quality by removing sediments, nutrients, and
bacteria from the water column and adding nutrients to the benthos. Using shellfish as a bioindicator of water
quality has proven to be successful in water quality monitoring due to the bioaccumulation of different types of
microorganismsthatmaybepresentintheirsurroundingenvironment.Oneoftheforemostnaturallyoccurring
marine bacterial groups is Vibrionaceae, which is found in estuarine and coastal environments worldwide. This
study investigated the relationship between water quality, total bacteria, and Vibrionaceae concentrations in
Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) located at two oyster gardening sites in the Delaware Inland Bays. One
study site was located at the end of a manmade canal that experiences low levels of tidal flushing, whereas the
second study site was located in an open area that experiences high levels of tidal flushing. The colony overlay
procedure for peptidases (COPP) was used to enumerate Vibrionaceae in oysters. Results correspond with
previousstudiesconductedduringthesummerof2007;totalbacteriaandVibrionaceaelevelsincreasedoverthe
summer months, and the manmade canal site experienced poor water quality conditions and greater bacteria
concentrations in oysters. Additional studies to examine the relationship between various water quality
parametersandVibrionaceaeinC.virginicainacontrolledaquaticsettingisrecommended.
24
GrowthandDigestibilityofNileTilapiaFedOrganicDietsContainingYeastExtractandSoybeanMealasa
Complete Fish Meal Replacement. Trosvik, K. A.*, L. S. Metts, K. R. Thompson and C. D. Webster, Aquaculture
ResearchCenter,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
Fishmealistheprimarysourceofproteininfishdietsduetoitshighcontentofessentialnutrients,yetit
isunsustainableandcanmakeup7085%ofoperatingcostsduetoincreasingdemand.Tomitigatethishighcost,
many alternative protein sources are being used with varying success. Soybean meal and yeast meal are two
favorable ingredients that have high nutritive value and are sustainable. The objective of this study was to
determine fish growth and digestibility of an organicallycertified yeast extract in combination with organic
soybeanmealasatotalreplacementforfishmealintilapiadiets.A6weekfeedingtrialwasperformedinarack
recirculatingsystemcomprisedof36tanks,containing20,200mgfishpertank.Fishwerefed,threetimesdaily,
one of nine diets, with four tanks per diet. The control diet contained 20% fish meal. The remaining diets
contained no fish meal but instead contained 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45%, organic yeast product with or without
aminoacidsupplementation.Attheconclusionofthefeedingtrial,twodigestibilitystudieswereperformedusing
diets containing a 1% Cr2O3 marker. Fish were fed the reference diet for 14 days and then placed in settling
chambers for fecal collection. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed the diet containing 45% yeast extract plus
aminoacidsupplementationhadthesamegrowth,SGR,andFCRasfishfedthe20%fishmealdiet(p<0.05).
25
SpatialandTemporalVariabilityofFishAssemblagesonGravelBarsintheArkansasRiver.Will,L.A.*and
S. E. Lochmann, Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR
71601.
Weexaminedtemporalandspatialvariabilityoffishassemblageson18gravelbarsintheArkansasRiver.
Theinfluencethatspecificenvironmentalvariables,suchaswaterqualityandsubstratecomposition,haveonfish
assemblagestructurewasalsoexamined.Gravelbarswerestratifiedbydepthanddistancefromanupstreamlock
anddam.Fishassemblagesoneachgravelbarweresampledsixtimes.Eachsampleconsistedofduplicatetrawls
usinga3mHerzogArmadillotrawl.Waterqualityparametersweremeasuredinconjunctionwithfishsampling.
Substrate samples were collected on each gravel bar using a standard Ponar dredge. The fish assemblages on
gravel bars in the Arkansas River are primarily dominated by juvenile Ictalurids, Cyprinids, and Centrarcids. Of
those, juvenile blue catfish, channel catfish and silver chub were the most abundant. Fish species richness was
significantly different between shallow and deep gravel bars (P < 0.0001) and among the seasons (P < 0.0001).
Catch per unit effort (CPUE) for the three most abundant species was analyzed for differences among depths,
distancestrata,andseasons.ThereweredifferencesinCPUEamongdepths(P=0.03)andseasons(P<0.0001)for
bluecatfish.ThereweredifferencesinCPUEamongdepths(P=0.01,P<0.0001),distances(P=0.04,P<0.0001),
andseasons(P<0.0001,P<0.0001)forchannelcatfishandsilverchub.Thespatialandtemporalvariabilityin
49
fishassemblagestructuresuggeststhatshallowgravelbarsduringthesummerandfallseasonsmaybeimportant
habitatforsomefishspecies.
26
Changes in Sport Fish Characteristics and Biomass of Aquatic Vegetation Before and After Biological
ControlofVegetationinSouthernArkansas.Timmons,BrettA.*andSteveE.Lochmann,Aquaculture/Fisheries
Center,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
The Ouachita and Saline Rivers, creeks, sloughs, lakes, and swamps cross Felsenthal National Wildlife
Refuge(FNWR),theworldslargestgreentreereservoir.TheRefugehasdevelopedanaquaticvegetationproblem
thathindersangleraccessandhasreducedpublicvisits.Thethreemostabundantaquaticvegetationspeciesare
American Lotus Nelumbo lutea, Hydrilla Hydrilla verticillillata, and Coontail Ceratophyllum demersum. Aquatic
vegetation reduces predatorprey encounter rates, so largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides condition and
growthcandecline.WesampledfishandvegetationfromtheFNWR.Largemouthbassandbluegillweresampled
withaboatelectrofisher.Twentymetertransectsand1m2quadratswereusedtodeterminevegetationcoverand
biomass.Themean(SD)CPUEoflargemouthbasswas11(12)fish/hrandthemeanCPUEofbluegillwas59(75)
fish/hr. The mean percent cover was 19% (35) and the mean biomass was 93 (232) kg/m2. Twentyfive
centimetergrasscarpCtenopharyngodonidellawerestockedatarateofabout5fish/ha.Thefishandvegetation
assessmentswillberepeatedinthefuturetodeterminechangesinthosecommunitiesduetobiologicalcontrolof
vegetation.
27
Assessment of Catch and Exploitation of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides in the Lower Arkansas
River.Fontaine,B.V.*andM.A.Eggleton,Aquaculture/FisheriesCenter,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,Pine
Bluff,AR71601andC.P.Hutt,DepartmentofWildlifeandFisheries,MississippiStateUniversity,MississippiState,
MS39762.
Historically, limited information has been available for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides
populations in the Arkansas River downstream of Lake Dardanelle. The objectives of this research were to
characterizeanglereffort,catch,andharvestonArkansasRiverPool4.InSeptember2007,845largemouthbass
330mmtotallengthandgreaterwerecollected,tagged,andreleasedforatagrewardsstudydesignedtoassess
largemouth bass exploitation in Arkansas River Pool 4. Concurrently, bus route accesspoint creel surveys were
conductedtogenerateeffort,catch,andharveststatistics,andassessanglersatisfaction.Afteroneyear(October
2007September 2008), 624 angler surveys were completed and anglers returned 28.9% of the tags. Following
adjustmentforanglernonresponse,taggingassociatedmortality,andtagloss,adjustedcatchratesoflargemouth
bass were 70.3% and adjusted exploitation of largemouth bass was 13.8%. Compared to national averages,
largemouth bass exploitation was low in Arkansas River Pool 4, as the fishery appeared to be largely catch and
release. Conversely, largemouth bass catch rates were greater than national averages. Levels of mortality
associated with routine handling of bass by both recreational and tournament anglers are not currently known.
However,mortalitycouldbesignificantundercertainconditionsatsuchhighcatchrates.
28
Management of Aquatic Weeds in Public Waters of Arkansas: Species and Current Control Techniques.
Eklund,P.E.*,C.R.EngleandM.L.Oliver,AquacultureandFisheriesCenter,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,
PineBluff,AR71602.
Arkansas, the Natural State, has over 90,000 miles of streams and rivers, over 600,000 acres of lakes,
numerousbayousandcreeks,andsomeoftheworldsmostrenownedtroutfishinglocations.Peopletravelfrom
all over the country to compete in fishing tournaments and participate in waterbased recreational activities.
Native and nonnative aquatic weeds, although providing desirable game fish habitat, restrict access for these
activitiesinpublicwaterbodies.TheleadstateagenciesinvolvedwithmaintainingpublicwatersinArkansasare
theArkansasGameandFishCommission(AGFC)andtheU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers(USACE).Asurveyofthe
AGFC District Fisheries Biologists (DFBs) and a personal interview of a wildlife biologist for the USACE were
conductedtoidentify1)themostcommonaquaticweedproblemsintherespectiveAGFCdistricts,and2)current
management techniques used to control excessive growth in public waters. Eight AGFC Districts of ten in total
actively manage aquatic weeds in AGFCowned water bodies while the USACE actively manages weeds in Lakes
50
Ouachita and DeGray. Half of the AGFC Districts spend greater than 90% of management efforts on native plant
species,specificallyAmericanlotus(Nelumbolutea)andcoontail(Ceratophyllumdemersum).TheUSACEspendall
of their management efforts on the nonnative Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata). Diploid grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodonidella)arethemostcommonbiologicalcontrolagentusedbytheAGFCformanagingcoontail
and hydrilla while alligatorweed flea beetles (Agasicles hygrophila) and Pakistani flies (Hydrellia pakistanae) are
usedtocontrolalligatorweedandhydrilla.
29
AComparativeStudyontheUtilizationofCornPericarpandPeanutHullintheProductionofEthanoland
theImpactofFoodEconomics.Narayanan,V.C.*,J.L.HerringandS.C.Jonnalagadda,DepartmentofFoodand
AnimalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Asafactorresponsiblefortheincreaseinfoodprices,theutilizationofgrainsforethanolproductionmust
be reduced. In this study, food industry byproducts (corn pericarp and peanut hull) were used as substrates.
Alkalinehydrogenperoxidepretreatments(0%,2.5%and5%)wereusedtodegradeandseparatelignocellulosic
components.SampleswereinoculatedwithAspergillusnigeronday1foralltreatments.Sampleswereinoculated
withSaccharomycescerevisiaeatonedayintervals[A(DAY1),B(DAY2),C(DAY3)andD(DAY4)].Fermentationwas
allowedfor8days.Sampleswerecollectedeachdayandanalyzedforreducingsugarandethanolconcentrations.
The2.5%H2O2pretreatmentwasthemostefficientforligninremovalfrombothsubstrates.Thereducingsugar
concentrationofcornpericarpandpeanuthullwere27.17mg/mLand17.92mg/mL,respectively,onthe4thday
of fermentation of inoculation treatment D with the 2.5% H2O2 pretreatment. Corn pericarp yielded ethanol
concentrationsof22.20g/LofCand21.78g/LofDwiththe2.5%H2O2pretreatment.Forpeanuthull,Dofthe2.5%
H2O2pretreatmentyieldedthehighestconcentration(10.38g/L).Thehighestethanolyieldsonapercentagebasis
were 45.04% of C with the 2.5% H2O2 pretreatment for corn pericarp and 24.6% of D with the 2.5% H2O2
pretreatmentforpeanuthull.Dataanalysisshowedcornpericarpwasmoreefficientinethanolproductionthan
peanuthullandwhilethepretreatmentsyieldedasignificantincrease(p<0.05)inethanolproduction,theoverall
processwasinefficientandwithoutsubsidiestopromoteproductionandusethisprocessisnotrecommended.
30
Carbon and Energy Balance of a NoTill System. Gebremedhin, M.* and T. Tsegaye, Department of Natural
Resources&EnvironmentalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
CurrentunderstandingwhetheragricultureisasourceorsinkofatmosphericCO2isnotclearandisan
areaofinvestigationingreatdemand.Therearevarioussoilmanagementmethodsthatmightoffsetatmospheric
CO2 rise, as for example, by increasing soil carbon pool C levels using conservation agricultural practices. We
employed an open patheddy covariancesystem tostudythenetecosystemexchange(NEE)ofareducedtillage
management system for an area planted with winter wheat (cover crop) and soybean (summer crop). Distinct
seasonal trends in net radiation (Rn) partitioning into sensible (H), latent (LE) heats were observed with the
greatest temporal variation being for soybean canopy. Energy balance closure of the eddy covariance
measurementswascloseto87%,suggestinganapparentunderestimationoftheturbulentfluxesestimationusing
ECmethod.ResultsindicatesignificantdifferenceinnetCecosystemexchange(NEE)betweenthetwocropping
systems, indicating that the soybean canopy had a discernible C uptake compared to winter wheat. Significant
differencesinseasonalpatterninCO2uptakeandreleasewerealsodetectedbetweenthecanopies.
31
AgronomicValueofOrganicWastederivedBiocharforCropProduction.Lin,Y.*andM.Guo,Departmentof
AgricultureandNaturalResources,DelawareStateUniversity,Dover,DE19901.
Organicmatterdepletionismostlyresponsibleforthedegradationofcultivatedsoils.Thediscoveryofthe
Amazon Terra Preta soil suggests that biochar fertilization may be an innovative approach for increasing soil
organic matter, sustaining soil quality, and improving crop productivity. This study investigated the agronomic
value of biochars derived from different organic wastes. Biochars generated from tree leaves, grass, and corn
stover through slow pyrolysis were applied to a sandy loam soil in pots in the greenhouse at 030 g/kg. Winter
wheat(Triticumaestivum)wasgrowninthepotsforbiomasandothercropproductivityevaluation.Thebiochar
products contained 642710 g/kg organic carbon (OC) and 93212 g/kg ash. Their water holding capacities and
51
cationexchangecapacitiesrangedfrom3.907.3g/gand5980cmolc/kg,respectively.Approximately4453%of
the biochar OC was stable, resistant to chemical and microbial degradation. Biochar amendment at 30 g/kg of a
sandyloamsoilsignificantlydecreasedsoilacidityandincreasedporosity,waterandnutrientholdingcapacities,
hydraulicconductivity,andwatersolublenutrients.Comparedwithchemicalfertilizationalone,combinedbiochar
applicationat20g/kgincreasedbiomassproductionofwinterwheatby50%.Ingeneral,organicwastederived
biocharshadapersistentOCvalueof320g/kgandavailablesaltnutrientvalueof24g/kg.Theresultsindicate
thatbiocharhasagronomiccropproductionvaluethatconsistentlyenhancessoilporosity,nutrientretention,and
watermovement.
32
TheUntappedPotentialofFoodWasteRecycling.Foster,IV,W.A.*andA.L.Parks,CooperativeAgricultural
ResearchCenter,PrairieViewA&MUniversity,PrairieView,TX77446.
It has been established that Americans waste 40 percent of all food produced. This poses a problem as
wellasanopportunity.Itpresentsathreattotheenvironmentsincefoodscrapsaccountfor17%ofwhatwesend
to landfills. Additionally it means that we are using more of our dwindling resources than necessary. Jonathan
Bloom,ajournalistforwastedfood.com,states,Americanfoodwastehassignificantenvironmental,economic,and
cultural ramifications. Wasting food squanders the time, energy, and resources both money and oil used to
producethatfood.Provided1890HBCUsfocusstrictlyontheirregionofthecountrywherethedemographicsare
anestimatedpopulationof115millionandestimated44millionhouseholds,afinancialincentivetohouseholds
couldbethecatalystforfamiliestoparticipateintheprogram.Ifpayingtopendoftheestimatedcostrangefor
residentialtrashcollectionthiswouldtranslateinto$880millionannuallytocollectwhatequatesto$38billion
worth of food scrap. There would need to be stipulations that a household would produce certain poundage of
food waste per month in order to qualify monthly for the rebate. Combining funding from public grants on
recyclingandwastemanagementgrantsalongwithaconsortiumofAfricanAmericanbusinesspeoplewillingto
invest in a startup industry where the businesses created will be placed in the 18 towns of the HBCUs this
relatively unassuming niche industry has the power to provide development and economic stimulus to the
institutionsandcommunities.
33
Using Recycled Paper in Composting for Organic Matter Production to Increase Microbial Communities
and to Enhance Soil Quality. Biley, J. A. B.*, R. W. Griffin, O. Freeman, S. Schoffield and W. Anthony, Jr.,
CooperativeAgriculturalResearchCenter,PrairieViewA&MUniversity,PrairieView,TX77446.
Fourteentreatments,includingthecontrolsite,withthreereplicates,wereplacedinfortytwo1msquare
blocks that were excavated and mixed to a depth of 0.15 m (15 cm). The general objective of the study was to
determine the soil quality conditions associated with the addition of recycled paper products. The specific
objectivesweretoquantitativelymeasurethefollowingsoilconditions:1)soilreaction(pH);2)soilcolor;3)soil
texture;4)soildensity;5)%water;6)soilstructure;7)soilsalinity;and8)soilnutrientslevels(beforeandevery
month after incorporation of treatments for 6 months). The treatments included: 1) shredded typing paper; 2)
whole typing paper; 3) shredded magazine paper; 4) whole magazine paper; 5) shredded newspaper; 6) whole
newspaper; 7) control; 8) 14) previous treatments with addition of swine lagoon effluent. Preliminary results
indicated that soil quality increased, based on additions of organic matter, through improved soil structure and
decreasedsoildensity.
34
CarbonDecompositioninanOrganicFarmingSystem.Sissoko,A.*,K.KpomblekouAandW.H.McElhenney,
DepartmentofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
Organic carbon (C) is generally low in ultisols and varies considerably with cropping systems. Animal
manuresareaddedtoimprovesoiltilthandreplenishnutrients.Informationonthedecompositionoftheadded
organic C is a prerequisite to designing strategies that improve C sequestration in soil. We investigated relative
accumulation and decomposition of organic C in an organic farming system under various treatments: a weed
control,crimsoncloveralone,crimsonclover+broilerlitter,andcrimsonclover+NPKfertilization.Soilsamples
werecollectedat01,12,23,35,510,and1015cmdepthsandincubatedunderlaboratoryconditionsfor35
52
days and the CO2 evolved was measured. A nonlinear regression approach for N mineralization was used to
estimatethepotentiallymineralizableorganicCpools(Co)andthefirstorderrateconstant(k).Incorporationof
covercropsintothecroppingsystemincreasedCsequestrationinsoilandredistributedthemineralizableorganic
Cinsoil.AlthoughtheCO2evolvedfromthecontrolplotincreasedconsiderablyinthe35cmdepthfrom2002to
2007,theCopooldecreasedfrom129to89.1gC/kgsoil.TherewasashiftintheCO2evolvedwithdepthsinthe
crimson clover + broiler litter and crimson clover + NPK treatment plots. In the crimson clover + broiler litter
treatmentplot,theCOincreasedin23and510cmdepthswhileinthecrimsonclover+NPKplot,itincreasedat
23cmdepthbutdecreasedconsiderablyat01,12,and35cmdepths.
35
An Assessment of Total System Sustainability in Small Farms Production Using an Agroecological
Approach. Shange, R. S.*, R. O. Ankumah, R. Zabawa, B. T. Vaughan, A. Siaway and E. A. Bonsi, Department of
AgriculturalandEnvironmentalScience,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
In light of the effects of marginal land use, limited economic resources, as well as a history of political
marginalization, there still remain successful small farmers in the Black Belt of Alabama. Strategies of these
farmerseithercontributetooraredetrimentaltothefuturesustainabilityoftheirrespectivefarms.Thisresearch
proposes a conceptual framework which theorizes total sustainability as a systemic phenomenon that
incorporates environmental, economic, and social subsystems. To assess the sustainability of both human and
naturalsystems,twopoultryproductionsystemsintheAlabamaBlackBeltwereusedascasestudiestoevaluate
the impact of differing production intensities on the sustainability of the agroecosystems. Data collection was
ethnographic in approach as methodologies were used from environmental, social, and economic disciplines.
Trends in preliminary environmental data suggest that soils under intensive poultry production accumulated
nitrogenwhileshowinglowerorganiccarbonlevelsthanpastureproduction,accompaniedbynarrowC/Nratios.
Preliminary economic data suggest that intense poultry production system is a high input system that requires
high capital investment that disallows system diversification and complexity to sustain profits. Further analysis
will elucidate nitrogen mineralization, enzyme activity, and microbial communities in the soils. Using spatial
statisticsandgeographicinformationsystems,theprojectalsoattemptstomodelecologicalsustainabilityofthe
respectivelandscapes.Theresultsprovideanunderstandingoftheintegrativenatureofsystemdynamicsinherent
tohumaninfluencedecosystems.
36
Tepary Bean, Biological N Fixation, and Environmentfriendly Crop Production. Mohrmann, M.* and H. L.
Bhardwaj,AgriculturalResearchStation,VirginiaStateUniversity,Petersburg,VA23806.
Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray), a highly drought tolerant crop, has potential as a summer
legume cover crop to meet N needs of winter cereals. However, no information about suitable bradyrhizobial
strainsortheirspecificitytowardshostplantisavailable.Weconductedareplicatedfactorialexperimentwith15
strainsandthreeteparybeanlines(Black,Tan,andWhite)inthegreenhouse.Nodulecolor,nodulenumber,and
nodulesizewererecordedfromapproximately40dayoldplants.Nodulenumberswererecordedonascaleof1
(Lessthanfivenodulesperplant)to3(Greaterthan20nodulesperplant)whereasnodulesizewasrecordedona
scaleof1(Nodulessmallandsimilartomustard/canolaseedinsize)to3(Noduleslargeandsimilartosoybean
seedinsize).WealsorecordedchlorophyllreadingswithMinoltaSPAD502meter.Significantdifferenceswere
observed among 15 bradyrhizobial strains for all traits under study. Differences among three tepary bean lines
werenotsignificant.ResultsindicatedthatUMR3007,UMR3043,andUSDA3254strainswerethemostefficient
nodulatorsofteparybean.SignificantandpositivecorrelationsexitedbetweenSPADreadingsandnodulenumber
score(0.70**)andnodulesizescore(r=0.43**).Detailsoftheseandotherfieldexperimentsresultspresented
anddiscussed.
37
Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum) Mediated Competition via Induced Resistance: Interaction
BetweenGratianaboliviana,SpodopteraexiguaandFrankliniellaoccidentalis.Kariuki,E.*,R.L.Hix,S.Reitz
and S. Hight, Center For Biological Control, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, Florida
A&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32307.
53
Plant mediated competition among insect herbivores occurs when one species induces changes in plant
chemistrynutrition,ormorphologythatrendersplantsresistanttoattackbyothers.Plantmediatedinterspecific
interaction between the tortoise beetle (Gratiana boliviana), beet army worm (Spodoptera exigua) and western
flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) were explored on tropical soda apple (TSA) Solanum viarum. The
consequencesoftortoisebeetleinducedresistanceforbeetarmywormandthripsperformancewerestudiedina
growthchamberandfieldcages.Thespecificobjectivesweretodetermineifpreviousfeedingbytortoisebeetles
have adverse effects on thrips, resulting in reduced oviposition, preference for induced foliage, decreased
performance (larval development time and adult body mass) and survival on induced foliage. This research is
expected to provide more information on TSA mediated competition among insect herbivores and the impact of
thiscompetitiontoTSAasahost/reservoirtocroppestsandcropdiseasevectors.
38
Development of the Blue Orchard Bee for Pollination of Apple Orchards. Johnson, C.* and M. Kraemer,
AgriculturalResearchStation,VirginiaStateUniversity,Petersburg,VA23806.
The blue orchard bee (Osmia lignaria Say) is a native species of solitary bee known to be an excellent
pollinator of fruit trees. Use of this bee in orchards could reduce the current heavy reliance on honey bees for
pollination. Management techniques were developed for a western subspecies of the blue orchard bee and it is
believedsimilartechniquescouldbedevelopedforthesubspeciespresentineasternStates.Themajorlimiting
factorinnaturalpopulationsistheavailabilityofsuitablenestingsites.Unlikehoneybeesthesebeesaresolitary
and nests are constructed in preexisting holes, often in dead tree trunks. The objective of this study was to
establishapopulationofblueorchardbeesnearanappleorchardusingartificialnestsheltersandtoidentifyand
quantifythepollenspeciescollectedbythesebeesfornestprovisions.Weprovidedartificialwoodnestsheltersat
theedgeofanappleorchardinthepiedmontregionofVirginiaandreleasedabout100beesjustpriortoapple
bloom.Pollensampleswerecollectedfromindividualnestcellssoonafternestcompletionandascanningelectron
microscope was used to identify and quantify pollen species present. Pollen species identified included apple,
redbud,andoak.Naturalareasneartheorchardprovidedanimportantpartoftotalnestprovisionsandarelikely
importantfornestestablishmentandmaximumbeepopulationgrowth.
39
HealingGardens:AParticipatoryStudyontheTherapeuticBenefitsandUsersSatisfaction.Yu,L.*andA.B.
Lorenzo, Landscape Design and Management Program, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology, and
Agriculture,FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32307.
This study evaluates three gardens at hospitals and healthcare institutions in Tallahassee, Florida. The
gardens were designed and built primarily as healing environments for patients, families, and staff. All three
gardenshaveseatingareas;flowersandplantsinvarioustypes,forms,andspatialarrangements.Thegardensalso
differed in accessibility to user groups. The objectives of this research were: (1) to provide a researchbased
baseline of garden use, (2) to investigate the process of emotional healing that occurs as patients, families, and
employees used a healing garden, and (3) to measure patients, families and staff satisfaction with the built
environmentoftheexistinghealthcarefacilities.Aquestionnairesurveywasconductedtodeterminewhetherthe
garden was meeting the goals of reducing stress, changing moods, restoring hope and energy, and increasing
consumer satisfaction. Results from the questionnaire survey indicated differences in responses among age
groups, user category, and usage patterns across gardens. Results also indicated a number of benefits of the
gardens.Asanticipated,usersexperiencedpositivemoodchangeafterspendingtimeinthegardenwhichappears
to influence increased consumer satisfaction. Recommended changes for the garden gained from different users
includeinclusionofmoreflowers,moreseatsandtables,additionalwaterfeatures,andrestrictingsmoking.The
implicationsofthefindingsforthedesign,planning,andimprovementofgardens;andthesubsequentevaluation
ofhealthcarefacilitiesarediscussed.
40
HistoricalLiveOaksHealthAssessmentinCovington,Louisiana.Legiandenyi,T.N.*andK.Abdollahi,Urban
ForestryProgram,SouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter,BatonRouge,LA70813.
54
Thisprojectisconductedtomeetthecitysneedforatreehealthassessmentforthehistoricalliveoaksto
ensuretheirpreservationandcontinuedbenefitfortheresidentsofCovington.Tenpercentrandomsampleoflive
oaksinCovingtonwasusedforthisstudy.GlobalPositionSystems(GPS)andGIStechnologywereusedinthedata
collection and analysis. The results showed that the trees are generally in a good condition. However there is a
needtomulchandprunethetreessothatwecanmaximizethebenefitsoftheurbantreeswhilereducingcosts.
TheresultsofthisstudyprovidetheCovingtonTreeBoardandtheCitywithinformationfordevelopinganurban
forest management plan for the city. Properly managed and maintained, these trees will provide important
benefitsforcityresidents.
41
GeneticDiversityofCulturedandWildPopulationsoftheFreshwaterPrawn,Macrobrachiumrosenbergii,
Based on Microsatellite Analysis. Schneider, K. J.*1, J. H. Tidwell1, B. Gomelsky1, K. W. Pomper2 and G. C.
Waldbieser1, 1Aquaculture Research Center, and 2Community Research Service, Kentucky State University,
Frankfort,KY40601.
The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is a popular aquaculture species worldwide.
Historically, cultivation began in Malaysia during the early 1960s. Shortly after, prawns were introduced to the
Anuenue Fisheries Research Center (AFRC) in Hawaii where mass rearing techniques for commercial scale
productionofpostlarvaeweredeveloped.Itisdocumentedthatonly36individualswereintroducedtotheAFRC
from Malaysia. During the 1970s, cultivation of freshwater prawn expanded into many areas outside the native
rangeofthisspecies.PrawnswereintroducedfromHawaiitomanylocationsincludingNorthandSouthAmerica,
Europe,AfricaandAsia.Basedontheserecords,itmaybesuggestedthatduetotherestrictednumberofinitial
animals(foundereffect)thatmanycultivatedstockslikelyexhibitlowlevelsofgeneticdiversity.Thegoalofthis
research was to investigate the genetic diversity of freshwater prawns from different populations based on
microsatelliteanalysiswithafocusonNorthAmericanpopulations.Atotalofnineprawnsampleswerecollected
from various cultured stocks and wild populations. Genetic variability was assessed at five microsatellite loci.
Amplified products were resolved via capillary electrophoresis on a ABI 3730xl platform. The results of this
analysisrevealedthatmanyoftheculturedstocksevaluatedexhibitareductioningeneticdiversity.Theaverage
numberofallelesperlocusrangedfrom4.0to22.2andaverageexpectedheterozygosityrangedfrom0.5795to
0.9354 with the Myanmar population exhibiting the greatest diversity and the Israel stock exhibiting the lowest
diversity.
GraduateSmallScaleAgricultureandRuralDevelopment
42
Acute Toxicity of 5% Prentox Prenfish Rotenone to Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
Ogunsanya, T. J.* 1, R. Durborow1, C. Webster1, J. Tidwell1, H. Jarboe1, C. Wang2, L. Huang2 and Y. Brady1,
1AquacultureResearchCenter,and2CommunityResearchService,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of rotenone on juvenile freshwater
prawns and to provide toxicity data that is applicable for prawn farmers. The mortality response of juvenile
prawnsexposedtodifferentrotenoneconcentrationswasevaluatedduringtwo96hourbioassayexperimentsto
determine the LC50 values. For trial 1, freshwater prawns were exposed to the following Prentox Prenfish
rotenonetreatments:0.0mg/L,1.0mg/L(0.05mg/Lactiveingredient),3.0mg/L(0.15mg/Lactiveingredient),
5.0mg/L(0.25mg/Lactiveingredient),and10.0mg/L(0.50mg/Lactiveingredient),respectively.Inthesecond
96hour bioassay, M. rosenbergii were exposed to treatments of Prentox Prenfish at the following
concentrations: 0.0 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L (0.11 mg/L active ingredient), 3.6 mg/L (0.18 mg/L active ingredient), 6.0
mg/L (0.30 mg/L active ingredient), 10.0 mg/L (0.50 mg/L active ingredient), and 16.7 mg/L (0.84 mg/L active
ingredient).Resultsfromtrial1showedthatjuvenileprawnswereabletoachieve100%survivalwhenexposedto
PrentoxPrenfishrotenoneconcentrationsof1.0and3.0mg/L,whilemortalitiesdidoccuratthe5.0and10.0
mg/L treatments. Results from this study provide new insights on rotenone tolerances in juvenile freshwater
prawnsandmayimprovetheculturepracticesforthisspecies.
43
55
Evaluation of the Effects of Temperature and Body Mass on Respiration Rates of Paddlefish, Polyodon
spathula, Using Static Respirometry. Patterson, J. T.*, S. D. Mims, R. J. Onders and R. A. Wright, Aquaculture
ResearchCenter,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
Reservoir ranching is an extensive method for aquaculture production. Paddlefish are an excellent
candidate for this production method and are harvested for their meat and roe which is processed into caviar.
Severalstateshavestockedhatcheryrearedpaddlefishintoreservoirs.Bioenergeticsmodelingisavaluabletool
for assessing the trophic level dynamics in fish communities. These models are used to estimate predatorprey
relationships and food consumption. A significant component of any bioenergetics model is respiration. The
presentstudywastoevaluatepaddlefishrespirationacrosstherangeofwatertemperaturesfoundthroughoutthe
year in temperate water bodies and the range of weight classes attained by paddlefish during their life history.
Staticrespirometrywasusedtoallowunrestrainedpaddlefishtoswimataconstantspeed.Dissolvedoxygen(DO)
concentrationsweremonitoredandrecordedovertimewithametermountedintwostaticrespirometersof500L
and2300L.Temperatureclassesthatwereusedinthestudywere10,20,and30C.Sizeclassesoffishwere01.5
kgtocorrespondwithstockersizefish,>1.5to4.5kgtocorrespondwithfishinthe3to4yearagerange,and>4.5
kg to correspond with harvestable fish. The smallest size class was tested in the 500L respirometer while the
other size classes used the 2300L respirometer. Each size class was tested at each temperature with 8 to 10
replicatespertrialgroup.Respirationratesperunitofbodyweightincreasedasfishweightdecreasedandwater
temperatureincreased.
44
DoesHarvestingandGradingCatfishMoreFrequentlyImproveOverallProductionofCatfish?Sudhakaran,
P.O.*,B.SouthworthandC.Engle,Aquaculture/FisheriesCenter,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,
AR71601.
Periodic grading and harvesting of fish increases production by removing larger sizes of fish repeatedly
throughout the growing season. However, it was not studied in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The
objectivesofthestudywere:1)todeterminetheeffectonproductiononrepeatedgradingandharvestinglarger
sizes of fish using traditional live car and UAPB grader; and 2) to determine more frequency of harvesting and
grading with the UAPB grader results in better growth and harvested yields. Two twoyear pond studies were
conducted.Thefirststudy(20052006)wasdesignedtocomparefishproductionwhengradedandharvestedwith
a standard live car as compared to the UAPB grader. The second study (20072008) compared the effects of
harvesting2,3,4,or5timesayearongrowthandyieldsofcatfish.Bothstudieswerestockedinitiallywith127cm
fingerlingsstockedat15,000fish/haand454gcarryoverfishstockedat5,000fish/ha;allpondswererestocked
with127cmfingerlings(15,000fish/ha)inthespringofthesecondyear.Inthefirststudy,moreefficientgrading
(14%fewerundersizedfishsenttoprocessingplantwiththeUAPBgrader)resultedinfastergrowthoffingerling
andcarryoverfish.Thesecondstudyhasjustbeenharvestedanddataarestillbeinganalyzed.Thesepreliminary
resultsindicatethatincreasedfrequencyofharvests(upto4times/yr)increasesyieldofmarketablefish.Growth
of smaller fish increased up to 5 harvests/year. Results of the complete analysis of production and economic
effectswillbepresented.
45
Preventing Winter Weight Loss of Catfish. Nanninga, A. S.* and C. Engle, Aquaculture and Fisheries Center,
UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
Many catfish farmers cease feeding in October and begin feeding again in April of the next year. What
happenstocatfishoverthis5monthperiod?Winterfeedingstudieswereconductedfortwoconsecutiveyearsin
whichfivepondseachyearwereeitherfedornotfedoverthewinterperiod.Pondsinthefedtreatmentwerefed
basedonthestandardpublishedextensionrecommendationsforwinterfeeding.Fishlostweightbothyears,even
when fed, although fish lost less weight when fed. A followup study in winter 20072008 measured feed
consumptionofcatfishatdifferenttemperatures.CatfishwerestockedinconcretevatsinmidOctober2007and
harvested16March2008.Feed(32%proteinfullsink,pellet)wasoffereddailyinfeedingtrays.Trayswerepulled
up after 15 minutes and remaining pellets counted. While catfish ate more at higher water temperatures, they
continuedtoeatattemperaturesaslowas45oF.Dailyfeedconsumptionwasslightly(0.2to0.3%)lessthanthat
recommended. However, recommended feeding frequency resulted in weekly feed quantities lower (1% to 2%)
56
thanactualquantitiesconsumedbycatfish.Catfisheatmoreoftenthanpreviouslythought,downto45oF.Feeding
morefrequentlyoverthewintermaypreventweightloss.
46
GrowthandMitochondrialRespiratoryChainEnzymeActivitiesinLiver,MuscleandIntestineofJuvenile
Channel Catfish: Diets and Strain Effects. Pomeroy, C.*, M. F. Ashame and J. C. Eya, Gus R. Douglass Institute,
WestVirginiaStateUniversity,Institute,WV25112.
Afactorialexperimentwasconductedtoevaluatetheeffectsofcommercialdiets(32/3or36/8percent
protein/fat)andchannelcatfishstrains(USDA103,averageweight=29.71gorNorris,averageweight=38.79g)
on the performance and mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities in the liver, muscle and intestine.
Quadruplicategroupsoftenfishwerefedoneofthedietstwicedailytoapparentsatiationfor16weeks.Results
indicatedthatdietsandstrainshadsignificant(P<0.05)maineffectsonweightgain,feedconsumptionandspecific
growth rate. There was significant (P<0.0007) interaction between fish strain and diet for feed efficiency.
Regardlessofthefishstrain,fishfedthe36/8diethadhigherrespiratoryenzymeactivitiesforcomplexesI,II,III
and IV in the liver, intestine and muscle than fish fed 32/3 diet. There was significant strain effect that was not
consistent for complexes I, II and IV enzyme activities in the liver and muscle, liver and intestine, and liver and
muscle, respectively. There were significant interactions between fish strain and diet for complexes I, II, and IV
enzymeactivitiesintheliver,muscleandmuscle,respectively.ThesedatademonstratethattheUSDA103strain
appears to possess superior traits in growth performance compared with the Norris strain. Diet has important
impactonchannelcatfishproductionandthatthecommercialdietcontaining36%dietaryproteinand8%dietary
fatproducedenhancedgrowthperformanceandmitochondrialenzymeactivitiesrelativetodietsoflowerdietary
proteinandfat.
47
Importation of Catfish into USA: Trends and Determinants. Rabbani, Abed G.*, Madan M. Dey and K. Singh,
Aquaculture/FisheriesCenter,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
ThecatfishindustryintheUShasbeencontractingoverthelastfewyears.Catfishfarmersinthecountry
arefacedwithdramaticincreasesinglobalsupplyofseafood(specificallyfromlowcostproducerslikeChina),low
demand in the domestic market, falling prices and reduced profitability. The main objective of this paper is to
study the growth and determinants of catfish imports, and to identify policies and strategies to expand the
domesticmarketfortheUSfarmraisedcatfish.Importsofcatfish/basa/traincreasedby13%in2007over2006,
andimportedfrozencatfishandcatfishlikesubstitutesnowaccountfor45%ofallU.S.salesofthisproductform.
ChinesecatfishexportstoU.S.haveincreasedfrom21.2millionlbsin2006to31.4millionlbsin2007.Vietnamese
basa/tra import increased from 108 million lbs in 2006 to 117 million lbs in 2007. Total tilapia import has
increasedfrom148millionlbsin2002to383millionlbsin2007.Vietnam,China,Thailand,Malaysia,Cambodia
andIndonesiacontributeabout51%,24%,13%,5%,4%,and2%,respectively,totheU.S.totalcatfish/basa/tra
imports.Thestudyhasdevelopedcountryspecificaugmentedgravitymodeltoanalyzeinternationaltradeflowof
catfish and basa/tra. The main countries considered are Vietnam, China, Thailand, and Malaysia, based on their
shareintotalU.S.importsofcatfish/basa/tra.Importantvariablesconsideredarepercapitaincome,geographic
distance,exchangerate,tariffbyUSA,subsidiesbyexportingcounties,CountryofOriginlabeling,andvariousUS
tradelawsandpolicies.
48
The Asian Ethnic Fish Market in the Northeastern Region of U.S.: Consumer Preferences, and Market
Growth and Structure. Thapa, Ganesh*, Madan M. Dey and Kehar Singh, Aquaculture/Fisheries Center,
UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
AsiansarethethirdlargestminoritygroupintheU.S.afterAfricanAmericanandLatino,andthesecond
fastestgrowingpopulationafterLatino.Asianpopulationhasincreasedonanaverageby3.64%perannuminU.S.
between 2000 and 2008. Asian people have distinct food habits, and have high preference for fish. Annual per
57
capita consumption is about 27 kg, which is higher than that of the average world consumption of 18 kg. Asian
ethnicfishmarketsarepresentinmostofthecommunitiesdominatedbyAsian.Afewyearsago,thesemarkets
were thought to be transient. But today, the high potential of these markets has attracted some of the seafood
distributorsandfoodretailerstostarttheirenterprises.BuildingonthefindingsfromAsiancountries,thispaper
analysesthegrowthandstructureofAsianethnicmarketsinNewYork,NewJerseyandPennsylvania.Unlikein
manyothercommunitieswhereprocessedandvalueaddedfishproductsarepopular,Asianconsumersgenerally
prefer whole and live fish including choicecuts like head, belly, roe etc. Besides price and income, consumer
preferenceisalsoinfluencedbyfishspecificcharacteristicssuchassize,freshness,color,fleshqualityandtaste.
Asian consumersarediverse; forthe samespecies, preferredattributesvaryconsiderablyamongcountries.The
paper further presents the changing scenario of the demand for different types of fish/seafood, the product
composition,differentsupplychains,andmarketingmarginsofthemiddlemeninAsianethnicfishmarkets.
49
Kentucky Farmers Markets: An Analysis of Accessibility to SmallScale Producers. Probst, K. R.* and S.
Dasgupta,DepartmentofMath,Science,TechnologyandHealth,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
Regionalfarmersmarketscanbeaprofitablecomponentofthemarketingplanforsmallscaleagriculture
in Kentucky. A census of Kentuckys farmers markets revealed that 59.8% allow meat products, 59.8% allow
aquacultureproducts,and43.3%allowsalesofliveanimals.Thesedataclearlyunderscorethatfarmersmarkets
can be an important outlet for unprocessed animal products (both terrestrial and aquatic). The survey also
indicated transactions costs associated with selling food products at farmers markets. The annual fee at a
Kentuckyfarmersmarketaverages$33.59withadditionaldailyfeesrangingfrom$0to$20.Approximately25%
of the farmers markets had electricity access to each booth, allowing producers to hold fish alive, or have
processedmeatproductskeptcool.Anotherrecentmarketingsurveyindicatedthatfarmersmarketsconsumers
hadahighproclivitytopurchasemeatproductsthataretraditionallyculturedinthesmallscaleinKentucky.For
example,thetopfivefavoriteitemswerechickenbreastquarters,groundbeef,porkchops,porktenderloin,and
beefsteak,with88.27%,87.61%,82.74%,81.91%,and74.28%ofconsumerswerewillingtobuytheseproducts,
respectively.Othersurveyinformationindicatedthat40.6%ofthefarmersmarketshadrestrictionsonproduct
sourcingtosurroundingcounties.Whilethiscouldlimitthechoiceofproducts,itenhancesaccountability;these
farmersmarketscouldguaranteethattheirproductsaretrulylocal,whichcouldbeapowerfuladvertisement
tool.Furthermore,theserestrictionsalsoimprovemarketaccessibilitytoproducersintheapprovedcounties.
50
AnAnalysisoftheStatusofFarmersMarketsinAlabamasBlackBeltCounties.Boateng,M.A.*,N.Baharanyi,
N. O. Tackie and R. Zabawa, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University,
Tuskegee,AL36088.
ThestudyfocusedonthestatusoffarmersmarketsinAlabamasBlackBelt.Acasestudyapproachwas
used,andasurveyquestionnairewasusedtocollectdatafrom14farmersmarkets.Datawerecollectedbasedon
definedcharacteristicssuchastypeoffacility,statusofstaff,typeofproducesold,andtypeofseller.Thedatawere
analyzed by text content analysis and arithmetic tabulation. The results showed that there were 4 urban, 4
suburban,and6ruralfarmersmarkets.Also,therewere3developed,5developing,and6underdevelopedfarmers
markets.Thedevelopedfarmersmarketsweremainlyinurbanareas;thedevelopingfarmersmarketswereinall
threeareas(i.e.,urban,suburban,andrural)withnoparticulartilt;andtheunderdevelopedfarmersmarketswere
mainly in rural areas. This suggests that there is less impact of the farmers markets in the rural communities.
Increasing efforts in advertising to consumers and technical assistance to producers will help upgrade the
developingandunderdevelopedfarmersmarketsintodevelopedmarkets.
51
AnalysisofRegionDisparitiesandWageConvergenceinAlabama.Davis,L.C.*andJ.O.Bukenya,Department
ofAgribusiness,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Thispaperutilizedbothcrosssectionandtimeseriesdatatoexaminewhetherthepatternofrealwages
acrossruralcountiesinAlabamaovertheperiod19692006isconsistentwiththeconvergencehypothesis.Totest
thehypothesis,twononparametricapproaches(dynamiccorrelationanalysisandsigmaconvergence)thathave
58
appearedintheliteraturewereutilized.Dynamiccorrelationresultssuggestaperfecttransmissionofwageshocks
overthefirstthreesubperiods(19691973,19741978and19791983)forruralcountiesthatarenotadjacentto
metropolitanareas,andanunderreactiontochangesinwageshocksoverthelastfivesubperiods(19841988,
19891993, 19941998, 19992003 and 20042006). Similar patterns are observed for rural counties that are
adjacenttometropolitanareaswithprolongedunderreactiontochangesinwageshocksoverthestudiedperiod
thanobservedamongthenonadjacentruralcounties.Ontheotherhand,convergencetestresultsshowevidence
ofsigmaconvergenceamongruralcountiesthatareadjacenttononmetropolitanarea,andacaseofintercounty
wage differentials among rural counties that are not adjacent to metropolitan areas. Possible explanations of
interregional wage differentials include regional variation in worker attributes, industry mix, environmental
amenities,immobilityoflabor,changesineconomicinstitutions,andtechnologicalchange.
52
AssessingTaxeFilingamongSmallMinorityBusinessesinAlabamasBlackBeltCounties.Echeverry,R.A.*,
N. Baharanyi, N. O. Tackie and R. Zabawa, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee
University,Tuskegee,AL36088.
This study assessed tax electronic filing (efiling) among small minority businesses in Alabamas Black
Belt Counties. A survey instrument was developed as the main tool for data collection from a convenience and
snowball sample of 55 small minority business owners. Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, percentages,
and correlation analysis, as well as text content analysis were used for the analyses of the data collected. The
resultsshowedthatabout85%ofthebusinessessurveyedwereownedbyAfricanAmericans;60%hadsometype
ofcollegeeducation,andalmost70%wereovertheageof40.Around62%ofthesebusinessownershadagross
incomeofunder$40,000,and62%alsohadnevergeneratedanyprofit.About70%ownedcomputers,andnearly
40% used efiling as their method for filing their business taxes. Among the business owners who used efiling,
76% had a college or professional education, 100% owned computers for their businesses, 62% had a gross
incomeofover$40,000,and62%weregeneratingaprofit.Thecorrelationanalysissuggeststhatparticipationin
efiling is significantly correlated with computer ownership, use of management software, business income, and
business profitability. Overall, it can be concluded that participation in tax efiling is limited among the
participants. Education in general, and training on computer use in particular, are necessary for small minority
businessesinregionssuchastheBlackBelttoincreasetheirparticipationinefiling.
53
EconomicAnalysisofPasturePoultryandIndustrialBroilerProductionSystemsinAlabama:ACaseStudy.
Salifu, W.*, R. Zabawa, E. Bonsi and A. Siaway, Department of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Tuskegee
Recently, complaints have arisen based on unrealistic expense and revenue expectations by poultry
growersoperatingundertheindustrialbroilersystem.Inaddition,accordingtotheU.S.GeologicalService,nearly
1/3 of all wells near industrial poultry operations exceed EPA safe drinking water standards for nitrate from
chickenwastethatseepsintogroundwater.Thisstudyusedthecasestudyapproachtocomparetheeffectsofa
pasture poultry system (that includes vegetables, goats and cattle) and an industrial broiler system, on the
communityusingavarietyofsocioeconomicandenvironmentalindicators.Averagenetincome/lbofoutputwas
in favor of the pasture chicken enterprise ($0.458 versus $0.0167). Conversely, total cost per pound of output
favored the industrial broiler system ($0.22 compared to $0.54 for the pasture chicken enterprise). The pasture
poultrysystemwasrelativelymorefeasibleintermsoftheaveragebenefit/costratiosof1.19and0.93,compared
tothatoftheindustrialbroilersystem(0.073and0.079).However,usingapooledttestanalysis,thedifferencein
benefitcostratiosbetweenthetwosystemswasstatisticallyinsignificantatthe5%level.Theestimatedpollution
cost of abatement using tree planting costs and compost sales as proxies revealed that, in relative terms, the
pasturesystempaysmoreinabatementcost/lbofoutput($0.037)thantheindustrialbroilersystem($0.0044).
The net present value (NPV) of investment in trees for cleanup was highest for the pasture poultry system
($2,986),comparedtothatoftheindustrialbroilersystem($1,464).
54
59
EconomicsofUsageofPharmaceuticalsandVeterinaryServicesbyLimitedResourceFarmersintheBlack
BeltCountiesofAlabama.Jackson,L.*,A.SiawayandT.M.Hargrove,CollegeofAgriculture,Environmentaland
NaturalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
It is estimated that $200 billion a year is spent on prescription drugs for animal healthcare. This huge
expenditureisduetoconsumersdemandformorehealthcaremedications,meat,anddairyproducts.TheCenter
for Veterinary Medicine has estimated that there are over 700 drug products approved for use in the animal
healthcaresystem,andtheseareexpectedtoyieldahighrateofreturnoninvestment,andimprovetheefficiency
ofanimalgrowthandproduction.Becauseoftheseoverridingfactorsofcostincreasesforanimalmedicationand
theperiodicdropinmarketpricesforanimalproducts,producersareshowntolimittheiruseofvetservicesor
not use them at all. This study assessed the impacts of prices of veterinary pharmaceuticals and vet services on
limited resource producers in the Black Belt counties in Alabama. Specifically, it determined usage of veterinary
pharmaceuticals among limited resource farmers (LRF) in Alabamas Black Belt Counties and determined the
trend and relative frequency of usage of veterinary services by LRFs. Data were collected by mailed out survey
questionnaireandanalyzedusingSPSS.
55
TheEffectsofFeedingRegimesandProductionPracticeonSensoryQualityofChevon.Williams,T.A.*1,N.L.
Dawkins1, J. R. Bartlett2, E. G. Rhoden2 and V. Khan2, 1Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, and
2DepartmentofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
Intact male goats were divided into two groups. Animals in group one were fed one of four forages
[sweetpotato silage (SS), kudzu silage (KS), Eastern gamma grass hay (EH) and Bermuda grass hay (BH)] while
animalsingrouptwowerefedconcentrateandgivenadewormerblock(CDW),concentratenodewormer(CND),
dewormer no concentrate (DNC) and allowed to graze with no concentrate and no dewormer (NCND). The
purposeofthisstudywastoevaluatetwofeedingregimesonthesensoryqualityofchevon.Theanimalswerefed
for12weeksandwereslaughteredunderStateandFederalmeatinspectionapproval.Thecarcasseswerechilled
overnight,reweighedandfabricated.Hindlegportionswerecookedtoaninternaltemperatureof80oCandserved
toaconsumerpanel.DatawasanalyzedusingANOVAandmeanswereseparatedbyDuncansmultiplerangetests.
Results indicated that animals fed SS and BH scored higher (P<0.05) for tenderness, flavor and acceptability
comparedtokudzuandEasterngammagrass.Animalsfedkudzureceivedthelowest(P>0.05)sensoryscores.In
group 2 animals treated with no concentrate and no dewormer block (NCND) and allowed to graze received a
minimum acceptable score of 5.040.24 to 5.40 0.24 compared to animals that received CDW, CND and DNC
feedingregimen.Inthisstudy,animalsfedSSandallowedtograze(NCND)weregivenhighersensoryscoresand
showedpromise.
56
Yield Loss Associated with Insect Damage to Peppers in Mississippi. Woods, R.*1, T. Rashid1, R. Reddy1, W.
Whittaker1, C. Abel2 and L. Adams2, 1Department of Agriculture, Alcorn State University, Alcorn State, MS 39096
and2SouthernInsectManagementResearchUnit,USDA/ARS,Stoneville,MS.
Three newly developed Alcorn State University pepper lines, Ca15xCa8 (Capsicum annum varieties),
Cb24xCb7 (Capsicum baccatum varieties), and Ccs9xCcs8 (Capsicum chinense varieties) were compared with
conventional Capsicum sp. (Cayenne, Giant bell pepper and Jalapeno pepper) for insect resistance and yield
potential. Pepper plants were hand transplanted in the field at two different locations. Each location had three
replicationsofeachvarietyplantedinasinglerowof10plantsperplot.Insectpopulationsweremonitoredwith
three replications of each pheromone and yellow/blue sticky traps installed at both locations throughout the
growingseason.Theinsectswerecollectedfromthetrapsandallpeppersharvestedfromeachplantbiweekly.All
pepper varieties differed significantly in percent insect damage and fruit yield at both test locations. Giant bell
pepperhadsignificantlyhigherinsectdamagetothefruitthandidCb24xCb7,Ccs9xCcs8,andCayenne.Cb24xCb7
hadthelowestpercentinsectdamageandhighestyieldamongallvarietiestestedinthisexperiment.Allvarieties
hadsignificantdifferenceinpercentfruityieldatdifferentharvestdatesexceptCb24xCb7andJalapenopeppers.
Newly developed ASU pepper lines are expected to provide some insect resistance and higher yields thus
minimizingtheneedofexcessinsecticideapplications.
57
60
MedicinalPlantGrowthandQuality.Beeman,P.*,E.Igbokwe,A.L.Burks,J.Jackson,C.CampbellandR.Sanxton,
DepartmentofAgriculture,AlcornStateUniversity,AlcornState,MS39096.
Two field experiments were used to determine the effect of three cropping systems (Conventional,
Transitional, and Organic), and three row preparation methods (Heap, Bed, and Flat) on purple coneflower
(Echinaceapurpurea)survival,growthpotentialandquality.ThestudieswereconductedonaMemphissiltloam
soilinsouthwestMississippiduringthe2005and2006plantingseasons.Asplitplotarrangementinarandomized
complete block (RCB) experiment design was used, with the cropping systems as the main plots, and row
preparation methods replicated four times represented the subplots. Transplanting at a withinrow spacing of
0.61m, on 6.1m long and 1.2m wide were similar for all cropping systems. However, other field preparation
activities,fertilizationandpestmanagementvariedwiththecroppingsystem.Findingsindicatethatthecropping
system(Transitional)androwpreparationmethod(bedrow)hadthelowestplantsurvivalrateandcanopyheight
ofthehighestquality(rootvolatileoilcontent)forbothstudyperiods.Theinteractionbetweencroppingsystems
and row preparation methods were significant except for root length (2005) and root volatile oil (2006). The
transitionalcroppingsystemandbedrowpreparationmethodshouldbeconsideredwhenboththerootandshoot
biomassaredesired.
58
PotentialEnergyCropforFarmersinSouthwestMississippi.Shorter,P.*,E.Igbokwe,A.L.Burks,J.Jackson,C.
CampbellandR.Sanxton,DepartmentofAgriculture,AlcornStateUniversity,AlcornState,MS39096.
Interest in Vetiver Grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) as an essential oil crop has made it the subject of
cytological,adaptabilityandgrowthstudies.Twofieldexperimentswereusedtoevaluatethesurvivalandgrowth
potential of fertilized and unfertilized vetiver accession 196257, 213902, 271633 and 302300. The potential
alcoholcontentofthefertilizedaccessionwasalsodetermined.TheexperimentswereconductedonaMemphis
silt loam soil in southwest Mississippi. Field plot preparation and plant management were as for any other field
crop.Asplitplotarrangementinarandomizedcompleteblockexperimentdesignwasused,withfertilizationas
themainplotandvetiveraccessionsassubplotsreplicated4times.Findingssuggestthatafter2yearsofgrowth
the total root and shoot biomass production could range from 123,516 Kg/ha to 358,440 Kg/ha for unfertilized
andfertilizedaccessions,respectively.Theaveragemoisture,ash,cellulose,hemicellulosesandlignincontentsof
therootsfromunfertilizedaccessionwere63.5,4.8,15.3,6.0,and6.5%,respectively.Acidhydrolysisoftheroots
resultedintheconversionof43%ofthecelluloseandhemicellulosesintosimplesugars.
59
BiologicalControloftheGrapeRootBorer(Lepidoptera:Sesiidae)in'Cynthiana'Grape.Roaida,S.*,R.L.
Hix, M. T. Kairo and S. Reitz, Center for Biological Control, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and
TheefficacyofHeterorhabditisbacteriophoraandH.megidiswasevaluatedinVitisaestivalisCynthiana.
The mean of GRB pupal cases observed in the grapes treated with H. bacteriophora, H. megidis, and two
applications of H. bacteriophora were not significantly different from each other, but the three nematode and
Lorsban treatments were significantly different from the control. Pupal counts for H. bacteriophora were
significantly lower than the Lorsban 4E while pupal counts for H. megidis were not. The vines with the double
treatmentsofH.bacteriophorahadmathematicallyfewerpupalcasesthanthesingletreatmentofH.bacteriophora
and H. megidis but were not significantly lower. Nematodes were successfully recovered from the nematode
treatmentplotsbutnottheLorsban4Etreatmentorcontrol.
60
AntioxidantPotentialofVegetableGreensonReducingCardiovascularDiseaseRisks.Lomax,K.*1,C.Lewis1,
M. Johnson2, Z. Huang1, B. Wang1, N. Dawkins1, K. Willian3 and R. Pace1, 1Department of Food and Nutritional
Sciences, and 2Department of Integrative Biosciences, Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee,
AL36088.
Researchstronglysuggeststhatasvegetablegreenconsumptionincreases,riskforcardiovasculardisease
(CVD) decreases. Antioxidants in vegetables are implicated in this decrease in risk for CVD. Collard greens
(Brassica oleracea), a traditional African American vegetable and two novel vegetables sweetpotato greens
(Ipomoea batatas) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea), all high in antioxidants, were evaluated in male
61
spontaneously hypertensive rats (Charles River) fed diets formulated according to the American Institute of
Nutrition(AIN76). A totaloffortyfour(44)spontaneouslyhypertensive ratswererandomlyassignedintofour
groups of 11 and fed one of the four test diets: Control, 4% Purslane, 4% Sweetpotato greens, and 4% Collard
greensfor24daysafteraoneweekacclimationperiod.Theanimalswerepairfeddailyusingtheintakeofthe
previousdaytoensurethatallanimalsreceivedthesameamountofenergy.Bodyweight,systolicpressure,IL6,
CRP, and total triacylglyceride were not significantly different among groups; the purslane group weighed an
averageof6gramslessthantheothergroupsandbloodpressurewas5mmHglessthanthecontroland13mmHg
and16mmHglessthanthesweetpotatogreensandcollards,respectively.Totalcholesterolinthecollardgroup
wassignificantlyhigherthanothergroups;HDLCinthecontrolwassignificantlyhigherthanthecollardgroup.
Whilethesedataarepreliminary,weightlossanddecreasedbloodpressuremaybeattributedtotheconsumption
ofthesevegetables.Alongertermstudyisneededtoconfirmthecurrentfindings.
GraduateFoodSafety,HumanNutritionandHealth
61
An Impact Study of the Relationship Between Healthy Eating/Healthy Lifestyles and Cognitive/Academic
Development in Youth in Rural South Carolina. Hallman, F.*, M. J. A. Heggins and N. Enjec, 1890 Research
Program,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
It is well documented that AfricanAmericans are affected disproportionately by both obesity and
diabetes.Overall,72.3%ofAfricanAmericansinSCareoverweightorobese.Theprimarygoalofthisstudyisto
implementandevaluateapilothealthyeatingprogramtocombatobesity.Thesubsidiarygoalistodeterminethe
relationshipbetweentheHealthyEatingandHealthyLifestylesprogramandcognitive/academicdevelopment.
Thereare25studentsintheprogramgroupand25studentsinthecomparisongroupforatotalof50participants.
Therearetwomajoractivities:1)anafterschoolprogramand,2)athreeweeksummerHealthandWellnessCamp.
The wellness curriculum is based on two major sources: 1) Families First Nutrition Education and Wellness
System;and2)AThematicUnitentitled:TheABCsofGoodNutrition.PairedsampleTtestswereconductedto
evaluatetheprogressofthestudentsfromthepretesttotheposttest.Themeanforthepretestwas7.33andthe
meanfortheposttestwas8.48.Thestandarddeviationsforthepretestandposttestwere2.03and2.62;and,the
correlationcoefficientbetweenthepretesttotheposttestwas0.85.Ttestsindicatedthatt=3.77,df=20,andp=
0.0001; this clearly shows the effectiveness of the treatment for the program group in the second year of the
researchproject.Thisprojectisdesignedtoempowerlimitedresourceindividualstoberesponsiblefortheirown
healthandreducesuchhealthrisksasdiabetes.Website:www.scsuflava.tripod.com
62
AssessmentofWICServicesforHispanicsinPiedmontandMidlandRegionsofSouthCarolinaoveraFour
Year Period (20002003). Ayers, S.*, Mathis, C. C. and S. R. Choudhari, 1890 Research, South Carolina State
University,Orangeburg,SC29117.
Alongwiththenation,thecountiesinthe1890ExtensionclustersinSouthCarolinaarealsoexperiencing
a rapid growth of the Hispanic population, a majority of which is in need of social services for their wellbeing.
Hence, the research assesses the social services provided to Hispanics in South Carolina covering a three year
period of 20002003. This presentation emphasizes assessment of WomanInfantsChildren (WIC) services
providedtoHispanicsintwooftheregionsofPiedmontandMidland,whichincludemanyExtensionclusters.The
objectivesweretofindthetrendinHispanicparticipationoverfouryearsforeachcounty,comparethecounties
witheach other,anddeterminethe countysprogressdoneineachyearwithrespecttoitsprevious years.Data
wasconstructedfromthesecondarydatasource,madeavailablethroughtheOfficeofResearchandStatisticson
Hispanics from counties with Hispanic populations of 1000 or more in South Carolina. Many new scales were
developed for assessing the WIC services for Hispanics. Results showed that the percents of participants varied
from0.48to7.17inPiedmontregionandfrom1.64to10.71inMidlandregion,aswellasallcountiesinMidland
regionsexceptGreenwoodshowedprogressinallyears(2001to2003)fromtheirpreviousyears.Furthermore,
our research provides assistance to the 1890 Extension in connecting to Hispanic families through EFNEP to
improvetheirhealthandqualityoflife.
63
62
Potential Effects of Wheat Germ and Wheat Germ Oil in AzoxymethaneInduced Colon Carcinogenesis.
Field, R.*, M. Verghese, J. Boateng, L. Shackelford and L. T. Walker, Nutritional Biochemistry and Carcinogenesis
Laboratory,DepartmentofFoodandAnimalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Wheatgermcontainsphytates,phenolics,ligansphytosterols,vitaminsEandBandhasbeenproposedto
offer protection against diseases such as colon cancer. Our aim was to determine effects of feeding wheat germ
meal(WGM)at5and10%andwheatgermoil(WGO)at7%(normalfat)and14%(highfat)onAzoxymethane
inducedcoloncarcinogenesisinFisher344rats.Followinga1wkperiodofacclimatization,ratswereassignedto6
(n=12)groupsandfedAIN93Gwith7%SBO(C1)and14%SBO(C2)ascontrols.RatsfedWGOreceivedAIN93G
with7%and14%WGO(atexpenseofSBO)andratsfedWGMreceivedC1+5%WGMandC1+10%WGM.At7and
8wksofageallratsreceivedAOM(s/c)at16mg/kgbodyweight.Ratswerekilledat46wksbyCO2asphyxiation.
HepaticGlutathioneSTransferase(GST)activitywasdetermined.Reductions(%)intumorincidenceinratsfed
WGM (5%), WGM (10%), WGO (7%), and WGO (14%) compared to controls were 42, 58, 33.4 and 16.7,
respectively.Therewerenosignificant(P<0.05)differencesinhepaticGSTactivity(mol/mg)amongratsfed(5%
(29)and10%(33))WGM,howeverhepaticGSTactivityinratsfedWGMwassignificantly(p<0.05)higherthanC1
(16).RatsfedWGO(14%)had47and60%higherGSTactivity(mol/mg)comparedtoC1andC2fedrats.Wheat
germproductsofferedprotectionagainstAOMinducedcolontumors.Incorporatingwheatgermproductsindiets
mayimprovehealthandcouldpossiblypreventcoloncancer.
64
Protective Effects of Synergy1 and Soybean in Chemically Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in an in vivo
Model. Gourineni, V. P.*, M. Verghese and L. Shackelford, Department of Food & Animal Science, Alabama A&M
Nondigestible carbohydrates such as Synergy1 and soybean, which is a rich source of phytonutrients
suchasisoflavones,haveshowntoprovideprotectionagainstamyriadofdiseases.Theobjectivewastoevaluate
the chemopreventive effects of Synergy1 (ORAFTI, Belgium) and soybean (SM) at 5%, 10% singly and in
combination on azoxymethane (AOM) induced colon carcinogenesis. After a 1 wk acclimatization period, Fisher
344 male rats (N=90) were randomly assigned to 9 groups (n=10). Control group (C) was fed AIN93G and
treatmentgroupsfedC+Syn1(5%,10%),C+SM(5%,10%),Syn1+SM(5%+5%),(10%+10%),(5%+10%)
and (10%+5%). Two s/c injections of AOM were administered to rats at 7 and 8 wk of age @ 16 mg/kg body
weight.At45wkofage,ratswerekilledbyCO2asphyxiation.Cecalweight(g)wassignificantly(p<0.05)higherin
rats fed Syn1 singly (7.1) and in combination (5.1 to 7.2) compared to control (3.7). Tumor incidence (%) in
treatmentsgroupsrangedfrom40to75comparedtoC(100).Reductions(%)intumors/tumorbearingratratio
(TBR) in rats fed treatment diets ranged from a low of 62 (SM5%) to a high of 74.2 (Syn1 + SM 10% + 5%)
compared to the rats fed C. Results indicate that feeding Synergy1 and soybean in combination significantly
(P<0.05) reduced the incidence of AOM induced colon tumors. Consumption of Synergy1 and soybean in
combinationmayhaveimplicationsincoloncancerpreventionwithpossibleapplicationsforthefoodindustryin
productdevelopment.
65
A Comparison of Chemopreventive Potential of Two Varieties of Cabbage (Green and Red) on
AzoxymethaneInducedAberrantCryptFociinFisher344MaleRats.Dukes,L.*,M.Verghese,J.Boateng,D.
Williams, L. Shackelford and L. T. Walker, Department of food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University,
Normal,AL35762.
Dietary intake of Brassica vegetables, which contain a large number of potentially anticarcinogenic
compounds, has been inversely related to reducing morbidity and mortality rates of colorectal cancer and other
diseases.Inthisstudyweinvestigatedandcomparedthepossibleeffectsoffeedinggreencabbage(GC)andred
cabbage(RC)inreducingazoxymethane(AOM)inducedACFinFisher344malerats.Followinganacclimatization
period,18maleFisher344ratswererandomlyassignedtothreegroups(n=6).ThegroupswerefedAIN93Gdiet
(C),C+5%GCandC+5%RC.Allratsreceived16mg/kgbodyweightofAOMdissolvedinsalines/cat7wkofage
followedbyasecondinjectionat8wkofage.Theratscontinuedtoreceivetheassigneddietsuntileuthanizedby
CO2 at 17 wk of age. ACF numbers in rats fed C, GC and RC were: 140, 77 and 60, respectively. ACF reductions
comparedwiththecontrolwere:45%and57%inratsfedGCandRC.TotalcryptsinratsfedC,GCandRCwere
420,204and144,respectively.GlutathioneSTransferase(GST)activity(nmol/min/ml)intheliverofratsfedGC
63
(119.29)andRC(153.62)wassignificantly(p<0.05)highercomparedwiththecontrol(50.22).Resultsofthis
studyshowedthatconsumptionofgreenandredcabbagehadasignificantinhibitoryeffectonAOMinducedACF
(preneoplastic lesions) in Fisher 344 male rats and have implications in its potential use as chemopreventive
foods.
66
DownRegulationoftheThreeMajorAllergensinPeanut(Arachishypogea)Seeds.Ananga,A.*,H.Dodoand
K.Konan,DepartmentofFood&AnimalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,NormalAL,35762.
Peanutallergyaffectsanincreasinghumanpopulationworldwide.Allergicreactionstopeanutareoften
severe,lifethreatening,andhypersensitivitypersiststhroughoutlifeformany.Currently,peanutisconsideredas
theworldsmostallergicfoodsandthemostcommoncauseofdeathbyfoodanaphylaxisinwesterncountries.In
spite of its severity, there is still no cure for peanut allergy. Total avoidance is the best recommendation for
individualswhoareallergictopeanut.However,itisnotpossibletototallyavoidpeanutproteins,becauseofthe
ubiquitous use of peanut in manufactured foods, resulting in an increasing number of accidental ingestions.
Therefore,itisofgreatimportancetoeliminateorreducethemajorallergyprovokingproteinsinpeanut.Several
techniques have been unsuccessfully applied to that end. However, RNA interference (RNAi) represents a
promising alternative to reduce the incidence of peanut allergy. An RNAi genetic construct containing a tandem
fragmentofthegenesencodingthethreemajorpeanutallergensArah1,Arah2,andArah3wasusedtoproduce
transgenicpeanutviaAgrobacteriummediatedtransformation.Transgenicplantsandseedswerescreenedusing
molecular and immunological analyses including Southern, SDSPAGE, Western blot and, ELISA. Our results
indicatethatpeanutallergensArah1,Arah2andArah3,werereducedinthetransgenicseedswith9%,10%and
16%reductions,respectively.Inaddition,3%seedswerefoundtobefreeofallthreeallergens.TheIgEbinding
capacitywasalsosignificantlyreducedinatleast9transgenicseedscomparedtothatofwildtypecontrol.This
researchispromisingtosignificantlyreducepeanutallergywithoutinterferingwiththehumanimmunesystem.
67
TheEffectsofReplacingAlfalfaHaybySericeaLespedezaonGoatMilkFatComposition.Broussard,T.*,B.
Kouakou, J. H. Lee, T. H. Terrill and G. Kannan, Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort
Valley,GA31030.
Sericea lespedeza hay (SLH), a legume high in condensed tannins, has been reported to reduce internal
parasitesinsmallruminants.However,theabilityofSLHtosupportmilkproductionandmaintainitscomposition
has not been investigated. This experiment investigated the effect of replacing alfalfa hay (ALH) by SLH on fatty
acid composition of goat milk. Thirty dairy goats were stratified by daysinmilk and milk yield and randomly
assignedto4pens(2pens/treatment)equippedwithcalangatefeedersandautomaticwaterers.Oncedaily,goats
were fed a diet (isonitrogenous and isocaloric) containing either ALH or SLH as the roughage source for 9 wks.
Milksampleswerecollectedweeklyfromeachgoat.Milkfatwasextractedwithachloroformmethanolmixture,
prepared for fatty acid methyl esters, and analyzed by gas chromatography. Compared with milk from ALHfed
goats, SLHfed goats milk had lower (P < 0.05) levels of capric (C10:0; 14.17 vs 11.42 0.937%), lauric (C12:0;
4.57vs3.700.305%),myristic(C14:0;9.15vs7.060.625%),andmyristoleic(C14:1n5;0.51vs0.360.076%)
acids. No significant differences were found in short and long chain fatty acids in the resulting milk fat. Milk fat
from goats fed ALH had higher percentages of medium chain fatty acids (C8 to C14; 34.14% vs 27.40%) and
saturated fatty acids (87.98% vs 80.60%) than that from SLHfed goats. Diet did not change (P > 0.05) the
proportionofmilkmonoandpolyunsaturatedfattyacids.FeedingSLHtodairygoatsmayproducehealthiermilk
fatcomparedtothosefedALH.
68
Prevalence of AntibioticResistance Enterobacter sakazakii in Domestic Kitchens. Rotich, E.*, A. Kilonzo
Nthenge,S.Godwin,F.C.ChenandC.Thompson,DepartmentofFamilyandConsumerSciences,TennesseeState
University,Nashville,TN37209.
64
Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen and causes meningitis, enterocolitis, and
sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. Several outbreaks of E. sakazakii in Neonatal Intensive Care
Unitshavebeenreportedworldwide,includingcountriessuchasEngland,Netherlands,Greece,UnitedStatesand
Canada. Although, Enterobacter sakazakii is widely found in the environment, little information is available to
determine its prevalence in domestic kitchens. To determine its occurrence, swab samples were taken from
various locations in domestic kitchens in Middle Tennessee. The swabs were inoculated, plated into media and
standardprocedureswereusedtocharacterizetheisolates.Biochemicalmethodswereusedforidentificationand
the KirbyBauer techniques was used to test resistance of isolates. Out of the isolates collected, 11.92 % were
identified as Enterobacter sakazakii, while 88.02% represented other members of Enterobacteriaceae family.
Enterobacter sakazakii prevalence in domestic kitchen was: sink (4.64%), counter top (2.69%) dish (1.99%),
refrigerator handle (1.32%), at drawer (0.66%), and sponge (0.66%). Most of Enterobacter sakazakii isolates
showed some resistant to antibiotics, with the highest resistance to erythromycin (94.44%), and penicillin
(88.89%). Resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin was 5.56%; ampicillin, 27.78%; and chloramphenicol,
16.67%. Collected isolates were not resistant to kanamycin, oxytetracycline, and gentamicin antibiotics. Results
from this study indicate domestic kitchens to be potential reservoirs for antibioticresistant Enterobacter
sakazakii. There is a need to educate consumers on critical hygiene practices to avoid the spread of antibiotic
resistantfoodbornepathogensindomestickitchens.
69
Comparison of Chemical Composition and Color Index Characteristics of Goat Milk, its Yogurt and Salted
Yogurt.Nouira,W. 1*,Z.Guler2andY.W.Park1, 1AgriculturalResearchStation,FortValleyStateUniversity,Fort
Valley,GA31030,and2DepartmentofFoodEngineering,UniversityofMustafaKemal,31034Antakya,Turkey.
Yogurtismorenutritiousthanitsoriginalmilk.Saltedyogurt(SY)ispopularincertaincountriesincluding
Turkey,duetoitshighsolidscontentandlongshelflife.ThreebatchesofgoatmilkSYweremanufacturedusing
directsaltingmethodtocomparedifferencesinchemicalcompositionsandcolorindicesamongtheoriginalmilk,
yogurtandSY.ColorcharacteristicsweremeasuredbytheMinoltaChromaMeterCR400(MinoltaCo.,Ltd,Japan).
MeanchemicalcompositionandpHoftheoriginalgoatmilk,regularyoghurtandSYwere:totalsolids(%)12.2,
12.0and31.9;fat(%)4.40,4.20and10.20;ash(%)0.58,0.60and2.26;pH6.53,3.67and3.77,respectively.Color
values of the corresponding products were: L 85.2, 90.19, 92.07; a 3.38, 3.37, 7.33 and b 7.76, 7.33, 14.72,
respectively.Slightdecreasesintotalsolidsandfatcontentsoftheregularyogurtmaybeduetothewaterfrom
theyogurtculture,whereonedayoldyogurtwasusedasstarterculture.SYhadsubstantially(P<0.001)higherfat
and total solids contents than original milk and regular yogurt, while pHs of both yogurts were significantly
(P<0.01)lowerthanthemilk.MeanLvalue,lightness,waslowestinthemilk,whileavalue,greenness,washigher
formilkandregularyogurt.Yellowness(bvalue)indexwasthehighestinSY.Thecolorcharacteristicsrevealed
thatyellownessincreasedtwofoldandgreennessdecreasedtwofoldduringcookingcomparedwiththoseofmilk
andregularyogurt.Thesecolorchangesmayhavecausedcaramelizationofcarbohydratesinthemilk.
70
Evaluation of Lipolysis and Proteolysis in ReducedFat and FullFat Goat Milk Cheeses during Three
Months Aging. Nouira, W.*, R. Drake, S. Miller, R. J. Ragan, T. H. Terrill and Y. W. Park, Agricultural Research
Station,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030.
Dietaryfathasbeenaveryimportantissueforhealthconscientiousconsumers.Numerousstudieshave
been reported on reducedfat cow milk products, while such research on dairy goat products has been scarce.
Three lots each of reducedfat (RF) and fullfat (FF) Cheddartype goat milk cheeses were manufactured and
storedat4oCforthreemonthstostudyeffectsofagingonlipolyticandproteolyticcharacteristicsofthecheeses.
BothcheesesweremadeattheUniversitydairyplantusingbulkmilkfromSaanen,Alpine,andNubiangoatherd.
Before processing RF cheeses, cream was separated from whole milk using a separator (Model 17584, Clair Co.,
Austria).Mean(%)drymatter,fatandproteincontentsofRFandFFcheeseswere44.7,52.3;1.19,25.6;34.8,22.2,
respectively.Respectivemeanaciddegreevalue(ADV)of0,1and3monthsripenedRFandFFcheeseswere0,0,
0;0.7,1.06,1.34,indicatingtherewasnondetectablelipolysisinRFcheeseswhilegradualelevationofADVsinFF
cheeses.Meanpercentwatersolublenitrogenforthecorrespondingperiodsofthetwocheeseswere4.57,11.9,
20.9;5.15,12.8,25.7,suggestingthatproteolysisincreasedinbothcheeseswithadvancedagingtime.Theinitial
pHsofRFandFFcheeseswere5.42and5.40,andnosignificantchangesoccurredinpHsofbothcheesesduring
65
the ripening. Little lipolysis was observed owing to very low fat in RF cheeses compared to FF counterparts,
whereassignificantproteolysisoccurredinbothcheesesduringthe3monthsagingperiod.
71
Rice Extract as Stabilizer in Banana Flavored Yogurt. Bor, T.*1, L. Fitzpatrick1, S. A. Ibrahim1 and H. A.
Khouryieh2, 1North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411 and 2Delaware
StateUniversity,Dover,DE19901.
Manufacturing products with consistent and desirable textures continue to be a concern to the dairy
industry. Different approaches have been attempted to improve texture ranging from using different process
techniques to different ingredients. Rice possesses some unique properties that may be of interest to the dairy
industry.Riceisrichinoligosaccharides,hydrocolloidscompoundsthatcouldbeusedtoimprovethetextureof
dairy products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the storage stability of banana flavored yogurt
stabilizedwithgelatinorriceextract.Riceflour(10%wt/vol)wascookedwithtapwaterfor45minandstoredat
4oCfor2daystoallowforgelformation.Plainyogurtwaspreparedusinggelatinorriceextract(5%wt/wt,rice
extract/ yogurt) and sliced fresh banana (2% wt/wt) was then mixed with the yogurt mix. A consumer panel
recruitedfromtheuniversitycampus(n=27)ratedtheproducts.Inaddition,sampleswerecomparedtogelatin
based yogurt using chemical, microbiological, and physical measurements. This study showed that the
characteristicsofyogurtformulatedwithriceextractandgelatinweresimilar.Highacceptabilityscoreswerefor
yogurtwithriceflour.TheadditionofriceflourdidnotchangethepHvalueoftheyogurt.Theviscosity,colorand
waterholdingcapacitymeasurementswereslightlychangedwiththeadditionofriceflour.Thesefindingssuggest
it is possible to add rice extract to replace gelatin and maintain the same quality characteristics and consumer
acceptabilityofbananaflavoredyogurt.
72
DairyFoodsAmongHistoricallyAfricanAmericanCollegeCampusStudents.Patterson,A.*andS.A.Ibrahim,
FoodSafetyandMicrobiologyLaboratory,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,
NC27411.
Dairy foods, such as milk and yogurt, are one of the greatest sources of essential nutrients such as
potassium and calcium. Dairy foods are also mostly known for their importance in bone health and overall diet
health.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoconductasurveyabouttheconsumptionofdairyfoodsamongstudents
onahistoricallyAfricanAmericancollegecampus.Onehundredstudents(48maleand52female),aged18to24
yearsold,livingoncampuswererandomlychosenandgivenTheFoodFrequencyQuestionnaire,adietaryintake
surveytocomplete.Thesurveyincludes50questionsthataskrespondentstheirage,dietarybackground,weight,
gender,chronicillnesses,andabouttheircurrenteatingbehaviorssuchasfoodstypicallyeaten,wherefoodscome
from(homecooked,fastfood,readytoeat,etc.),whattypeofdairyproducts,andwhatotherfooditemsareeaten
thatincludedairyproducts(pizza,cheeseburgers,etc.)andhowoftenthesefoodsareconsumed.Resultsindicated
thatatleast90%ofthestudentsconsumedlessthantherecommendeddailyamount,withmalesconsumingon
average higher amounts than females. Both males and females received most of their dairy intake from cheese
sources included on foods such as pasta, pizza, cheeseburgers; ice cream was the most popular product. The
findingsofthisstudyshowthatAfricanAmericancollegecampusstudentsneedtoincreasetheirdailydairyfood
consumption,studentsshoulddosobychoosinghealthydairyfoodssuchasyogurt,lowfatcheesesandmilk.
73
BovineMilkBasedInfantFormulaPromotetheGrowthandAcidProductionofBifidobacteria.Mohamedal,
K.*, S. L. Phetsomphou, P. A. Lynch and S. A. Ibrahim, Food Safety and Microbiology Laboratory, North Carolina
AgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
Several fortified infant formulas are currently available in the marketplace. Since recent research has
demonstratedthatthepresenceofbifidobacteriapromotesgoodhealth,itisimportanttodeterminetheeffectsof
infant formula on the growth of bifidobacteria. Therefore the objective of this research was to determine how
different commercial infant formulas affect the growth and acid production of bifidobacteria. Fifteen different
strains of bifidobacteria were used in this study. Skim milk samples (100ml) were fortified with various infant
formulas and sterilized at 65 C for 30 min. Samples were then cooled to 40C and inoculated with individual
66
overnight strains of bacteria to achieve a final inoculum level of 3.0 log cfu/ml. Samples were then incubated at
37C for 24 hrs. Bacterial growth was monitored at different time intervals by measuring pH values and total
titratableacidity.Attheendoftheincubationperiod,sampleswereplatedonMRSagar.Resultsshowedthatthe
additionofdifferentformulashaddifferenteffectsonthegrowthofbifidobacteria.Oftheformulastested,abovine
milk protein hydrosylate based formula had the greatest effect on the bifidobacteria as measured by acid
developmentandthebacterialpopulationcount.Growtheffectsweresignificant(P<.05)forthisformulawhich
suggests that bovine milk protein hydrosylate based formula has beneficial effects in promoting the growth of
bifidobacteriaandshouldbeconsideredwhenselectingformulaasanalternativeformothersmilk.
74
EffectofDifferentProteinSourcesintheGrowthMediumonLactobacillusreuteriCellDensityCultivation.
Atilola, O.*, P. A. Lynch and S. A. Ibrahim, Food Safety and Microbiology Laboratory, North Carolina Agricultural
andTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
The probiotic suitability of L. reuteri has been shown by its ability to inhibit undesirable overgrowth of
microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. L. reuteri provides numerous advantages such as lowering the pH
value in the gastrointestinal tract which creates an undesirable local environment that inhibits the growth of
pathogenicmicroorganisms.HoweverthegrowthofL.reuteriisverylimitedandcertainnutrientsareneededto
promotethegrowthandobtainhighcelldensity.Itiswellestablishedthathighcelldensityisrequiredtoobtain
thehealthbenefitsofconsumptionofprobiotics.Therefore,theobjectiveofthisstudywastodeterminetheeffect
ofdifferentpeptonesonthegrowthandcelldensityofL.reuteriingrowthmedium.ThegrowthoffourL.reuteri
strains(CF27F,DSM20016,MM7,andSD2112)inmodifiedmedium(M1M3)werecomparedtothegrowthin
the negative control (M0without protein substrate), and positive control (MRS broth). The samples were
incubated at 37C. The bacterial growth was monitored at different time intervals by measuring turbidity levels
usingspectrophotometer.Attheendofincubation,sampleswereplatedonMRSagartodeterminethebacterial
population.Ourresultsshowedthatbacterialgrowthwasgreater(P<0.05)inthebrothsupplementedeitherwith
ProteosePeptone#3orPhytonePeptonewhencomparedtothecontrol.OurresultssuggestthatPeptonecouldbe
usedasproteinsourcetoenhanceL.reuteribacterialdensityinastandardgrowthmedium.
75
EffectofSugarongalactosidaseandgalactosidaseActivityfromLactobacillusreuteri.Alazzeh,A.Y.*1,D.
Song1, A. Shahbazi1, A. A. AbuGhazaleh2 and S. A. Ibrahim1, 1North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State
University,Greensboro,NC27411and2SouthernIllinoisUniversity,Carbondale,IL62901.
Galactosidase and galactosidase are functional enzymes that are important in food industry.
Galactosidasedigestsraffinosetorelieveflatulence,whilegalactosidasehydrolyzeslactosetofreefromlactose
intolerance.Overproductionofandgalactosidasescanbeachievedbychangingthecultureconditions.The
objective was to investigate effects of different sugars in media on production of both enzymes. Six strains of
Lactobacillus reuteri (CF27F, DSM20016, MF14C, MM23, MM7 and SD2112) were cultured on media with
different sugar (dextrose, raffinose, galactose, lactose, sucrose, and melibiose). Activity of /galactosidase
activity were tested on nitrophenylDgalactopyranoside and nitrophenyl Dgalactopyranoside,
respectively.Resultsshowedraffinosewasthebesttoproducegalactosidase.Lactoseandgalactoseenhanced
galactosidaseproduction.ThehigherlevelofgalactosidasewasproducedonraffinosebyMF14C,SD2112,and
CF27F(1513GalU/ml).ThehigherlevelofgalactosidasewasproducedonlactosebyCF27F(82GalU/ml).
ResultssuggestthatMF14C,CF27F,andSD2112mightbeusedinfermentedsoyproductstoeliminateflatulence.
CF27Fcouldbeusedasnaturaladditivesinmilkforlactoseintolerantindividuals.
76
InductionofaandGalactosidasesinLactobacillusreuteriUsingDifferentProteinSources.Alazzeh,A.Y.
1*, S. A. Ibrahim1, D. Song1, A. Shahbazi1 and A. A. AbuGhazaleh2, 1North Carolina Agricultural State University,
Greensboro,NC27411and2SouthernIllinoisUniversity,Carbondale,IL62901.
Theuseofprobioticbacteriaasameansforoverproductionofaandgalactosidaseshasbecometopicof
strongcommercialinterest.Thetypeofgrowthmediacouldbeanimportantfactorintheoverproductionofthese
enzymes. The objective of this project was to test the induction of aand galactosidases by different protein
67
sources. Four protein sources (beef extract, tryptic soy, tryptone and yeast extract) were tested to induce the
production of aand galactosidases in six strains (CF27F, DSM20016, MF14C, MM23, MM7 and SD2112) of
Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri). L. reuteri grown on yeast extract (15.27 Gal U/ml) showed significantly higher
(P<0.05) agalactosidase production compared with results for MRS media (1.2 Gal U/ml) and the other protein
sources. Enzymatic activity of aGalactosidase was the highest in L. reuteri grown on yeast (41.13 GalU/mg). L.
reuteri grown on yeast extract showed the highest galactosidase production (12.88 Gal U/ml) and relative
activity(35.43GalU/mg).TheresultsshowthatL.reuterigrownonyeastextractcomparedwiththeothertested
proteinsourcesinducedthegreatestproductionandrelativeactivityofaandGalactosidaseenzymes.
77
Cytotoxicity and Genotypic Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated From Poultry Products.
Kallur,Vanija*1andL.L.Williams2,1DepartmentofFoodandAnimalScience,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL
35762and2NorthCarolinaA&TUniversity,NorthCarolinaResearchCampus,Kannapolis,NC27801.
Campylobacter jejuni has emerged as a leading cause of gastroenteritis and foodborne illnesses in the
United States, due to the consumption of undercooked poultry. C. jejuni is considered to be one of the most
important foodborne human pathogens of animal origin, with poultry generally considered to be the major
reservoir. This study investigated the pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolates on Chinese Hamster
Ovarian(CHO)tissueculturecelllines.Thirtyonepoultrysampleswereanalyzedinthisstudy.Theisolateswere
characterizedfortheirproductionofcatalaseandofoxidase,cytotoxicpotentialwithamodifiedCHOcellassay,
16S rRNA and flagellin (Fla) gene with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the modified CHO assay, indigenous
lactatedehydrogenase(LDH)releasewasusedasanindicatorforcytotoxicity.Tenpoultrysamples(32%)were
positiveforCampylobacterspp.Atotalof50isolateswereobtained,ofwhich22(44%)werecatalasenegativeand
oxidase positive. Of the 22 presumptive positive Campylobacter isolates, 5 (23%) gave positive PCR for both
16sRNA and flagellin (Fla) genes. The release of lactate dehydrogenase from Chinese Hamster cells resulted in
cytotoxicitypercentageof99%for C.jejuniATCC29528,comparedtopoultryisolates,whichexhibitedalactate
dehydrogenasereleaserangingfrom33%to28%.TheseresultsindicatethattheepidemiologyofCampylobacter
jejuni strains isolated from poultry products is of major concern and that the use of a PCR assay applied in
combinationwithbiochemicalandtissueculturemethodsisaneffectivemethodforisolatingC.jejuni.
78
EpidemiologicalApproachesforFoodSafety.Ajayi,O.*1,L.L.Williams2,J.Oluwoye3andJacquelineU.Johnson1,
1DepartmentofFoodandAnimalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,FoodMicrobiologyLab,Normal,AL35762;
2CenterofExcellenceforPostHarvestTechnologies,TheNorthCarolinaResearchCampus,Kannapolis,NC28081;
and3DepartmentofCommunityPlanningandUrbanStudies,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Incidence of foodborne disease (FBD) is difficult to estimate; however, foodborne pathogens cause
approximately 76 million illnesses, 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths annually in the US. Treatment of
FBD creates a substantial burden on the health care system. Loss of productivity and economic burden is
estimatedat$20$40billionannually.In1996,activesurveillancebeganforlaboratoryconfirmedcasesofnine
selected foodborne pathogens in ten states. Several multistate populationbased surveillance studies have
indicated an increase in prevalence of these foodborne pathogens, particularly Campylobacter, Salmonella, STEC
O157,Shigella,andVibrio.Itiscommonknowledgethatthereisunderreporting.AlthoughFBDcanbesevereor
fatal,mildercasesareoftennotdetectedthroughroutinesurveillance.Staphylococcusaureusinfectionsthoughnot
underactivesurveillancearealsoontherise,particularlyMethicillinresistantS.aureus(MRSA).Theobjectivesof
thisstudyweretoexamine,evaluateriskfactorsofFBD,andtoquantifytheeffectofFBDfromoutbreaksstatistics.
Data sources for analysis include but are not limited to the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network
(FoodNet), the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care
Survey, National Hospital Discharge Survey and Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Report. Results
indicatedthatduring19962006,theleadingcauseofFDBoutbreakswereSalmonellaspp.(1,183),Escherichiacoli
spp.(259),Campylobacterspp.(136),Shigellaspp.(122)andStaphylococcusspp.(167).Thepathogenresultingin
thehighestnumberofdeathswasListeriamonocytogenes(125/100,000individuals).Children<110yearswere
moresusceptibletoSalmonella,ShigellaandCampylobacter,30<40hadahigherprevalenceofCampylobacterspp.
infection while the > 60 have higher incidence of listeriosis. The paper concludes that the public
68
knowledge/perceptionoffoodsafety,handling,andrisksasrelatedtofoodconsumptioniscrucialinreducingthe
trendoffoodrelateddiseases.
79
Antimicrobial Resistance Testing of Staphylococcus Isolates with Spiral Gradient Endpoint Technology.
Ajayi, O.*1, L. L. Williams2, J. Oluwoye3 and Jacqueline U. Johnson1, 1Department of Food and Animal Sciences,
Alabama A & M University, Food Microbiology Lab, Normal, AL 35762; 2Center of Excellence for PostHarvest
Technologies, The North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081; and 3Department of Community
PlanningandUrbanStudies,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Over 200 known diseases are transmitted via food, and the causes include bacteria, viruses, parasites,
toxins, metals and prions. Foodborne diseases are estimated to cause 76 million illnesses, resulting in 325,000
hospitalizationsand5,000deathseachyearintheUnitedStates.Ninefoodbornepathogensareactivelysurveyed
in the United States; however, Staphylococcus is not one of the actively surveyed pathogen. Multidrug resistant
Staphylococcusaureusisoneoftheleadingcausesoffoodbornediseaseoutbreaks,andtheincidenceofhospital
and community acquired Staphylococcal infections are also increasing. The aim of this study is to examine the
antimicrobial resistance profile of S. aureus strains against fourteen antimicrobial agents, using Spiral Gradient
Endpoint (SGE) technology. Sixtysix strains of Staphylococcus were isolated (21Clinical; 11milk and 34meat).
Resultsindicatedthat16(24%)isolateswerecoagulasepositive;50(76%)werenegativeandall(100%)isolates
werecatalasepositive.Onehundredpercentoftheisolatesweresusceptibletoenrofloxacin(GMIC=1g/ml;EC
= 0.7 g/ml; TEC = 0.7 g/ml). Fortyseven (71%) of strains were resistant to Sulfadimidine (GMIC = 256
mg/ml;EC=145mg/ml);67%totrimethoprim(GMIC=256mg/ml;EC=147mg/ml).Thirtysixstrains(55%)
wereresistantto13antibiotics;twentyonestrains(32%)wereresistantto46antibiotics;5strains(8%)were
resistant to 79 antibiotics; 1 strain was resistant to >9 antibiotics and 3 isolates show no resistance to any
antimicrobialagent.Thisstudyindicatesthatthereisanincreasetrendintheisolationofmultipleantimicrobial
resistantstrainsofS.aureusisolatedfromclinicalandfoodsamples.
80
SurvivalandPersistenceofE.coliO157:H7,SalmonellaandListeriainMinimallyManagedPilesofPoultry
LitterCompost.Smith,B.D.*1,P.Millner2,F.M.Hashem1,W.Mulbry2,S.Reynolds2,J.S.Hagan1,C.B.Cotton1,J.
HarterDennis1andL.E.Marsh1, 1DepartmentofAgriculture,FoodandResourceSciences,UniversityofMaryland
EasternShore,PrincessAnne,MD21853;and2USDA/ARS,Beltsville,MD20705.
Landspreadingofrawchicken(manure)litterthatpotentiallycontainsSalmonella,E.coliO157:H7,and
Listeriacouldbeconsideredafoodsafetyriskfactorforfreshproducecrops.However,chickenlitterselfheatsand
releases ammonia when storage stacked prior to application. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
survival/persistence of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella and Listeria during chicken litter composting/stacking. Piles
were established in research poultry houses at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore and sample cassettes
containing~25glitterinoculatedwithnonpathogenicstrainsofthetargetbacteriawereinsertedintopilesalong
with thermocouples. Concentrations (log10/g) of target bacteria initially were: 4.9 Salmonella, 7.18 Listeria and
7.27E.coliO157:H7.Pileswereturnedonlyonday41ofthe3monthstudy.ResultsshowthatSalmonellaandE.
coli O157:H7 populations declined rapidly to nearly undetectable concentrations during the initial weeks of the
process. Listeria persisted longer and at greater concentrations than did either Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7.
Temperatureexposurealonecouldnotaccountfortheextentofpathogenpopulationdeclineatalllocationsinthe
piles. Ammonia volatilization and microbial competition/inhibition may augment damaging effects of elevated
temperaturesonsurvivalofSalmonellaandE.coli,andtoalesserextentonListeria.
81
Molecular Analysis of Antibiotic Resistant Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella kentucky Recovered
fromWholeBroilerCarcasses.Mohamed,T.*1,S.Parveen1,D.White2,S.Zhao2andS.Freidman2, 1FoodScience
andTechnologyPh.D.Program,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore,PrincessAnne,MD21853,and 2Centerfor
VeterinaryMedicine,FoodandDrugAdministration,Laurel,MD20708.
Salmonella causes 1.4 million cases of salmonellosis and over 500 deaths annually in the United States.
Salmonellosis is mainly associated with food of animal origin. Antibiotic resistance increases the mortality rates
69
duetofoodborneillness,andhasbeenlinkedtotheoveruseormisuseofantibioticsinagricultureandinhuman
and veterinary medicines. Little information is available about the molecular analysis of antibiotic resistant
SalmonellatyphimuriumandS.kentuckyrecoveredfromwholebroilercarcasses.Thepurposeofthisstudywasto
screenclassIintegronsandblaCMYresistantgeneandtocharacterizegeneticdiversityofS.typhimuriumandS.
kentucky recovered from pre and postchill whole broiler carcasses by Pulsedfield Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE).
TwohundredeighteensulfisoxazoleandceftiofurresistantS.typhimuriumandS.kentuckyisolatesweretestedfor
classIintegronsandblaCMYgenebyPCR.PFGEwasperformedtodeterminetheDNAfingerprintingprofilesof
theisolates.NinetyfourpercentofceftiofurresistantS.kentuckyhadblaCMYgene.However,noclassIintegrons
weredetectedinsulfisoxazoleresistantisolates.Ontheotherhand,92%ofceftiofurresistantS.typhimuriumhad
blaCMYgenesand6.5%containedclassIintegronsinsulfisoxazoleresistantisolates.TwentyninePFGEpatterns
weredetectedwithXbaIamong67S.Typhimurium,and38patternsamong151S.kentuckyisolates.Theresults
suggest that classI integrons and blaCMY gene contribute to specific antimicrobial resistance among S.
typhimurium and S. kentucky recovered from whole broiler carcasses. The research also indicates that PFGE
revealsageneticallydiversepopulationwithintherecoveredisolates.
82
AComparisonofDifferentCollagenExtractionMethodsforChickenCollagen.Hettiarachchi,K.A.*andJ.G.
Schwarz,FoodScienceandTechnologyProgram,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore,PrincessAnne,MD21853.
Collagen extracted from bovine and porcine is used in various industrial products such as
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biomedical materials and in the food industry. The extraction of chicken collagen
frombyproductsofthechickenprocessingindustrycouldleadtoanalternatesourceofcollagen.Thephysicaland
chemical properties of collagen from different sources can be diverse and may require different extraction
methods to achieve good yields. In this study, five different extraction methods were used for the extraction of
collagenfromskinofbroilers,includingaceticacidextraction;citricacidextraction;alkalineextraction;onestep
acetic acid, onestep pepsin extraction; and twostep acetic acid, onestep pepsin extraction. Skin samples were
ground,washed,pretreatedtoremovenoncollageneousprotein,fatandinorganiccompoundsandthensubjected
tooneoftheextractionmethods.Collagenextractswerefilteredandsaltedout.Theprecipitateswerecollectedby
centrifugation followed by dialysis. Molecular weights were estimated using SDSPAGE. The yields from chicken
pretreatedskinwere3.0%,5.2%,2.3%,12.3%and12.0%,respectively.Onestepaceticacidandonesteppepsin
extraction method recovered the maximum collagen extracts (12.3%) from chicken skin. SDSPAGE protein
patterns of the collagen samples obtained from these different methods revealed that fractured proteins
(<100kDa) were primarily found with the alkaline extraction. Molecular weight of acetic acid, citric acid, acetic
acidpepsinextractedproteinswereover100kDa.Theresultsindicatethatchickencollagenmightbeextractedto
provideanalternatesourceofcollagenforvariousindustries.Futurestudieswillevaluateotherchickentissuesas
potentialsourcesforcollagenextraction.
83
The Impact of Wild Birds and Farm Management on Salmonella and Campylobacter in Small Ruminants.
Hagens, B.*2, N. Whitley3, S. Wildeus1, M. Wilson4, J. Luchansky5, M. Ettinger1 and S. Pao1, 1Agricultural Research
Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806; 2University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne,
MD 21853; 3North Carolina A&T University, Greensboro, NC 27420; 4Center for Conservation Biology, College of
William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187; and 5USDA/ARS/ERRC Microbial Food Safety Research Unit,
Wyndmoor,PA19038.
Wildbirdsarepotentialsourcesofentericdiseaseinfectionsinfarmanimals.Thisstudywasdesignedto
evaluate the potential pathways and control of foodborne pathogen transmission between wild birds and farm
animals.Attwofarms,atotalof14oneacrepastureswerefencedtoeachhost12sheepandgoats.Forthecontrol
group, pastures were set up with open water tubs and grain pans to feed animals and attract wild birds. In
contrast, the treatment group used nipplewaterers and custom feed pans. Fecal and water samples were taken
everytwoweeksinMayJuneandOctoberNovemberfortwoyears.Thesampleswereanalyzedforthepresence
of Salmonella and Campylobacter using selective plating, immunoassays, and/or biochemical confirmation
techniques. From small ruminants and captured wild birds, respectively, 2379 and 393 fecal samples were
70
collectedforpathogendetection.Campylobacterspp.werefoundin6.5and8.7%ofthefecalsamplesfromsmall
ruminantsandwildbirdsrespectively.C.jejuniwasisolatedfrom87and91%ofcorrespondingpositivesamples.
Salmonellaspp.wereonlyfoundin1.1%offecesfromsmallruminantsand0.3%ofwildbirds.Althoughwildbirds
weremoreattractedtothefeedingareasinpastureswithopenwatertubsandgrainpans,therewasnosignificant
difference in pathogen prevalence between control and treatment animal groups. Furthermore, pathogens were
notfoundinanywatersamples.Additionalanalysisisongoingtoevaluatethepotentiallinksbetweenpathogens
isolatedinthisstudyusingpulsedfieldgelelectrophoresis.
84
AntibioticTestingofEnterohemorrhagicEscherichiacoliIsolatedFromGroundBeefSamplesUsingSpiral
GradientEndpointMethod.Fullerton,M.S.*1,L.L.Williams2andJ.U.Johnson1,1DepartmentofFoodandAnimal
Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762 and 2North Carolina A&T State University, Center of
ExcellenceforPostHarvestTechnologies,TheNorthCarolinaResearchCampus,Kannapolis,NC278081.
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are one of the most important recently emerged groups of
foodbornepathogens.GroundbeefisoftenimplicatedinfoodborneoutbreaksofE.coliO157:H7.Antibioticusage
ispossiblythemostsignificantfactorthatpromotesemergence,selectionandpropagationofantibioticresistant
microorganisms. The objective of the study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of
enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains isolated from ground beef. A total of 39 EHEC isolates were
analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibilities to 13 antibiotics using Spiral Gradient Endpoint (SGE) method to
determine the end concentration, tail end concentration and gradient minimum inhibitory concentration at a
break point of 0.5512 g/ml. Two strains were resistant to at least four antibiotics, while 37 strains (95% of
strains) were resistant to between five and nine antibiotics. These isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole,
sulphadimidine,tylosintartrate(GMIC=256g/ml;EC=145178;TEC=512g/ml)andtetracycline(GMIC=8
g/ml; EC = 5.4 g/ml; TEC = 11.3 g/ml) while all (100%) of the isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim,
ciprofloxacin,enrofloxacin,norfloxacinandoxfloxacin(GMIC=1g/ml;EC=0.8g/ml;TEC=0.8g/ml).Overall,
the class of antibiotics with the highest number of resistance strains was the folate inhibitors, compared to the
fluoroquinoloneswhichexhibitedthehighestnumberofsusceptiblestrains.Periodicsurveillanceoftheantibiotic
susceptibilities may be an important measure in detecting emergence and spread of resistance. Antibiotic
susceptibilitytestingmaybeausefultoolforepidemiologicaltypingstrainsoffoodbornepathogens.
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OxidativeStabilityofGelatinCoatedPorkatRefrigeratedStorage.Jonnalagadda,S.C.*,J.L.HerringandV.C.
Narayanan,DepartmentofFoodandAnimalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Oxidationisamajorconcerninthemeatindustryasitdeterioratesqualityparameterssuchasodor,color
and texture. As the appearance and odor of meat are major concerns of consumers, refrigerated meats have an
increasedpossibilityofrejectionduetotheirperishablenature.Atreatmentwasdesignedtoinhibittheoxidation
processofmeat.Thetreatmentencompassescoatingporkloinsampleswithaqueousporcinegelatin(175bloom)
solutions at three concentrations (0%, 10% and 20%) and analyzing the effect on lipid oxidation, protein
oxidation,oxidationprecursors,colorandpurgeofmeat.VacuumpackedLongissimusdorsimuscleobtainedfrom
alocalmarketwascutinto10X5X1cmsamplesandrandomlydippedinoneofthreesolutions.Approximately12
gofgelatinadheredonthesurfaceofsamplesafterdipping.Thecolorandweightofeachsamplewasrecorded
before and after treatment. Samples were stored at 4C and all measurements (thiobarbituric acid reactive
substances(TBARS),metmyoglobincontent,proteincarbonylsandhemeironcontents)wererecordedon3,5and
7 days. Statistical analyses were performed to compare treatments and storage days on corresponding
parameters.Gelatintreatments(10%and20%)didnotsignificantlypreventpurgepriortoday7ofstorage.There
was a significant difference (p<0.05) for TBARS values, metmyoglobin content, protein carbonyls, heme iron
content, and total color change between treatments on days 3, 5 and 7. There was no significant difference
(p>0.05)between10%and20%gelatincoatingonanyoftheparametersbetweenstoragedays.
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71
Influence of Feed Deprivation Time on Physiological Responses and Microbial Loads in Meat Goats.
Vanguru, M.*, G. Kannan, J. H. Lee, T. H. Terrill and B. Kouakou, Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State
University,FortValley,GA31030.
Thirtytwo Boer Spanish goats (BW = 18.8 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four feed deprivation
times(FDT;0,9,18,or27h)beforeslaughter.Bloodsampleswerecollectedtoanalyzeformetabolitespriorto
slaughter. Immediately after slaughter and evisceration, the pH values of rumen liquor and cecal digesta were
determined. Rumen and rectal digesta were collected and transported to the laboratory for culture and
determinationofmicrobialload.InitialpHofLongissimusmuscle(LM)wasdeterminedat15minpostmortemon
eachcarcass.Swabsampleswerecollectedfromskinandcarcassofeachanimaltoassessthebacterialload.The
FDTdidnotinfluenceglucose,plasmaureanitrogen,nonesterifiedfattyacid,andcreatinekinaseactivities.The
27h FDT group had higher (P < 0.05) rumen pH than 0 h or 9 h FDT groups. However, the microbial counts of
rumenandfecalcontentswerenotinfluencedbyFDT.TheFDThadnoeffectontheinitial(pH6.87)ofLM.Both
skin and carcass microbial counts were not affected by FDT. The E. coli, total coliform counts, and aerobic plate
countsonskinwere1.13,1.49,and3.78log10CFU/cm2,respectively,andthoseoncarcasseswere1.51,1.65,and
3.11 log10CFU/cm2, respectively. The results indicate that preslaughter FDT alone up to 27 h may not
significantlyaffectbloodmetabolitesandskinandcarcassmicrobialloadsongoats.
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CharacterizationandAntimicrobialActivityofSweetpotatoStarchBasedEdibleFilmContainingOriganum
(Thymus capitatus) Oil. Ehivet, F. E.*, B. J. Min and JH. Oh, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences,
TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
Theobjectivesofthisstudyweretocharacterizeandinvestigatetheantimicrobialactivityofsweetpotato
starchbasedediblefilmcontainingoriganum(Thymuscapitatus)oil(OG),anessentialplantoil,againstpathogenic
bacteria. Sweetpotato starch was extracted following the standard method for starch extraction from locally
available sweetpotato roots. A sweetpotato starchbased film was fabricated using a casting method on a Teflon
taped plate (25 x 25 cm). The films fabricated with selected concentrations of starch (1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, and
5.0%) and plasticizers (glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose, propylene glycol; 20, 30, 40, and 50%) were evaluated to
characterize the mechanical and barrier properties. Sweetpotato starchbased films containing OG (0.5, 1.0, 1.5,
and 2.0%) were also fabricated to determine the antimicrobial activities against E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella
enteriditis, and Listeria monocytogenes using the standard agar diffusion assay. The film containing 2.5%
sweetpotato starch exhibited the greatest tensile strength among the tested films (P < 0.05). Sorbitol at the
concentrationof40%wasdeterminedastheoptimumplasticizerbasedonthemechanicalpropertiesandwater
vapor permeability. The antimicrobial activity of the film containing OG, determined by square of zone width,
increased as the concentration of OG increased. The sweetpotato starchbased films containing OG exhibited
greaterinhibitoryeffectsagainstS.enteriditisandE.coliO157:H7thanL.monocytogenes(P<0.05).Thisresearch
suggeststhatsweetpotatostarchbasedediblefilmcontainingOGcanbeutilizedtoenhancethesafetyoffoodby
inhibitingfoodbornepathogenicbacteria.
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Effects of Selected Drying Methods on Phytochemicals Present in Basil (Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum
tenuiflorum).Gajula,M.*,M.Verghese,S.R.Mentreddy,L.T.Walker,L.Shackelford,J.BoatengandCedricSims,
NutritionalBiochemistryandCarcinogenesisLaboratory,DepartmentofFoodandAnimalSciences,AlabamaA&M
Basilisapopulararomaticherbgrowinginmanyregionsoftheworld.Dryingisbyfarthemostwidely
used treatment for preservation of Basil, and must be performed carefully so as to ensure preservation of the
essential constituents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of selected drying methods
(microwave drying (MW), freeze drying (FD) and oven drying (OD)) on total phenolics, flavonoids and
anthocyaninsofthreevarietiesofOcimumtenuiflorum(HolyBasil)(Denmark(HBD),Cuba(HBC),India(HBI))and
one variety of Ocimum basilicum (Culinary Basil) (CB) and antioxidant activity as measured by DPPH (2, 2
diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl)andFRAP(Ferricreducingantioxidantpotential).Totalphenolicsrangedfromalowof
31.37 mg GAE/g in OD HBD to a high of 605.9 mg GAE/g in fresh HBD. Total phenolics, flavonoids and
72
anthocyanins were significantly (p<0.05) higher in fresh Basil varieties compared to the dried Basil. Among the
three drying methods, MW and FD of Basil resulted in lower losses of the phytochemicals compared to the OD
Basil.FRAP(molFE/ml)activitywassignificantlyhigher(p<0.05)inFDCB (695)andMWHBC(711)andHBI
(710)comparedtothefreshCB(544),HBC(408)andHBI(383).Theresultsofthisstudysuggestapossibleuseof
microwavetodryBasilleaves,asanalternativeapproachtoreducelossesinphytochemicalsduetoODwhichis
themethodcurrentlyusedbytheFoodindustry.AntioxidantpotentialofBasilmayhavesignificantimplications
forfoodindustry.
89
EfficientInVitroShootRegenerationMethodinEdibleYam(Dioscoreaspp.).Ogunkunle,F.N.*,K.Konanand
H.W.Dodo,DepartmentofFoodandAnimalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,Al35762.
Application of modern biotechnology to food production presents new opportunities for genetic
improvementofaneglectedcropsuchasedibleyam(Dioscorea).Theyamplantishighlyvaluedforitstuberand
remains a staple food for millions of people globally. Uptodate yam improvement is through conventional
breeding, which is difficult because of biological constraints. Genetic modification via tissue culture and plant
transformationcanovercometheseconstraintsandproduceimprovedyamcultivarstomeetpresentandfuture
needs. The development of a reliable yam regeneration protocol is a prerequisite for this end. In this study we
developed for the first time, a simple, efficient and reproducible, genotypeindependent regeneration system in
yam using petiole explants. Modified MS medium supplemented with cytokinins at various concentrations was
usedtoinduceadventitiousshoots.Shootprimordiawereobservedwithin7days.Whenpolyaminewasaddedto
the medium, it enhanced plant growth and development. The shoots were rooted in phytohormonefree MS
mediumandacclimatizedinthegreenhouse.Thisregenerationsystemisshort(withinonemonth)andefficient
(over40%regeneration),andcouldbesuitedforgenetictransformationsofyam.
90
ViabilityofProbioticCultureinCarrotJuiceDuringRefrigeratedStorage.Abdulsalam,N.M.*,D.Song,C.W.
Seo, P. A. Lynch and S. A. Ibrahim, Food Safety and Microbiology Laboratory, North Carolina Agricultural and
TechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
Probioticculturesareincreasinglyusedasdietarysupplementsbecausetheybeneficiallyaffectthehosts
intestinal tract. Due to a variety of reasons, most probiotic cultures are available through dairy products. Non
dairy products which can provide a viable environment for these cultures may have higher consumer appeal.
Carrotjuice,whichisslightlyacidicandrichinantioxidants,couldbeasuitablealternative.Theobjectivesofthis
study were to determine the viability of probiotic cultures in carrot juice during refrigerated storage and to
determinetheeffectivenessofascorbicacid(vitaminC)onenhancingtheviabilityoftheseculturesincarrotjuice
underthesamecondition.ThreestrainsofLactobacillusreuteri,twostrainsofLactobacillusrhamnosus(LGG),and
two strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus were used in this study. Cultures of each strain were individually
inoculatedinfreshcarrotjuice(200ml)toachieveafinalbacteriallevelofapproximately7.0logCFU/ml.During
storage, (4oC/ 6 weeks), samples were withdrawn twice a week and analyzed to determine the viability of the
probiotic bacterial cells. Results indicated that strains retained high bacterial counts during the refrigerated
storage.Attheendoftheincubationperiod,slight(P>0.05)declinesinthebacterialpopulationwereobserved.
Our result demonstrates that probiotic cultures can be maintained in carrot juice during refrigerated storage.
Additionofascorbicacidtocarrotjuiceduringrefrigeratedstorageenhancedtheviabilityofthesecultures.Asa
result,carrotjuicecouldbeusedasanalternativesourcetodeliverprobiotics.
91
Total Phenolics and Other Quality Characteristics of Three Sweetpotato Beverages. Moultrie, S.*, P. N.
Gichuhi, E. Bromfield and A. C. BovellBenjamin, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Tuskegee
73
Polyphenols,whicharepresentinorangefleshedsweetpotatoes,havebeenreportedtohaveantioxidant
properties that play a role in cancer and cardiovascular disease prevention. A novel sweetpotato beverage was
developed to utilize this highly nutritious raw material, and to compete with other fruit/vegetablebased
beverages. The objectives of this study were to compare the total phenolic, titratable acidity, pH, peroxidase
activity,Brixandashcontentofthreesweetpotatobeverages.Threebeveragescontaining25(LSP),35(MSP)and
45% (HSP) sweetpotato were analyzed for total phenolic using FolinCiocalteu assay. Titratable acidity, pH,
peroxidaseactivity,Brixandashcontentwerealsodetermined.TheLSP,MSPandHSPhadphenoliccontentof
181.3 5.7, 178.8 55.9, and 223.3 38.2 mg/L gallic acid equivalents (GAE), respectively, which were not
significantlydifferent.TheHSP(0.20%citricacidequivalents)hadthehighest(P<0.05)titratableacidity.TheHSP
(4.3 0.010) had significantly the highest (P<0.05) pH value than the LSP (4.1 0.07) and MSP (4.2 0.03).
PeroxidaseenzymeactivityratesforLSP,MSPandHSPwere0.010/min,0.001/minand0.004/min,respectively.
TheHSP(14.4Brix)hadsignificantlyhighersolublesugarscontentthantheLSP(12.40.06)andMSP(13.8
0.06).TheHSP(0.30.02)hadsignificantlyhigherashcontentthantheLSP(0.20.02)andMSP(0.20.002%).
The high sweetpotato beverage (HSP) had significantly higher values in pH, titratable acidity, Brix and ash
content.
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RheologicalandThermalPropertiesofanIsomerizedFructoseSweetpotatoStarchSyrup.Brunson,D.S.*1,
A. C. BovellBenjamin1 and V. K. Rangari2, 1Department of Food and Nutritional Science, and 2Department of
MaterialScience,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
Isomerizedfructosesweetpotatostarchsyrup(SPSS),anovelvalueaddedproductdevelopedbytheFood
Processing and Product Development Team of Tuskegee University, was evaluated. The overall objective of this
studywastoevaluatetherheologicalandthermalpropertiesofaSPSS.Specifically,weevaluatedtheviscosityand
molecular weight (mw) of a SPSS, ginger and pancake syrups over a 10 day storage period; and determined
whether SPSS acts as a Newtonian or NonNewtonian fluid. Viscosities of the samples were evaluated using TA
Instruments AR2000 rheometer at a constant temperature of 22 2 C and an increasing shear rate of 52 to
13,610/s. Thermal properties were evaluated using Mettler DSC 822e at a heating rate of 5C/min with
temperatures ranging from 30C to 250C. Over the storage period, viscosity of the SPSS, pancake and ginger
syrups increased from 0.02 0.01, 0.01 0.00 and 0.07 0.00 to 0.04 0.01, 0.02 0.001 and 0.08 0.01,
respectively. Increase in the viscosity of SPSS indicated that it is a NonNewtonian fluid where viscosity is
dependentontheshearrate.Overthe10daystoragemwoftheSPSSandpancakesyrupsdecreasedfrom0.52
1.4and3.4013.07to1.272.2and1.712.91,respectively.Mwofthegingersyrupincreasedfrom2.61
3.66 to 1.68 1.64. Present data indicate that the SPSS has qualities which make it comparable to commercial
sweeteners.
93
SeasonalityofProteinsintheSeavegetableFucusvesiculosusfromtheDelmarvaPeninsula.Madden,M.L.*1,
M. Mitra1 and J. G. Schwarz2, 1Department of Natural Sciences, and 2Food Science and Technology Program,
Seavegetables(edibleseaweedsinmarineandestuarineregions)arealowcaloriefoodrichinproteins,
vitamins, minerals, and complex carbohydrates. Although seavegetables are increasingly used for nutraceutical
applications in many countries, little information is available about their nutritional profiles from the eastern
coastal areas of the United States. In this study, proteins from the perennial seavegetable Fucus vesiculosus
(Phaeophyceae)collectedfromtwositesoftheDelmarvaPeninsula(ChincoteagueBay,Virginia,andIndianRiver
Inlet,Delaware)wereanalyzedtodetecttrendsinspatialandtemporalvariationsofproteincomposition.Samples
ofFucusfromthreemicrosites(1gallonbag/microsite)ateachlocalitywerecollectedseasonallyandanalyzedfor
proteincontent.Waterqualitydatasuchastemperature,salinity,andpHweremeasuredoneachsampledatewith
amultiparameterYSIunit.Watertemperaturevariedfromminimumsof3.2C(VA)and1.06C(DE)inspringto
maximumsof25C(VA)insummerand23.7C(DE)infall2007.Salinityvariedfrom13ppt(DE,spring)to38.3
(VA, fall), and the pH ranged from 78. Seasonal and site variations were observed over the sampling period.
ProteinsinFucusdecreasedfromspringtofallinDelaware(16.213.4%)andslightlyincreasedasreportedfrom
Virginia(1112%).Overall,proteinswerehigherattheDelawaresite.Thedataindicatethatseasonalvariationsin
74
proteins do exist within and between sites. Such a variation could be a function of changing environmental
variables,especiallywatertemperaturewhichhasaninverserelationtoproteincontentinsomeseavegetables.
AbstractsofUndergraduateStudent
Papers
ARD 2009
1890Research:
Century
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94
AgriculturalUseofSewageSludgeandPotentialBioaccumulationofHeavyMetalsinEdiblePlants.Embry,
M. J.*1, L. Lobel1, G. F. Antonious1 and T. S. Kochhar2, 1Department of Plant and Soil Science, Atwood Research
Center, Land Grant Program and 2Department of Biology, Carver Hall, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY
40601.
The increased availability of sewage sludge in the USA has led many municipalities to consider its
applicationtoagriculturallandfornutrientrecycling.Recyclingsludgewouldreducetheneedforlandfilldisposal
andtheimpactofdisposalonenvironmentalquality.However,heavymetalsinsludgemayaccumulateinedible
plantsandexposeconsumerstoexcessivelevelsofpotentiallyhazardouschemicals.Duringasubsequent5year
fieldstudy,18plotswereplantedwithpotato(year1),sweetpepper(year2),broccoli(year3),squash(year4),
and eggplant (year 5). The objectives of this investigation were to determine the concentration of seven heavy
metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Mo) in sewage sludge and monitor their bioaccumulation in plants. Results
indicated that sewage sludge improved soil nutrient balance. Quantitative analyses of extractable metals using
inductively coupled plasma (ICP) showed that concentrations of Cd in potato tubers, pepper fruits, and broccoli
heads were 0.50, 0.49, and 0.04 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Mo were
significantlygreaterinpotatotubersandpeppersgrowninsludgecomparedtotheirrespectivecontrols.Zincand
Mo in broccoli heads grown in sludge were higher than their control plants. Lead is defined by USEPA as
potentially toxic to most forms of life. The maximum Pb levels were exceeded regardless of soil composition in
potatoes,butnotinpeppersorothervegetablesanalyzed.TheabilityofpotatotoaccumulatePbneedsadditional
investigationtooptimizetheremediationofthispollutantelement.
UndergraduateRenewableResourcesandEnvironmentalStewardship
95
MitigationofPesticideResiduesinSoilandRunoffWaterfromAgriculturalField.Hayden,R.S.*,E.T.Turley
andG.F.Antonious,DepartmentofPlantandSoilScience,AtwoodResearchCenter,LandGrantProgram,Kentucky
StateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
Environmental pollution by pesticides is a national issue. A pesticide movement is assumed to have
occurredifthepesticideisleachedbelowtheplantrootzone,orexitedthefieldboundaryintosurfacewaters.The
objectives of this investigation were to study the impact of mixing native soil with sewage sludge or yard waste
compost (having significant amounts of organic matter) on the concentrations of trifluralin, napropamide, and
dimethoateinsoilandmonitortheirmobilityfromsoilintorunoffwater.Afieldstudywasconductedona10%
landslopeatKSUResearchFarm.Eighteenplotsof22x3.7meachwereseparatedusingmetalborders.Thesoilin
sixplotswasmixedwithsewagesludge,sixplotsweremixedwithyardwastecompost,andsixunamendedplots
(NM)wereusedforcomparisonpurposes.Duringasubsequent3yearstudy,plotswereplantedwithpotato(year
1), pepper (year 2), and broccoli (year 3). Two herbicides, trifluralin and napropamide, were applied. Broccoli
foliagewassprayedwiththeinsecticidedimethoate.Runoffandinfiltrationwaterwerecollectedfollowingnatural
rainfalls and pesticide residues werequantified.Our resultsindicatedthatyardwastecompostamendmentwas
associatedwithincreasedwaterinfiltrationandnapropamideresidueinthevadosezone.Napropamideresidues
in the vadose zone were 0.3 mg/acre in the NM treatment compared to 1.4 mg/acre in yard waste compost
treatment. Addition of sewage sludge increased soil retention of trifluralin and napropamide, lowering their
concentrationinrunoff,andreducingtheirtransportintostreamsandrivers.
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Residual Lead, Micronutrients and Properties of a Soil Grown to Three Missouri Native Plant Species.
Gannaway, M.*, N. V. Nkongolo and K. Schmidt, Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Lincoln
UniversityofMissouri,JeffersonCity,MO65101.
This study was conducted to determine plant growth, soil properties, residual lead and other
micronutrients contents of a soil spitted to lead acetate and planted to three Missouri native plants: Horsetail
Scouring Rush (Equisetum spp.), Wild Hydrangea (Hydreangea arborescus) and Red Berrier Elder (Sambucus
racemosa). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Lincoln University. Soil was collected in a field
growntosoybeanandtransferredinto2Lpots.Leadacetatewasspittedtoeachsoilattherateof0,200and400
ppm.Theexperimentaldesignwasarandomizedcompleteblockwith3plantspeciesand3leadlevels,replicated
threetimes.Afterfourmonthsofcontainergrowth,plantswereharvested,dried(PDW),weighedandanalyzedfor
leadandothermetals.Soilwasalsoanalyzedforsoilwater(H2O),organicmatter(OM),lead(Pb)andoverthirty
micronutrientscontent.ResultsshowedthatapplicationofPbandplantspeciessignificantlyaffectedPDW,H2O,
OM,Al,Cd,K,Mg,NaandZncontentsofthesoil.PDWwasalsocorrelatedwithH2O,OM,pH,Mn,ZnandNawith
correlationcoefficientsrangingbetween0.40to0.80.Thehighestamountofresidualleadwasfoundincontainers
receiving200ppmofleadacetate.Inaddition,thehighestPDWwasfoundinpotsreceivingthehighestrate(400
ppm) of lead acetate. Both Wild Hydrangea and Red Berrier Elder offer promise as potential phytoremediation
plants.
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LeadUptakebySilkyDogwood(Cornusamomum)andWildHydrangea(Hydrangeaarborescens)Grownin
Containers. Forde, A.*, N. V. Nkongolo and K. Schmidt, Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences,
LincolnUniversityofMissouri,JeffersonCity,MO65101.
Theuseofvegetationtocleanupmetalcontaminatedsoilsisaviableandcosteffectivealternative,butits
feasibilitydependslargelyontheidentificationandselectionofplantspeciesabletoaccumulatethesemetals.The
objective of this study was to compare the ability of Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum) and Wild Hydrangea
(Hydrangea arborescens) to tolerate toxic levels of lead (Pb) and accumulate Pb in shoots and leaves. The
experimentwasconductedinagreenhouseatLincolnUniversityDickinsonResearchCenter.Soilwascollectedin
afieldpreviouslygrowntosoybeanandtransferredinto2Lcontainers.Leadacetatewasspittedtoeachsoilatthe
rateof0,200and400ppm.Theexperimentaldesignwasarandomizedcompleteblockwith2plantspeciesand3
leadlevels,replicatedthreetimes.Afterfourmonthsofcontainergrowth,plantswereharvested,dried,weighed
and analyzed for lead and other metals. Results showed that application of Pb significantly affected plant dry
weight (p=0.0001) and Pb content (p=0.0001) in both plant species. Plant dry weight of Wild Hydrangea
(p=0.0001)increasedwithincreasingleadlevelwhileitdecreasedforSilkyDogwood.Finally,plantdryweightof
WildHydrangeawasalsocorrelatedeitherpositivelyornegativelywithmicronutrientsanalyzedfromplantparts
withcorrelationcoefficientsrangingfrom0.60to0.80.However,plantdryweightofSilkyDogwoodwaslinearly
correlated only with two micronutrients (Cd and Cu). Wild Hydrangea offered a promise as a potential
phytoremediationplant,butmoreevaluationneedstobeconducted.
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DNA as a Signaling for Detecting Chemical Contamination. Glass, A.* and R. Cuero, Cooperative Agricultural
ResearchCenter,PrairieViewA&MUniversity,PrairieView,TX77446.
The most prominent problem in chemical contamination detection is the subsequent signaling at low
levels that in turn build over time. Most existing technologies for detecting chemical contamination at such low
levelsarenotefficient.Therefore,thereisaneedforamoresensitivemethodfordetectinglowlevelsofchemical
contamination.Thepresentresearchistakingadvantageoftheadvancementinmoleculargenetics.Thedenoted
research details how the DNA component was assembled using gene structure, including promoters, reporters,
and ribosomal proteins, as a plasmid sequence using iron proteins. Iron (Fe), the most common metal found on
earth, was used to be detected at different levels. Microbial cells were transformed by assembling different
plasmids,aftermoleculardigestionandligationoftheselectedgenesequences,boundtotransportandexpression
vectors. Bacterial transformed cells were grown in LB media containing different concentrations of iron and
oxygenlevels.ThedesignedDNAsignalingwassuccessfullyconstructed,anditwasabletodetectlowerlevelsof
iron(lessthan0.2partsperbillion).ThelevelofdetectionwascorrelatedtoDNAexpression.
77

99
Development of Techniques and Conditions for LargeScale Production of Microalgal Biomass.
Dudenhoeffer, N.*, K. Lee and P. Nam1, Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Cooperative Research Programs, Lincoln
University, Jefferson City, MO 65101, and 1Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and
Technology,Rolla,MO65409.
Microalgaeareevaluatedasarenewableresourceofbiomassfortheproductionofbiodieselandethanol
fuels as well as other biomaterials. One locally isolated algal strain was chosen for the study of optimum
cultivationconditionsthatwillallowthemaximumproductionofbiomassinalargescale.Conditionstestedwere
the amount and frequency of the growing media, and carbon dioxide added to the algae culture. The growth of
microscopic algae in the culture was indirectly monitored by measuring the optical density with a
spectrophotometer.Differenttypesofmediathathadbeendevelopedinthelabwerealsoevaluatedfortheireffect
on the rate of growth. We have examined the strategy for algae harvesting by continuously removing 20, 50 or
90%batchoftheculturevolumewhenalgaereachthemaximumgrowth.Thelongtermcultivationandharvesting
oftheparticularalgalstrainyieldedthemostbiomasswhenthe90%batchharvestingstrategywasemployed.
100
Cultivation of Selected Microalgal Species for the Purpose of Producing Bioenergy and Biomaterials.
Bamber, A.* 1, M. Eisterhold1, F. Rindi1, K. Lee1, P. Nam2 and B. Dien3, 1Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Lincoln
University, Jefferson City, MO 65101; 2Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology,
Rolla,MO65409;and3NationalCenterforAgriculturalUtilizationResearch,USDAARS,Peoria,IL61604.
The overall efforts of our algae research are focused on the economical production of bioenergy in the
forms of biodiesel and bioethanol from lipid and carbohydrate constituents of microalgae, respectively. The
remainingbyproductfromthisprocesswillbetestedlaterforuseasanimalfeeds,specialtychemicalsource,etc.
Wehaveisolatedlocal(Missouri)andnonlocalmicroalgalspeciesthatarefrombothfreshandsaltwaterorigins.
DifferenttypesofgrowingmediasuchasF/2,vonStosch,Jaworski,andBoldsBasalmediaalongwithtwoofour
own mixtures were evaluated for the maximum yield of algae products. Lipid contents of isolates from different
growing conditions were compared by using Nilered dye and extraction methods. Carbohydrate profiles of
selectedstrainswerealsoexaminedforthepotentialproductionofethanol.
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IdentificationofmRNAsEncodingCellulosicBiomassRelatedEnzymesinPeanut.Brown,T.K.*,S.M.South
andG.O.Osuji,CooperativeAgriculturalResearchCenter,PrairieViewA&MUniversity,PrairieView,TX77446.
The aim of this project was to develop genetic metabolic resources for the upregulation of high quality
cellulosic biomass accumulation in peanut. Genetic metabolic nucleic acid probes are more efficient than
conventional genetic chemical probes in binding to target mRNAs. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) synthesizes
geneticmetabolicRNAthatregulatesmRNAabundance.Glucosyltransferaseandphosphate(Pi)translocatorare
key enzymes in glucan biosynthesis. Equal concentrations of total RNA from environmentwide treated peanuts
were subjected to northern analysis using those GDHsynthesized RNAs that were homologous to the mRNAs
encoding glucosyltransferase and Pi translocator as probes. Those environmentwide factors (CTP, 4NTPs) that
upregulated the mRNA encoding Pi translocator by about 8fold, downregulated the mRNA encoding
glucosyltransferase by at least 5fold. Conversely, those factors (3NTPs, GTP) that upregulated the mRNA
encoding glucosyltransferase by about 7fold, downregulated the mRNA encoding Pi translocator by at least 5
fold. The level of the mRNA encoding glucosyltransferase was directly related to the accumulated cellulosic
biomass. But a threshold level of the mRNA encoding the Pi translocator was necessary in order for cellulosic
biomass to begin to accumulate. The reciprocal relationships between the mRNAs encoding Pi translocator and
glucosyltransferase,inthelightoftheisomericsequencesimilaritiesamongtheGDHsynthesizedRNAs,suggested
thatthemRNAswereregulatedbytheGDHsynthesizedRNAs.Theseresultscouldbeusefulintheenvironmental
upregulationoftheyieldofhighqualitycellulosesuitableforfuelethanolproduction.
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102
Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Goat Kids Fed Diets Containing Sericea Lespedeza.
Drake, C.*, S. Solaiman, J. Thomas, N. Gurung and Y. Dupre, Department of Agricultural and Environmental
Sciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
TwentyfourKikoxBoerintactkids(BW=27.9+2.2kg)wererandomlyassignedtoexperimentalgroups
(n=6)andfeddietscontainingSericealespedeza(SL).Animalswereoffered30%bermudagrasshayand0,10,20,
and30%SLreplacingalfalfa(ALF),inrationA(control),B,C,andD,respectively,ina60:40,forage:concentrate
diet.Bodyweights,feedsoffered,refusals,feedcompositesamples,fecal,andbloodsampleswerecollected.After
12wk, goats were harvested and carcass measurements were recorded. There was no difference in initial BW;
however,ADGwashigher(quadratic,P=0.01)forgoatsconsumingeither30%ALFor30%SLdiets.Feedintake
increased(linear,P=0.03)asSLincreasedinthediets;however,G:F(quadratic,P=0.002)waslower,scrotal
circumference tended to decrease (quadratic, P = 0.07) and height decreased (quadratic, P = 0.01) for goats
consuming diets B and C. White blood cells decreased (linear, P = 0.05), lymphocytes % increased (linear, P =
0.05),andserumamylasedecreased(linear,P=0.01)asthelevelofSLincreasedinthediets.ReplacingSLforALF
didnotaffectcarcasscharacteristicsexceptadjustedfatthatdecreased(linear,P=0.02)withincreasedSLinthe
diet.TherewasnoeffectofaddedSLonfecaleggcountinthisstudy.ReplacingSLwithALFupto30%inthediet
adverselyaffectedthegrowthperformanceandgainefficiencyingrowinggoats.
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FlankScaleMorphologyandPotentialRoleinFertilizationofSunfishes.Hollingsworth,B.D.*andJ.E.Wetzel,
DepartmentofAgricultureandEnvironmentalScience,LincolnUniversityofMissouri,JeffersonCity,MO65101.
Sunfish Lepomis spp. [Centrarchidae] are colorful freshwater fish that vary in terms of coloration and
behavior. We have observed some sunfishes can also be discerned based on texture of flank scales. Some fish
speciesincludingsunfish,colorationandbehaviorareimportantforspeciesandsexrecognition.Scaletexturemay
play a similar role, especially in context of the sunfishs mating behavior. Gamete extrusion occurs during the
intermittentphysicalcontactbetweenthefemalesventralareaandthemalesflank.Thetextureoftheflankscales
may serve some purpose associated with the act of mating. Egg fertilization is assumed to occur in the nest
althoughwehavenotbeenabletovisuallydetectsperm/semenextrudedbythemale.Ourobservationssuggest
most, if not all, extruded eggs come into direct contact with the males flank before settling into the nest. We
suspectspermmaybeonthemalesflank.Herein,weshallreportfindingsconcerningmorphologyofflankscales
andattemptstodetectspermonthesamelocationofmaleandfemalesunfishes.Scalesweretakenfromwildmale
andfemalenorthernbluegillLepomismacrochirusmacrochirus(Rafinesque1819),centrallongearsunfishLepomis
megalotis megalotis (Rafinesque 1820) and green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus (Rafinesque 1819), representing
sympatricpopulations(LooseCreek,OsageCo.,Missouri).Mucuswascollectedfromtheflanksofnorthernbluegill
representinganindoorbreedingcolony.Bothsexesweresampledinbreedingandnonbreedingphases.
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Lady Beetle and Green Lacewing Populations in Organic, Conventional and Genetically Engineered (Bt)
SweetCorn.Brent,L.S.*,K.L.FrileyandJ.D.Sedlacek,CommunityResearchService,KentuckyStateUniversity,
Frankfort,KY40601.
Ladybeetles(Coleoptera:Coccinelidae)andgreenlacewings(Neuroptera:Chrysopidae)arepredatorsof
smallandsoftbodiedinsectpestsinsweetcornincludingeggsandsmalllarvaeofcornearworm,Helicoverpazea
(Boddie);Europeancornborer,Ostrinianubilalis(Hbner);southwesterncornborer,DiatreaegrandiosellaDyar;
and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Sweet corn was grown using organic, conventional, and
geneticallyengineeredproductionpractices.Concernsregardingnegativeimpactsonbiodiversityandnontarget
beneficial insects in genetically engineered crops and those which have been treated with broad spectrum
insecticides have been voiced. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine lady beetle species
composition and abundance of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) in the three cropping methods of
sweet corn. Yellow sticky traps 232 cm2 in area were used to capture flying insects at tassel and silk heights
during anthesis in 2006 and 2007. Sticky traps were changed weekly for 3 weeks. Seven species of lady beetles
were caught in this study. Pink lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer, was the most abundant lady beetle
caught.Asianmulticoloredladybeetle,Harmoniaaxyridis(Pallas),alongwiththeotherspeciesofladybeetlesand
greenlacewingswerenotabundant.SignificantlymorepinkladybeetlesandAsianladybeetleswerecaughtinthe
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organicthanBtandconventionalplotsafterspraytreatments.Warriorinsecticidewasverytoxictoladybeetles
whereas Entrust, an organic insecticide, was not. Results will be discussed in the context of these cropping
methodsandtreatments.
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IsProximitytoOilRefineryaBigFactorinExplainingDifferencesinGasPrices?White,F.*andJ.O.Bukenya,
DepartmentofAgribusiness,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
According to the Energy Information Administration, average retail gasoline prices tend to typically be
higherincertainstatesthaninothers.Asidefromtaxes,thefactorsshowntocontributetoregionalandevenlocal
differencesingasolinepricesincludeproximityofsupply,supplydisruptions,competitioninthelocalmarketand
environmental programs. Of interest in this paper is proximity of supply. It has been hypothesized that areas
farthest from the Gulf Coast (the source of nearly half of the gasoline produced in the United States and, thus, a
majorsuppliertotherestofthecountry),tendtohavehigherprices.Totestthishypothesis,thepaperassembles
state level monthly retail gasoline data for the period 1980 to 2007 for five states with oil refineries (Alabama,
Georgia,Texas,Mississippi,andLouisiana)andfivestateswithoutrefineries(Arkansas,Tennessee,NorthCarolina,
South Carolina, and Florida). The analysis employs dynamic correlation, regression, cointegration and vector
autoregressivemethods.Overall,theresultsshowthatretailgaspricesinstateswithrefineriesandthosewithout
refineriestendtomoveinthesamedirectionovertime.Thesmalldifferencesobservedovertimemaysuggestthat
priceshockstakeashorttimetobefeltnationwide.
106
AreGreenSpacesOptimallyDistributedforSustainableNeighborhoods?Cummings,G.*,A.B.Lorenzo,L.Yu
andA.Thompson,LandscapeDesignandManagementProgram,CollegeofEngineeringSciences,Technology,and
As a result of urbanization, the U.S. population has become increasingly concentrated in urban areas. A
directeffectofrapidurbanizationhasbeenthetransformationofthespatialpatternoflanduse,includinggreen
spaces.Greenspacesareoutdoorspacesgenerallywithsignificantamountsofvegetation,andlargelyseminatural
areas.Greenspacesareconsideredasthelastremnantsofnatureinurbanareasandtypicallyperformfunctions
critical to sustainable landscapes. Local governments plan to optimize green spaces to integrate with smart
growth development requires an understanding of the relationship between land use change and green space
change. Quantification of green space patterns is a prerequisite to understanding green space changes, and is
essential for monitoring and assessing green space functions in sustainable landscapes. This study deals with
quantifying and capturing changes in green space patterns, through case studies of select subdivisions in
TallahasseeLeonCounty,Florida.SupportedbyGIS,greenspacesineachofthesubdivisionswerequantifiedusing
FRAGSTATS.Inaddition,demographicdatafromthe2000U.S.Censuswerecompiledforfurtherprocessingwith
theGIS.Resultsdemonstratethatthesignificantlyalteredgreenspacepatterncouldbequantifiedusinglandscape
metricsineachsubdivision.Theresultsalsoappeartoindicatepotentiallinksofpatternsandprocesses,andcan
serve as an important basis for subsequent analysis of ecological and socioeconomic functions of green spaces,
hence,sustainablelandscapes.
107
Influence of Designed Landscapes on Crime. Thompson, A. J.*, A. B. Lorenzo and G. Cummings, Landscape
Design and Management Program, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology, and Agriculture, Florida A&M
University,Tallahassee,FL32307.
Nationally,crimerateshavedroppedsince1990,butthenumberofcrimesremainshigh.Thismightbe
attributedtothethousandsofdollarsspenteachyearforresearchoncrimepreventionandcriminalmotivation.
Thedeclinecanalsobetheresultofincreasedandimprovedneighborhoodcrimewatchprogramsandvigilantism.
Inaddition,landscapingandgreen/openareaswithinurbanenvironmentshavebeenshowntoalleviatesomeof
the problems linked with crime, including promoting social communication and stronger ties among neighbors,
greatersenseofsafetyandadjustment,andrecoveryfromurbanassociatedmentalfatigue.Whilevegetationhas
been cleared from crimeridden areas because of the potential for these areas to become refuges for criminals,
researchhassuggestedthattheoppositemaybetrue:vegetationmayleadtosaferenvironments.Therelationship
80
between the amount of vegetation and the level of property crime within the City of Tallahassee was evaluated.
Results indicated a statistically significant negative relationship between the incidence of property crime
committed in the city and the amount of vegetation as measured using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
(NDVI)withintheareainwhichthosecrimesoccurred.AreaswithlessthantheaveragemeanNDVIlevelhadan
increased frequency of crime. Results indicated statistically significant relationships between the amount of
vegetationandtraditionalsocialeconomicvariables(i.e.,incomelevel,unemployment,housingdensity),andlevel
ofpropertycrimescommitted.Resultsalsoindicatedthattheamountofvegetationcouldpredictthelikelihoodof
ahouseholdbecomingavictimofpropertycrime.
108
Hazardous Emissions by Some Types of Candles. Hamidi, A.* and R. Massoudi, Department of Biological and
PhysicalSciences,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
Considerableadversehealtheffectsincludingcancer,asthma,andcontactdermatitisasaresultofburning
paraffin wax candles in enclosed limited areas have been reported. There have been, however, quite a limited
numberofpublicationsconcerningtheemissionproductsofcandlesresponsibleforvariousillnesses.Thepresent
reportistheresultofaninvestigationregardingemissionproductsoffourkindsofcandlesmadebyLumiLiteCo.,
Inc. The composition of emission products are identified by using a PerkinElmer TurboMass GC/MS system
equippedwithaNISTLibraryofcompounds.Theexperimentiscarriedoutbyburningthecandlesinachamber
(8x8x26)connectedtoapumponthetop,wherethemixtureofgasespassthroughanampoulecontaining
activated coconut charcoal at 0.20 L/min. After some five to six hours of burning, the contents of the ampoule
transferredintospectroscopicgradeofcarbondisulfidetodissolveadsorbedmaterialstheninjectedintheGC/MS
tobeanalyzed.Thechromatogramofemissionproductsofcandlenumber1,(1120061)containsmainlyalkenes
(C7H14toC12H24),twoalkanes(C11H24andC13H28),andtoluene,afederalhazardousairpollutant.Emission
productsofcandlenumber2includestrichloroethylene(theInternationalAgencyforResearchconsidersthisto
beprobablycarcinogenictohumans),toluene,alkenes(C7H14toC9H18),andalkanes(C11H24,C12H26,C13H28,
C14H30, C16H34). The chromatograms for emission products of candles number 3 (1120063) and number 4
(1120064)werecompletelycleananddonotcontainanypeakstorepresentpollutants.
109
ImpactofKnowledgeandAttitudesRelatedtoVegetableConsumptiononBodyWeightStatusofKentucky
Adults. Strayer, J.*, C. Wang, L. Huang and C. Butler, Human Nutrition Program, Kentucky State University,
Frankfort,KY40601.
Dietsrichinvegetableshavehighercontentsofmicronutrients,suchasfolate,potassium,vitaminsAand
C,buthavefewercaloriesperservingthanotherfoods.Thus,vegetableconsumptioncanplayanimportantrolein
reducing incidence of overweight and obesity. The objective of this study was to assess the critical knowledge,
attitudesandbehaviorsrelatedtovegetableconsumptionandbodyweightstatusofadultsinKentucky.Atotalof
280visitorstothe2008KentuckyStateFairwererecruitedtofilloutaquestionnairebeforetheyweregivenafree
analysisoftheirbodycomposition(bodyfat%)withaTanitaTBF521bodycompositionanalyzer.Frequencyof
vegetable consumption was negatively correlated with current body mass index and body fat percent of the
subjects.Theproportionofpeoplewithinthenormalweightrangewashigheramongpeoplewhogrewupeating
vegetables, who considered vegetables taste good and knew the current recommendations for vegetable
consumption.Peoplewhohavelowconsumptionofvegetablesoronlyeatlettucerawwithdressingsweremore
likelytobeoverweightorobese.Ourresultssuggestthateffectiveeducationalprogramsareneededtoimprove
peoples knowledge of and attitudes toward vegetable consumption so they may increase their vegetable
consumptiontoreducetheriskofobesity.
UndergraduateFoodSafety,HumanNutritionandHealth
110
EarlyDetectionofRisksforMetabolicSyndromeinYoungAfricanAmericanPopulation.Robertson,D.*,A.
M.TopeandP.F.Rogers,NutritionandHealthResearchArea,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
Ethnicdisparitiesintheprevalenceofobesitycontinuetoexist.AfricanAmericans(AA)continuetoreport
higher rates for obesity than any other ethnic group. Overweight and obesity are linked to greater risk for
81
MetabolicSyndrome(MbS),aclusterofchronicandseriousdiseasesthatincludeahighbodymassindex(BMI),
diabetes, hypertension and lipid imbalance that overburden the health care system. With more than 2/3 of KSU
studentsbeingAAyoungadults(1824),KSULandGrantProgramsNutritionandHealthResearch,theteaching
facultyandthelocalhealthdepartmentcollaboratedtoaddresstheriskforMbSinthestudentpopulationwithan
objective for an early detection and intervention. SHAPE UP KSU, an integrated project involving freshmen
students,waslaunchedinthefallof2007atKSU.Throughtheinvolvementofteachingfaculty,freshmenstudents
(n=214) were recruited and clinical evaluations were performed by the local health department. The following
indicatorsofMbSwereanalyzed:1)BodyMassIndex,2)Fastingsugar,3)TotalCholesterol,4)GoodCholesterol
(HDL)and5)BadCholesterol(LDL).Approximately12%oftheparticipantswerefoundtobeatrisk.Wepropose
to begin with recruiting freshmen students who will be tracked through their stay in the college and those
identifiedtobeatriskwillbeofferednutritionandlifestylerelatedcounseling.Thesepartnershipswithlocaland
national resources will work as a model for many other institutions of higher education, especially for other
HBCU.
111
HealthyEating/HealthyLifestyles:AQualitativeStudyofaSummerHealthandWellnessCampforLimited
Resource Youth in South Carolina. GlasgowPierre, K.* and M. J. A. Heggins, 1890 Research Program, South
CarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
To assess the relationship between the Healthy Eating and Healthy Lifestyles program design
implementation, and effectiveness, a qualitative evaluation of the 2007 Summer Health and Wellness Camp
Programwasconducted.Thegoals/objectiveswereto:1)Increaseparticipantsknowledgeabouthealth,nutrition,
and healthy lifestyles; 2) Change participants attitudes about eating healthy food and doing daily exercise; 3)
Reduce the number of overweight and obese youth/families; and 4) Decrease the potential of diabetes in the
programparticipants.Thereare25studentsintheprogramgroupand25studentsinthecomparisongroupfora
totalof50participants.Twoqualitativeapproacheswereutilized:1)focusgroups,and2)indepthinterviews.Ten
questions were written and presented to the participants. The questions were grouped as: 1)
experience/behavior;2)opinion/values;3)feelings;4)knowledge;5)sensoryand6)demographics.Additionally,
thequestionsweregroupedtoreflecttheparticipantslevelofcognition:1)knowledge,2)comprehension,and3)
application.Thedatashowedthattheprogramgroupmasteredatleast70%oftheconceptsinthetenquestions;
and,infiveoftenquestionstheratingwas90%orhigher.Theinformationwasusedtofinetunethefall2007
2008afterschoolprogram.Moreemphasiswasplacedonthefollowingconcepts:1)calories,2)foodportion,3)
diabetesIandII,4)exercise,and5)BodyMassIndex(BMI).Thus,theprogramgrouppracticedhealthenhancing
behaviors that will reduce health risks such as diabetes, and will serve as advocates for personal, family, and
communityhealth.
112
AssessmentofthePrevalenceofDiabetesamongHispanicsintheUSA.Arroyave,H.*,C.C.MathisandS.R.
Choudhari,1890Research,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
PrevalenceofdiabetesamongHispanicsintheUSAhasbecomeagreatconcernastheHispanicpopulation
represents the fastest growing minority in the USA, and approximately 10 percent of all Hispanic/Latino
Americans(2million)havediabetes.Hispanic/LatinoAmericansaretwiceaslikelytohavediabetesasCaucasian
Americans.ThisresearchproposestoassesstheprevalenceofdiabetesamongHispanicsintheUSAfortheperiod
of20002004.DataretrievedonHispanicsintheUSAwasgroupedintofouragegroups,andfortheoverallmale
and female populations. Line graphs and cluster bar graphs give pictorial presentation of the research findings.
ResultsindicatethatthenumberofHispanicsintheUSA,whowerediagnosedwithdiabetes,increasedfromyear
2000to2004.DiabetesprevalencewasincreasinginallagegroupsoftheoverallHispanicpopulationfromyear
2000 to year 2004. Prevalence of diabetes has increased over the period of 2000 to 2004 among all female
Hispanics.However,itincreasedamongallmaleHispanicsofagelessthan75,andsteadilydecreased(downto63
from72)fromyear2002to2004amongmaleHispanicsofage75yearsandabove.
113
82
Consumer Willingness to Pay for ValueAdded Fruits and Vegetables in Alabama. Broughton, B.* and J. O.
Bukenya,DepartmentofAgribusiness,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Federal agencies, private health organizations, and industry trade associations have initiated several
publiceducationcampaignsdesignedtoinformconsumersaboutthebenefitsofeatingfruitsandvegetables.Asa
result,greaterconsumerawarenessaboutthehealthpositivebenefitsfromeatingfruitsandvegetablesaswellas
increasedavailability,greaterconvenience,andrisingincomelevelshavespurredfruitandvegetableconsumption
torecordlevels.Whileconsumerseatincreasingamountsoffruitsandvegetables,theyalsodesirebetterquality,
improved taste, greater convenience, yearround availability, and greater assurances about the safety of food,
particularlyconcerningpesticideresidues.Thisincreasedconsumptionandthedesireforsafetyandconvenience
hascreatednewmarketingopportunitiesforbothnewandexistingfruitandvegetablegrowers.However,inorder
for valueadded markets to be successful an effective communication must be promoted. This means that
consumersmustbeawareoftheexistenceandmeaningofthesecommoditiesandalsohaveafavorableattitude
towards them.Inaddition, consumers mustbewilling topayhigherpricesforsuchproducts.Usingdatafrom a
contingentvaluationsurveyandbinarylogisticregression,thispaperanalyzesfactorsthatinfluenceconsumers
willingnesstopayapricepremiumtopurchasevalueaddedfruitsandvegetablesinHuntsvilleMetropolitanArea,
Alabama. The results suggest that convenience, health concerns, consumption patterns and price premium
significantly influence consumers willingness to pay to purchase high value fruits and vegetables; with the
averagewillingnesstopaypriceestimatedat$1.50perpound.
114
AreConsumersWillingtoPayaPricePremiumforPesticideFreeProduce?EvidencefromMiddleGeorgia.
Jones,G.*,M.IbrahimandJ.Whitehead,CollegeofAgriculture,HomeEconomicsandAlliedPrograms,FortValley
StateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030.
Consumer awareness of the increase in pesticide use in agriculture has raised concerns related to food
safetyandhealth.Theseconcerns,whetherexaggeratedorlegitimate,maytranslateintorealeffectsinthemarket
place. In 1991 Mishra, Huang and Ott examined consumer willingness to pay for pesticidefree fresh produce in
Georgia.Toourknowledge,however,nostudyhasexaminedconsumerwillingnesstopayforpesticidefreefresh
produceinMiddleGeorgia.Theobjectivesofthispaperaretodetermineconsumerwillingnesstopayapremium
for pesticidefree food and the factors that determine such willingness. The data for this study will be secured
through a survey that will be conducted at various locations in Middle Georgia. Potential respondents will be
approached randomly to solicit their participation in the survey. Participants will read and complete the
questionnairesontheirownwithoutassistancefromthesurveyadministrator.Theresultswillbepresentedinthe
formofdescriptivestatistics.
115
Canceled
116
Antioxidant Contents of Selected Hot Pepper Fruits from Eight Countries of Origin. Lobel, L.*1, G. F.
Antonious1 and T. S. Kochhar2, 1Land Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Science and 2Department of
Biology,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
Capsicum chinense Jacq. has been referred to as the most cultivated pepper in South America. Many hot
pepperspeciesandcultivarshavenotbeenanalyzedfortheirconcentrationsofantioxidantcompounds.Seedsof
63genotypesofC.chinensewerecollectedfromBelize,Brazil,Colombia,Ecuador,Mexico,Peru,PuertoRico,and
UnitedStates.Seedswerefieldgrowninasiltyloamsoil.Maturefruitsofhotpepperwereanalyzedforcapsaicin,
ascorbic acid, carotene and phenol contents, which are important antioxidants of a number of benefits for
human health. The main objective of this investigation was to select candidate accessions of hot pepper having
high concentrations of these phytochemicals for use as parents in breeding for these compounds. Fruits of C.
chinenseaccessionsPI640900(USA)containedthegreatestconcentration(P<0.05)ofcapsaicin(1.52mg/gfresh
fruit) and dihydrocapsaicin (1.16 mg/g fresh fruit), while total major capsaicinoids (capsaicin and
dihydrocapsaicin) in the fruits of PI438648 (Mexico) averaged 2 mg/g fresh fruit. PI152452 (Brazil) and PI
360726 (Ecuador) contained the greatest concentrations of ascorbic acid (1.2 and 1.1 mg/g fresh fruit,
respectively),whilePI438648(Mexico)containedthegreatestconcentrationoftotalphenolscontent(349g/g
83
fresh fruit) among the other 63 accessions tested. These selected accessions were identified as potential
candidatesforuseinUSDAhotpepperbreedingprogramstoproducefruitswithvalueaddedtraits.
117
AntioxidantActivitiesofNaturalPhenolicCompoundsAgainstLipidOxidationInducedbyFerrousIronor
Ultraviolet Light (UV). Chaney, S. M.*, J. M. Kirven and A. MoraGutierrez, Cooperative Agricultural Research
Center,PrairieViewA&MUniversity,PrairieView,Texas77446.
Natural phenolic compounds are attracting the attention of consumers because of the healthrelated
attributes of these components, including reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, and
cancer.Phenoliccompounds,ubiquitousinplants,haveshownantioxidantabilitiesboth invitroandinvivo.The
objective of this research was to study the antioxidant activities of the natural phenolic compounds caffeic acid,
catechin, ferulic acid, quercetin, rutin, and sesamol against lipid oxidation induced by ferrous iron or UV.
Emulsionspreparedwithflaxseedoilwereincubatedat37oCwithferrouschloride(0.1mMiron)for30minutes
or radiated byUVlamp(300nm,8W)inthe presenceorabsenceofnatural andsynthetic phenolic compounds.
Oxidation was monitored by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Ironchelating ability of these
antioxidants was determined by spectrophotometer. The inhibitory effects in the presence of natural phenolic
compounds (50 m) were in the following order: quecertin (94%) > rutin (75%) > sesamol (70%) > caffeic acid
(69%) > ferulic acid (67%) > catechin (46%). All of these antioxidants exhibit ironchelating activity except
sesamolandferulicacid.Theresultssuggestthatscavengingreactiveoxygenspeciesplaysthemostcriticalroleof
naturalphenoliccompoundsinpreventinglipidoxidationthoughironchelatingactivitycontributetoadecrease
inlipidoxidation.
118
Effect of Cooking Time on Nutritive Values of Edible Soybean Genotypes. Garrison, E.*, T. Mebrahtu and S.
Ren,AgriculturalResearchStation,VirginiaStateUniversity,Petersburg,VA23806.
Ediblesoybean(Glycinemax[L.]Merr.)ispopularinAsiaandisbecomingincreasinglypopularintheU.S.
Ediblesoybeanisdifferentfromgraintypesoybeaninflavor,textureandsweetness.Theyareharvestedatgreen
podstage,boiledthenslippedoutofthepodsandcanbeeatenontheirownoraddedtosalads,stirfry,soupsand
othercasseroles.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastodeterminetheoptimumboilingtimeforediblesoybeangreen
pods.FourVSUbreedinglines(VS03629A,VS03708,VS051006B,andVS03657)withdifferentseedcoatcolor
were selected. The genotypes were planted in four row plot during the 2008 growing season at Virginia State
University,ResearchFarm,Petersburg,Virginia.Eachgenotypewasharvestedatagreenpodstage.Podsamples
weretakenandsubjectedtofiveboilingtreatments(noboiling,5,10,15,and20min).Theboiledandunboiled
podsfromeachtreatmentwereshelledbyhand,freezedried,ground,andanalyzedforoil,protein,sugar,andfatty
acids.Thepreliminaryanalysisindicatedthatthereweresignificantdifferences(P<0.01)inoilcontentamongthe
four genotypes used. VS03708 had the highest oil content (20.2%) and VS0510006A had the lowest (17.8%).
Therewerealsosignificantdifferences(P<0.01)foroilcontentamongthedifferentboilingtreatments.Unboiled
and pods boiled for 5 min had the lowest oil content as compared to 10, 15 and 20 min boiling. The detailed
nutritiveanalysisdatawillbepresented.
119
Microbial Quality of Ground Beef and Ground Beef Patties Procured from Internet and Local Retail
Markets.Rogers,A.*,A.Pegram,M.EttingerandS.Pao,AgriculturalResearchStation,VirginiaStateUniversity,
Petersburg,VA23806.
ManyfooditemsarebeingmarketeddirectlytoconsumersthroughInternetselling.However,dataonthe
microbial quality of products from this alternative market is lacking. This study was designed to compare the
microbial quality of locally (in Central Virginia) purchased raw ground beef (LRG) and frozen beef patties (LFP)
withInternetprocuredfrozengroundbeef(IFG)andfrozenbeefpatties(IFP).Withduplicateproductspurchased
in winter and summer 2008, a total of 152 samples were analyzed using microbial plating and most probable
number(MPN)methodstoquantifythelevelsofaerobicmesophiles,yeastsandmolds,coliforms,andEscherichia
coli. Immunoassays with biochemical confirmation techniques were used to determine the presence of Listeria
spp., Salmonella spp., and E. coli O157. Results showed that LFP had significantly lower levels of aerobic
84
mesophiles,psychrotrophs,andcoliformsthanLRG,IFG,andIFP.Furthermore,IFGhadsignificantlygreaterE.coli
numbersthanLRGandLFP.NosamplewascontaminatedwithE.coliO157:H7butoneduplicatesetofsummer
LFPsamplescontainedSalmonellaenterica.Listeriaspp.waspresentrespectivelyin25and29%ofsamplesfrom
localandInternetmarkets.Furthermore,5,11,11,and8%ofLRG,LFP,IFG,andIFPwerecontaminatedwithL.
monocyteoenes. We identified differences in microbial quality between local and Internet products. Careful
handlingandthoroughcookingofgroundbeefproducts,regardlessofmarketsource,isrecommendedtoprevent
foodborneillness.
120
GrowthandSurvivalofVibriovulnificusinPostharvestAmericanOysters.Cephas,K.D.*,S.ParveenandL.A.
V. DaSilva, Department of Natural Sciences and Food Science and Technology, University of Maryland Eastern
Shore,PrincessAnne,MD21853.
VibriovulnificusistheleadingcauseofreportedhumandeathintheU.S.associatedwiththeconsumption
ofmarineandaquaculturemolluscanshellfish.Consumptionofcontaminatedrawoysterscanleadtodeathwithin
24hoursinsusceptibleindividuals.However,adequateinformationisnotavailableaboutthegrowthandsurvival
ofV.vulnificusinpostharvestshellstockChesapeakeBayAmericanoysters.Theintentofthisresearchendeavor
was to examine the growth and survival of V. vulnificus in shellstock American oysters under various storage
temperatures relevant to industry and consumer handing practices. For this study, oysters were collected from
Chesapeake Bay in fall 2008 and then stored at 10, 20, 25, and 30C for selected time intervals. At each time
interval, two samples of six oysters each were analyzed separately using a most probable number (MPN)
procedure.ThelevelsofV.vulnificusdecreasedfrom3.55logMPN/gto1.64logMPN/gafter21daysofstorageat
10C. When oysters were stored at 20, 25 and 30C, the levels ofV. vulnificus increased from 3.69 log MPN/g to
6.34 log MPN/g after 10 days, 2.69 log MPN/g to 4.73 log MPN/g after 5 days and 2.63 log MPN/g to 6.64 log
MPN/gafter3days,respectively.Themaximumpopulationdensity(6.64logMPN/g)wasobservedat30C.These
results suggest that V. vulnificus can grow rapidly at 20, 25 and 30C. Therefore, post harvest shellstock oysters
shouldbestoredat10Corbelowtopreventgrowthofthispathogeninoysters.
121
SeasonalityofMoisture,Fat,andAshConstituentsofSeavegetableFucusvesiculosusfromtheChincoteague
and Delaware Bays of the Delmarva Peninsula. Parran, C. L.*, M. L. Madden and M. Mitra, Department of
NaturalSciences,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore,PrincessAnne,MD21853.
Marine plants such as sea vegetables have been used by humans as food, medicines, fertilizers, and
sources of chemicals in pharmaceutical industries in the Far East. In contrast, very few studies in the western
countries have examined the nutritional properties of sea vegetables. A study was conducted to analyze some
selected constituents such as moisture, fat, and ash (mineral) from the perennial seavegetable, Fucus vesiculosus
(Phaeophyceae), collected from the two bays of the Delmarva Peninsula. The objective was to detect whether
seasonalvariationsofnutritionalconstituentsexistornotforassessingtheoptimumseasonsforharvestingthis
species. Representative samples of Fucus were collected bimonthly from Chincoteague and Delaware bays, and
analyzedformoisture,fat,andashcontents.Selectedwaterqualityvariablessuchaswatertemperature,salinity,
chlorophylla,andpHwererecordedusingamultiparameterYSIunit.Moisturerangedfromaminimumof62.5%
(Delaware,spring)toamaximumofabout78%inwinterforboththelocalities.Ashrangedfromaminimumin
springatbothsites(15.1%,Virginiaand19.0%,Delaware)toamaximuminsummer(20.7%,Delaware),andfall
(22.1%, Virginia). Fats were higher in Virginia than in Delaware in the spring, fall, and winter seasons. Fucus
overwinters and stores more fats during the colder months. The data indicated that seasonal variations in fat,
moisture, and ash constituents do exist between sites. The variations could be a function of the water quality
variablesliketemperature,salinity,andchlorophylla(measureofalgalbloom)betweenseasonsandsites.
122
85
HighDietarySoybeanOilforGoatsinLateLactationonIntake,toImproveMilkFattyAcidProfile.Williams,
H.*,B.Kouakou,J.H.LeeandG.Kannan,AgriculturalResearchStation,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA
31030.
Animal fats and vegetable oils are generally added to livestock diets to increase energy density. Unlike
otherruminants,goatscantoleratemorethan6%dietaryfat.Feedingadietcontainingsoybeanoil(SO),richin
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to goats can change the fatty acid (FA) profile. PUFA have been shown to
reduceincidenceofcardiovascularillnessesinhumans.Eighteendairygoats(BW=40kg)wereusedtodetermine
theeffectofhighPUFA(12%soybeanoil)onfeedintake,milkcompositionandfattyacidprofile.Doesweregroup
fedonceaday(2penspertreatment)a16%CPand3.5McalDE/kgdietcontainingeither6or12%soybeanoilfor
24d.Milksampleswerecollected3timesaweekandanalyzedforprotein,fat,lactose,andtotalsolids.Milkfat
was extracted and analyzed for fatty acids by the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) method using a gas
chromatograph(GC)unit.ThedatawereanalyzedusingMIXEDproceduresinSASforrepeatedmeasures.Dietary
treatmentsdidnotaffect(P>0.05)feedintake,milkyieldormilkcomposition.Dietcontaining12%SOdecreased
theproportionsofshort(C4C6),mediumchainFA(C8C14),saturatedfattyacids(SFA;C6:0,C8:0,C10:0,C12:0,
C14:0, C16:0) and increased (P < 0.01) the proportions of longchain FA (> C14), monounsaturated fat (MUFA;
C18:1n9; C18:1t), and the predominant PUFA, linoleic acid (C18:2n6). Goats consuming a diet with 12% SO
producedmilkwithhigherproportionsofPUFAandMUFAandlowerproportionsofSFAcomparedto6%SO.
123
The Effects of Sericea Lespedeza in Dairy Goat Total Mixed Ration on Milk Yield and Composition. Elzy,
M.*1, T. Broussard2, B. Kouakou2, T. H. Terrill2 and J. H. Lee2, 1Department of Biology and 2Agricultural Research
Station,FortvalleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030
Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) is lower in total protein than alfalfa (Medicago sativa), high in
condensed tannins, and grows well in poor and acid soils where alfalfa is not wellsuited. Condensed tannins
contained in Sericea lespedeza have been reported to reduce internal parasites in small ruminants and increase
bypassproteintothesmallintestines.However,reportsontheabilityofthisforagetosupportmilkproductionare
lacking. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of Sericea lespedeza on milk yield and
composition in dairy goats. Thirty dairy goats were stratified by daysinmilk and milk yield and randomly
assignedtofourpensequippedwithcalangatefeedersandautomaticwaterers.Goatswerefedadietcontaining
either alfalfa or Sericea lespedeza as the roughage source. Morning milk yields for individual animals were
monitored (5 wks) and samples collected (9 wks) for component analysis. Data were analyzed using the Mixed
ModelofSASforrepeatedmeasures.Dietarytreatmentsdidnotaffect(P>0.05)milkyield,buttheSaananbreed
producedmoremilk(1.43lb)thantheAlpine(0.78lb)inthemorning.S.lespedezafeddoesproducedmilkwith
lessfat(3.3%)comparedtothealfalfafedgoats(3.6%).Totalmilkproteinandlactoseweresimilarbetweenthe
twogroupsbuttotalsolidstended(P=0.10)toincreasewithalfalfadiet.S.lespedezainatotalmixedrationcan
supportmilkproductioningoatswithsimilarprotein,lactoseandtotalsolidscontentlikealfalfabutwithlessfat.
124
The Role of Local Leadership in Promoting Agricultural ValueAdded Enterprises. Brazil, L.* and J. O.
Bukenya,DepartmentofAgribusiness,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Thisemergingshiftfromcommodityagriculturetoproductagriculture,thatis,fromquantitytoquality,is
likelytohaveimportanteffectsinmanyruralareasinAlabama,especiallywherelargescale,industrialagriculture
remains a significant part of the states economy, but, potentially, where smallerscale production also
predominates.Foragriculturevalueaddedinitiativestosucceedhowever,theremustbeaclusterofactiveleaders
fromadiversecrosssectionoftheagriculturecommunity,whoareknowledgeableaboutvalueaddedinitiatives
andabroadrangeofcommunityissues,andleadersfromnonagriculturesectorswhoareknowledgeableabout
agriculture valueadded and supportive of its needs. To determine whether this cluster of local leaders exists in
Alabama, this study examines and empirically evaluates local economic development leaders knowledge of
agriculturevalueaddedinitiatives,theirinvolvementandwillingnesstoattractandsupporttheseinitiatives.The
analysis draws on data from a webbased survey administered to 376 local economic development leaders in
Alabama and utilizes a binary logistic regression. The estimated results point to several factors that seem to be
strongly correlated with local leaders involvement, including age, gender, knowledge, and concerns about
increasing: profit margin, local business, local income and local jobs. The insights gained from the study should
86
help in guiding local communities that are trying to use agriculture valueadded initiative as a tool for rural
development.
UndergraduateSmallScaleAgricultureandRuralDevelopment
125
WillingnesstoPayforOrganicFoodinMiddleGeorgia.Campbell,T.*,M.IbrahimandJ.Whitehead,Collegeof
Agriculture,HomeEconomicsandAlliedPrograms,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030.
Consumer interest in organically grown foods in the United States (US) continues to grow. According to
the US Department of Agriculture, organic foods have grown from being niche products to being sold in
supermarketsacrosstheUS.Thegrowthissaidtobeduetoincreasingconsumerdemandforhealthierandsafer
foodproducts.Foodconsumptionimpactsheavilyonthehealthofconsumers.Itisthereforerelevanttostudythe
extent to which organic foods influence the food purchasing habits of Middle Georgians. The objectives of this
paperare(1)todeterminethewillingnessofconsumersintheMiddleGeorgiaareatopayfororganicfoodand,(2)
to determine the key consumer characteristics influencing the consumption of organic foods. The data for this
study will be secured through a survey that will be conducted at various locations in Middle Georgia. Potential
respondents will be approached randomly to solicit their participation in the survey. Participants will read and
complete the questionnaires on their own without assistance from the survey administrator. The results will be
presentedintheformofdescriptivestatistics.
126
GeorgiaConsumersWillingnesstoPayforLocallyGrownFood:EvidencefromMiddleGeorgia.King,S.*,M.
Ibrahim and J. Whitehead, College of Agriculture, Home Economics and Allied Programs, Fort Valley State
University,FortValley,GA31030.
The market for locally grown foods is one of the fastestgrowing agricultural segments of the US
economy.Thegrowthissaidtobeduetoincreasingconsumerdemandforhealthierandsaferfoodproductsand
communitydevelopment.Studieshaveshownthatconsumersgenerallysupportstateorlocallabels(Zepedaand
Li,2006;Shafer,2002).InGeorgiathelabelLocallyGrownisvisibleonanumberoffoodproducts.Thegrowthof
farmers markets and roadside stands during the summer months may be an indication of the growth in locally
produced food products. However, the extent to which the label Locally Grown influences the food purchasing
habits of consumers in middle Georgia has received relatively little research attention. The motivation for this
study is the potential for greater understanding of consumer behavior with respect to locally grown food. The
objective of this paper is to determine consumer willingness to pay for locally grown food and the key
characteristics influencing its consumption in Middle Georgia. The data for this study will be secured through a
survey that will be conducted at various locations in Middle Georgia. Potential respondents will be approached
randomly to solicit their participation in the survey. Participants will read and complete the questionnaires on
their own without assistance from the survey administrator. The results will be presented in the form of
descriptivestatistics.
127
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Specialty Vegetables on Marylands Eastern Shore. Hales, E.* and S. L.
Tubene,DepartmentofAgriculture,Food,andResourceSciences,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore,Princess
Anne,MD21853.
Smallfarmersveryoftenstruggletoidentifyprofitableagriculturalenterprises.WhilesouthernMaryland
farmers have abandoned tobacco production for alternative crops, farmers from Marylands Eastern Shore have
diversifiedintraditionalcrops,poultryandlivestock.Specialtyvegetableshavenotbeensuccessfullyadoptedon
MarylandsEasternShore.However,giventheproximityoffarmstomajorhighwaysandcities,combinedwiththe
increasingdemographicchanges,adoptingspecialtyvegetablescouldberewardingforfarmersinthisregion.This
project aims at identifying potential factors affecting the adoption of specialty vegetables by Maryland Eastern
Shores farmers. A survey of these farmers was conducted in collaboration with the UMES Extension Office. An
econometric Tobit model is used to test the statistical significance of factors affecting the adoption of specialty
vegetables. These factors include farmers characteristics (i.e. race, gender, age, education level, annual gross
income,andfarmownership),marketconditions,aswellasriskfactors(i.e.accesstocredit).Otherfactorsinclude
87
farmers participation in UMES Extension services, and farmers knowledge of specialty vegetables, production
practices,andspecialtyvegetablemarkets.
128
Eggplant Variety Trial in Central Missouri. Jones, K.*, T. Lawrence, T. Blank and S. Gu, Cooperative Research
andExtensionProgram,LincolnUniversity,JeffersonCity,MO65102.
MostneweggplantcultivarsavailablecommerciallyhavenotbeentestedinMissouri.Theobjectiveofthis
trial was to evaluate some of these new cultivars and provide relevant information to commercial and home
vegetablegrowers.TwentyeggplantvarietieswerechosenforthisRapidActionCultivarEvaluation(RACE).Seeds
were sowed in greenhouse on April 8. Transplants were planted during the week of June 16 on the Lincoln
University Carver Farm located at Jefferson City, Missouri. Plants were spaced 5ft x 2ft in the field and were
irrigated/fertigated with trickleirrigation under black plastic mulches as needed. Data from eight plants in the
middleofeachcultivarwerecollected.HarvestingwasdoneeveryMondayandThursdayuntilOctober15,2008.
All varieties grew well in this abnormally wet year. Disease incidence was minor. Insect damage was limited
althoughfleabeetlesbecameaprobleminlatefall.Ofthe20cultivarstested,12performedwellregardingearly
maturity,yieldandfruitquality,andwillbeincludedinaformalvarietytestin2009.ThesevarietiesareClassic,
Twinkle,LavenderTouch,Clara,BlackBeauty,WhiteTango,Beatrice,Machiaw,OrientCharm,Mangan,Snowy,and
ItalianGaline.
129
SoilAmendmentsModifyOrganicSulfurCompoundsinFieldGrownOnions.Perkins,E.*1,E.T.Turley1,G.F.
Antonious1 and A. H. Cantor2, 1Land Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Atwood Research
Center,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601and 2DepartmentofAnimalandFoodSciences,University
ofKentucky,Lexington,KY40546.
There is a growing interest in optimizing crop production to produce fresh or processed products with
defined health characteristics. Onions are valued as food and medicine primarily for the medicinal properties of
their organic sulfur compounds. A field study was conducted at KSU Research Farm. The soil in five plots was
mixed with sewage sludge, five plots were mixed with yard waste compost, five plots were mixed with chicken
manure, each at 15 t/acre and five unamended plots were used for comparison. Plots were planted with onion,
AlliumcepaL.var.SuperStarF1.Theobjectivesofthisinvestigationweretodeterminetheconcentrationsoftwo
organosulfur compounds (dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide) in onion bulbs and investigate the effect of
mixing soil with amendments on the concentrations of dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide in onion bulbs.
Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analyses of onion oil in chloroform extracts revealed the presence of
two major fragment ions at m/z 150 and 182 that correspond to dipropyl disulfide and trisulfide, respectively.
Concentration of these two sulfur compounds was greatest (1.5 and 0.8 mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively) in
plantsgrowninchickenmanureandlowest(0.4and0.07mg/100gfreshweight,respectively)inplantsgrownin
yardwastecomposttreatments.ChickenmanureisamongthemostcommonlyusedsoilamendmentsintheU.S.
Significantchickenmanuregenerationwillbecomeavailableinincreasingquantitiesbecauseoftherapidgrowth
inthepoultryindustry.Chickenmanurecanbeexploredingrowingonionswithhealthpromotingproperties.
130
UseofHerbsasDewormersforSustainableandProfitableProductionofSheepandGoatsunderNatural
GrazingConditions.Gray,A.L.*1,H.A.Swartz1,A.N.Stewart1,D.K.Sommerer1,F.P.Wulff1,M.R.Ellersieck2,N.
Nkongolo1andK.Schmidt1,1LincolnUniversityCooperativeResearch,JeffersonCity,MO65102,and2Universityof
MissouriColumbia.
Nematodesarethecauseofhigheconomiclossinsmallruminantsthroughouttheworld,duetofrequent
commercialanthelmintictreatmentfailure.Thishasrevivedinterestinexploitingthepotentialofmedicinalplants
as anthelmintics. In this 2008 study, herbal deworming was conducted on Dorset (D) wool sheep (n=34),
Katahdin(K)hairsheep(n=44),andBoer(B)meatgoats(n=50).McMasterfecaleggcounts(FEC),hematocrits
(HEM),andFAMACHA(FAM)werecollectedmonthlyforfourmonthsfromJunetoSeptember.Thesmallruminant
groupsweredividedintofourgroups:acontrolgroup,commercialdewormer(Ivermectin),agreenhousegrown
100%Artemisiaabsinthium;andacommercialherbaldewormer.Allgroupsreceived113gof14%protein/corn
88
baseddietdaily.Dorsettreatmentgroupwas1)control,2)commercialdewormermonthlyat3mlto11.79kgof
bodywt.3)11g/hdcommercialherbweekly4)11gm/hdgreenhouseherbweekly.KatahdinandBoertreatment
groupwas1)control,2)commercialdewormermonthlyat3mlto11.79kgofbodywt.forthesheepand4.5ml
to11.79kgofbodyweightforthegoats3)5.5g/hdcommercialherbweekly4)5.5g/hdgreenhouseherbweekly.
TheLincolnUniversitygrownArtemisiaabsinthiumwasanalyzedfortotalplantcomposition.FEC,HEM,FAMall
differed equivalently within breeds (P< .0001), months (P<.0001), breeds x months (P<.007), and interaction of
breeds x treatments x months (P<.001). In this study herbs and Ivomec were effective in controlling internal
parasitesinK,D,B.
131
TallFescueEndophyteAltersMeatGoatGrowthRate.Moore,L.*,R.Browning,Jr.,B.Donnelly,J.CarliseandD.
Tucker, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State
Over two summers, yearling does were fed tall fescue seed to assess the effect of tall fescue endophyte
(Neotyphodiumcoenophialum)infectiononmeatgoatgrowthrates.In2006and2007,straightbredKiko(n=26),
Spanish (n=19) and Boer (n=39) does were fed orchardgrass hay for ad libitum consumption and 455g/hd/d of
concentratepretreatment(62daysin2006,97daysin2007).Afterwards,endophyteinfected(EI)orendophyte
free(EF)tallfescueseedswereaddedtothedietatamountsupto227g/hd/dfor10wk.Treatmentdietswerefed
tofourpensperyear,eachwithevenlydistributedbreeds.OrtswereweigheddailyinordertoadjusttheEFdiet
basedonEIleftoversfrom227gtoequalizeseedintake.Ortsaveraged11g/hd/dayin2006and57g/hd/dayin
2007.PretreatmentweightgaindidnotvarybetweenEFandEIdoes(54.87.5vs.56.27.1g/d,respectively).
Diet influenced growth rate during treatment. Does on EF diet gained 66.6 5.8 g/d whereas does on EI diet
gained34.65.5g/d.Resultssuggestthattallfescueendophyteadverselyaffectsmeatgoatgrowthrate.
132
CostAnalysisofRearingSunfishesfromConceptionthrough56DaysPostexodus.Carter,T.L.*,L.P.Hirsch,
E. I. Ajuzie, W. Wollo and J. E. Wetzel, Cooperative Research, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO
65101.
Several species of sunfish [Centrarchidae] are valued as game, potential food fish, biological control
measuresandbiologicaltoxindetectors.Thosespeciesinclude,butarenotrestrictedto:northernbluegillLepomis
macrochirus macrochirus Rafinesque 1819, coppernose bluegill Lepomis macrochirus purpurescens Cope 1877,
warmouth sunfish Chaenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier 1829), central longear sunfish Lepomis megalotis megalotis
(Rafinesque 1820), red spotted sunfish Lepomis miniatus Jordan 1877, and redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus
(Gnther1859).Themarketforbothbluegillsubspeciesandredearisbasedonarangeoffishsizes.Fingerlings
dominateintermsofnumberssold;however,availabilityoffingerlingsisseasonal.Toaddressthisissue,indoor
breeding and rearing offers a biosecure solution by providing greater control over quantity and quality of fish
produced year round. Herein we report the cost of indoor production from conception to 56 days postexodus.
Threetypesofcylindricalpolyethylenetankswereused:blue800L(122cmdia.x75cmdepth),aquablue200L
(84cmdia.x53cmdepth)andred90L(58cmdia.x43cmdepth).Onelargebluetankwasusedtoreareachof
the previously mentioned sunfish species. Eight of each of the remaining two tank types were used to rear
northernbluegill(n=4broods)andredear(n=4broods).Performancesofallspecieswereincludedinproduction
cost calculations. Calculation consists of the cost of feeds, energy, building materials, plumbing, brood fish, and
manuallabor.
133
SomaticEmbryogenesisandHighFrequencyPlantRegenerationinValerianaofficinalis.Howard,T.*andS.
K. Dhir, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Plant Sciences, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA
31030.
89
Valerianaofficinalisisaperennialflowering,medicinalherbwhichisanativeofEuropeandpartsofAsia.
Valeria is known to be used as an herbal or dietary supplement to cure insomnia, restlessness and anxiety. In
nature, Valeria is propagated through seed, which is often a limitation for mass production due to poor seed
production and variation in germinations rates. Propagation by cutting is not only difficult, it is also time
consuming and costly. A protocol of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leafderived callus of
Valeriahasbeendevelopedusingdifferenttreatmentcombinationsofcytokinins(Bezylaminopurine(BA),Kinetin
(Kn), and Thidiazuron (TDZ)) and auxins (2,4Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D), 1Naphthaleneacetic acid
(NAA)).LeafexplantswereculturedonMurashigeandSkoog(MS)mediasupplementedwith0.1,0.5,1.0,2.0,3.0
mg/Lofcytokininaloneorinconjunctionwith0.1mg/LofNAAand2,4D.Theresultshaveshownthatsomatic
embryogenesiswasinducedinalltheculturesirrespectiveoftreatmentcombinations.UseofNAAinconjunction
with cytokinins favored production of a larger number of somatic embryos than 2, 4D. The combination of BA
(2mg/L)and NAAat 0.1mg/L was found to bethe bestforcallusinductionandsomaticembryogenesis, while1
mg/L of Kn and 0.1 mg/L NAA was found best for plant regeneration from these embryogenic cultures. Ninety
percent of normal somatic embryos were converted into plantlets directly on MS medium free of plant growth
regulators. Regenerated plants were transferred to soil and grown to maturity with 90% survival. The protocol
describedhereoffersagoodpotentialforgeneticimprovementusinggenetransfertechniquesandtheproduction
ofsyntheticseedsofV.officinalis.
UndergraduateEmergingTechnologies
134
TheInfluenceofLightLevelonAnnonaceousAcetogeninActivityinPawpaw(Asiminatriloba)StemTissue.
Gates,E.G.*,J.D.Lowe,K.W.PomperandS.B.Crabtree,CommunityResearchService,KentuckyStateUniversity,
AtwoodResearchFacility,Frankfort,KY40601.
The pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] is a native Kentucky treefruit which contains Annonaceous
acetogeninsinthetwigsandfruitwhichdisplayantitumorandpesticidalproperties.Thistreeisusuallyfoundin
the forest understory and prefers growing in lowlight conditions. Our working hypothesis was that high light
levelsstressthepawpawplantandinducehighacetogeninactivityinthestemandleaftissue.Higherextractable
acetogeninlevelswouldbedesirableforfutureproductdevelopment.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastodetermine
if there was a positive correlation between increased light level and acetogenin activity in the stems/leaves of
pawpawseedlings.Threemontholdgreenhousegrownseedlingsweresubjectedtothreelighttreatmentsusing
noshadecloth(100%ambientlight),35%shadecloth(65%ambientlight),and80%shadecloth(20%ambient
light).Arandomizedblockdesignwasusedintheexperimentwiththreereplicateseedlingsineachtreatmentin
threereplicateblocks(3plantsx3treatmentsx3blocks)foratotalof27plants.Theplantsweredestructively
harvestedafter6weeks;stemsandleavesweredriedat50oC,ground,andextractedwith95%ethanol.TheBrine
Shrimp Test (BST) bioassay was employed to assess acetogenin activity of the pawpaw extracts. Brine shrimp
mortalityat0,5,10,50,and100ppmofextractafter24hourswasusedtodeterminetheLC50foreachtreatment.
AnegativecorrelationbetweenextractLC50andshadewasfoundandwerejectedourworkinghypothesis.
135
Oocyte Recovery from Slaughtered Goats during the NonBreeding Season. Richardson, S.*, E. A. Amoah, J.
Gosier,M.JonesandM.Singh,AnimalScienceProgram,AgriculturalResearchStation,FortValleyStateUniversity,
FortValley,GA31030.
Conventionalgeneticimprovementofgoatsbyselectionandnaturalmatingisslowandtimeconsuming.
Invitroinsemination,embryotransfer,cloning,transgenicgoatproductionandintracytoplasmicsperminjection
(ICSI)aresomeofthecurrentbiotechnologicalproceduresthatmayhavetremendousimpactonthegoatindustry.
Goat oocytes are needed to perform each of these techniques. Thus, the objective of this study was to recover
oocytes from slaughtered superovulated goats using three methods: aspiration with a vacuum pump, aspiration
witha2mlsyringe,andbyslashingwithscalpel(sterilerazors).SevenadultAlpinedoeswereeachsuperovulated,
usingintramuscular(i.m.)injectionofatotalof22mgporcinefolliclestimulatinghormone(FSHp),administered
twice daily, from June 9, 2008, for three days prior to slaughter. A total of 448 follicles were counted, yielding
approximately 32 follicles per ovary. There was no significant difference between the number of follicles and
recoveredoocytesfromtheleftandtherightovaries.Thehighestpercentageofoocyteswasrecoveredbyslashing,
followed by aspiration using syringe, and aspiration with a vacuum pump (68.73.2, 41.33.2, and 27.33.2,
90
respectively). It was concluded that the slashing technique yielded more good quality oocytes than aspiration
whichseemedtoreducethenumberofcumuluscelllayerssurroundingtheoocytes.
136
InvestigationofTetraploidyInductionofBluegill.Kitchens,J.*andC.E.Hicks,CooperativeResearchPrograms,
LincolnUniversity,JeffersonCity,MO65101.
Methods for inducing tetraploidy in bluegill have several benefits for aquaculture. Mechanical methods
(heatand/orpressure)havenotshownreliableresults.Chemicalmethodsforinducingtetraploidywillprovidea
basis towards establishing predictability. The cross of a tetraploid (4n) x a diploid (2n) produces an infertile
triploid(3n)offspring.Advantagesoftetraploidinductionwouldbetheprotectionofintellectualpropertyrights
aswellastheprotectionofecosystemsfromproliferationofnonnativespeciesduetoinfertility.Thiswillenhance
the marketability and fiscal incentive to potential fish farmers seeking to produce the largest bluegill with high
proteinyields.Thechemicalsinvestigatedareinhibitorsofdifferentproteinsandhavebeenusedinlivingsystems
to prevent either synthesis (of filaments) or function (of molecular motors): nocodazole, cytochalasin B,
cycloheximide, and a kinesin inhibitor are used in this test. Ripe eggs are enumerated, separated into 20 Petri
dishes(0.5geach)andfertilized.Fertilityisconfirmed.Fourreplicatesofeachareexposedtoeachtreatmentat
the appropriate time after fertilization; one replicate serves as the control with water as the treatment. The
process is completed at 10 minute intervals for 5 trials. After two days the eggs will be assessed for tetraploidy
using flow cytometry. The data set will be analyzed by using inferential statistics, specifically correlation and
regression.Preliminarytrialsindicatekinesininhibitoristhechemicalmostlikelytoyielddesiredresults.
137
UtilizingFungusMyceliatedMealforMoltInductionandPerformanceinCommercialLayingHens.Thomas,
C.*1, W. Willis1, O. S. Isikhuemhen2 and K. King1, 1Department of Animal Sciences, and 2Department of Natural
ResourcesandEnvironmentalDesign,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC
27411.
Molting in poultry is used to rejuvenate hens for a second or third laying cycle. Feed withdrawal is the
most effective method used for molt induction; however, it is being phased out due to food safety and animal
welfareconcerns.Thisstudyevaluatedtheutilizationoffungusmyceliatedmealasasafeandeffectivealternative
forinducingmolt,reducingSalmonellagrowthandreturningtoeggproduction.Layinghensweresubjectedtoone
offivetreatments(trts).1)Nonfed;2)Fullfed;3)100%fungusmyceliatedmeal;4)90%fungusmyceliatedmeal
+10%standardlayerrationand5)90%alfalfameal+10%fungusmyceliatedmeal.Eachtreatmentconditionwas
replicatedninetimesduringa10dmoltperiod.Theresultsrevealedthateggproductionfortrts1and3ceased
completelybyd5;whereas,hensintrts.4and5ceasedeggproductionbyd6.Thepercentageofbodyweightloss
decreasedsignificantly(P<0.05)intrts.1(57%),2(8%),3(35%),4(37%)and5(44%).Ovaryweightsofhensfed
allmoltingdietsdecreasedsignificantlyfromthefullfedcontrolbutdidnotdiffersignificantly(P<0.05)fromeach
other. Significant (P<0.05) differences in Salmonella population from the crop, ovary, and ceca from hens of
different treatments were observed. Return to egg production differed significantly between trts with higher
productionintrt3.Fromtheseresults,fungusmyceliatedmealappearstobeaviablealternativetoconventional
feedwithdrawalmethodsforthesuccessfulinductionofmoltandretentionofpostmoltperformance.
138
The Unperturbed Dimensions of Poly(3,5dimethylphenyl acrylate) in Chloroform. Payne, A.*, B. H.
Vadeghani and N. Hamidi, Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, South Carolina State University,
Orangeburg,SC29117.
The dilute solution properties of poly(3,5dimethylphenyl acrylate) (35PDMP) in chloroform was not
reported; therefore, we began these studies by viscosity, size exclusion chromatography and light scattering
measurements. The application of MarkHouwinkKuhnSakurada relationship (MHS) to the viscosity and
molecular mass data indicates two regions: region below 900kDal with the MHS exponent 0.862 and intercept
.000482andtheregionabove900kDalwithMHSexponent0.506andintercept0.169.ApplicationofStockmayer
Fixman(SF)relationtothedataalsoshowstworegions:regionsoflowermolecularmasswithK=0.0179cm3g
3/2mol1/2 and the slope 0.000168 indicating the higher interactions of polymer and solvents. However, at the
91
highermolarmasstheslopereachesneartozerowiththeintercept0.179,whichagreeswiththeresultsobtained
from MHS relationship. Thus, the rigidity factor obtained is abnormally high. The conformational behavior of
35PDMPA was analyzed based on the side chain structure and the effects of ultra high molecular mass on
conformations.Also,theresultswerecomparedwithotherpolymers.
139
ActionResearch:AnEffectiveInterventionModelforRuralStudentsinLowAchievingSchools.Krider,D.*,
H. Brantley and S. Mickle, Department of Teacher Education, South Carolina State University, Orangeburg, SC
29117.
The study investigated achievement as a result of utilizing an action research intervention model to
augmenttraditionalactivitiesforapproximately500middlelevelstudentsinfiverurallowachievingschools.Ten
inservice and 20 preservice teachers participated in the study. The intervention model used was an evidence
based action research model designed to provide ongoing best practices to middle level teachers, middle level
students, and preservice teachers. Rural lowachieving middle level students were provided differentiating
learning through research based strategies and activities to develop critical thinking skills while acquiring
knowledge of required content strands. Evidencebased teachers and students activities, pretest and posttest
scores,andinstructionalmethodsforexperimentalandcontrolconditionsweredocumentedinordertoprovidea
comprehensive understanding of the results. Ten inservice teachers and 20 preservice teachers worked
collaboratively to build future highly qualified teachers to work in lowperforming classes. Additionally, action
researchstudyclubsandcriticalfriendscommunitygroupsamonglowachievingruralmiddlelevelstudentsand
their families were established. Increased student achievement occurred with at least a 3% or more on state
mandatedcriterionreferencedcompetencytestsandontheconstructedresponseassessmentsinmath,science,
andlanguagearts.
140
Role of Environmental Food Access and Availability in Cancer Prevention. Blake, K.*, C. S. Hathorn, P.
Gichuhi, E. Bromfield and A. C. BovellBenjamin, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Tuskegee
Diet, nutrition, physical activity, and cancer risk reduction in lowincome, rural communities are
influenced by numerous environmental factors including availability and accessibility of healthy foods. The
objective of this study was to develop a methodology and document the addresses, demographics and steps
needed to accurately geocode the types of food outlets used by residents of Tuskegee. Preprocessing of 1,800
Tuskegeeresidentsaddressesandthoseoffoodoutletswheretheyshoppedwascompletedthrougha3minute,
13itemtelephonesurvey.Invalidaddressesandcommonmisspellingswereremoved.Inthecompleteddataset(N
=416)forthedemographics,76%and23%werefemalesandmales,respectively,andtheiragesrangedfrom18
to more than 76 years. Sixtyfour percent of the respondents did their foodshopping in Tuskegee. Most
respondents(41%)indicatedthattheyfoodshoppedatagivenstorebecauseofconvenience;while39,34,25and
22% did so because of price, location, variety and quality of goods, respectively. Most respondents had private
transportationandwereearninglessthan$20,000annually.Fiftypercentoftherespondentshadafamilymember
with cancer. Geocoding data must be taken in a stepwise approach and preprocessing is necessary to avoid
incorrect matches, improve the efficiency and to select the most appropriate method. Ultimately, the findings of
the study will enable policymakers and researchers to have a visual map of the types of food outlets and the
opportunitiesforhealthyeatingavailabletoresidents.
141
TheSocialComparisonofFashionPrintAdvertisementsandFemaleCollegeStudentsBodyImage.Payton,
L. C.* and B. Clinton, Department of Human Ecology, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD
21853
Thisstudycontributestotheunderstandingofhowthemassmediasrepresentationoftheidealisticadult
female affects the perceived body image and social comparison habits of the everyday woman. The following
hypotheseswereexplored:(H1)Youngcollegefemaleswithnegativebodyimageswillbenegativelyaffectedby
print media images; (H2) Young college females with positive body images will not be affected by print media
92
images;and(H3)Socialcomparisonwillhaveanegativeeffectonthebodyimageofyoungcollegefemales.Aself
reportsurveywasdistributedtofemalecollegestudentswhorespondedtoquestionsrelatedtobodyimage,social
comparison, and attitude towards advertisements. In addition, college females were exposed to a total of two
advertisements featuring images of models advertising fashion products. The two fashion advertisements were
placed first and third in a fiveslide Microsoft PowerPoint slideshow. The three additional pictures that were
showndidnotincludeanyhumanmodelsorfeatureproductsrelatedtohealthorbeauty.Surveyresultsshowthat
the culture of society influences college females body image perceptions through the social comparison of print
advertisements.
UndergraduateHumanSciences
142
Canceled
AbstractsofScientistNonCompetitive
Papers
ARD 2009
1890Research:
Century
93
143
Proteomic and Transcript Analysis of Water Stressed Florida Hybrid Bunch and Muscadine Grape
Genotypes.Katam,R.*,S.M.BashaandH.Vasanthaiah,CenterforViticultureandSmallFruitResearch,FloridaA
&MUniversity,Tallahassee,Florida32317.
Waterstressaffectsproductivity,diseasetoleranceandenologicalcharacteristicsofgrape.Plantresponse
towaterdeficitaregovernedbyacombinationofmolecularandbiochemicalsignaltransductionprocesseswhich
coordinatelyacttodeterminetoleranceorsensitivityatthewholeplantlevel.Littleisknownabouttheunderlying
processesthatconfertheadaptationprocessesofgrapevinetostress.Ourresearchisconcernedwithdetermining
molecular and cellular responses of Florida grown grape cultivars to water deficit stress. Selected cultivars of
FloridahybridbunchandMuscadinegrapeweremaintainedundergreenhouseconditionsandsubjectedtowater
stress by withholding irrigation. Leaf samples were collected at 5, 10, 15 and 20 day intervals, proteins were
extracted and separated by 2D PAGE and identified by LC/Mass Spectrophotometry. Phosphoribulokinase,
ribulosebisphosphatecarboxylaseandUVrepressiverubiscoactivase(10to60kDa),whichplayamajorrolein
photosynthesis,werefoundtobesuppressedduetowaterstress.SubtractivelibraryfromtotalRNAofleaftissue
was generated to enrich cDNAs expressed by water stress and used to identify uniquely expressed genes. The
differentially expressed genes included sucrose synthase, actin, isoprene synthase, ABF3, SNF1 related protein
kinase, WRKY type transcription factors, AP2, Asr2, glyoxalase I and cytochrome b, which are known to play
significantrolesincellpermeability,transportation,photosynthesisandmaintenanceofosmoticstress.Proteomic
and transcript analysis showed differential expression of several drought responsive genes following water
stresswhichwouldhavemajorimpactonnutraceuticalandenologicaltraits.(SupportedbyUSDAandFDACS)
ScientistEmergingTechnologies
144
Proteomics and Genomics Approach to Isolate Novel Proteins and Genes from PDTolerant Vitis Species.
Hemanth,V.*,S.M.BashaandR.Katam,CenterforViticultureandSmallFruitResearch,FloridaA&MUniversity,
Tallahassee,Florida32317
Amongthebacterialdisease,PiercesDisease(PD),causedbyXylellafastidiosaisthemostseriousdisease
ofgrapevine.Colonizationofxylembythisbacteriumresultsinplantdeathduetocloggingofxylemvessels.This
disease has hampered cultivation of bunch (Vitis vinifera) grape in southeastern United States. The level of
tolerancetothisdiseasevariesacrosstheVitisspeciesandwithinthespecies.Inordertounderstandbiochemical
and molecular basis of the disease, a study was conducted to identify and characterize proteins and transcripts
differentially expressed in xylem sap/tissue upon challenging with virulent strains of Xylella. 2Dimensional
electrophoresisandSubtractiveHybridizationtechniqueswereusedtoidentifyuniquelyexpressedproteinsand
transcripts. Biochemical analysis yielded ten novel proteins viz. 1, 3glucanase, peroxidase, oxygen evolving
enhancerproteins,andotherunknowninfectioninducedproteinsexpressedonlyinxylemsapofPDtolerantVitis
species (Muscadines and Florida hybrid bunch). These proteins are known to be involved in plant defense and
oxygen generation. Similarly, expression of chalcone synthase, chitinase, adenosine kinase, enolase, stilbene
synthase and PR genes was observed in xylem tissue of PDtolerant genotypes (Florida hybrid bunch grapes)
comparedtoPDsusceptible(Bunchgrapes)genotypesuponinfectionindicatingtheiradaptivemechanismagainst
Xylellainfection.TheexpressionofthesegeneswasconfirmedthroughrealtimePCR.Overall,theresultsindicated
that expression of these novel proteins and genes in PDtolerant Vitis species may be the vital reason for their
tolerancetoPD.(SupportedbyUSDACapacityBuildingandFloridaViticultureAdvisoryCouncilGrants)
94
145
Differential Screening of Overexpressed Genes Involved in Flavonoid Biosynthesis in North American
Native Grapes: muscadinia Noble var. and aestivales Cynthiana var. Bourne, J. L.* , T. Payton, S. K.
Samuelian,K.Kappel2,C.Camps2,S.Delrot2,andV.M.Colova(Tsolova),FloridaA&MUniversity,CESTA,Center
for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, Tallahassee, FL 32317; and 2UMR 1287 Ecophysiology and Grape
Functional Genomics, University of Bordeaux, INRA, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Domaine de la
GrandeFerrade,33883VillenavedOrnon,France.
Thegeneticalenhancementoftheexpressionofflavanoid(nutraceutical)compoundsintwomajorNorth
AmericangrapespeciesVitisrotundifolia(Noble)andV.aestivalis(Cynthiana)duringtwodevelopmentalstages
vraisonandphysiologicalmaturitywasstudied.Thetwovarietieswereofthesameageandgrownunder
the same environmental conditions and canopy management practices. For the first developmental stage green
nonpigmented berries and soft dark pigmented berries were analyzed separately and were compared to each
other as well as to physiologically matured berries. mRNA expression profiling was achieved by the use of high
throughput 70mers oligoarrays bearing a set of 14,562 Unigenes. The upregulated genes from all expression
pointstotaled13,971,andthedownregulated14,222.Thetotalnumberoftranscriptsthatweredifferentially
expressedinagivenconditionwas1,051.AslightincreaseinthenumberofexpressedgenesandintheirmRNA
accumulation levels from green nonpigmented towards physiologically matured berries was observed. The
expression profiles of 28 genes involved in critical steps of the flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation or
strongly differentially expressed during the process of ripening were validated in the two cultivars by realtime
PCR. Less than half of the transcripts (43%) had significantly similar expression patterns in Noble and
Cynthiana.Ofthemanthocyanidinsynthaseandanthocyanidinreductase,thatareresponsibleforcolorstability
ingrapes,weresignificantlymoreexpressedinCynthianathaninNoble.
146
ProteomicAnalysisofMuscadineGrapeLeaf.Basha,S.M.*,H.VasanthaiahandR.Katam,CenterforViticulture
andSmallFruitResearch,FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL321317.
Muscadine grapes are native to southeastern United States and are tolerant to most diseases. They are
used for making wine and consumed as fresh fruit. Grape berries rely on the use of available carbohydrate
resources produced by photosynthesis to support their growth and development. Our research is aimed at
increasing knowledge of differences in leaf protein composition among muscadine grape genotypes to better
understandvariationinphotosyntheticefficiencyamongmuscadinegenotypes.Wereportacomparativeanalysis
of various Vitis species based on differences in their leaf protein composition. Fully expanded leaf samples from
several muscadine genotypes were collected, proteins were extracted and analyzed by 2D PAGE. The
electrophoresis resolved muscadine leaf proteins into more than 200 polypeptides with pI between 3.5 and 8.0,
and molecular weight between 14000 to 150000 Daltons. The major protein spots were identified as Rubisco
subunits, glutamine synthetase, ATP synthase, etc. Comparison of 2D profiles of muscadine, bunch and hybrid
bunch grape genotypes showed wide differences in polypeptide composition among these genotypes. The
polypeptide profile of muscadine leaves were found to be distinct from that of bunch and hybrid bunch grape
genotypes.Forexample,themuscadinegenotypescontainedarelativelyhigheramountofRubiscolargesubunit
compared to bunch and hybrid bunch genotypes. These data clearly showed that muscadine leaf proteome is
distinct from other Vitis species. Studies are in progress to determine identity of muscadine leaf proteome by
sequenceanalysis.(SupportedbyFloridaViticultureAdvisoryCouncilandUSDAgrants)
147
DevelopmentofESTSSRmarkersforgenemappingandgenotypingingrapes(VitisL.).Lu,J.*1,H.Huang1,Z.
Ren1 and W. Hunter2, 1Genetic Lab, Center for Viticulture and Small Fruits Research, Florida A&M University,
Tallahassee,FL32317and 2USDAARSHorticulturalResearchLaboratory,2001SouthRockRoad,FortPierce,FL
34945.
To develop ESTSSR functional markers for genotyping and gene mapping, an integrated computational
andmoleculartoolwasdevelopedforESTSSRidentification,functionalannotation,andmarkervalidation.Atotal
of6,447ESTsequencescontainingsimplesequencerepeats(SSRs)fromtheNCBIdatabasewereidentified,which
95
wasaccountedfor3%ofthetotalgrapeESTs.The6,447SSRESTswerefurtherreducedto1,701nonredundant
sequencesetsviaclusteringanalysis.AlltheSSRESTswerefunctionalannotatedandmappedtoGeneOntology,
Enzyme Commission and KEGG pathways. Fiftynine percent sequences (1,008 of 1,701) were homologous with
proteinsequencesinNCBIdatabase.KEGGpathwaysanalysisshowedasignificantnumberofSSRESTsrelatedto
signal regulation and secondary metabolism. Seventy pairs of primers developed from these SSRESTs with
putativediseaseresistancefunctionswereselectedforfurthermarkervalidation.Theusefulnessoftheseputative
markers was studied by using them for grape genome typing and cultivar identification. In addition, the marker
transferabilityandfeasibilityforgrapegenomemappingwasalsoevaluated.
148
Organic Waste Composting Technologies, Processing, Monitoring, Challenges, and Product Quality.
Johnson,H.Y.*,CooperativeResearch&Extension,LincolnUniversity,JeffersonCity,MO65101.
Organic waste is produced at homes, institutions, and communities. It is recyclable and of high energy
content;however,thebulkofthiswastestreamisdisposedinlandfills.Severaltechnologiesarecurrentlyutilized
tomanageandprocessorganicwasteandconvertittousefulproducts.Processingmethodsandmonitoringare
vital to the success of these operations. Lincoln University (LU) of Missouri uses an aerobic invessel device to
compost cafeteria food waste. Comparison of LU compost with compost produced by other composting facilities
showeddifferingphysicalandchemicalcharacteristics.Inaddition,greenhousestudiesconductedtoexaminethe
effectsofcompostapplicationsonlettuce,radish,fescue,andsweetcornfurtherdemonstratedvariablequalities
andphytotoxicpotentialofsomecompostedproducts.Theammoniumcontentofcompostshowscorrelationwith
negative plant responses in a dose dependent fashion. LU is active in conducting compost education and
demonstration workshops to increase the awareness and knowledge of effective composting to reduce waste in
landfillsandtoimproveenvironmentsustainability.
ScientistRenewableResourcesandEnvironmentalStewardship
149
PotentialofSweetpotatoandSweetSorghumasAdvancedBiofuelCropsforLowInputProductiononSmall
Farms.Bomford,M.K.*andA.F.Silvernail,CommunityResearchService,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY
40601.
USgovernmentmandateshelpeddrivedomesticbioethanolproductionfrom5billiongallonsin2006to9
billiongallonsin2008.Almostallofthiswasconventionalethanol,madefromcorn(ZeamaysL.)starchproduced
onlargefarms.Beginningin2009,mandatesrequireannualincreasesinproductionofadvancedethanol,made
from sources other than corn starch, using techniques that reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50%
relativetothecurrentbaseline.Advancedethanolproductionisofinterestto1890landgrantinstitutionsbecause
ofthepotentialtousecropsthataremorecompatiblewithsmallfarmsystems,lowinputsustainableagriculture,
anddecentralizedprocessingsystems.In2008sweetsorghum(SorghumbicolorL.),sweetpotato(Ipomoeabatatas
L.), and field corn crops were grown in randomized, replicated plots on organic land at the Kentucky State
University research farm to compare labor, land, and energy use efficiency of each crop for production of
fermentablecarbohydrates.Sweetpotatoandsweetsorghummademoreefficientuseoflandthanfieldcorn,but
requiredmorelaborforharvestandcarbohydrateextraction.Fieldcornyieldwasapproximately33%lowerthan
thenationalaverageunderlowinputconditionsinadroughtyear;sweetpotatoandsweetsorghumyieldswere
equivalent to, and higher than, national averages, respectively. Sweetpotato and sweet sorghum are promising
cropsforadvancedbiofuelproduction,andaremorecompatiblewithsmallscale,lowinputproductionsystems
thancorn.
150
Influence of Cover Crops on Enzyme Activities in a Marvyn Sandy Loam Soil. Hamido, S. A.* and K.
KpomblekouA, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL
36088.
Covercropsplayanessentialroleinnutrientrecyclinginsoil.Theyincreasesoilorganicmattercontent
andenhancesoilenzymeactivities.Weinvestigatedtheeffectoftwotillagesystems(conventionalandnotill)and
two cover crops (black oat, Avena strigosa; crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum; and their association) on
arylamidase(EC3.4.11.2),Lasparaginase(EC3.5.1.1),andurease(EC3.5.1.5)activitiesinatomatofieldfollowing
96
harvest.ThecovercropswereplantedinNovember2005andearlyinMay2006wereplowedandincorporated
intosoil(conventionaltillage)ormowedandleftonthesoilsurface(notill).BroilerlitterassourceofNfertilizer
was applied at a rate of 4.6 Mg/ha, triple super phosphate at 180 kg P2O5/ha, and potassium chloride at 120 kg
K2O/ha according to soil testing recommendations. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings were
transplantedandgrownfor60days.Afterharvest,96coresoilsampleswerecollectedatincrementaldepths(05,
510,and1015cm)andsievedmoistthrougha2mmsieve.Aportionofthesievedsoilwasairdried,groundto
passthrougha100meshsieveandanalyzedfororganicCandN.Enzymeactivitiesstronglycorrelatedwithsoil
organic C and N. In the conventional tillage plots, arylamidase and urease activities were highest in the crimson
cloverblackoatmixtureplots(29.0gnaphthylamine/g/hand18.3gNH4+N/g/2h,respectively).Allcontrol
plots (weed) showed lowest enzyme activities suggesting that cover crops significantly increased enzyme
activitiesinsoil.
151
MixingPerformanceofMimicAnaerobicDigesterVessels.EspinosaSolares,T.*andV.RiveraSalvador,GusR.
DouglassLandGrantInstitute,WestVirginiaStateUniversity,InstituteWV251121000.
Mixing performance of a vessel that mimics an anaerobic digester was evaluated for flow patterns,
circulation time, and residence time distribution in order to obtain parameters for improvement in mixing. The
scaleddownvesselmimicsthepilotplantanaerobicdigesterdescribedpreviouslybytheresearchteamatWest
Virginia State University (EspinosaSolares et al, App Biochem Biotechnol, 129132, 959968). Mixing was
promotedbypumpingandgassing.Experimentalconditionsforpumpingwerekeptconstantat0.010vvm;while
gassing varied in the range of 0.005 to 0.050 vvm. A Froude number was used as hydrodynamics indicator and
defined considering the superficial gas velocity. The media include Newtonian and nonNewtonian model fluids.
Resultsindicateawellmixedzoneinthemiddleofthetank,whichisexpandedasFroudenumberincreases.Itwas
possibletopredictcirculationtimeusingtheFroudenumber.
152
AdsorptionandPhotolysisofSelectedAntibioticsinSoils.Atalay,A.*,B.WhiteheadandA.Hamama,Virginia
StateUniversity,AgriculturalResearchStation,Petersburg,VA23806.
Antibioticsareusedtocombatdiseasecausingbacteriainthebody.Largequantitiesarealsousedinfood
animals to enhance growth, prevent diseases, and increase feeding efficiency. The use of animal manures and
biosolids in agricultural fields has prompted concerns about the potential recycling of antibiotics back into the
food web and the possible effect on human health. There is also additional concern regarding the impact
antibioticsmighthaveonagriculturallysignificantsoilbacteria,suchasNitrosomonasandNitrobacter,whichare
critical in nitrogen cycling. A preliminary assessment on the adsorption and photolysis of four antibiotics were
conductedusingthreesoils.To1.0gofsoil(Cullen,BourneorBojac),20mlsolvent(water,acetonitrileorethyl
acetate)containing0,100,250,300,750,or1000mg/Lantibioticwasaddedinacentrifugetubeandshakenfor
30 minutes. Samples were then centrifuged, filtered and analyzed using HPLC. Results indicated that antibiotics
adsorption on soil and their solubility in extracting solvents varied with soil type and clay content. While all
antibiotics were soluble in water, oxytetracycline had maximum adsorption on Bojac and Bourne; amoxyciline
waspreferentiallyadsorbedonCullen.However,tylosinshowedlittleaffinityforCullenandBourne.Exposureof
antibiotics to ultraviolet light at 254 nm, 302 nm, and 365 nm for 30 minutes, 6 hours, 12 hours or 24 hours in
watershowedsomedegradationatlongerexposureperiodsandlongerwavelengths.BoththeadsorptionandUV
exposureresultsindicatethatsomeantibioticsmaypersistintheenvironment.
153
Phenological Relationship of the Blue Orchard Bee with Spring Tree Bloom. Kraemer, M.* and F. Favi,
AgriculturalResearchStation,VirginiaStateUniversity,Petersburg,VA23806.
Inordertoenhancepollinatordiversityinorchards,managementtechniquesarebeingdevelopedforthe
blue orchard bee (Osmia lignaria Say), a solitary species with only a single generation per year. These bees
overwinterasadultsandareamongtheearliestpollinatorstoemergeinspring,wellbeforetreeshaveleaves.Itis
necessarytounderstandthephenologicalrelationshipofblueorchardbeesandearlyspringbloomtobeableto
establishnaturalpopulationsofthesebeesnearorchards.Suitablepollenandnectarsourcesneedtobeavailable
97
both before and after apple bloom for maximum growth of bee populations. The objective of this study was to
determine the phenological relationship between bee emergence and tree bloom. We analyzed five years of bee
emergenceandbloomdatawithrespecttoairtemperature.Horticulturalmodelsforpredictingfruittreebloom
weretestedforabilitytopredictbeeemergenceandtreebloom.Beeemergenceprecededapplebutwasinclose
synchrony with the bloom of a preferred forage plant, eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis L.). Although the
biochemicalmechanismsresponsibleforwinterdiapauseininsectsandbloomphenologyintreesmustbeatbest
distantlyrelated,theyproducedaremarkabledegreeofsynchronyovera5yearperiod.
154
PriceVariabilityandtheMarketingofGoatClassesinGeorgia.Styles,E.,M.C.NelsonandX.Liu*,Agricultural
ResearchStation,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030.
Overthelastdecade,theU.S.meatgoatsectorhasexperiencedsubstantialgrowth.Itishypothesizedthat
increased demand for goat meat is the result of changing population demographics and nutritional and health
concerns.ThereisgeneralagreementthattheU.S.meatgoatsectorwillcontinuetogrowastastesandpreferences
ofnichemarketpopulationsandhealthandnutritionalconcernsareassimilatedintothebroaderpopulationand
addressed by the food marketing system. Hispanics, Muslims and Caribbean populations make up three of the
mostimportantnichemarketsforgoatmeat.However,preferencesforvarioustypesofproductdesired(carcass
and/orliveweight)arethoughttodiffer.Thenumberofintermediariesbetweengoatproducerandconsumerare
fewandproducersassumemoremarketingfunctions.Also,thereislittleornopublishedinformationonwhether
producersaremeetingthecarcassorliveweightdemandsofthesenichemarkets.Thus,thefocusofthispaperis
toexaminetheimportanceofandthevariabilityassociatedwiththevariousclassificationofmeatgoatsmarketed.
Dataarefortheperiod9January20063September2008fromtheUSDAAMSLivestockMarketBranchforfour
GeorgiagoatmarketslocatedinthreeofGeorgiasfouragriculturalproductionregions.Thekidclassificationwas
most frequently marketed; price variability associated with the kids was lower than other classifications, and
relativeriskwasalsolower.
ScientistSmallScaleAgricultureandRuralDevelopment
155
Influences of Forage Quality and Quantity on the Performance of Goats and Cattle Under MixedSpecies
GrazingSystems.Gebrelul,S.W.*,Y.Ghebreiyessus,V.R.Bachireddy,R.Marshall,L.Gray,R.Payne,M.Berhane,E.
RunlesandZ.Augustine,SouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter,SouthernUniversityand
A&MCollege,BatonRouge,LA70813.
Animal weights, fresh (FFY) and dry (DFY) forage yields, plant height (PHT), crude protein (CP), acid
(ADF) and neutral (NDF) detergent fibers, and dry matter (DM) were analyzed to evaluate the performances of
goatsandcattle.Ina3x2factorial,100Spanishdoesand28Branguscowswererandomlyassignedtocontinuous
orrotationalgrazingsystems.Goatsandcattlewereallowedtograzealoneormixedtograzewitheachother.A
landareaof31hectares(ha)onBermudagrasswasdividedintosixpastures,8haeachformixedspeciesgrazing,
2 ha each for goatsalone grazing and 5.5 ha each for cattlealone grazing. The rotational pastures were divided
intofourpaddocksandeachpaddockwasgrazedfor7daysandallowedtorestfor21days.Forageandweight
measurements were taken every 28 days for three years (20052007). Data were analyzed using SASs MIXED
procedure and stepwise regression models. The main effects were generally significant (P<0.05) for all weights.
Forcalfweight,theorderofvariablesthatenteredtheregressionmodelatP<0.05wereADF,PHT,NDF,FDY,and
CP and the highest correlation was 0.13 with NDF. Model R2 improved from 10 to 20%. Sequences of NDF, DM,
ADFandDFYforcowweights;FFY,DFY,NDFandADFfordoeweights;andPHT,DFY,FFYandNDFforkidweights
enteredthemodel.Theseresultsshowedthatcattleweightswereinfluencedmorebyforagequalityparameters
whilegoatweightsbyforagequantity.
156
EffectsofJointCattleandGoatsGrazingSystemonSoilPhysicalProperties.Ghebreiyessus,Y.T.*,S.Gebrelul,
V. Bachireddy and M. Berhane, Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Southern
UniversityandA&MCollege,BatonRouge,LA70813.
CowcalfproductionisthemajorsourceofincomeforsmallfarmersinLouisianaandgoatproductionhas
great potential to be an additional source of income for these farmers. A study to evaluate the effect of mixed
98
species grazing on soil compaction and permeability was conducted. Animals were grazed on Bermuda grass
pasturesduringthesummerandryegrassduringthewinter.Ina2x3factorial,100Spanishgoatsand28Brangus
cows were randomly assigned to continuous or rotational grazing systems, and three grazing schemes (goats
alone, cattle alone and goats mixed with cattle). Soil physical properties that determine soil compaction and
permeabilitywerecollectedinfallandinspringbymeasuringsoilpenetrometer,bulkdensity,soilwatercontent
andsoilpermeabilityrate.Significantdifferences(P<0.05)insoilphysicalpropertieswasfoundbetweenseasons,
grazing schemes and grazing system by grazing scheme interactions. It was only with soil permeability, ranging
from 0.13 to 0.70 cm/s, that the grazing system showed significant differences (P<0.05). Mean bulk density and
penetrometer readings range were 1.36 1.49 Mg/m3 and 3.95.7 revolutions, respectively. Cattle alone in both
rotational and continuous pastures appear to compact the soil more compared with the other treatments. Soil
compaction by goats was lower than cattle. Soil water content, a variable that influences penetrometer reading,
washigher(23.0vs.19.4%,P<0.05)inspringthaninfall.Inmixedspeciesgrazing,hoofactionofgoatsmayhave
contributedinimprovingsurfacewaterstorage,hence,highersoilwatercontentandpermeabilityandlowersoil
compaction.
157
Efficacy of Anthelmintics on Llama and Alpaca Farms in Georgia. Gillespie, R. M.*1, L. H. Williamson2, T. H.
Terrill1 and R. M. Kaplan2, 1Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Agricultural Research
Station,FortValley,GA31030;and2CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602.
The number of llama and alpaca farms is growing in the southeastern United States, and infection with
gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is a major health concern in this region. There is widespread resistance to
anthelmintic remedies in GIN of small ruminants (sheep and goats), but a paucity of information on llamas and
alpacas.Anthelminticresistancewasevaluatedonthreefarms(twollama;onealpaca)inGeorgiausingfecalegg
count reduction (FECR) tests. For each farm, animals were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups
basedoninitialfecaleggcount(FEC)andnumberofanimalsavailable(2to5groups).Ivermectin(IVM;0.3mg/kg
bodyweight(BW))andacontrolgroupweretestedonanalpacafarm,andfenbendazole(FBZ;10mg/kgBW;2
farms),moxidectin(MOX;0.2mg/kgBW;2farms),andlevamisole(LEV;8mg/kgBW;1farm)wereaddedforthe
llamafarms.AnthelminticefficacywasdeterminedbycomparingFECoftreatmentandcontrolanimals14dpost
treatment,withresistanceevaluatedusingtheWorldAssociationfortheAdvancementofVeterinaryParasitology
guidelines.TherewasGINresistancetoIVMinbothllamasandalpacasinGeorgiaandtoFBZonbothllamafarms
wherethisdrugwastested.TherewasMOXresistanceononellamafarm,whiletherewasnoresistancetoLEV
detected in this study. These data demonstrate a serious emerging problem in the United States of llama and
alpacaGINresistanttodrugsfromtwoofthethreemajoranthelminticclasses.
158
UseofBrewersGradeRiceasAlternativeEnergyFeedtoCornorMiloforFinishingPigs.Gekara,O.J.*and
T.Dunbar,DepartmentofAgriculture,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
AnexperimentwasconductedattheUniversityofArkansasatPineBluff(UAPB)Farmin2007tostudy
theperformanceofpigsfinishedonbrewersgradericebaseddiet.Brewersgraderice,whichischeaperthancorn
ormiloandisabundantinSoutheastArkansas,replaced100%cornormilointhediet.Inareplicatedstudy,forty
growingpigs(averagebodyweight=50kg)werefinishedoneitherbrewersgradericebasedfeed(experimental
diet) or corn/milo based conventional feed (control diet). Two 42day trials were completed for this study.
BrewersgradericebaseddietwasmixedatUAPBFarmwhereasconventionalfeedwaspurchasedfromthelocal
animalfeedsstore.Pigsfedontheexperimentaldietgainedfaster(0.96vs.0.79kg/d;P<0.05)andhadgreater
feed efficiency i.e. kg gain/kg feed (0.33 vs. 0.25; P <0.01) compared with pigs fed on the control diet. Based on
currentfeedandfeedingredientprices,feedcostperkggainwasgreaterforpigsfedonthecontroldietcompared
withpigsfedontheexperimentaldiet($1.58vs.1.21;P<0.001).Theseresultsshowthatbrewersgradericecan
replace100%ofcornormiloindietsforfinishingpigswithoutcompromisinganimalperformance.Itisconcluded
thatbrewersgradericeisagoodalternativeenergyfeedtocornormiloforfinishingpigs.However,morestudies
areneededtodeterminetheeffectofreplacingallcornormiloinfinishingpigdietsonporkquality(carcassyield
andgrade).
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159
Embryonic Development in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica). Arora, K. L.*, Department of Veterinary
Science,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030.
ThepurposeofthisstudywastocharacterizedaytodaygrowthanddevelopmentofembryosinJapanese
quaileggs.Eggsofuniformsize,shape,andweightwerecollectedrandomlyfromacolonyofhatchmatefemales
havingahighfertilityrate.Withintwohoursofcollection,theeggsweretransferredtoanincubatormaintainedat
98Fand6568%relativehumidity,withabuiltineggturner.Fromdays316ofincubation,810eggseachday
were broken open and placed in a Petri dish containing a normal saline solution. After removing the embryonic
membranesandleftoveryolk,theembryosweretransferredtoapapertoweltoremovefreefloatingwater.The
embryos were placed in aluminum cups and weighed to the nearest milligram using an analytical balance.
Followingthis,theembryosweretransferredtoanincubatormaintainedat100Cfortwodays,inordertoobtain
constant dry weights. This experiment was done in two batches totaling 15 embryos for each day of incubation.
MeanandSDvaluesfordaytodaychangesinwetweight,dryweightandwatercontentwerecalculated.Onday3,
the values for wet weight, dry weight and water contents were 15.72 2.1mg, 1.23 0.03mg, and 911.9%,
respectively.Thesevalueschangedbyday16(adaybeforehatching)to5721.3558.3mg,1127.8028.6mgand
79.1 3.4 %, respectively. As the embryos increased progressively in wet and dry weight, the water content
decreasedcorrespondingly.Moredetaileddataondaytodaychangesinembryonicmassandgrowthratewillbe
presented.
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PreliminaryEvaluationofSmallScalePrawnProductioninPonds.Madden,U.A.*1,G.Nurse1,J.Beaudouin1,
A.Bolques1,L.Muralles1,S.HarrisThompson1,G.Queeley1,A.Wallamsley2,M.May3andF.Chapman4, 1Extension
andOutreachProgram,CollegeofEngineeringSciences,FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32307; 2Florida
Farm Bureau Federation, Gainesville, FL 32614; 3Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services,
Tallahassee,FL32310;and4UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL32611.
Threepondswereusedinthisstudyoffreshwaterprawns(Macrobrachiumrosenbergi)toprovidehands
ontraininganddemonstrations,andextensionassistancetosmall,limitedresourceeconomicallydisadvantaged
farmers to optimize production systems (ponds). The study began on June 27, 2008 and ended November 24,
2008.DuplicatewatersamplesweretakenforanalysisofpH,temperature,anddissolvedoxygenandwaterdepth
andambienttemperaturedataaspondsweremonitored.OnDay0,thirtydayoldjuvenileprawnswereplacedin
Ponds1and2(3000each)and3(2,000prawns).Prawnswerefeda36%proteindietoncedailyafterDay30at
11.36kgperacrewithprawndensityof1218,000peracre.AtDay139,prawnswereharvested,counted,weighed
and 20 prawns from each pond were measured and weighed. Pond 2 had significantly higher (p < 0.001) mean
dissolvedoxygenconcentrationandsignificantlyhigher(p<0.0001)meanpHthanPonds1and3.Meandissolved
oxygenconcentrationforDay52wassignificantlyhigher(p<0.001)thanallothersexceptforDay44.Meanwater
temperatureforPond1wassignificantlyhigher(p<0.0001)thanthoseforPonds2and3.Significantdifferences
(p < 0.0001) were observed for mean water temperature for various days of the study. Prawns in Pond 3 had
significantly (p < 0.0001) greater length than those in Ponds 1 and 2. Greater production was in Pond 3 (38
animals)thanPonds1and2with50animalsweighing1pound.
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AReviewofNutritionResearchandDietDevelopmentfortheLargemouthBass(Micropterussalmoides).
Tidwell,J.H.*andS.D.Coyle,DivisionofAquaculture,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
The largemouth bass (LMB) (Micropterus salmoides) is an important sportfish species. In recent years it
has also developed into an important foodfish, especially when sold live into ethnic Asian markets. As a
carnivorous species, feed costs are high, exceeding 50% of production costs. A series of studies at KSU was
conducted to develop efficient and cost effective diets for LMB. Study 1 on alternative protein sources found no
significant difference (P>0.05) in the growth of LMB feed diets with fish meal completely replaced by less
expensivepoultrybyproductmeal.Study2foundnosignificantdifference(P>0.05)inthegrowthofLMBfeddiets
containing vegetable oils rather than fish oil. Study 3 found that fish performed best when carbohydrate levels
were maintained below 20% of the total diet, however, this compromised the ability to make floating pellets.
Basedonthesedata,Study4evaluateddietscontaining45,24,and8%fishmealinapondscaletrialandfoundno
significantdifference(P>0.05)ingrowthofLMBfedthelowfishmealdietsbutfeedcostswerereduced>30%.A
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recentstudyevaluatedaleastcostformulationandpelletcharacteristics(sinkvs.floatvs.size).Thestudyfound
thataleastcostformulationresultedinasignificantreduction(P<0.05)infishgrowth.However,whentheleast
cost feed was manufactured as a sinking rather than floating pellet, fish growth was not significantly different
(P>0.05)fromthemoreexpensivecommercialdietandfeedcostsweresignificantlyreduced(P<0.05)(>20%).
162
SmallScale Aquaculture at a Wastewater Treatment Plant. Mims, S. D.*1, R. J. Onders1 and B. T. Parrott2,
1Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601 and 2Aquila International, Inc.,
Versailles,KY40383.
Wastewatertreatmentplantsaretodayintegralpartsofanyurbancommunity.Withbettermethodsfor
processingwastewater,manymunicipalitiesarenowbuildingnew,largerfacilities,anddecommissioningtheold
ones, many of which include sedimentation ponds and tanks that could be converted for fish culture. Many are
beingneedlesslydemolished,whenrecyclingthemasfishhatcheriescouldsavethecommunitydemolitioncosts,
createnewjobsandgeneraterevenue.Further,theseoldurbanfacilitiescouldprovideareliablewatersourcefor
intensivefishculturetoprovidereadyaccesstomarketsandlowertransportationcost.Mostofthenewfacilities
are being built adjacent to the old, and would conveniently allow the processed wastewater, which must meet
federalwaterqualitycriteriaforhumans,wildlifeandaquaticlife,tobereusedinthehatchery.Thispresentation
willincludeinformationandaDVDofthesuccessofgrowingpaddlefishatawastewatertreatmentplant.Unused
digester tanks filled with processed wastewater that was disinfected with ozone were used to grow stocker
paddlefish. Water fleas (Daphnia spp.) harvested from clarifier tanks were fed to the fry twice daily until they
reached7.5cminTLknownasphaseIfish.Thereafter,fishwerefedextruded1.5to5.5mmpelletsover90days
andreachedanaverageof35cminTLknownasphaseIIfish.Fishwereharvestedandstockedintowatersupply
lakes.Paddlefisharebeingstockedformeatandcaviarproduction.Otherfingerlingspeciesarealsobeingtestedat
thisfacility.
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Understanding Electric Rates to Help Catfish Farmers Lower Their Electric Bills. Pomerleau, S.*,
Aquaculture/FisheriesCenter,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
Thereismoretothecomputationoftheelectricbillsthanthemeteredkilowatthour(kWh)andtheprice
ofelectricityin$/kWh.Rateschedulescanbequitecomplexandcomposedofnumeroustypesofcharges.Allthose
charges need to be taken into account when studying rate schedules. There are six major types of charges: 1)
energychargesin$/kWh,2)demandchargesin$/kW,3)customerchargesin$/month,4)minimumcharges,5)
taxes, and 6) rider schedules. Rider schedules are designed to adjust another rate schedule. They are often
overlooked but can constitute a major part of a customer electric bill. Electric rate schedules from several
electricity providers in Alabama, Arkansas, and Mississippi were studied to quantify the differences in electric
rates paid by catfish farmers. Depending on the structure of their electric rate schedule, there are different
measures farmer may take to help control and reduce their electric utility bills. For example, farmers who are
subjecttodemandchargescanlowertheirelectricbillsbysimplyadjustingthedateswellsareturnedonandoff
based on the dates of their electric billing periods. Farmers can also save on demand charges by limiting the
numberofelectricmotorsrunningsimultaneously.Forexample,catfishfarmersshouldturnoffwellsusedtofill
ponds before electric aerators are turned on at night. Additionally some farmer may benefit from lower electric
ratesiftheylimittheirelectricitydemandduringthepeaksummermonths.
164
Economics and Risk of Food Fish Production from Fingerlings of Hybrid Catfish as Compared to Channel
CatfishStrains.Kumar,G.*andC.R.Engle,DepartmentofAquacultureandFisheries,UniversityofArkansasat
PineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
Production studies comparing hybrid catfish (channelblue), Ictalurus punctatusIctalurus furcatus with
variousstrainsofchannelcatfishgeneratesagreatdealofinterestbutwithcontrastingresultsdependingonthe
size of fingerlings at stocking, maternal genetic inheritance, and survival. Various available experimental and
commercial pond data involving comparison of hybrids with other strains of channel catfish were analyzed to
arrive at a breakeven price for hybrid fingerlings. A comparative breakeven price for hybrid fingerlings with
101
respect to the subject channel catfish strain is of great importance owing to the continued high price for hybrid
fingerlings,whichismakingthehybridproductionfromfingerlingslessaffordable.Breakevenpricesabovetotal
costs of production (BEP) of the cost/inch of fingerlings were determined for both hybrids and channel catfish
fingerlings followed by the calculation of their difference. When compared to normal channel catfish strains the
BEP of hybrid fingerlings was $0.0174/inch/fingerling. However, when compared to NWAC103 channel catfish,
theBEPofhybridfingerlingswas$0.0186/inch/fingerling.Riskanalysisoffoodfishproductionfromfingerlings
ofthesetwogenotypesshowedincreasingnetreturnsanddecreasingbreakevencostofproductionasthesizeof
farmincreasedfrom24hato172ha,butnetreturnsdecreasedforthe403hafarm,likelyduetodiseconomiesof
scale suggesting that the food fish production business is adoptable up to a medium farm size to get maximum
benefits.
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EstimatingEdamameforRaffinoseandStachyoseContentUsingCombiningAbilityAnalysis.Mebrahtu,T.
*1, T. E. Devine2 and S. Ren1, 1Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806;
2Sustainable Agriculture System Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDAARS, BARCWest,
Beltsville,MD20705.
Genetic information on combining ability and the type of gene action that governs the inheritance of
economically important quantitative characters can be helpful to the breeders. Such information can assist the
plantbreedersinselectionofsuitableparentsandtheappropriatebreedingprocedure.Therefore,a10x10diallel
analysisofcombiningabilityofraffinoseandstachyoseinedamame(Glycinemax[L.]Merr.)wasconducted.The
objectivesofthisstudyweretoobtaininformationontheinheritanceofseedtraitsandtoidentifybestparentsfor
cultivardevelopment.Thisstudyshowedthatestimatesofgeneralcombiningability(GCA)andspecificcombining
ability (SCA), and reciprocal variances were significant for both seed traits (raffinose and stachyose) studied. In
bothF2andF3analysistheGCA/SCAratiosforbothraffinoseandstachyosewerehigh.Theseratiossuggestedthe
predominant role of additive genetic variances in the inheritance of raffinose and stachyose. The mean
performance of the parents raffinose and stachyose were closely related to their GCA effects, and the parents
performancepersecouldbeagoodindextotheirGCA.TheperformanceoftheparentsjudgedbytheGCAeffects
indicatedthatKanrich,PellaandVerdehadthebestcombiningabilityforbothraffinoseandstachyoseintheF2
andF3analysis.Thisresultsuggestedthattheseparentshadastableperformanceinbothgenerations.LateGiant
andVS9550hadthelowestGCAeffectforraffinoseinbothF2andF3analysis.
ScientistFoodSafety,Health,andNutrition
166
ScreeningCapsicumchinenseFruitsoftheWorldforHeavyMetalBioaccumulation.Antonious,G.F.*1,J.C.
Snyder2, T. Berke3 and R. L. Jarret4, 1Land Grant Program, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Kentucky State
University, Frankfort, KY 40601; 2Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546;
3Seminis Seed Co., State Highway, Woodland, CA 95695; and 4USDA/ARS Plant Genetic Resources Conservation
Unit,Griffin,GA30223.
Plant uptake is one of the main pathways through which heavy metals enter the food chain. Elevated
concentrations of heavy metals in edible plants could expose consumers to excessive levels of potentially
hazardouschemicals.Hotpepperseedscollectedfromeightcountriesoforiginweregrowninthefield.Fruitsof
63accessionsofCapsicumchinenseJacqoftheUSDA/ARSCapsicumgermplasmcollectionwereanalyzedforseven
heavymetals(Cd,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn,Cu,andMo)concentrations.Themainobjectivesofthisinvestigationwere:1)to
investigate if candidate accessions of hot pepper having high concentrations of capsaicin are heavy metal
accumulators, 2) to determine the concentrations of seven heavy metals in soil and monitor their potential
accumulationinhotpepperfruitsatharvest,and3)totestiftheheavymetalcontentofhotpepperfruitislower
thanthepermittedheavymetallimits.ConcentrationsandrelativeproportionsofheavymetalsinUSDAgenotypes
ofhotpepperfruitsvariedbetweengenotypes.LeadandCdarethetwoheavymetalsofgreatconcerntohuman
health. Fruits of accession PI355820 (Ecuador) accumulated significant concentrations of Cd (0.47 g/g). PI
260522(Peru)accumulatedthehighestconcentrationsofPb(2.12g/g).Thisaccessioncontainedabouttwicethe
Pblimitonfreshweightbasis.Outofthe63accessionsanalyzed,PI238051fromPerucontainedthehighestlevels
of Ni (17.2 g/g). We concluded that high accumulator genotypes can be explored in phytoremediation
technologies.Ontheotherhand,lowaccumulatoraccessionscanbegrownonCd,Pb,orNicontaminatedsoils.
ScientistFoodSafety,HumanNutritionandHealth
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167
Hydroponic Carrots: Nutritional Properties of Four Cultivars Grown Under Different Light and CO2
Conditions. Gichuhi, P. N.*1, C. S. Hathorn1, D. Mortley2 and A. C. BovellBenjamin1, 1Department of Food and
NutritionalSciences,and2DepartmentofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,
AL36088.
Carrots contain a significant amount of carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid associated with cancer
reduction among other diseases. To enhance the optimization of growth conditions, this study evaluated the
nutritional properties of four hydroponic carrots, grown in three groups with four chambers per cultivar. The
carrotshadbeengrownindifferentlightandCO2levels,simulatingspaceconditions,forpotentialapplicationin
theNASAspaceprogram.Light/CO2(molm2s1/ppm)growthconditionsforGroupI(GI)carrotswere406/927,
300/2200,300/2200and194/3473;GroupII(GII)carrotswere150/2200,300/400,450/2200and406/3472;
and all Group III (GIII) carrots were 300/2200. Carotene, moisture, ash, color and texture were evaluated.
Carotene of the GI carrots ranged from 3295 (Kinko, 194/3473) to 10,486g/100 g (Paramex, 406 /927). GII
carrotshadcarotenerangeof3978(Kinko,150/2200)to14664g/100g(Mignon,406/3472)andthatofGIII
was from 5802 (Kinko) to 21,360 g/100 g (Mignon). Moisture content ranged from 81.992.4% for GI, 81.9
91.2%forGIIand85.489.2%forGroupIIIcarrots.Ashcontentrangedfrom0.51.7%forallthecarrots.GI,GII
and GIII carrots had L* color value ranges of 56.9 to 62.3, 56.7 to 62.2 and 53.7 to 60.2, respectively. Texture
ranges for the GI, GII and GIII carrots were 24.850.1, 41.478.4 and 38.270.2N, respectively. In most of the
lighting and CO2 conditions, Mignon was among the cultivar with the highest and Kinko the lowest carotene
content.Highlightintensityenhancedcaroteneanddrymattercontentsofthehydroponiccarrots.
168
Depletion Rate of Tetracycline Residues in the Milk of Alpine and Nubian Breeds of Goats. Attaie, R.*,
Theobjectivewastodeterminetheresidualamountsoftetracyclineinthemilkoftreatedgoatsuntilthe
tolerancelimitof300ppb.Itisessentialtodeterminethesafewithdrawalperiodoftetracyclineinlactatinggoats
and examine the applicability of screening tests such as the Charm ROSA and the SNAP Tetracycline tests. Five
NubianandfiveAlpinedoeswereselectedfromthemilkingherdoftheInternationalGoatResearchCenter.The
qualitative results of these screening tests were compared with the quantitative results of the HPLC technique.
MilksamplescontainingantibioticresiduesweredeproteinizedbyHClandacetonitrileandthenthesupernatants
were extracted, filtered, evaporated, and adjusted to 1 ml before injection into reversedphase HPLC using
isocraticprocedure.AWakosilIIC18columnwasusedwithmobilephase65%0.02MH3PO4and35%0.01MNa
DecansulfonateaceronitrileusingUVdetectionat380nm.TheCharmTestdetectedtetracyclineresiduesinmilk
upto96hoursafterdrugadministration,whereastheSNAPTestdetectedtheantibioticresiduesinmilkupto110
hours.TheHPLCtechniquewhichwascapableofdetectingtetracyclineresiduesingoatmilkatlevelslessthanthe
tolerancelimit,indicatedthatthewithdrawalperiodfortetracyclineintreatedAlpinesandNubianswas86and72
hours after drug administration, respectively. These results indicated that the depletion rate of tetracycline was
fasterinthesebreedsofgoatsthanthepracticed96hourwithdrawalperiodthatisusedforlactatingcows.
169
ProfilingCampylobacterGenotypesinBroilerChicksDuringthePostHarvestStagesofProcessing.Stanley,
V. G.*, O. Taylor, M. Hume and C. Gray, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University,
PrairieView,TX77446.
Studieshaveshownthataspoultrycarcassespassthroughapostharvestprocessingthequanitityofthe
bacteria, Campylobacteria, changed significantly. Therefore, it was hypothesized that during postharvest
processing of poultry there are changes in the strains of Campylobacter present through the various states. The
objectivesofthestudywere:1)todeterminetheCriticalControlPoint(s)inthepostharvestprocessingstageof
poultryinacommercialoperation,and2)toidentifythevariousstrainsofCampylobacterthatappearatthepre
103
andpostharveststages.Sampleswerecollectedandexaminedbeforeandafterscalding,postdefeathering,post
eviscerationandpostchillstagesofprocessing.PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)andagarosegelelectrophoresis
wereappliedtodeterminetheparticularstrainsof Campylobacterateachstageintheprocessingtime.Samples
usedfortheanalysiswerechilledandtransportedtothelaboratoryforprocessing.Theresultsshowedthatfifteen
genotypicFlaAgenepatternsweredetectedafterdigestingthePCRproductswithDdeIrestrictionendonuclease
andperformingelectrophoresis.Thedendrogramgeneratedshowedthatmajorityofthegenotypeswereinthree
mainclusterswitheachgenotypebeingapproximately75%similarwithineachcluster.Theresultsindicatedalso
thattherewasachangeintheCampylobactergenotypesfromonestageofprocessingtothenextaswellasmonth
to month as represented by groups. The use of polymerase chain reaction for the investigation and ultimate
controlofCampylobacterareinvaluabletoresearchers,producersandconsumersforidentificationofthevarious
typesofpathogens.
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TheAntimicrobialEffectsofaSingleandCombinedTreatmentofSodiumChlorideandLimeJuiceonthe
SurvivalofE.coli0157:H7onGroundBeef.Stanley,V.G.*,P.O.Anderson,M.HumeandC.Gray,Cooperative
AgriculturalResearchCenter,PrairieViewA&MUniversity,PrairieView,TX77446.
Foodsafetyisamajorconcernamongproducers,processorsandconsumersalike.Everyattemptshould
be made to minimize incidences. E. coli O157:H7 is commonly associated with food contamination, particularly
groundbeef.Thisresearchwasconductedtoexaminetheeffectsofsodiumchlorideandlimejuiceonthesurvival
rate of the foodborne pathogen, E. coli O157:H7. The specific objectives of this research were to examine the
antimicrobialeffectsofasingleandcombinedtreatmentofsodiumchlorideandlimejuiceonthesurvivalofE.coli
O157:H7ongroundbeef.Threeconcentrationsofbacteria,sodiumchlorideandlimejuicewereused.Theresults
indicated that, at 10% sodium chloride annihilated E. coli O157:H7 at 104, 103, and 102. Similar results were
observedwiththecombinationtreatmentof10%sodiumchlorideand50%limejuice.Withthe50%limejuice,
exceptforthe103and102concentrations,onlytheE.coliO157:H7at104survived.ThesingleapplicationofNaCl
andlimejuicewasnotaseffectiveasthecombinedtreatment.Thereductioninbacteriagrowthwasobservedwith
50%limejuice,whereastheNaClwaseffectiveinsuppressingthebacteriagrowthat10percent.NaClhasbeen
used for centuries to preserve meats, but has not been used in combination with lime juice as an antimicrobial
agent.Thecombinationof10%NaCland50%limejuicehadantimicrobialeffect,asnoEcoliO157:H7survivedat
thatlevel.
171
Transgressive Segregation and Cytomixis: Important Genetic and Cytological Phenomena in the
Phenotypic Expression of Essential Oil Constituents and Patterns in Mentha (Mint). Tucker, A. O.*,
DepartmentofAgriculture&NaturalResources,DelawareStateUniversity,Dover,DE199012277.
During the past 30+ years, I have documented two genetic and cytological phenomena in the genus
Mentha(mint):(1)trangressivesegregationistheobservationofextremephenotypesinhybridsand(2)cytomixis
isthecytologicalintrusionofDNAintothecytoplasmofanadjoiningcell.InMentha,cytomixisproducesgametes
inmultiplesofthemonoploidnumber,therebyproducingdosageeffectsinthephenotypicexpressionofgenesfor
essential oils in the hybrids, which, in turn, is observed as transgressive segregation. Cytomixis, formerly
consideredeitherapathologyorartifactinthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,hasnowbeendocumentedinmany
otherplants,fromgymnospermstoangiosperms,anditcanalsobeinducedartificiallywithchemicalagents.The
implication is that unusual phenotypes can be generated by simply effecting large numbers of hybrids and
selectingdesirabletraitsintheprogenyofthosespeciesthathavecytomixis(naturalorinduced).
172
Application of SRAPRGH DNA Markers in Peanut. Yuan, M.1*, G. He2, B. Rosen3 and D. R. Cook3, 1Shandong
Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao 266100, China; 2Department of Agricultural Sciences, Tuskegee University,
Tuskegee,AL36088;and3DepartmentofPlantPathology,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,CA95616.
Sequencerelated amplified polymorphism (SRAP) DNA marker system is useful in targeting coding
sequences in plant genome through amplification of open reading frames (ORFs). The majority of plant disease
resistance gene proteins belong to nucleotide binding siteleucine rich repeat (NBSLRR) class. Resistance gene
104
homologs(RGHs)couldbeamplifiedusingdegenerateprimersdesignedbasedontheconservedmotifswithinthe
NBS domain. We have identified 589 unique RGH sequences, from which specific RGH primers were designed
basedonthedivergentRGHsequences.Inthisstudy,combinationsofSRAPandRGHprimerswereusedtoamplify
NBSbasedRgenesinpeanut.ThreehundredfiftysixSRAPRGHprimerpairswerescreenedusingfourgenotype
DNAs, and ~25% of such primer combinations detected a polymorphism. The polymorphic SRAPRGH markers
wouldbeusefulingeneticmappinganddiversitystudyrelatedtodiseaseresistanceinpeanut.
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TowardPhysicalMappingofResistanceGeneHomologs(RGHs)inPeanut.He,G. 1*,M.Yuan2,B.Rosen3,A.
Farmer4, R. V. Penmetsa3 and D. R. Cook3, 1Department of Agricultural Sciences, Tuskegee University, AL 36088;
2Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao 266100, China; 3Department of Plant Pathology, University of
California,Davis,CA95616;and4NationalCenterforGenomeResource,SantaFe,NM87505.
The major class of plant disease resistance genes (R genes) contains a central nucleotide binding site
(NBS)domain.AhighlevelofsequenceconservationwithintheNBSdomainfacilitatesidentificationofresistance
genehomologs(RGHs)byusingadegenerateprimerPCRstrategy.Degenerateprimersweredesignedtooperate
withinphylogeneticcladesofRGHsequencespreviouslyidentifiedinMedicagotruncatula.Atotalof544primer
paircombinationswereusedtoamplifyandsequencepeanutRGHs.FivehundredeightynineuniqueRGHswere
identified. Phylogenetic analysis circumscribed these genes to 89 clades using a membership cutoff of 90%
nucleotideidentity.Withineachclade,thesingleRGHsequencewiththehighestaveragepairwiseidentitytoall
othersequencesinthecladewasselectedasaprobeforBAChybridization.These89probeswerehybridizedtoa
peanut 4X BAC library, yielding 3,785 positive BAC clones, encompassing and estimated ~64 Mbp of non
redundantgenomicDNA.Basedonhighinformationcontentfingerprintanalysis,2825RGHcontainingBACclones
were assembled into 345 contigs and 334 singletons. With the goal of integrating this RGH physical map into a
peanut genetic map, BAC end sequences were obtained and used to mine SSR markers. We anticipate that the
resultwillbeacomprehensivegeneticdatasetofpeanutRGHs,providingtoolstofacilitateisolationofresistance
genesbymapbasedcloning.
174
MetabolicEngineeringofIsoflavoneinRice.Manoharan,Muthusamy*1,OliverYu2andYulinJia3, 1Universityof
Arkansas at Pine Bluff, AR; 2Donald Danforth Plant Science Research Center, St. Louis, MO; and 3Dale Bumpers
NationalRiceResearchCenter,Stuttgart,AR.
The objective of this research is to engineer isoflavone from soybean into rice. Isoflavones play an
important role in human health as a dietary component. Consumption of isoflavones is associated with health
benefits such as decreased risk of heart disease, reduced menopausal symptoms and reduced risk of some
hormonerelatedcancers.Genessuchasisoflavonesynthase(IFS),andChalconesynthase(CHS),keyenzymesin
the biosynthesis of isoflavones, along with the transcription factor, C1 and R (CRC) were used for particle
bombardment of callus. A total of 54 putative transgenic plants were regenerated, though IFS and CHS genes
integratedandexpressedonlyinthreeoftheindependenttransgeniclines.CRCtranscriptionfactorwasnotfound
inanyofthetransgeniclines.Currently,plantsarebeingevaluatedfortheexpressionlevelsofisoflavoneinrice.
175
Canceled
176
GeneticDiversityofSweetpotatoCultivarsandtheirWildSpeciesasRevealedbyAFLP.Ponniah,S.K.*,K.
Zura,V.G.VajjaandP.Nimmakayala,GusR.DouglassInstituteAgriculturalandEnvironmentalResearchStation,
WestVirginiaStateUniversity,InstituteWV25112.
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is the seventh most important food crop in the world with an annual
production of 122 million metric tons worldwide. Sweetpotato is one of the important fundamental foods in
Americandiet.Moreover,itsculturalassociationandimportanceinfamilyreunionssuchas"Thanksgiving"makes
itmoresignificant.Genomicresearchinsweetpotatoisverylimitedcomparedwithotherfoodcropsduetolackof
funds.Inthecurrentstudy,geneticdiversityandrelationshipsofsweetpotatocultivarswasestimatedusingAFLP
105
(Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) technique. Eightyfour cultivars from 25 different countries along
with 12 wild germplasm accessions representing six species of the Ipomoea include I. setosa, I. tabascana, I.
tiliacea, I. triloba and I. leucantha collected from five different countries were digested with EcoRI and MseI
enzymes.Selectiveamplificationwascarriedoutwith22primercombinationsand136clearlyvisiblepolymorphic
bandswerescoredfordiversityanalysis.Themorphologicalcharacterizationsofthesegenotypeswerecarriedout
under greenhouse conditions of West Virginia State University Agricultural Experimental Station. The
neutraceutical characters such as Amylose, Fructose, Maltose, Sucrose and total sugars were obtained from the
USDA GRIN website for the analysis. Genetic similarities based on Jaccard coefficient (Jaccard 1908) were
calculated with the unweighted pair grouping method of averages (UPGMA) using the SIMQUAL program of the
Numerical Taxonomy Multivariate Analysis System (NTSYSpc) Version 2.0 software package. The resulting
genetic similarity indices were used to generate a tree and to identify unique genes for the neutraceutical
characters.
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Growing Scotch Bonnet Hot Pepper in Shade Houses: Manipulating Light Intensity to Boost Productivity.
Queeley, G. L.*, C. S. Gardner, T. A. Hylton, K. T. Grant, B. G. Brown, E. E. Clarke and K. M. Lewis, Department of
AgriculturalSciences,FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL,323074100.
This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum level of light (shade) required for Scotch
Bonnethotpepperproduction.Theexperimentaldesignwasarandomizedcompleteblockwithfourtreatments
(levels of shade): Zero shade (a control using natural daylight) 27% shade, (83% luminance) 52% shade (48%
luminance)and90%shade(10%luminance).Datawerecollectedongrowthandyieldparametersofthecrop.By
thecompletionofdatacollection,noneoftheplantsinthe90%shadetreatmentshowedanysignsofflowering.
Thistreatmentalsoresultedinasignificantnumberofundesirablecharacteristics,suchastallspindlyplants,large
thinleavesaswellasareducednumberofleavesandbranches.Aftertwoyearsofexperimentation,weconcluded
that this treatment was unacceptable for the production of the crop. We found no significant difference in the
timestofloweringbetweenthecontrol,the27%andthe52%shadetreatments.However,boththecontrolandthe
27% shade treatments produced significantly larger fruits (p < 0.05) compared to the 52 % shade treatment.
Fruitsperplantwerethesameforthecontroland27%shadetreatments.Highestmarketableyield(627kg/ha)
wasobtainedfromthe27%shadetreatment.
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Populations of Beneficial Insects in Organically Grown Sweet Corn Using Methyl Salicylate Based
PredaLureInsectAttractant.Sedlacek,J.D.*,K.L.Friley,L.S.BrentandM.K.Bomford,CommunityResearch
Service,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
Sweetcorn,ZeamaysGarrison,wasgrownin260m2replicatedplotsusingorganicproductionpractices.
PlotsweretreatedwithPredaLureorwereleftasuntreatedcontrols.Onelurewasfastenedtoatobaccostick
placed in the center of the plot and in the center of each plot quadrant. Beneficial insects were sampled weekly
duringsilkingusing232cm2yellowstickytrapsstapledtoeachtobaccostickatearheight2.5cmbeloweachlure.
Pink lady beetles, Coleomegilla maculata; Asian lady beetles, Harmonia axyridis; spotless lady beetle, Cycloneda
munda; sevenspotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata; parenthesis lady beetle, Hippodamia parenthesis;
convergentladybeetle,Hippodamiaconvergens;bigeyedbug,Geocorispunctipes,andgreenlacewing,Chrysoperla
carnea,werethepredatoryinsectscollectedonthetraps.Pinkladybeetlewasthemostabundantpredatorcaught
followed by the big eyed bug. All other predators were not abundant. There was a tendency toward higher
numbersofmulticoloredAsianladybeetles,spotlessladybeetlesandgreenlacewingsinplotswherePredaLure
lures had been deployed. However, there were no significant differences in abundance of any of the predatory
insectsfoundbetweenPredaLurebaitedandnonbaitedplotsinorganicallygrownsweetcorn.Thiscouldbedue
to baited and non baited plots being too close to one another and methyl salicylate plumes saturating both.
Anotherpossibleexplanationmayinvolvetherateofemissionofthemethylsalicylatefromthedispenserandthe
durationofitseffectiveness.Astemperatureincreases,rateofreleaseincreases.
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Flavor Preference for Ripe Fruit from 16 Pawpaw Varieties. Pomper, K. W.*, S. B. Crabtree and J. D. Lowe,
CommunityResearchService,AtwoodResearchFacility,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
106
The pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is in the early stages of commercial production as a highvalue treefruit
crop.Flavorpreferencewasexaminedwiththefruitof16varietiesatthe2008PawpawWorkshopinFrankfort,
Kentucky.Thirtytwopercentoftheparticipantswerewomenand68%weremen;90%oftheparticipantswere
over35yearsold.Samplesofripepawpawfruitwerepresentedinablindtastingeventwhereparticipantswere
askedtoevaluatefruitsampleflavorfrom1(awful)to5(excellent),aswellasthepresenceofmelonflavorand
bitter aftertaste. Slices of each variety were available in small cups labeled with a random code number. Eight
selectionswereofferedinthemorningandeightintheafternoon.Interestingtrendsinvarietyflavorpreference
were noted at the tasting event. Participants had a positive tasting experience overall with the selections
Allegheny,G9108,1035,Shenandoah,NC1,Potomac,Taytwo,Susquehanna,Wabash,Sunflower,andOverleese;
allreceivedmorethananaverageof3.8points.Eachoftheseselectionshadatleast11peopleratethesamplesas
excellent.Mostoftheseselectionsalsohadalargenumberofpeoplevotethattheselectionhadamelonaftertaste.
Taytwoalsohad12peoplevotethatthisselectionhadabitteraftertaste.TheselectionsWilson,JeremysGold,3
21,PAGolden(#1),andMitchellhadlessfavorableratings(<3.8).Eachoftheseselectionshad8orfewervotesin
theexcellentcategoryandnineormorevotesinthebitteraftertastecategory.
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A Proteomics Study of Salt Stress of Tomato. Zhou, S.* and R. Sauve, School of Agricultural and Consumer
Sciences,TennesseeStateUniversity,Nashville,TN372091561.
Tomato(SolanumlycopersicumMill.cv.MoneyMaker)seedlingsatthethreeleafstageweregrownina
hydroponicsolutioncontainingHoaglandsolutionsupplementedwith50mMNaClfor4days;theninasolution
containing100mMNaClfor4daysandin150mMNaClfor4days.Duringthelast2daysofthegrowthtreatment,
thesolutioncontained200mMNaCl.Exceptforthelasttwodays,thesolutionwasrefreshedevery2dayswiththe
same NaCl concentration (treatment). Untreated seedlings (control) were grown in nonamended Hoagland
liquidmediumfor14days.Thissolutionwasreplacedevery2days.Theuppermosttwonewlyexpandedleaves
fromeachofthesixplantsineachtreatmentreplicatewerecollected,bulked,andsubjectedtoproteomicanalysis.
Proteomicanalysisresultedintheidentificationofseveralsaltinducedandsaltsuppressedproteins.Saltinduced
proteinswere:vacuolarH+ATPaseA1subunitisoform(1.6fold),germinlikeprotein(1.5fold),ferredoxinNADP
(+) reductase (1.2 fold), quinone oxidoreductaselike protein (4.4 fold), heat shock protein (4.9 fold) and
pyrophosphorylase (1.7 fold). The saltsuppressed proteins were: ATPase alpha subunit (1.5 fold) and rubisco
activase(1.4fold).Identifiedproteinsaffectcellularactivitiesforantioxidant,stressprotection,carbonfixation,
andcarbohydratepartitioninginyoungtomatoleavesundersaltstress.
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In vitro Propagation of Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) K.Koch]. Nilima, N. Renukdas*, Muthusamy
ManoharanandJamesO.Garner,Jr.,DepartmentofAgriculture,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,AR
71601.
Anefficientmethodforinvitropropagationhasbeendevelopedforpecan[Caryaillinoinensis(Wangenh)
K.Koch],ahighlyrecalcitrantfruitspeciesformicropropagation.Auxiliarybudsfromcultivars,DesirableandCape
Fear, were cultured on modified liquid woody plant medium (WPM) with different concentrations of 6
benzylaminopurine (BAP; 0.4444.39 M). At least nine multiple shoots per explants were induced on modified
WPM containing 13.32 M BAP after three weeks of culture. The efficiency of shoot induction was over 95% in
bothCapeFearandDesirablecultivars.Themultipleshootswereproliferated/elongatedonhormonefreeliquid
WPM.ThemultipleshootswereseparatedandsuccessfullyrootedinliquidWPMcontaining49.20Mindole3
butyricacid.Theefficiencyofrootingwasover90%inbothCapeFearandDesirablecultivar.Thepecanplantlets
were initially transferred to peat pellets and subsequently to the greenhouse. This is a simple and efficient
protocolthatmaybeusedtoproducetruetypepecanplantsthroughmicropropagation.
182
Cloning and Partial Characterization of the Upstream Promoter Region of the Myostatin Gene in Spanish
Goats.Singh,M.*,E.Amoah,G.KannanandT.H.Terrill,AnimalScienceDivision,AgriculturalResearchStation,
FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030.
107
Myostatin(MSTN)geneproduct,alsoknownasgrowthdifferentiationfactor(GDF8),whichisamember
of the TGF family of secreted proteins, is known to be a negative regulator of muscle mass development.
Approaches directed towards inhibition of expression of the MSTN gene, therefore, have great potential in
agriculturalproductionsystems,aswellasintreatmentofmusclewastingconditionssuchascancerandAIDSin
humans. Although a significant amount of data exist demonstrating the role of MSTN gene in muscle growth
inhibition,mechanismsashowtheMSTNgeneexpressionisregulatedandhowtheMSTNgeneproductinhibits
musclemassdevelopmentarepoorlyunderstood.Theoverallaimofthisprojectwastounderstandthestructural
organization as well as the function of various domains of the promoter regulatory region of the MSTN gene in
goats.Toachievethisgoal,weisolatedgenomicDNAfromSpanishgoatsandusedittoamplifya1.4kbfragment
using a specific set of primers. Primers were designed based on the MSTN gene sequence available in GenBank
(AccNo: EF591039).Theamplification product wascomprisedof partsofthefirstexonandallof the promoter
upstream sequence. The specificity of the PCR product was confirmed by a nested PCR using a second set of
internal primers. Subsequently, the PCR product was cloned in pGlowTOPO vector (Invitrogen Inc.),
transformed in E. coli and the resulting colonies screened by a colony PCR approach. Characterization of
representativecloneswithrespecttorestrictionmappingwillbepresented.
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EffectivenessofCopperOxideWireParticlesforControlofGastrointestinalNematodeInfectioninSheep
andGoats.Terrill,T.H.*1,F.Soli1,S.A.Shaik1,W.R.Getz1,J.E.Miller2,M.Vanguru1andJ.M.Burke3, 1Agricultural
Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030; 2Department of Pathobiological Sciences,
School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; and 3USDA/ARS/DBSFRC,
Booneville,AR72927.
EconomicsheepandgoatproductionintheUSAisseverelyhamperedbygastrointestinalnematode(GIN)
parasitism.Copperoxidewireparticles(COWP)haveantiparasiticpropertiesinthedietofsmallruminants,but
efficacyofCOWPmaydifferbetweensheepandgoats.Inatrialwithweanedkids(KikoxSpanishcross,6months
old) and lambs (Katahdin or Dorper x Blackface crosses, 5 months old) grazing the same pasture in Central
Georgia,halftheanimalsforeachspeciesweregiven2gofCOWPinagelcapsule,whiletheotherhalfweregiven
no COWP. Fecal and blood samples were taken from individual animals weekly to determine fecal egg counts
(FEC)andpackedcellvolume(PCV),respectively.Animalswereslaughteredafter4weeksposttreatmentgrazing
andadultGINrecoveredfromtheabomasumandsmallintestinesforcountingandidentificationtospecies.For
bothsheepandgoats,COWPtreatmentreducedFEC(P<0.05),increasedPCV(P<0.05),andloweredabomasal
GINnumbers(P<0.05).TheCOWPtreatmentwasequallyefficaciousagainstGINinfectioninlambsandkidsand
isaneffectivemethodforcontrollingtheseparasitesinsmallruminants.
184
Fertility Indices for Dairy and Meat Goat Sires. Tress, U.*, L. C. Nuti, B. M. Johnson and G. R. Newton,
Male subfertility is a serious problem in many farm species. Current clinical tests to screen for fertility
indices include analyses of sperm number, morphology, mortality, chromatin quality, and acrosomal integrity.
These endpoints may fluctuate due to factors that are unrelated to overall fertility. Our working hypothesis is
caprine seminal plasma contains specific proteins that mediate sperm oviduct interactions during early
pregnancy and may be a useful predictor of male fertility. To test this hypothesis, semen was collected monthly
fromAlpine(n=5)andboar(n=4)bucks.Seminalplasmawasseparatedfromspermatozoabycentrifugationand
protein concentrations in seminal plasma were determined. Isoelectric focusing and SDSPAGE were used to
characterizeseminalplasmaproteinprofilesinejaculates.Analysisrevealedacomplexprofileofseminalplasma
proteins.Majorproteinswereidentifiedwithapproximatemolecularweightsof139.0132.0,96.7,75.2,61,55.5,
41.6,33,22,17.7,16.9,15.7and14.9kDaofparticularinterestwereacomplexoflowmolecularweight(<20kDa)
proteinswithisoelectricpointsbetweenpH47.Theseproteinshavephysicalcharacteristicsthatarestrikingly
similartobovineseminalplasmaproteinsknowntomediatespermoviductinteractionsduringestrus.MALKI
TOF will be used to identify these low molecular weight proteins. Identification of key seminal plasma proteins
that may be involved in spermoviduct binding may ultimately lead to tests that will allow limited resource
farmerstopredict,atanearlyage,theutilityofgoatsiresusedinanimalproductionsystems.
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185
Characterization of Testicular Genes in the Goat Testis. BoldenTiller, Olga U.* and Tamika Atkinson,
Inordertosustainagriculture,newtechnologiescanbeadaptedtoincreasetheeconomicimpactofgoats.
Traditionally, goatselectionand reproduction have resultedfromusingconventionalmethodsofnaturalmating
and to a lesser extent artificial insemination. Genetic improvements resulting from these are usually slow.
Innovative developments in biotechnology rapidly propagate superior genes, offering hope for modeling and
designing animals to fit market and environmental requirements. One such innovative technique is the
development of transgenic livestock animals. Biotechnological alterations that have been significantly impacted
includemeatgoatqualityandmilkquality,includingtheproductionofbiopharmaceuticalproteinsintheirmilkas
wellasparasiteresistance,fertilityandfiberquality.Traditionally,thegenerationoftransgenicanimalsresulted
from the gene transfer by microinjection of DNA into a pronucleus which is relatively inefficient. Genetic
modificationoffarmanimalsthroughthetransplantationofgeneticallyalteredmalegermcellsisapromisingnew
andrapidalternativestrategytoproducetransgenicanimals.Althoughsuccessfulingoats,oneofthelimitationsto
thistechnologyisthelackofunderstandingofthemolecularmechanismsofspermatogenesisthatcanprovidethe
basisfordesigningasuitablemicroenvironmentfortheefficientinvitrocultureofgermlinestemcells.Herein,we
begin the journey by characterizing genes known to play a role in testicular function in other species, including
SGP1,androgenreceptor,andestrogenreceptorasinitialstepsinelucidatingthemysteriesofthestemcellniche
inthegoat.
186
Understanding Collaborative Community Involvement in the Forest Implementation Process. Fraser, R.*
andN.C.Brown,DepartmentofNaturalResources&EnvironmentalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,
AL35762.
Building solid collaborative relationships between stakeholders depends on three factors: trust,
perceptionandexpectation.Thisstudyexaminedhowthesethreefactorsinfluencetheabilityofpolicymakerson
the Bankhead National Forest (BNF), located in north central Alabama, to develop collaborative public
involvement and perspectives on decisions around the adoption of the Bankhead National Forest Health and
Restoration Initiative (BNFHRI). The BNFHRI is a district level restoration process established for two primary
reasons:first,torespondtoinfestationsofSouthernPineBeetle(SPB)thathaskilledapproximately18,000acres
ofloblollypinetreesintheBankheadNationalForestandsecond,toredressthelossofnativehistoricforesttypes
caused by loblolly pine reforestation earlier in the century. Two different classes of interest groups influence
collaborative community relationships: constituent groups, and nonconstituent groups. A stratified random
sample of 200 people, living within ten miles of the BNF, was surveyed;100 people responded. Individuals
perspectives about the BNFHRI and its implementation process were determined from questions based on the
LeastSquareModelofTrust.Rationalchoicetheory,socialcapitaltheory,sociocognitive,socialpsychology,and
behavioraldecisiontheorieswereevaluated.ResponseswereanalyzedbyOrdinaryLeastSquaresregressionwith
codedvariablesbasedonthetheories.Therewassignificantvariabilitybetweenandwithininterestgroups,based
ontheirpersonalandprofessionalgoals.
187
Effects of Quality of Neighborhood Parks on Adjacent Property Values. Lorenzo, A. B.*, L. Yu and G.
Cummings, Landscape Design and Management Program, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology, and
As one of the most densely populated counties in Florida, TallahasseeLeon County is just one of many
areasthatlostmuchoftheirnaturalhabitatduetotherapidrateofresidentialandcommercialdevelopment.In
response to this trend, the local government has been increasing its efforts to locate and to protect the most
importantopenspaceareas,includinggreenways,wetlands,wildlifehabitat,farmlands,forests,andoutdoorparks
and recreation areas. Using hedonic pricing technique, this study measures the effect of proximity to parks and
parkqualityonhousevaluesinTallahassee,FL.Whenallotherstructuralandneighborhoodattributeswereequal,
the expectation was that homes in close proximity to quality parks will be more expensive than homes at a
distance.Inordertoaccountforthequalityofthepark,cleanliness,landscaping,availablespaces,amenities,and
109
safety were incorporated, which assumes that the higher parks rate on these criteria, the greater the value of
neighboring homes. The results highlight the potential impacts and provide insight to local governments when
considering development of neighborhood parks. The coefficient on distance to parks was negative and
statisticallyinsignificant,meaningthatcloseproximitytoparksdidnotsignificantlyincreasehomevalues.Among
the park quality variables, cleanliness, landscaping, and amenities had negative coefficients but not statistically
significant,suggestingthathousesclosetoparksratedclean,withbetterlandscaping,andprovidingamenitiesand
safetyhadhigherpricesthanhousesfartheraway.
188
AReproducibleRegenerationSystemforTransgenicPaulowniaelongate.Joshee,N. 1*,A.Paschal2andA.K.
Yadav1; 1Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA 31030; and 2Central Georgia
TechnicalCollege,Macon,GA31206.
The fast growth rate of Paulownia trees may be capitalized upon for establishing Bioenergy Farms to
maintain a constant supply of cellulosic biomass, agroforestry, land reclamation, and animal waste remediation
systems.WoodbasedlignocellulosicfeedstockhasspecialrelevanceforGeorgiasinceforestownersinthisstate
are growing 15% more wood each year than they are harvesting. Our initial efforts to develop a rapid plant
regenerationsystemwerebasedonnodalsegmentswhere21daysofincubationonMS+4mg/Lbenzyladenine
(BA)+0.1mg/Lnaphthaleneaceticacid(NAA)producedprolificshoots.Stemapexexplantsincludingtwonodes
werealsofoundtobebeneficialformultipleshootproduction.Afterthreeweeks,explantsformultiplicationand
elongation were subcultured onto MS basal medium for an additional 34 weeks. Individual shoots reaching 45
cm were transferred to rooting medium (MS + 1 mg/L IBA + 0.1 mg/L NAA). We will develop regeneration
protocols based on leaf explants to use this system for genetic transformation studies to incorporate desirable
genesassociatedwithcelluloseandsucrosesynthesis.Efficientandreproducibleplantregenerationprotocolsare
needed to assist our future transformation studies. Initial experiments with leaf explants have been successful
sincewehaveaccomplishedcallusinductionandregeneration.Genetictransformationprotocolswillbedeveloped
andoptimizedusingleafexplants.Atpresenttheprocessoptimizationisunderway.Thispresentationwilldiscuss
andhighlighttheroleofplantgrowthregulatorsandtheircombinationsalongsidetheleafpartandsizecriticalfor
callusandshootinduction.
189
Quantifying Relationship Between Soil Productivity Index and Tree Volume in Primeval Forest
Ecosystems.Yang,J.1*andY.M.Hu2, 1DepartmentofAgriculture&EnvironmentalScience,LincolnUniversityof
Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65102 and 2Institute of Applied Ecology, China Academy of Science, Shengyang,
110016.
Soil properties are well known to influence plant productivity. Sitespecific studies were conducted in
primevalforestecosystemsinnortheasternChinatoquantifytherelationshipbetweensoilproductivityindexand
tree volume. Three speciesdominant primeval forest ecosystems (Subalpine; Spruce & fir; Korean pine &
hardwood) within Changbai Natural Reserve Area were selected. Soil properties of three landscape positions
(convex; linear; concave) within each of three ecosystems were characterized and the productivity quantified
usingasoilbasedproductivityindex(PI)model.Onsitemeasurementsoftreevolumewereusedtoassesstheir
correlationwiththesoilPIvalues.ArangeofsoilPIvaluesoccurredinlandscapepositionsduetodifferentialsoil
propertiesineachforestecosystem.ThePIvaluesgenerallyincreasedalongtheconvextoconcavetransectand
decreased with elevation. Soil pH and depth were identified as primary factors that limit the soil productivity,
accounting for 5256% of the PI variance. Tree volumes of each of three ecosystems were positively correlated
with soil PI values, with a R2 of 0.82 to 0.87. Sensitivity of tree volume responding to soil PI varied among the
forest ecosystems. This field study demonstrated that the soilbased productivity index model would effectively
predicttreegrowthbasedonsoilpropertieswithinthesiteandspeciesspecificforestecosystemsandisauseful
toolinidentifyingundesirablesoilconditionsoftreegrowthforsitemanagement.
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190
ApplicationofPaclobutrazolTreeGrowthRegulatorintoUrbanandUtilityForestManagement.Qi,Y.1*,S.
Self1,V.A.Ferchaud1,W.R.Chaney2andS.Bai3, 1UrbanForestryProgram,SouthernUniversity,BatonRouge,LA
70813; 2Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; and
3DepartmentofComputerScience,SouthernUniversity,BatonRougeLA70813.
Paclobutrazol(PBZ,formulatedasProfile2SC)isagrowthretardantdevelopedforreducingtreegrowth
alongthestreetsandunderutilitypowerlines.Wehaveconductedan8yearstudytomonitortheeffectofPBZon
loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var.
pagodafoila L.) in Louisiana. The initial PBZ treatment was applied in water suspension by soil drenching to
sweetgumandloblollypineatadosageof4.8gofactiveingredientpertree,andat9.6gtocherrybarkoakwhenall
the trees were six years old. No additional treatment was applied thereafter. The 8year experiment shows the
effect of PBZvariedwith species.PBZ reduced thediametergrowthof loblollypineby21%andheightby 13%.
Reapplication may be needed every 34 years and the dosages should be higher. PBZ significantly reduced the
diameter by 76% and height by 74% in sweetgum; however, several treated trees produced multiples branches
and altered canopy. The dosage should be lower for future applications. Cherrybark oak responded well to PBZ,
whichreducedthediameterby45%andheightby34%withoutalteringtheappearance.PBZgreatlyreducedthe
cambiumgrowthincherrybarkoakforfiveyearsandthedosageappearedappropriate.Theretreatmentmaybe
doneevery56yearstoachievethebestgrowthcontrol.Inconclusion,theeffectivenessofPBZonanyspeciesis
heavilydependantontwofactors,thespeciesitselfandthedosageofPBZappliedtothetrees.
191
Immediate Effect of Forest Burning and Logging Treatments on the Avian Biodiversity at Bankhead
National Forest of Northern Alabama. Wang, Y.*, J. M. Wick and C. J. Schweitzer, Department of Natural
Resources and Environmental Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762 and Southern Research
Station,USDAForestService,Normal,AL35762.
WeevaluatedthechangesinthebirdcommunityinrelationtosixsilviculturetreatmentsintheBankhead
National Forest, AL. The study used a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement of three
thinninglevels(nothin,11m2/haresidualbasalarea[BA],and17m2/haresidualBA)andtwoburntreatments
(burnandnoburn),withthreereplications.Datawerecollectedfrompreandposttreatmentavianlinetransect
and microhabitat surveys. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate relationships between
bird community and microhabitat characteristics. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to test effects of
treatment and change over time. Abundance of bird species and nesting guilds of birds were associated with
ground cover and canopy cover. Abundance of tree and cavity nesting birds increased in burned plots and
decreased in control and thinned plots. Abundance of foliage foraging birds and interior/edge habitat dwelling
birdsdecreasedinplotsthatwerethinnedandburned.Abundanceofedge/openhabitatdwellingbirdsincreased
in thinned plots. Abundance of Prairie warblers (Dendroica discolor), a species of high concern in Alabama,
increased in number of detections on treated plots. In this study, tree thinning had more impact on the bird
communitythanprescribedburning.Thistypeofthinningcanbeusedasamanagementtooltoincreasedensities
ofbirdsassociatedwithopenhabitat.
192
UtilizationofNativeGrassSpeciesforCogongrassManagementinPottedGreenhouseStudy.Onokpise,U.
O., J. J. Muchovej and S. K. Bambo*, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, Florida A&M
Cogongrass(ImperatacylindricaL.)hasobstructedproductiveuseofecosystemsintheGulfCoastStates.
A greenhouse study was conducted to examine the potential of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), muhlygrass
(Muhlenbergia capillaries [Lam] Trin.) and maidencane (Panicum hemitomon Schult.), in suppressing growth of
cogongrass. Cogongrass was collected from a natural infested area and switch and maidencane grass were
supplied by USDANRCS Plant Material Center, Brooksville, FL, while muhlygrass was purchased from a local
producer.Specieswereraisedintubettsforsixweeks.Pots(25cmdiameter)werefilledwithamixof80%bark,
10% sand, and 10% peat (Graco Fertilizer Co., Cairo, GA), and plants were then transplanted alone or in
combination. Tillers counts were recorded fortnightly for 24 weeks. Plants were harvested at 6, 12, 18 and 24
111
weeks for biomass evaluation. Significant reductions were observed in tiller production of plants grown in
combination compared to plants grown individually. Out of the native grasses studied, maidencane had the
greatestpotentialtosuppresstillerproductionandgrowinassociationwiththeinvasivecogongrass.Cogongrass
belowgroundbiomasswasreducedby 55,56and57%at12,18and24weeks,respectively,comparedto those
alone, while the aboveground biomass of cogongrass was reduced by 25, 38 and 24% at 12, 18 and 24 weeks,
respectively,whenincombinations.Maidencaneandswitchgrasscouldbeusedtosuppressorbiologicallycontrol
cogongrass.
193
Cash for Conservation: Potentially Increasing Small Landowner Income via Wildlife and Native Grass
Environmental Stewardship Educational Outreach. Anderson, L. L.*, A. Brown, Jr. and O. O. Udoh, Southern
University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA
70813.
TechnologicalandeconomicalchallengesinLouisianaproductionagriculturehavecreateddifficultyinthe
abilityofsmallscalefarmers/landowners(SSFL)toproduceincome.Analternativetothisscenarioisincreasing
farm/land income through federally funded environmental stewardship incentive programs or participating in
environmentalproductionprocessesinvolvingquailandnativegrasses.Theeconomicdemandforquailcombined
with reduced availability of quail hunting areas has made game bird production a multimillion dollar industry.
Sales of native grass seeds, such as Switchgrass, have increased new requirements for native grass species
implementation in conservation reserve programs. Additionally, increased interest in native grasses for
production of cellulose ethanol biofuel production has increased seed sales. Currently, there are no native grass
seedproducersinLouisiana.Therefore,thispresentsanopeneconomicmarketopportunityforSSFLtoincrease
income. The objectives of this project are (1) to increase Louisiana SSFL awareness about potential income
increasing activities associated with quail and native grass conservation and production and (2) to evaluate the
growth of nonvicinity native grasses in Southern Louisiana. Effectiveness of the project in increasing the
awareness of these activities was evaluated by a program survey completed by quail/native grass SSFL event
attendees. 68.2% SSFL participants strongly agreed on implementing their new quail/native grass
skills/knowledgegainedattheevent.ApreliminarynativegrassstudywasconductedusingHoboTemp/Light
data loggers. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant correlation between climatic
temperature/lightintensityconditionsandtheestablishmentofnonvicinitynativegrassesinSouthernLouisiana.
194
Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) Gardening Program for Habitat Restoration in Delawares Inland
Bays. Ozbay, G.1*, K. RossiSnook1, F. Marenghi1, A. Gibson2, J. Ewart3, E. J. Chalabala4 and E. Lewandowski4,
1DepartmentofAgricultureandNaturalResources,DelawareStateUniversity,Dover,DE19901; 2Departmentof
Biology,DelawareStateUniversity,Dover,DE19901; 3DelawareAquacultureResearchCenter,SeaGrantMarine
Advisory Center, University of Delaware, Graduate College of Marine and Earth Studies, Lewes, DE 19958; and
4DelawareCenterfortheInlandBays,RehobothBeach,DE19971.
Oystersprovideimportantecologicalservicesintheestuarinesystemsbyfilteringsuspendedparticulates
and excess nutrients from eutrophic waters. Unfortunately, stress due to overharvest, diseases, and habitat
degradationhavecontributedtothedramaticdeclineoftheoysterCrassostreavirginicapopulationsinDelaware.
Inresponsetotheplummetingpopulations,oystergardeningprogramshavetakenrootthroughouttheestuarine
ecosystems of the MidAtlantic in an effort to restore the native oysters for their ecological and commercial
contributiontothehealthandviabilityofcoastalestuaries.Manycommunitybasedprogramshaveturnedtothe
method of involving volunteers to help rear larval oysters into healthy adults for reef restoration. Community
membersthroughoutsouthernDelawarearebeinggiventheuniqueopportunitytoobservefirsthandmanyofthe
important ecological services provided by oysters while instilling within the community a strong sense of
stewardship for their bays. It is the hope of many Delaware residents that the reintegration of oysters into the
Bays will help to return their bays to the state of health in which they once were. Despite the expansion of
volunteersfrom21in2003to200in2008,furtherdevelopmentofdesignatedreefareaisnecessarytoensurethe
successful proliferation of native oysters in Delaware. The purpose of this program is to develop and evaluate
successoftheoystergardeningprograminsouthernDelaware,alongwithmonitoringwaterquality,habitatvalue
of oyster aquaculture gear, total bacteria, and Vibrionaceae colonies, and to make suggestions to improved
methodsforfutureefforts.
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195
Monitoring Water Wells with Down Well Camera in a Karst Aquifer of Middle Tennessee. Dennis, Sam*1,
DeshDuseja1,PaulVendrell2andAlvinWade1,1TennesseeStateUniversityand2UniversityofGeorgia.
Groundwatercanbevulnerabletocontaminationespeciallyinkarstterrain.Thisgeologicalcharacteristic
isprevalentinMiddleTennessee.ThegeologyofMiddleTennesseeislimestonerocksthattendtoweatherinto
terrains referred to as karst. Karst is characterized by sinkholes and disappearing streams and caves that could
serveasconduitstocontaminantsbecauseoftheirrapidgroundwaterflowespeciallyinrechargeconditionssuch
asstormevents.Recentadvancesindownwellcamerasusingfiberopticstoprovidedigitalvideoimagesarenow
beingusedtogainabetterunderstandingofwaterwells.Oneofthegoalsofthisstudywastocapturefilmfootage
ofwellsinMiddleTennesseecountiesbythistechnology.Thestudydatashowsnoevidenceofleaksthroughthe
casing or casing joints in the wells monitored. However, visual evidence of extensive fractures and dissolution
channelswithinthesedimentaryrockaquiferwasnotedduringthevideoinspectionsoftheopenborehole.Dueto
the extensive fracturing observed in the wells, it would be rational to assume that the potential for seeping
contaminantsexists.Abundanceofparticulatematterwasalsoevidentonthevideo,whichcouldbeanindication
of a biologically active ground water, or of other chemotropic matter dissolved from soil minerals, or both. Live
fishwereobservedswimminginoneofthewellsmonitoredandalivespiderinanotherwell.Bothwellscontained
liveanimalsthatdemonstrateahydrologicconnectionbetweensurfaceandgroundwater.Thus,itcanbededuced
thatbothwellscouldtestpositiveforavarietyofbacteriaandchemicals,andassuch,maynotbesafefordrinking
waterpurposeswithouttreatment.
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OffshorePreEmptiveResearchonHighRiskInvasivePestThreatstotheUnitedStates.Kairo,M.T.K.*1,A.
Francis1andA.Roda2, 1CenterforBiologicalControl,CollegeofEngineeringSciences,TechnologyandAgriculture,
Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida; and 2USDA APHIS PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and
Technology.
Thedevelopmentofeffectivestrategiestocombatinvasivepestscriticallydependsontheavailabilityof
pestspecificknowledgeandtools.Often,formanynewinvasivepests,verylittleknowledgeisavailable,leadingto
delaysinthedevelopmentofmitigationstrategies.UsingAPHISprioritizedlistofpotentialpestthreats,wehave
narrowed our focus to mealy bugs (Hemiptera: Pseudoccidae), which comprises many major devastating crop
pests. Our research is focused on two old world species, Planococcus minor and Planococcus lilacinus, which are
presentinsomeCaribbeancountries.BecauseofproximityandtheclosesocialandeconomiclinkageswiththeUS,
the Caribbean region has continued to be a major conduit for the entry of invasive pests. We discuss ongoing
researchonthebiologyandecologyofthesepestswithaparticularfocusonthepotentialforbiologicalcontrol.
Bothofthesepestshavehostrangesexceeding200plantspecieswhichgreatlyincreasestheirpotentialtocause
harm.
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Trade,theEnvironment,andTheirImpactsonStateExports.Karemera,D.*andP.R.Munnicha,Department
ofAccounting,Agribusiness&Economics,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
This study develops alternative empirical models of export shares to evaluate the effects of endowment
factors, prices, and environmental risk factors on the exports. The models are applied to state level agricultural
export data since 1973 through 2006. The models are used to determine the impact NAFTA has on the
environmental risk factors and the impacts of pollution control on the agricultural exports and free trade. The
method of estimation is the econometric technique of system estimation by use of three stages least squares
(3SLS). A system of structural equations of agricultural export shares and environmental risk response models
werespecifiedandestimatedfollowingHarrigan(1997)andAntweileretal.(2001).Technologies,prices,factor
endowments including environmental factors are significant determinants of agricultural exports. The results
supportthehypothesisthatstatesloseacomparativeadvantagebystringentenvironmentalregulationsespecially
in pollution intensive industries (Pethig, 1976; McGuire, 1982; aCarraro and Siniscalco, 1992; Copeland and
Taylor,2003).Theestimatedcoefficientsareelasticities.Mostelasticityvaluesarelessthan1.0inabsolutevalues.
Specifically, the environment risk elasticities are less than 1.0 suggesting the export shares are not sensitive to
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changesintheenvironmentalriskfactors.Freetrademaybebeneficialtotheenvironment.Workiscontinuingon
thissubjectwithlongerperiodofstudyandapplicationofnewestimationmethodologies.
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Training the Next Generation of Agricultural Scientists in Plant Biosecurity. Collins, Daniel J.*, Southern
University.
There is a need to provide more post baccalaureate training and experiential learning in plant health
managementatU.S.landgrantuniversitiestocounterthebioterrorismthreattoournationsagriculture.Inorder
to make intelligent agricultural biosecurity decisions and effectively protect this nations agricultural resources,
we also need a highly coordinated approach at multiple levels ranging from individual laboratories to state and
federalagencies.Studenttraininginplantbiosecurityinamultidisciplinarysettingwithstateandfederalagencies
involvedinplantdiseasesurveillance,rapididentificationanddetectionofplantpathogensandmanagementof
plant pathogens that pose a threat to our crops would aid in enhancing our nations agricultural security. To
address this need, the urban forestry program at Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana is incorporating
plant biosecurity training into the urban forestry graduate curriculum. The program has partnered with various
federal and state agencies and other higher institutions to provide students with experiential learning
opportunities in plant biosecurity. These training activities have facilitated student empowerment and
engagement through interdisciplinary learning activities in plant biosecurity by means of class forums,
symposiums,fieldtrips,laboratoryexercises,oralpresentations,andresearchinternships.
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LandChangeandHumanWellBeingintheForestDependentCountiesofAlabama.Gyawali,B.*1,R.Fraser2,
J. Bukenya1 and B. Banerjee1, 1Department of Agribusiness, and 2Department of Natural Resources and
EnvironmentalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,AL35762.
Since the early 1900s, Alabamas westcentral region has experienced changes in landownership and
management and use of agricultural and forestry resources in an effort to engage people effectively in the land
based income earning activities. In this paper, analyses of satellite imagery and U.S. Census data for 1980 and
2000,andlandownershipdatafor2000intwocountiesofwestcentralregionofAlabamaareusedtoexaminethe
relationship between changes in the major indicators of human wellbeing and land cover types in different
landownership types. The preliminary results indicate that human wellbeing has improved considerably in the
areaswhererapidchangesinlandcovertypeshaveoccurredoverthe20yearperiod.Theresultsalsosuggestthat
changes in human wellbeing varied over space in response to the differences in landownership types, industry
structures,andracialandinfrastructuralattributes.
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The Influences of Poverty and its Persistence in Selected Areas of Mississippi: the Case of Issaquena and
Sharkey Counties. Hargrave, T.*, B. Thomas, W. Whittaker and V. Igbokwe, Agricultural Economics Program,
DepartmentofAgriculture,AlcornStateUniversity,MS39096.
Therehasbeenconsistenteffortovertheyearstoexplainthepersistenceofpoverty,especiallyinurban
and rural contexts. Since the late 1960s and early 1970s, economists, sociologists, and psychologists, among
others, have joined the fray offering not only their own explanations but also attempting to conceptualize the
perceptionsgivenbyordinarypeopleoftheireconomiccircumstances.Whileurbanpovertyreceivedthespotlight
inthe1980s,theseriousplightoftheruralpooroftenseemnottohavebeengivendueattention.Themainfocus
ofthisresearchhasbeentoidentifypertinentfactorsthatseemtoconsigncertaincommunitiesinMississippiinto
a persistent state of poverty. Using inferential as well as descriptive methods to analyze data, results show
extremely interesting trends among the selected counties, relative to the nation as a whole. Between 1993 and
2006,thenationsrealGDPgrewbyabout4%annually.Thenationalpovertyrateonaveragedeclinedto11%.Yet,
in our study area of Mississippi, the poverty rate remained unacceptably high, at approximately 32% and has
shownveryfewsignsofdecline.Someofthecountiesintheareaaresufferingfromseriouslossofruraljobs,in
partduetochangingdemandinagricultureandothernaturalresourceindustries.Somearebeingchallengedby
largeratesofoutmigration.Still,othersaresufferingfrompoorhousingconditions,highratesofhighschooldrop
outs,highratesofteenpregnancyandhighunemployment.Afeaturethathasclearlystoodoutinthispaperisthe
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high correlation between race ethnicity and rural poverty in Mississippi. Family structure, various aspects of
schooling and child poverty are also highly correlated. Indeed, the research tells a familiar story of persistent
povertyasanimportantsocialindicatorofeconomicwellbeing.
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Quality of Life, Business Climate and Employment in Major Sectors of South Carolina: Cross County
Analysis. Mustafa, M.* and H. Selassie, Department of Accounting, Agribusiness and Economics, South Carolina
StateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
Pooledtime series and crosssectional data of 46 counties of South Carolina for the periods 1990 and
2000,andmultipleregressionsareusedtoexploretheimpactofqualityoflifeandbusinessclimatevariableson
employmentatthedifferentmajorsectorsofSouthCarolina.FourmodelsrepresentingfourmajorsectorsofSouth
Carolinaareestimatedtodeterminetheimpactofqualityoflifeandbusinessclimatevariablesonemploymentat
theselectedmajoreconomicsectors(Manufacturing,Government,Service,andacombinedWholesaleandRetail
Trade).Theresultsaremixed.Variablessuchascrime,highschoolgraduationrates,percentageofbaccalaureate
degreeholders,propertytax,andpercapitaincomeareimportantinfluencesoftheemploymentofseveralsectors
oftheeconomy.
202
An Evaluation of 1890 Collaborative Projects for Small Farmers and Rural Communities: The Case of the
Initiative for Future Agriculture Systems Collaborative Small Farm Enterprises and Community
Development Project in the Black Belt South Project. Hargrove, T.*, R. Noble and R. Zabawa, G.W.C.
AgriculturalExperimentStation,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
Throughout the years, 1890 landgrant universities have worked collaboratively with community based
organizations to address the issues facing our small farmers and rural communities in the South. These
collaborative research and outreach partnerships have allowed each university to build their capacity and to
strengthen their research and outreach programs. In 2001, fourteen universities and communitybased
organizations came together with the common goal of improving the overall profitability and sustainability of
small farmers and communities in the South. They received funding under the USDA Initiative for Future
AgricultureandFoodSystemsProgramtoimplementtheCollaborativeResearchandOutreachProjectforSmall
FarmEnterprisesintheSouthProject.Thisprojectwasdividedintotwosubprojects:(1)marketingoffruitsand
vegetablesand(2)strategiesforincreasingparticipationinmeatgoat/smalllivestock.Thisstudywillprovidean
analysis of this collaborative project. Specifically, it will assess goal achievement, program process, program
outcomes,andimpact.Theevaluationwillgaugetheeffectiveness,efficiency,andoutcomesofthisprojectwhile
assessing the overall experience in building capacity and collaboration among farmers and farmrelated
enterprises,communitybasedorganizationsanduniversityresearchandoutreach.Thedatawillbecollectedusing
qualitativeinterviews,participantobservations,focusgroups,anddocumentanalysis.
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Training Maryland Underserved Farmers Using Innovative Approaches. Tubene, S. L.*, Department of
Agriculture,Food,andResourceSciences,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore,PrincessAnne,MD21853.
Underservedfarmers,includingwomen,black,andimmigrantfarmers,constituteafastgrowingsegment
of U.S. small farmers. These farmers encounter many obstacles ranging from lack of adequate farming skills to
cultural barriers, and limited access to educational programs. Overcoming these obstacles is crucial to their
success. The objectives of this study were to examine the effectiveness of the Maryland underserved farmers
program, discuss innovative outreach tools for reaching underserved faming population, and explore funding
options to sustain small farm programs. Over a twoyear period (20052007), approximately 300 Maryland
underserved farmers received training and technical assistance under a Maryland Cooperative Extension (MCE)
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programfundedbyaCSREESgrant.Alogicmodelrevealedthatthenumberofunderservedfarmersparticipating
inMCEprogramshasincreasedby10%whilethenumberofsmallfarmersapplyingforUSDAloanprogramshas
increased by 4%. In addition, small farm profitability has increased by 4%. Welltrained small farmers have
becomemoreproductiveandprovidedmuchneededfarmemployment.Sincereachinganunderservedpopulation
ischallenging,usinganinnovativeapproachiscriticaltothesuccessoftheprogram.Veryoften,aonesizefitsall
approach is not appropriate for underserved farmers. Innovative training tools used in this program were farm
visits,oneononetechnicalassistance,farmerfocusgroups,networkingevents,fielddemonstrations,phonecalls,
and customized programs. Securing funds to sustain the program is equally challenging. Resources can be
leveragedacrossstateandfederalagenciesthroughsponsorships,scholarships,andgrants.
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An Evaluation of Three Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Cultivars in North Florida: Timing of Planting, Crop
Growth, Grain Development and Composition. Gardner, C. S.*, G. L. Queeley, B. G. Brown and K. T. Grant,
Cooperative Extension Program, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology, and Agriculture, Florida A&M
Pigeonpeasconstituteabout5%ofworldlegumeproduction(3.5millionhectares).Althoughtheplantis
highlydroughttolerantandadaptabletodifferentclimates,itissusceptibletofrost.Thischaracteristicmakesthe
choice of cultivar and timing of planting extremely important, especially in north Florida where the growing
windowrunsfromApriltoNovember.Theobjectiveofthisexperimentwastoevaluatetheeffectofthreeplanting
dates on growth and yield parameters of three pigeon pea cultivars and to asses the potential of the crop as an
alternative food source. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, using three planting dates
(May 16, June 5, and June 26) and three cultivars (76 W, 99 W and DO). Data were collected on flowering
percentage at 60 days after planting (DAP), plant height, pod yield, grain yield and nutrient composition of the
grain. The results indicated a significantly higher proportion of plants with flowers at 60 DAP for the May 16,
plantingdate.However,themostsignificantgrowth,pod,andgrainyield,wereobservedfortheJune5planting
date.Timingofplantingdidnothaveanyeffectonthenutritionalcompositionofthegrain.Nutrientanalysisofthe
grainrevealedcrudeanddigestibleproteinpercentagesrangingfrom20to25and18to21,respectively,whilefat
composition ranged from1.4% to 3%. These results indicate strong evidence that the pigeon pea is a highly
nutritionalfoodsourceandcanbesuccessfullygrowninnorthFlorida.
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MarketableYieldofNutrientFilmTechnique(NFT)GrownBeetroot:InfluenceofMineralNutrientSource
GrowingEnvironmentandSubstrate.Egilla,J.N.*,LincolnUniversityCooperativeResearchProgram,Jefferson
City,MO651020029.
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is grown traditionally as garden or field crop. However, yearround
hydroponically grown, high quality beetroot that is unblemished by pests or adverse weather is marketed to
modernconsumersasanichecrop.Theinfluenceofmineralnutrientsource,growingenvironmentandsubstrate
onmarketableyieldofbeetrootBull'sBloodwasevaluatedinaclosedrecirculatingNFTsystem.Seedlingsraised
inoasisorrockwoolcubesweretransferredintoNFTsystematthetwotrueleafstageofgrowth.Seedlingswere
grown until harvesting, either with Peters ExcelCALMAG (CALMAG; J. R. Peters, Inc., Allentown, PA), or All
PurposeHydroponicNutrient(APHN;Hollister'sHydroponics,GrandJunction,CO),withpercentNP2O5K2Oof
15515,and9415,respectively.BetweenpH5.8and7.4,beetrootyieldwasgreatestathigher(3.14.8mS/cm)
compared with lower (2.0 mS/cm) nutrient solution EC. Beetroot exhibited a high K and Na uptake capacity;
however,petiolesapKandNaconcentrationhadnegativerelationshipwithyield.Neitherambienttemperaturein
therange24oC(75.2oF)to39oC(102.2oF),nornutrientsolutiontemperaturerangingfrom24oC(75.2oF)to34.2oC
(93.6oF)significantlyaffectedgrowthrate,leafandrootyield.CALMAGincreasedfreshanddryweightyieldby2
3 fold compared with APHN, when the nutrient solution EC was higher than 2.0 mS/cm. With CALMAG, yield
parameters (except root dry weight and root/leaf ratio) increased significantly in rockwool substrate compared
withoasiscube,buttoalimitedextentinAPHN.
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Identifying Macro and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders in Okra, Eggplant and Spinach. Pitchay,
Dharmalingam S.*, School of Agriculture & Consumer Sciences, Cooperative Extension Program, Tennessee State
Visual nutrient deficiency symptoms will help farmers to identify the specific essential nutrient that is
lacking and the status of the nutrient level in vegetables. The availability of this information may contribute to
increasedyieldwithminimallossesintheproductionsystem.Therefore,thestudywasconductedbyinducingthe
nutrientdeficiencysymptomsinokra(AbelmoschusesculentusL.),eggplant(SolanummelongenaL.),andspinach
(Spinacia oleracea L.) by growing the plants hyponically in a glass greenhouse. The treatment consisted of a
completemodifiedHoagland'smillimolarconcentrationsofmacronutrients(15NO3N,1.0PO4P,6.0K,5.0Ca,2.0
Mg,and2.0SO4S)andmicromolarconcentrationsofmicronutrients(72Fe,9.0Mn,1.5Cu,1.5Zn,45.0B,and0.1
Mo) and 10 additional solutions each devoid of one essential nutrient (N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, or B). The
plantstissuesweresampledforstandardtissueandcriticalvaluesforeachnutrient.Thefreshanddryweightof
treatments without N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, or B was significantly lower to that of control. The images of
sequential development of visual nutrient deficiency symptoms were documented. The atlas of nutrient
deficienciesofmacroandmicronutrientsandstandardvaluesofthesecropswillbepresented.
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AlternativeUsesofCanola.Bhardwaj,H.L.*,AgriculturalResearchStation,VirginiaStateUniversity,Petersburg,
VA23806.
Inadditiontouseofcanola(BrassicanapusL.)asasourceofhealthyedibleoil,ithaspotentialasasource
of leafy greens and use of its seed to produce sprouts. We harvested preflowering plants from four canola
cultivarsandobservedthatcanolagreenscontained3%oiland31%protein.Canolagreenscontained290and60
mg/kg of Zn and Fe, respectively. The oils in canola greens contained 66% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The
averageyieldofcanolagreenswas1t/hadrymatterand11t/haoffreshgreens.Basedonthesevalues,canola
greenscomparedfavorablywithmustardandturnipgreens.Wehaveobservedthatifcanolaisharvestedasleafy
greensbeforeflowering,itcanregrowandproduceupto67%seedyieldofunharvestedplots.Canolaseedscan
alsobeusedtoproducesprouts.Freshyieldsofcanolasproutsaveraged5.6timesovertheoriginalseedweight.
Canolasproutscontained88and49mg/kgofFeandZn,respectively.Thecanolasproutscontained27%oiland
28% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Canola sprouts contained18:2 and 18:3 fatty acids in the ratio of 2.0 which is
considered healthy for human nutrition. Based on these values, canola sprouts were considered healthier than
sproutsmadefromalfalfa,Brusselssprouts,mungbean,andradish.
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Evaluation of Greenhouse, Field and Heirloom Tomato Varieties in Hydroponic Greenhouse Production.
Liedl, B. E.* and J. M. Sisson, Gus R. Douglass Institute, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station, West
VirginiaStateUniversity,Institute,WV25112.
The greenhouse tomato industry in North America accounts for 37% of fresh tomato sales compared to
10%in1999.Thisrapidgrowthinsupplyhasledtodecliningprices,whichchallengesgrowerstobeprofitable.
Controlling disease and insects can often be eliminated with good management practices and variety choice.
However,greenhousegrowersstrugglemorethanfieldgrowerstocontrolpestsanddiseasesduringtheircrops
longtermproductioninanenclosedenvironment.Thus,developinggreenhousevarietieswithpestanddisease
resistancewouldsupporttheUSgreenhousetomatoindustry.Thefirststepininitiatingourgreenhousetomato
breeding program was to evaluate existing cultivars and germplasm. In this study, indeterminate heirloom
varieties,resistantfieldgermplasmandgreenhousehybridsweregrownusingcommercialhydroponicproduction
standards.FruitwereharvestedandgradedusingUSDAstandards.Fieldvarietiesproducedagreaterpercentage
oflargeorextralargefruitandtheheaviestfruit;however,theyproducedsofewfruit,itwouldnotbeprofitableto
usetheseingreenhouseproduction.Greenhouselinesproducedfruitearlierandhighernumberoflargeorextra
largefruit.However,averagefruitweightforthegreenhouselineswaslessthan200gandthebrixreadingswere
in the bottom half of the lines studied. Thus, greenhouse growers require lines developed specifically for
greenhouseproduction,butwithsomeofthetraitsoflinesusedinfieldproduction.
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Grain Yield and Component Traits of Pearl Millet Genotypes at Different Row Spacing. Gulia, S. K.*1, W.
Whitehead1,B.P.Singh1andJ.P.Wilson2, 1AgriculturalResearchStation,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,
GA31030,and2USDAARSCropGeneticsandBreedingResearchUnit,TiftonGA317930748.
Cultivation of grain pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), a semiarid tropical crop, is spreading beyond
conventional production areas. It is finding markets in USA in ethnic food, wildlife recreation markets, poultry
feed,andhaspotentialforbiofuels.FourteendiversegenotypesoftheA1MScytoplasmweretestedforgrainyield
and its component traits. The genotypes were planted in three rowspacing (18, 36 and 54 cm) and three
replicationsfollowingarandomizedcompleteblockdesigninsummer2008.Thegrainyieldlossduetobirdswas
observed visually among individual plots and it ranged from 2 to 99%. At maturity, ten random plants were
harvested per plot for grain yield component analysis. Plots were harvested with a plot combine harvester.
Analysisofvariancerevealedsignificantdifferencesforgrainyieldandallitscomponenttraitsamonggenotypes.
Rowspacing exhibited significant mean sum of squares for 1000seed weight, grain yield and grain moisture
contentwhilegenotyperowspacinginteractionwasevidentonlyfor1000seedweight.Mostofthegenotypes
produced grain yield either equal to or higher than Tifgrain 102 (control). Hybrids 5223A12304,
5223A107F543, and 606A1454 reached 50% flowering significantly earlier (3136 days) than the other
genotypes. Yield ranged from 1544 kg/ha (5223A12304) to 3408 kg/ha (606A107F543). Late maturing
genotypesescapedmajorbirddamage,leadingtosignificantyielddifferences.Among14genotypes,sevenyielded
highest at 36cm followed by five at 54cm and two at 18cm rowspacing. This study suggests developing new
genotypeswithbristlingtraitstoavoiddamagefrombirds.
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SuccessfulApplicationofNewCostEffectiveProceduresforGenotypingPearlMilletsforGeneticDiversity
and Linkage Mapping. Gulia, S. K.*1, B. P. Singh1, J. P. Wilson2 and X. Ma1, 1Agricultural Research Station, Fort
ValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030and 2USDAARSCropGeneticsandBreedingResearchUnit,Tifton
GA317930748.
In spite of technology advancement, procedures of DNA extraction and genotyping of large plant
populations are cumbersome and expensive. Therefore, in order to genotype large mapping populations for
studying genetic diversity, and linkage/QTL mapping for disease and pest resistance in pearl millet (Pennisetum
glaucum), we have engaged in developing time saving and economical procedures for DNA extraction, PCR
amplification and PAGE electrophoresis. Plant materials in this study included germplasm, landraces, advanced
breeding lines and cultivars collected from India, Africa and the U.S. for genetic diversity studies and a RIL
mapping population based on cross Tift 454 Tift 99B for linkage mapping. In newly modified procedure, DNA
was extracted by incubating 0.50.7g ground young leaf tissues in 2% CTAB/mercaptoethanol followed by
refrigerated differential centrifugation with phenol:chloroform:isoamylalcohol and again with
chloroform:isoamylalcohol. Steps such as additional phenol/chloroform treatments, DNA pellet drying followed
RNasetreatmentsandincubationwereeliminated,reducinguseofcostlyandcorrosivechemicals,andsavingtime
overtheoldtwodayDNAextractionprocedure.DNAproducedfrom185RILsexhibitedaverageconcentrationof
640ng/Landaverageopticaldensityratioof1.9.UponPCRamplification,thisDNAproducedclearandscorable
bandsfollowingethidiumbromidestainedagaroseandsilverstainedpolyacrylamidegels.PostPCRmultiplexing
oftwoormoremicrosatellitesbasedondifferentlengthsofbasepairsreducedthetimeandcostofperunitdata
generationuptohalf.MicrosatellitescreeningofRILparentallinesrecordedmorethan25%polymorphismthat
willbeusedforfingerprintingofRILsandothergenotypes.
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2008 NSF REU SiteResearch Experiences for Undergraduates in Molecular Genetics and Genomics at
DelawareStateUniversity.Kalavacharla,V.*1,L.Davis1,H.Dhillon1,L.Everett2,V.Fondong2,M.Harrington1,G.
Ozbay1, C. Sabayanagam1, S. Taylor1 and B. Wiggins3, 1Delaware State University, Dover, DE; 2Wesley College,
Dover,DE;and3DelawareTechnicalandCommunityCollege,Georgetown,DE.
DelawareStateUniversitywasawardedathreeyeargrantfromtheNationalScienceFoundationfora9
week summer research experience for undergraduates (REU) program in the area of molecular genetics and
genomics. This is a partnership between Delaware State University, (host institution), Delaware Technical &
Community College and Wesley College which draws from a wealth of faculty mentors in the biological sciences
including research and teaching faculty in plant biology and genetics, plant virology, neuroscience and
aquaculture.Studentsapplyinearlyspringofeachyear,andcometoDSUinthefirstweekofJune.Studentsare
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firstorientedandworktogetherinatwoweekmethodsworkshoptofamiliarizethemwithtoolsandtechniques
inmolecularbiologyandgenomics.Studentsmeetwithresearchmentorstounderstandaspecificresearchproject
and develop a research proposal. While continuing to conduct research in the mentors laboratory, students
presenttheirresearchprogresstotheirREUpeersandfacultymentors.AlsoincludedintheREUexperienceare
seminars given by government, academic and industry scientists, visits to biotechnology organizations and
interaction with various levels of scientific researchers. Additionally, at approximately twoweek intervals, the
REU students attend four ethics seminars on various ethical issues in natural science research. The student
research projects conclude with the Undergraduate Research Symposium where students from all summer
researchprogramsparticipateinacombinedevent.TheFY2007andFY2008programsdrewnineand11students
respectivelyfromdiversebackgrounds.TheDSUREUwebsiteisat(http://cars.desu.edu/reu).
ScientistHumanSciences
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Enhancing K12 Experiential Learning in AgriScience Related Disciplines with Leadership Development
andServiceLearning.McKee,M.*1,W.A.Hill2,S.Jeelani3,I.Smith4,D.Griffith5andV.M.Brown2,1HigherGround,
LLC., Fayetteville, GA 30214; 2College of Agricultural, Environmental and Natural Sciences and 3College of
Engineering,ArchitectureandPhysicalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088; 4WallaceCommunity
College,Selma,AL;5SelmaEarlyCollegeHighSchool,Selma,AL36703.
Thisworkexplorestheimpactofleadershipdevelopment,servicelearning,andcommunityengagement
in underserved, firstgeneration college goers (grades 912) who have been exposed to conducting handson
research in AgriSciences and engineering related disciplines in the AgriTrek Summer Program at Tuskegee
University;discusseshowthesefactorsinfluencestudentspersonalandinterpersonaldevelopment;encourages
social and civic responsibility; fosters the ability to make critical life decisions; teaches how to become better
stewardsofourworldbystrengtheningtheircommunities;andprovidesthemotivationandfocusneededwhich
furtherpreparesthesestudentstobeabletosuccessfullyenterandcompletepostsecondarystudies.
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Enhancing K12 Experiential Learning in AgriScience Related Disciplines through LaboratoryBased
Training and Leadership Development. Brown, V. M.*1, W. A. Hill1, S. Jeelani2, I. Smith3 D. Griffith4 and J. M.
McKee5, 1College of Agricultural, Environmental and Natural Sciences; 2College of Engineering, Architecture and
PhysicalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity; 3WallaceCommunityCollegeSelma; 4SelmaEarlyCollegeHighSchool;and
5HigherGround,LLC.
EngagingstudentsinAgriSciencerelateddisciplinesiscriticaltocontinueadvancementsmadeinscience
and technology and minorities must be included. As scientific knowledge continues to expand and new
technologiesemerge,theimpactonallstrataofsocietaldevelopmentcannotbeoverlooked.Toensurethatthese
rapidly changing technologies are used to meet the needs of underserved communities, leaders proficient in
AgriSciencerelated disciplines must be trained. In 2005 AgriTREK targeted at risk 1stgeneration collegegoers
fromsocioeconomicallychallengedareasinALandexposed15studentsfromSelmatothelatestdevelopmentin
STEMdisciplines;in2006,2007and2008thenumberincreasedto37,48and78;respectively.Theoverwhelming
successoftheprogramwasmetwithinterestfromstudentsresidingoutsidethetargetareaandby200810states
wererepresented.Throughlaboratorybasedresearch,servicelearningandpersonalandleadershipdevelopment
workshops, AgriTREK sought to bridge the gap that restricts streamlining minorities and was effective in
stimulatinginterestin912gradesecondarystudentswhowerechallengedtomakealifelongimpactonsociety.
Sustaining effect on society is being achieved through pursuing research and education in STEM frontier and
strengthening ongoing opportunities for training underserved minorities. This exposure enabled 912 grade
students to become competent problem solvers, critical thinkers, excellent communicators, leaders and team
playerswhoarebetterpreparedtoenterandcompletepostsecondaryeducation.
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FrameworkforaBridgeProgramBetweenSecondaryandPostsecondaryEducationtoEnhanceCurricula.
Harned, C. P. *1 and W. R. Waller2, 1School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern
Shore,PrincessAnne,MD21853;and2WicomicoCountySchools,Salisbury,MD21804.
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PartnershipswithK12institutionsthatprovideamechanismforsmoothtransitionfromhighschoolto
postsecondary education are of great importance at fouryear institutions. Collaboration between high schools
anduniversitiestodevelopinstructionalunitsforhighschoolcurriculaisonewaytostrengthenthepartnership
between secondary and postsecondary education. Through the cooperation of individuals from different
backgrounds, high school teachers receive professional development in their content areas as well as enhanced
high school curricula. A framework was developed for implementing such a collaboration that is underway at
UMES. Participating teachers enhance their course instruction through the development of engaging, handson
instructionalunitsthatbroadenstudentawarenessoftheextensivenatureanddiversityoffoodandagricultural
sciences and provide relevance to the subject matter being studied. Science teachers have an opportunity to
exploreexperimentsthatopenstudentseyestotheagriculturalapplicationsofscienceaswellascementstudent
understanding of scientific principles. The expertise of each contributor university faculty member, high school
teacher,acurriculumspecialist,andatechnologyspecialisthelpstogeneratecompelling,instructionalmaterials
that can be differentiated for a variety of classroom learners. From defining collaborator roles to ensuring that
instructionalunitsmeetcountyinitiativesandstatestandards,thispresentationwillexploretheapproachtaken
toimplementaprojectthatmustconsidermultipleperspectiveswhilemaintainingtheprimaryfocus,enhancing
curriculum for high school students. The presentation will also share challenges encountered and the revisions
thathavebeenplannedforcontinuedsuccess.
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An Evaluation of a Violence Prevention Program for Limited Resource Children, Youth and Families in
Rural South Carolina: A Longitudinal Study. Heggins, M. J. A.*, L. Capers and R. O. Rabb, 1890 Research
Program,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
In the United States, high school graduation is at an all time low. About 30% of all ninth graders fail to
graduate from high school four years later; and less than 50% of AfricanAmericans fail to graduate in South
Carolina. The major goal of this project is to assist, encourage, and facilitate 85% or more of the participants
involvedinalongitudinalviolencepreventionstudytograduatefromhighschoolandcompleteatwoyearorfour
year college/university degree program. This presentation will focus on the elementary, middle and high school
levels. There are 25 students in the program (experimental/treatment) and comparison group for a total of 50
students. Both the participant and comparison groups have been in the program and/or research project since
they were in elementary school. SCSU FLC data showed a substantial increase in the program groups academic
performance,asmeasuredbytheWideRangeAchievementTest(WRAT3),PalmettoChallengeAchievementTest
(PACT),9thgradeEndofCourseTest,andthe10thHighSchoolAssessmentProgram(HSAP),andadecreasein
violent and abusive behaviors. Evaluation data from 2006 2008 indicated: 1) 96% of the freshmen were
promoted to the 10th grade in 2006 2007; 2) 91% of sophomores passed the Mathematics and/or
English/LanguageArtssubtestsofthe(HSAP)in2007 2008;3)86%ofsophomorespassedbothMathematics
andEnglish/LanguageArtssubtestsoftheHSAPin20072008;and4)100%ofsophomoreswerepromotedto
the11thgradeforthe20082009academicyear.
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Financial Behaviors and Financial Stress among African Americans: Research Based Prescriptions for
PositiveChange.Conley,R.D.*,DepartmentofHumanSciences,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,
AR71601.
The purpose of this study was to conduct a review of literature on research based strategies
recommendedtoreducenegativefinancialbehaviorsandfinancialstressamongAfricanAmericans.Selectedpeer
reviewed journals were surveyed to examine the methodologies and findings of personal finance studies that
focused on African American populations. Racial comparisons of financial behavior items and demographic
variableswerepresentintheliterature.However,AfricanAmericansamplesizeswereoftencitedasalimitationof
the study. Explanatory theories of the well documented income and wealth gaps by race were summarized into
fourbasiccategoriesincludingdiscrimination,educationaldifferences,racialvariationandbehavioraldifferences
and social influences. The main findings were that (a) the body of research specifically focused on African
American populations and personal finance topics is limited and research priorities are suggested, and (b)
interventions for this population as in other populations should address increasing educational opportunities in
personalfinanceatanearlyage.
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217
Enhanced Mercury Ion Adsorption by an AmineModified Activated Carbon. Zhu, J. Z.*1, J. Yang1, and B. L.
Deng2, 1Center of Environmental Sciences, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO 65102, and
2DepartmentofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofMissouri,Columbia,MO65211.
Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic metals found in water and sediments. In an effort to develop an
effective adsorbent for aqueous Hg removal, activated carbon (AC) was modified with an aminoterminated
organosilicon (3aminopropyltriethoxysilane, APTES). Surface properties of the APTESmodified AC (MAC) were
characterized by scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energydispersive spectroscopy (SEMEDS),
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and potentiometry. The impacts of solvent type, APTES
concentration, reaction time and temperature on the surface modification were evaluated. The aqueous Hg
adsorptive kinetics and between carbon surface functional groups (COOH, COH) and APTES molecules of MAC
were also determined. The modification lowered the pH at the point of zero charge (pHpzc) to 4.54 from 9.6,
favoring cation adsorption. MAC presented a faster rate of the Hg (II) capacity. Results demonstrated that the
strong Hgbinding amine ligands were effectively introduced onto the AC surfaces through the silanol reaction
adsorptionandmorethandoubleadsorptivecapacityascomparedwithAC.
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FentonLike Reaction Catalyzed by Iron Oxide Impregnated Granular Activated Carbon for Disinfection
Byproduct Formation Control. Hua, B. 1*, J. Yang1 and B. Deng2, 1Center for Environmental Sciences, Lincoln
UniversityofMissouri,Jefferson,MO65102and 2DepartmentofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering,Universityof
Missouri,Columbia,MO65211.
Natural organic matter (NOM) is an assumed precursor of disinfection byproducts (DBP) generated in
chlorination of drinking water treatment. In this paper, Fentonlike reaction was investigated for the efficacy of
reducing DBP formation potential, using iron oxide impregnated granular activated carbon as the catalyst to
generateactivespecies,hydroxylradical,fromthedecompositionofhydrogenperoxide.Thefluorescenceintensity
atexcitation268272nm/emission292298nmofthesourcewaterwasmonitoredasasurrogateparameterto
evaluate the effect of operation conditions on DBP precursor removal. The results showed that the removal
efficiencyofDBPprecursorwasnotsensitivetohydrogenperoxideconcentrationfrom2.3to75mg/L;however,
the removal increased dramatically when pH was lowered from 6.50 to 3.90. Further chlorination experiments
indicatedthattrihalomethanes(THMs)formationpotentialcouldbereducedby98%underconditionsof0.5g/L
catalyst,75mg/LH2O2andpH4.55.
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ApplyingGISintheMonitoringofGreenhouseGasesEmissionsfromSoilinAgriculturalFieldsinCentral
Missouri.Nkongolo,N.V.*,S.J.Adisa,N.O.Hoilett,R.P.Paro,S.S.JohnsonandF.Eivazi,CenterofExcellencefor
Geospatial Information Sciences, Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Lincoln University of
Missouri,JeffersonCity,MO65101.
Greenhouse gas emissions from soil exhibit tremendous variability. However, because of the cost of
sampling,measurementsoffluxesacrossagriculturalfieldsareoftenlimitedtofewpoints.Averagevalueofpoint
measurementsislaterusedtopredictthetotalfluxforthesampledfield.Thisapproachmayresultinanoveror
underestimationofthetotalflux.TheobjectiveofthisstudywastoimprovetheestimationofN2O,CH4andCO2
fluxes from soil using geospatial technologies. The study was conducted in a pasture field at Lincoln University.
The approach consisted in sampling N2O, CH4 and CO2 fluxes, fitting a variogram model to fluxes data with GS+,
predicting fluxes at unsampled locations by kriging or inverse distance weighing when the data fitted a model.
FluxesmapswerethereafterproducedandtheirzoneswereclassifiedwithMultispec3.2.Afterclassification,an
improvedtotalfieldflux(ITFF)foreachofN2O,CH4andCO2wascalculatedbyasummationofallzonesmultiplied
by their corresponding flux values. This improved total field flux was compared to the total flux (TF) calculated
usingthefieldaveragefluxvalue,foreachgreenhousegas.ResultsshowedthatITFFforN2O,CH4andCO2 fluxes
calculated using a combination geostatistics, geographic information systems and maps analysis (GIS Approach)
washigherascomparedtothatcalculatedusingthefieldaverageflux(TF).Ourapproachprovidesanimproved
quantificationofgreenhouseflux.Theapproachcanbeextendedtoothersoilandenvironmentalparameters.
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220
GISMappingofApalachicolaForestforImprovedManagement.Carter,C.S.*,K.MillaandB.Causey,Center
forWater&AirQuality,FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32307.
Human disturbances to forested wetlands have resulted in the alteration of ecological processes,
negativelyimpactingvegetation,soilpropertiesandhydrology.Forexample,certainforestmanagementpractices
canalterforesthydrologyandvegetationpatterns.Anothermajorimpactisirresponsibleuseofoffroadvehicles,
which can lead to vegetation loss and habitat destruction. In this research we evaluate the impacts of forest
burning practices and offroad vehicles on physical, chemical and biological characteristics of ephemeral pond
habitats within the Munson Sandhills region of the Apalachicola National Forest. The ephemeral ponds found in
this region support a rich biota of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, and are crucial to the life cycles of a
numberofrareandendemicspecies.GeographicInformationSystems(GIS)andremotesensingtechnologiesare
being used to investigate historical land use/land cover patterns and changes, develop topographic models, and
construct hydrologic profiles of the study areas. These data will be used in conjunction with data derived from
monitoring of soil physical and chemical parameters, hydrologic parameters, and chemical and biological water
qualityparameterstoinvestigatehowmanagementpracticesandvehicletrafficmightinterferewiththenatural
vegetation and hydrology of the pond habitats. Study questions will focus on soil compaction as it related to
threatened and rare species in ephemeral ponds and wetlands and the effects of encroaching woody tree and
shrubspeciesonephemeralponds.ResultsofthisresearchwillbeusedtoassistForestmanagersindeveloping
managementrecommendations.
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Using Handheld Computers, Databases, and Spreadsheets to Assist Farmers with Record Keeping and
Management.Pomerleau,S.*,Aquaculture/FisheriesCenter,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,AR
71601.
Maintaining detailed computerized production records on fish farms may be quite difficult. In the field,
farm managers and employees may write some production information in notebooks or on random sheets of
paper, but hardly ever have the time to type all that information into computers. Poor record keeping reduces
management efficiency and hinder comprehensive financial analysis of the enterprise. Several data acquisition
technologies have been tested on catfish and baitfish farms in Arkansas to improve record keeping and
management.Handheldcomputers(alsocalledPDAorPocketPC)revealedtobeanaffordableandreliablemean
ofacquiringdatainthefield.PDAhasbeenusedtoefficientlyenterfeed,oxygen,aeration,andotherproduction
datafromthepondbank.Besides,thePDAcanbeusedtoeasilyanalyzethedataandprintreportsinthefieldwith
a small portable wireless printer. One does not need to be a computer expert to develop personalized record
keepingsoftware.Simplecommerciallyavailablesoftwarewasusedtodeveloprecordkeepingapplicationsforthe
PDA without any previous programming experience. On desktop computers, MS Access and MS Excel have also
beenusedtoquicklyandeasilycreateuserfriendlyprogramsforfishfarmers.Whendesigningaspreadsheetfor
yourclientele,itisrecommendedto:1)usecolortodifferentiateinputcellsfromformulacells,2)insertbuttons
andlinkstohelpusersnavigatebetweenworksheets,3)displayinstructionsandcontactinformationonthefirst
worksheet,and4)lockformulacellstopreventaccidentaldeletions.
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ImprovementoftheModelforPredictingRainfallbyFuzzySetTheoryUsingUSDAScanData.Hasan,M.*1,
T. Tsegaye2, X. Shi3, G. Schaefer4 and G. Taylor5, 1Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences,
Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University, Normal, AL 35762; 2Dept. of Natural Resources and
Environmental Sciences, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University, Normal, AL 35762; 3Department of
ComputerScience,AlabamaAgriculturalandMechanicalUniversity,Normal,AL35762;4NRCSNationalWaterand
ClimateCenter,Portland,OR97232;and5OregonClimateService,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR97331.
This paper presents the improvement of the fuzzy inference model primarily developed for predicting
rainfall(RF)withdatafromUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)SoilClimateAnalysisNetworkStation
attheAlabamaAgriculturalandMechanicalUniversity(AAMU)Campusfortheyear2004.Theprimarymodelwas
developed with selected fuzzy variables based on the degree of association of different factors with various
combinations causing RF. An increase in wind speed (WS) and a decrease in temperature (TP) when compared
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betweentheithand(i1)thdaywerefoundtohaveapositiverelationwithRF.Resultsofthemodelshowedbetter
performance after introducing the threshold values of (i) Relative Humidity (RH) of the ith day, (ii) Humidity
Increase(HI)whencomparedbetweentheithand(i1)thday,and(iii)product(P)ofWSandTPwhencompared
betweentheithand(i1)thday.Intheimprovedmodel,errorsbetweenactualandcalculatedamountofRFwere
1.20, 2.19, and 9.60% when using USDA scan data from the AAMU campus for years 2003, 2004 and 2005,
respectively. The improved model was tested at Winfred A. Thomas Agricultural Research Station (WTARS) and
Bragg farm in Alabama to check the applicability of the model. The errors between the actual and calculated
amount of RF were 3.20, 5.90, and 1.66% using USDA scan data from WTARS for years 2003, 2004, and 2005,
respectively.Similarly,percentagesoferrorswere10.37,11.67,and25.52whenusingscandatafromBraggfarm
foryears2004,2005,and2006,respectively.Theprimarymodelyieldedthevalueoferrorequaling12.35percent
usingUSDAscandatafromAAMUcampusfor2004.
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Computational Approaches to Evaluating BMP Scenarios Considering Stochasticity of Weather. Gitau, M.
W.* 1,L.Chiang2,I.Chaubey2andM.Sayeed2, 1BiologicalandAgriculturalSystemsEngineering,CenterforWater
and Air Quality, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307 and 2Purdue University,
WestLafayette,IN.
ModelsareincreasinglybeingusedtoquantifytheeffectsofBestManagementPractices(BMPs)onwater
quality. While these models offer the ability to study multiple BMP scenarios, and to analyze impacts of various
managementdecisionsonwatershedresponse,associatedanalysescanbeverycomputationallyintensive.Thisis
duetothelargenumberofrunsneededtofullycapturethevarietyofpossiblemanagementandclimaticscenarios.
Further,largeamountsofdiskspaceareoftenrequiredtostoremodeloutputs.Thisstudydevelopscomputational
technologiesforanalyzingvariousBMPscenariosandtheireffectsonwaterquality,consideringuncertaintiesin
future weather patterns over a 25year period. The study uses SWAT, a physicallybased distributedparameter
watershedmodel,tosimulatevariousBMPscenarios.Atotalof172BMPscenariosareanalyzed.Further,thestudy
aimsatincorporating1000weatherscenariosineachBMPapplicationthus172,000modelruns.Attherateof8
10minutes/run,23,00029,000CPUhours,or2.63.3yearswouldbeneededtocompleteallrunsonastandard
LINUXsystem.Further,67.5Mb/runareneededtostoreoutput,translatingto10Tbofcomputerspacerequired.
WefirstpresentourapproachtohandlingthelargenumbersofrunsneededtoevaluateBMPperformanceunder
stochastic weather scenarios. We then present techniques used in and tools developed for handling the large
datasets resulting from model outputs. Finally, we discuss applicability of these approaches to the other BMP
evaluationeffortsandsomefuturedirections.
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Selected Fruit Extracts and Phytochemicals Protect Against Tertbutyl Hydroperoxide Induced Oxidative
StressinHumanLiverCells.Boateng,J.*andM.Verghese,DepartmentofFoodandAnimalSciences,Alabama
A&MUniversity,NormalAL,35762.
Recent investigations have focused on the role of fruit as potent antioxidants against oxidative stress
associated diseases. The aim was to determine effects of selected fruit extracts (plums, apples, grapes and
cranberries)(2varietieseach)andphytochemicals(cyanidin,perlagonidin,quercetinandellagicacid)onhuman
liver fibroblasts (FL62891) exposed to tertbutyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) oxidative stress. To assess cellular
oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), glutathionestransferase (GST),
glutathioneperoxidase(GPx)),reducedglutathione(GSH),lactatedehydrogenase(LDH)releasewasdetermined.
FL62891 cells were maintained in Iscoves Modified Dulbeccos Medium (IMDM), treated with different
concentrations of fruit extracts (5100mg/ml) and phytochemicals (5160ug/ml), incubated (24 and 48 h). Cells
weretreatedwithtBHP(300M)toinduceoxidation.LDH(%)release(13.819.41%phytochemicalsand12.56
15.01% fruit extracts) was at levels comparable to control (untreated cells) (13.3%). CAT (mol H2O2
oxidized/min/mg), GSH (nmol/min/mg) and GPx (nmol/min/mg) in control (untreated) and TBHP treated cells
were13.59,148.5,78.25and7.45,67.01,51.25.Enzymeactivity(CAT,GSHandGPx)(24and48hr)rangedfrom
15.8322.6,126.3187.6and101.8124.6incellspretreatedwithfruitextractsand13.919.7,137.61231.14and
76.33114.73,incellspretreatedwithphytochemicals.Cellspretreatedwithextracts/phytochemicalsmaintained
lower intracellular ROS levels compared to tBHP treated cells. GST, (nmol/min/mg) was higher in cells treated
withfruitextracts/phytochemicalsthantBHPtreatedcells.Resultsshowthatselectedfruits(plums,apples,grapes
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and cranberries) and phytochemicals (perlagonidin, cyanidin, quercetin and ellagic acid) reduced cellular
oxidativedamagetoFL62891cells,possiblythroughtheinductionofantioxidantenzymes.
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EffectofEPAandDHAFortificationonOxidationStabilityofGoatMilkInfantFormulaAnalogues.Park,Y.
W.1, 2*,C.O.Maduko2andC.C.Akoh2, 1AgriculturalResearchStation,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValleyGA
31030,and2DepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology,UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602.
Humanmilkandinfantformulaecontainpolyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFA)includingeicosapentaenoic
acid(EPA)anddocosahexaenoicacid(DHA),whicharerequiredforpropergrowthandhealthybraindevelopment
of infants. Oxidation alters nutritional quality of PUFA in milk, which may be unacceptable for consumption. A
studywasconductedtodetermineeffectsofEPAandDHAfortificationontheoxidativestabilityofcaprinemilk
infant formula analogues. Oxidation stability of the products was assayed by peroxide value (POV), Panisidine
value(PAv),andTOTOXvalueswhichwerecalculatedas2POV+PAv.Twogoatmilkinfantformulaanalogues
werepreparedwithskimgoatmilkbyaddingtwooilblends:(1)coconut,safflowerandsoybeanoilsintheratioof
2.5:1.1:0.8 (VGM), and (2) coconut, safflower, soybean and menhaden fish oils in the ratio of 2.1:1.1:0.8:0.4
(FOGM).Bothweremadetocontain4.4gfat/100mlmilkwithlecithin(0.5g/100ml)addition.Bothanalogueswere
homogenized, freezedried and stored in airtight containers at room temperature for 6 weeks. Four batches of
each analogue were reconstituted every 14 days by dissolving 12.5 g dried sample in 87.5 g water, and then
extractedforlipids.TherangesofPOV,PAvandTOTOXofVGMwere:2.553.55,0.602.06and3.559.16,while
those of corresponding parameters of FOGM were: 5.555.90, 12.018.38 and 23.129.8 for the 6 weeks period.
OxidativeindicesofVGMweresignificantly(P<0.05)lowerthanthoseofFOGM.Additionofantioxidantswithlow
storagetemperaturetreatmentcouldreduceoxidationofEPAandDHAinthefortifiedformulas.
226
AntigenotoxicPotentialofSulforaphaneAgainstChronicLowLevelExposuretoPesticides.Tope,A.M.*and
P.F.Rogers,NutritionandHealthResearchArea,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
Chroniclowlevelexposuretoenvironmentalpollutantssuchassyntheticpesticideshasbeenimplicated
inmanyhealthconditionssuchasoxidativestress,leadingtoDNAdamage,acausebehindmanyseriousdiseases
suchascancer.Theobjectiveofthepresentstudywastoevaluatetheantigenotoxicpotentialofsulforaphane(10
30M)abioactivecompoundfoundinvegetablessuchasbroccoli,cabbage,Brusselssprouts,inusingSingleCell
Gel Electrophoresis (Comet Assay). Human lymphocytes were separately exposed to various concentrations of
sulforaphane (1030 M) along with (a) a mixture of three most wisely used pesticides, viz. endosulfan,
chlorpyriphos and thiram (1mM) and (b) 100 mM of H2O2. Lymphocytes were exposed to the various
concentrationsofsulforaphaneandtheDNAdamagingagentsusingtwoincubationstrategies,1)preexposure,2)
coexposure.Cellswereincubatedat37oC,at5%CO2for48hoursandtheextentofDNAdamagewasevaluated
using Comet Assay. Most DNA protective efficiency of sulforaphane was found at and above 20 M in the pre
exposurestrategy.HoweveritsmodeofactiononDNArepairenzymesisbeingevaluated.
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RoleofAntiInflammatoryAgentsinInflammatoryBowelDiseaseandColorectalCancer.Alexander,A.D.*1,
J.Jaynes1,M.Martinez2,R.Nimmanapalli3andL.H.Billups4, 1 DepartmentofAgriculture, 2DepartmentofBiology,
3DepartmentofBiomedicalSciencesand4DepartmentofPathobiology,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
Inflammation is a phenomenon that is often implicated in disease progression and pathology. Anti
inflammatory agents range from probiotic microorganisms to chemicals like nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
agents (NSAIDS) to natural and synthetic peptides. Our lab is investigating a number of potentially therapeutic
treatments,designedtoabrogateinflammationandtherebyreducemorbidityandmortalityinanumberofmodels
includingturkeydilatedcardiomyopathies,mouseinflammatoryboweldisease(IBD)andexperimentalcolorectal
cancer (CRC). We report here the influence of commensal flora on the modulation of inflammation by synthetic
peptidesinexperimentalIBDandCRC.Wealsocommentontheabilityofsyntheticpeptidesandcommensalflora
toeffectcellsignalingeventsrelatedtoangiogenesis,differentiation,dysplasiaandmigrationinIBDandCRC.
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228
Evaluation of the Usage of WIC Services by Hispanics in South Carolina during the Period of 20002003.
Mathis,C.C.*andS.R.Choudhari,1890Research,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
SouthCarolinaisoneofsixSouthernstatesintheU.S.withahighinfluxofHispanicsbetween2000and
2002,andabout25%ofHispanicsinSouthCarolinalivebelowpovertylevel.Hence,theresearchwasconducted
totestiftherewasanysignificantchangeinusageofWomanInfantChildren(WIC)servicesbyHispanicsduring
theperiodof20002003.Thenecessarydatabasesandscaleswereconstructedfromthesecondarydatasourceon
HispanicswhousedWICservicesfrom23selectedcountiesinSouthCarolinaduringthisperiod.Thesecounties
weregroupedintofourregions:Piedmont,Midland,PeeDee,andCoastal.TheFriedmantestwasperformedasa
repeatedmeasuresanalysisoveraperiodoffouryears,andsixposthoctestswereperformedoneachregionto
testiftheusageoftheWICservicesbyHispanicsineachyearwassignificantlydifferentcomparedtoitsprevious
years. Results showed a significant increase in WIC services for Hispanics in Piedmont, Midland, and Coastal
regions for years 2001 to 2003 when compared to year 2000. Hence, such results will be useful to the state
agenciesasabenchmarktoprovidetheWICservicestotheneedyHispanicfamiliesinSouthCarolina.Therefore,
this research project will also assist 1890 Extension personnel to connect better to the Hispanic communities
throughEFNEP.
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AfricanAmericanStudentsPerceivedSelfEfficacyandHIVAIDSScreening.Brandon,D.P.*,C.M.Smith,J.D.
Grigsby,A.YoungandE.Tibbs,DepartmentofFamilyandConsumerSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal
AL35762.
AlthoughHIVcanbefoundamongallethnicgroups,ithasbecomeknowntomanyasaBlackdisease.This
study examines African American students perceived selfefficacy and HIVAIDS screening. It also investigates
studentsfearofhavingapositiveserostatus.Datawereobtainedfromstudents(n=398)attendingaHistorically
Black College and University (HBCU) located in the Southern region of the United States. Results indicated that
morethanonefourth(28.4%)ofthestudentshadneverbeenscreenedforHIV,andnearlyonethird(30%)did
not know or only somewhat knew that HIV is easier to treat when detected early. A significant difference was
foundintheperceivedgeneralselfefficacyofstudentswhohadbeenscreenedforHIVatleastonceandthosewho
hadneverbeenscreened(t=2.49,p=.01).Respondentsnotscreenedwerelessefficacious,generally,thanthose
who were screened. Likewise, of the items used to assess respondents fear of being told of a HIV positive
serostatus,thetwogroupsdifferedsignificantlyon9ofthe10items.Thefindingssuggestthatthosestudentswho
had been screened for HIVAIDS were more efficacious and less fearful of being stigmatized than those not
screened.Implicationsofthesefindingsforcampusbasedscreeningprogramsandfutureresearcharediscussed.
ScientistFoodSafety,Health,andNutrition(HS)
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Frequency of Eating in BuffetStyle Restaurants and Body Weight Status of Adults. Wang, C.*, L. Huang, C.
Butler,M.MarletteandS.Templeton,HumanNutritionProgram,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
Buffet style restaurants provide opportunities for consumers to access a variety of foods in unlimited
quantitiesatanaffordableprice.Manyofthefoodsservedarefriedorhighinsugarandfatcontents.Theobjective
of this study was to determine whether eating in buffetstyle restaurants contributes to the development of
obesity in adults. Visitors to the 2006 Kentucky State Fair were recruited to fill out a questionnaire before they
were given a free analysis of their body composition (body fat %). Their body weight and height were also
obtained to calculate the body mass index, which was used to categorize the subjects into obese, overweight,
normalorunderweightgroups.Bodymassindexwascorrelatedpositivelywiththefrequencyofeatinginbuffet
stylerestaurants(r2=0.4).Onaverage,overweightandobesegroupshadhigherfrequencyofeatinginbuffetstyle
restaurants.Thesedatasuggestthatbuffetstylerestaurantsprovidedtheconditionsandstimulantsforexcessive
eating,contributingtoweightgainofthevisitors.Significanteffortsshouldbemadetopreventovereatinginthis
typeofrestaurants.
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TheFoodEnvironment:FoodStoreTypes,FoodAvailabilityandtheObesityCrisisinNorthCarolina.Adu
Nyako, K.*, R. Okafor and S. Palat, Department of Agribusiness, Applied Economics and Agriscience Education,
NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
ObesityhasincreaseddramaticallyintheUnitedStatesoverthepasttwodecades.InNorthCarolinathe
obesity rate has doubled from 13% in the 1990s to 24.7% in 2006. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans
recommend consumption of diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains as a way to encourage healthful
eatingandreduceobesity.RecentstatisticsshowthatinNorthCarolina,only23.1%reportconsumptionoffiveor
moreservingsoffruitsandvegetables,indicatingthereisstillisalargepercentageofthepopulationwhounder
consumetherecommendedservings.Thereisconcernthatthefoodenvironmentascharacterizedbythenumbers
and types of food stores, influence fruit and vegetable availability and consumption. To test this hypothesis, we
conductedaseriesoflogisticregressionsoffruitandvegetableconsumption,inrelationtoavailabilityofvarious
foodstoretypesandcontrollingforsociodemographicvariables.OurresultsforNorthCarolinaindicatethatfruit
and vegetable consumption is positively associated with increasing numbers of supermarkets and larger stores,
andnegativelyassociatedwithconveniencestores.Furthermore,inmodelingobesityoutcomes,ourresultsshow
that the odds of being obese decreased with availability of supermarkets, fruit and vegetable markets, and
consumptionoffiveormoreservingsoffruitsandvegetables.
232
LimitedIncome Mothers Inputs About Prominent Child Overweight Prevention Messages. Idris, R.*,
DepartmentofFamilyandConsumerSciences,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
Todeterminelimitedincomemothersawarenessofchildoverweightpreventionmessages,theirusageof
these messages, their thoughts on what other families do with these messages, and whether they think these
messages would prevent overweight, indepth interviews were conducted to ascertain responses to 16 common
messagesprintedonlaminatedcards.Eachstatefollowedstandardrecruitment,recordingandscriptedinterview
protocols.Lowincomemotherswithchildrenages4to10yearssortedcardsintofamiliar/unfamiliarcategories
and frequency of use. Cards were reviewed two more times to determine mothers opinions related to other
families and overweight prevention. Response frequencies were determined. Demographics for mothers were
collected.Eachstateaudiotapedandtranscribedtheirinterviews.Onestatecompiledthedata.Twoinvestigators
analyzedinterviewsusingstandardqualitativeprocedures.Ninemessageswerefamiliarto>90%ofinterviewees.
All mothers knew about wise snacking choices while only 51% were familiar with the concept of restriction.
Comparisonsofeachstatementweremadebetweenwhatmothersdo,theirgeneralimpressionabouthowother
familiesrespondedtotheinquiriesandtheirbeliefinthepracticepreventingoverweight.Forexample,while68%
alwaysatetogetherasafamily,30%wereunsureifthispracticewouldreduceoverweightand30%thoughtother
familieswouldfindthisdifficulttoimplement.Limitedincomemothersmaybeuncertainaboutthefeasibilityof
practicingcommonoverweightpreventionmessages.Furthermore,ambivalencetowardthemessagesimpacton
preventionofchildhoodobesitymayexplainwhysomebehaviorsarenotalwayspracticedinthesefamilies.
233
A Comparative Assessment of Head Start Parents versus Caregivers Feeding Practices and Nutritional
KnowledgeEffectonPreschoolersHealthOutcome(OverweightandChildhoodObesity)inAlabama.Moss,
E. M.*, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Alabama A & M University, Normal, AL
35762;E.Bonsi,A.DrewandA.Salifu,CooperativeExtensionProgram,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088;
andK.Tajeu,CooperativeExtensionSystem,AuburnUniversity,AL36849.
Since the 1970s, the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled for preschool children ages 25.
Approximately10%ofthesechildrenareoverweightand19%areatrisk.AccordingtotheNationalInitiativefor
Childrens Healthcare Quality (2008), Alabama ranks above the national average in percentage of Blacks
overweight,and43rdinchildhoodobesity.Giventheseriousnessofthehealthconsequencesassociatedwithbeing
overweight,alongwiththerateofincreaseinthepastfewdecades,thisassessmentaimstocaptureasnapshotof
preschoolershealthstatus,caregiversnutritionandhealthknowledgeasselfreportedbytheparentsandstaffof
children in Head Start Centers in thirteen Alabama counties. Assessment questionnaires were administered and
data collected during the 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 school year from parents and staff at each Center. The
results revealed a descriptive picture of staff and parental nutritional and health knowledge along with their
perceivedpreschoolerseatingandphysicalactivitypatterns.Clustersofcorrelatedbehaviorscouldbelinkedto
126
preschoolers BMIs as well as similarities and differences among Black, White, and Latino children, parents and
staff.TheresultsobtainedwillbeusedtoimproveAlabamaCooperativeExtensionscapacitytodevelopculturally
appropriate nutrition and health promotion programs and strategies for adapting nutritional and health care
services.
234
Obesity:WillHoneyReduceOvereatingHabit?Biswas,B.K.*,N.PhillipsandK.L.Arora,BiomedicalResearch,
FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030.
Obesity due to overeating is common and this habit is hard to control. Can overeating be controlled by
consuminghoneywhichisconsideredasahomeremedyforobesity?TwentysevenJapanesequailweredivided
intothreegroups,eachofninebirds.GroupI(control)received0%honeyinwater;GroupIIreceived2%honey
(GreatValuehoneyfromWalMart)dissolvedinwater(v/v)andGroupIIIreceived10%honeysolution.Allofthe
threegroupswereprovidedroutinequailfeedadlibitumthroughoutthedurationoftheexperimentof15days.
The birds were housed in the same room in separate wire cages under 14:10 photoperiod. Both feed and water
consumption for each group was measured and recorded separately everyday. The birds were cared for by the
sameindividualtoreducevariability.Significantdifferencesinthefeedandwaterconsumptionamongthethree
groups were observed. Food consumption was maximum in GroupI (19.183.29 gm/bird/day), followed by
GroupII (16.662.98 gm/bird/day) and minimum in GroupIII (14.722.72 gm/bird/day). Whereas, the water
consumptionwasrecordedthemaximuminGroupII(40.358.06ml/bird/day),followedbyGroupI(38.228.47
ml/bird/day) and the minimum in GroupIII (29.326.64 ml/bird/day). Body weight was higher in GroupI
followedbyGroupIIandGroupIII,butitistooearlytodrawconclusionsabouteffectsonobesity.Bloodglucose
decreased in all three groups, showing no effect of honey consumption at these levels. In this investigation we
found that honey reduces the eating habit in Japanese quail. Studies are underway to explore this phenomenon
further.
235
Understanding Information Along the Food Supply Chain. Liu, X.* and M. Nelson, Agricultural Research
Station,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030.
The practice and study on food safety is experiencing a shift from Hazard Analysis and Critical Control
Points (HACCP) System to Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) and traceability. HAACP has been the primary
responsetofoodsafetyintheU.S.formanyyearsandwasmainlyconfinedtotheprocessperiod,whereasCOOL
andtraceabilitymeetthenewdemandforsurveillancesandcontroloverfoodsafetyalongthewholefoodsupply
chain.TheshiftfromHAACPtoCOOLchallengedallagentsandresearchersbybringingaboutextensivecollection
offoodsafetyinformationandchangesinhowinformationshouldbehandled.Thisstudyisfocusedonthevery
issueofinformationandaimedtoreachconclusionsoninformationchoicesintheframeworkofCOOLandFarm
toForkanalyses.First,thestudydemonstratedgreatdemandforinformationandvariousfeaturesofinformation
withtheemergenceofextensivesurveillances.Second,thestudyidentifiedlimitedinformationtypesnecessaryfor
building the FarmtoFork model and pinpointed deficiencies in current information collected. Third, the study
conductedbenefitscostsanalysisfordifferentinformationtypesanddiscussedthetradeoffbetweentheoretical
and empirical solutions. Our analyses lead to the choices of adopting partial information, data connection,
uncertaintytolerance,productdependency,tolistafew.Theresultshavesignificantimplicationsformakingfood
safetypolicies.
236
TheSweetpotato:AddressingNutritionalandEconomicChallengesinGhana,WestAfrica. Bonsi,E.A.*,R.
Zabawa and C. Bonsi, The George Washington Carver Agricultural Experiment Station, Tuskegee University,
Tuskegee,AL36088.
Many rural areas across the global are plagued with nutritional deficiencies including iron deficiency
anemiaandvitaminAdeficiency.Whiletherearepharmaceuticalbasedremediestotheseconditions,thelackof
financial resources often precludes their use. One method of addressing nutritional deficiencies is by using
customaryplantbasedsourcesincorporatedintotraditionalrecipes.InGhana,WestAfrica,onesuchsourceisthe
sweetpotato.Whilegrownthroughoutthecountry,thesweetpotatohasbeenusedaseitherafaminefood,when
127
traditionalcassavaandyamarenotavailableorasasnackfoodandfriedaschips.Initialresearchfocusedonthe
leavesofthesweetpotatoasanexcellentyearroundsourceofirontoaddressirondeficiencyanemia.Resultsfrom
village tests found that the leaves were highly acceptable in local stews, resulting in a significant increase in
sweetpotatoproductionandmodificationoftraditionalrecipestoincludesweetpotatoleaves.Additionalresearch
effortsareontheorangefleshsweetpotato(OFSP)root.Traditionalsweetpotatovarietieshaverootswitheither
whiteorcreamcoloredflesh.Recentvarietiesreleasedin2005haveincreasedlevelsofbetacaroteneandrange
fromyellowtoorangecoloredflesh.TheOFSPhaspotentialasanenrichmentfooditemtomanyGhanaianfood
products.TUresearchersareinvestigatingtheuseofOFSPintovariouslocalbreadrecipesasawayofincreasing
vitamin A into the daily diet. Preliminary results indicate not only an excellent source of vitamin A but also the
potentialforalocalvalueadded,smallscaletechnologybased,economicdevelopmententerprise.
237
CharacteristicsofMineralCompositionsandTheirRatiosinSkimandWholeGoatMilkCheeses.Nouira,W.,
S.Bandla,T.H.TerrillandY.W.Park*,AgriculturalResearchStation,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA
31030.
Demand for low fat dairy products has been continuously increasing, while food quality of low fat goat
milkcheeseshaslittlebeenstudied.ThreebatchesofCheddartypeskim(SG)andwhole(WG)goatcheeseswere
manufacturedtoevaluate27majorandtracemineralcompositionsandtheirratios.Thecheesesweremadeatthe
University pilot plant using bulk milk from Saanen, Alpine, and Nubian goat herds. Cream was separated from
wholemilkusingaseparator(Model17584,ClairCo.,Austria).MineralswereassayedbyanInductivelyCoupled
PlasmaOpticalEmissionsSpectrometer(ThermoJarrelAshEnviro36,Worchester,MA),usingargonasthecarrier
gasandtheEPAmethod6010.MeanfatcontentsofSGandWGcheeseswere1.19and25.6%.Respectivemean
mineralconcentrations(ppm,wetbasis)ofSGandWGcheeseswere:Ca12698,8272;P8029,5213;K1341,1071;
Mg668,445;Na5354,3825;Fe5.99,5.42;Mn1.14,0.95;Cu1.93,1.78;Zn19.8,14.9,indicatingthatSGcheese
retainedhighermineralsthanWGcounterparts.MineralratiosofCa:P,Ca:Mg,Na:K,Fe:ZnandFe:MoforSGand
WGcheeseswere1.58,1.59;19.0,18.6;3.71,3.53;0.30,0.36;5.93,7.84,respectively.Ca:PandCa:Mgratioswere
higher and Na:K and Fe:Zn were lower than previously reported. The cheeses contained lower salt than other
reports. Fe:Mo ratios of both cheeses were closer to 8:1, whereas xanthine oxidase has a 8:1:2 ratio of
Fe:Mo:Flavin.MineralcontentsofSGcheeseweregenerallyhigherthanthoseofWGcheeses.
238
DevelopmentofMicrosatelliteMarkersinSweetpotato[Ipomoeabatatas(L.)Lam.]andtheirApplication
toitsRelatedWildSpecies.Vajja,V.G.*,R.Cantrell,K.Zura,S.K.Ponniah,U.K.ReddyandP.Nimmakayala,Gus
R.DouglassInstitute,AgriculturalandEnvironmentResearchStation,WestVirginiaStateUniversity,Institute,WV
25112.
Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a hexaploid with 90 chromosomes that collectively hold a DNA
content of 1050 Mbp (Arumunganathan and Earle 1991). Wild species of Ipomoea are a potential reservoir of
usefulgenesandplayanimportantroleinsweetpotatovarietalimprovement.DNAmarkersareknowntogreatly
enhance breeding methodology by allowing breeders to reduce breeding cycles, establish early generation
selections, decipher the genetic complexity of polygenic traits, and pyramid favorable allele combinations. The
basic essence of molecularmarker technology is to resolve nucleotidesequence differences within and between
closelyaswellasdistantlyrelatedspecies.Withaviewtocapitalizingonthevariousadvantagesofmicrosatellites,
ourlaboratory(atWVSU)hasdevelopedtechnologiesthatcanbeusedtocapturegenomewiderepeatmotifsand
convert them to PCR markers. A microsatelliteenriched library has been developed for capturing repeat motifs
containing genomic fragments. Fragments are captured using streptavidin paramagnetic bead affinity selection
methods. The resultant fragments from final PCR were cloned, and of these, 400 randomly selected clones were
sequenced. These sequences were trimmed by removing the vector and adaptor sequences, and finally 228
sequencescontaininglongrepeatmotifsofGA,CA,AGA,andACAwithsufficientflankingsequencewereselected
forprimerdesign.Primersweredesignedtoamplifyrepeatunitsof228sequencesandtestedforpolymorphisms
inasetofreferencegenotypesincludingwildspecies.Wewillbepresentingourfindingsonthetransferabilityand
thepolymorphismofthesemicrosatellitesforbothsweetpotatoanditsrelatedwildspecies.
128
239
Residency Patterns and Depth Utilization of Sand Tiger Sharks (Carcharias taurus) in Delaware Bay.
Moore, J. E.* 1, D. A. Fox1, M. B. Wetherbee2 and T. C. McCandless3, 1Delaware State University, Department of
Agriculture and Natural Resources, Dover, DE 19901; 2University of Rhode Island, Department of Biological
Sciences, Kingston, RI 02881; and 3NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service, NMFS Narragansett Lab, Apex
PredatorsInvestigation,Narragansett,RI02882.
Sandtigersharks(Carchariastaurus)typicallyinhabitnearshorewatersincludingDelawareBayforboth
nurseryandforagingfunctions.Thepaucityofinformationonsandtigerhabitatrequirementscoupledwithnoted
population declines lead us to examine habitat use, depth selection, and residency patterns in Delaware Bay. To
accomplishtheseobjectivesweutilizedmanualandpassivebiotelemetry.Since2006atotalof69sandtigerswere
implanted with either standard or pressure sensing acoustic transmitters (VEMCO V166H). Telemetered sand
tigers occupied Delaware Bay from early June through mid October. To date, we have relocated all telemetered
sand tigers which has resulted in excess of 165,000 passive detections and123 manual relocations. Sand tigers
appeartosegregatebysexwithmalesinhabitinglesssalinewatersandfemalesinhabitingmoresalinewatersin
thelowerportionsofthebay.Femalesandtigersoccupiedsignificantly(p.01)deeperportionsofDelawareBay
thanmales.Returnratesforthefoursandtigerstaggedin2006rangedfrom50%in2007to25%in2008.Ofthe
25sandtigerstaggedin2007wedetectedatotalofsix(24%)duringthe2008fieldseason.Theseresultsindicate
theoverallimportanceofDelawareBaytosandtigersovermultipleyears.Throughthisstudywehopetoenhance
theunderstandingofhabitatrequirementsandresidencypatternsofsandtigersinDelawareBaysomanagerscan
moreeffectivelydevelopmanagementandrecoveryplansforthisimperiledspecies.
240
A Qualitative Evaluation of a Violence Prevention Program for Limited Resource Children, Youth, and
Families in Rural South Carolina: A Longitudinal Study. Rabb, R. O.*, M. J. A. Heggins and E. R. Lynch, 1890
ResearchProgram,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SouthCarolina29117.
Afterschool programs aid and assist their participants in various positive ways. The major goal of this
projectistoimpactparticipantsacademicandpersonaldevelopmentviaayearroundAfterschoolprogramand
summercamp.ParticipantsinthisstudyhavebeenenrolledinSouthCarolinaStateUniversityFamilyLifeCenter
after school violence prevention program since they were in the elementary and middle school. The program
group is in the 9th, 10th, and 11th grades. There are twenty five (25) participants in the program group and
twenty five (25) in the comparison group for a total of fifty (50) students. This study examines findings from a
qualitative perspective using two (2) techniques: a) focus groups and b) indepth interviews. Twenty two (22)
questionswerewrittenandpresentedtotheparticipantsatthesecondarylevel.Thequestionsweregroupedas:
1) experience/behavior, 2) opinion/values, 3) feelings, and 4) knowledge. Also, they were grouped to reflect
academic,personal,career,andriskfactors.Resultsofthisqualitativeresearchareconsistentwiththeanalysisof
thequantitativedata,especiallyinacademics:a)96%oftheprogramgroupofthefreshmanlevelwerepromoted
to the 10th grade in 20072008; b) 91% passed the mathematics and/or English/Language Arts subtest of the
High School Assessment Program (HSAP) in 20072008; and c) 100% of the participants were promoted to the
11th grade for the 20082009 academic year. These findings have implications for educators, 1890 Extension,
policymakers, social workers, legislators, community leaders, law enforcement, the FaithBased Community,
researchers,andothers.
241
Nutritive Evaluation of Protein from Anaerobically Digested Poultry Wastes, as a Dietary Ingredient
ReplacerforChannelCatfish.Ashame,M.F.*,J.C.EyaandC.Pomeroy,GusR.DouglassInstitute,WestVirginia
StateUniversity,Institute,WV25112.
Twoexperimentswereconductedtodeterminetheeffectsoffeedingproteinderivedfromanaerobically
digested poultry wastes on the performance of channel catfish. In the first experiment, poultry waste protein
(PWP)wasusedasasubstituteproteinsourceat5,10,20,30,and40%levelsonanisonitrogenous(grossenergy
18.79 kJ/g) and isocalorific (34% dietary protein) basis, and compared to a control (0% PWP) soybean
meal/fishmeal based practical diet. In the second experiment digestibility trials was conducted with test diets
129
containing 0, 5, 10 and 20% PWP with chromic oxide (0.6%) as the inert marker. There was no significant
differenceingrowthperformance,feedefficiency,proteinefficiencyratioandproteinproductivevalueofchannel
catfishfed,5,10and20%replacementdietscomparedtothecontroldiet(0%PWP).Atthereplacementlevelsof
30and40%,however,therewasasignificant(P<0.05)decreaseingrowthperformance,feedefficiency,protein
efficiency ratio and protein productive value. The apparent absorption efficiency was generally high for all the
essential amino acids. No significant differences were observed in the gross energy digestibility among the
differenttreatments.Althoughdifferencesinapparentcrudeproteinandphosphorousabsorptionefficiencywere
not significant (P > 0.05), the coefficients were highest for fish that received recovered protein at 10% dietary
level. It is concluded that a substitution level of up to 20% of protein derived from thermophilic anaerobic
digestion of poultry wastes for conventional materials may be obtained without a negative effect on animal
performance.
242
The Environmental Impact of the Woolfolk Chemical Works Superfund Site on the Fort Valley, Georgia
Community. Surrency, J.*, Plant and Environmental Soil Science, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA
31030.
TheWoolfolkChemicalWorksSuperfundSiteinFortValley,Georgiaisan18acresitelocatedinthemidst
of an African American neighborhood in the central business district of Fort Valley. This site resulted from the
facilitiesproduction,formulation,andpackagingofpesticides,herbicides,andinsecticidessince1910.Intheearly
1980's,theGeorgiaEnvironmentalProtectionDivision(GEPD)investigatedthesitebasedonthecomplaintsfrom
localcitizens(www.epa.gov/region4).Investigationsduring1980'sindicatedthatthesiteoperationshadresulted
in arsenic, lead, PCB, dioxin, and pesticide contamination at the site. While the Woolfolk site once served the
communitys agricultural economy, today, the Woolfolk site lies at the center of the Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA) environmental remediation program in Fort Valley. The production company was discharging
waste products to a drainage corridor heading south from the site through an African American neighborhood
surrounded by two schools, a playground, baseball field, and several churches. Neighborhood children used the
drainage corridor as a play area after being attracted to the beautiful, green colored effluent. What happened to
these children? Upon interviewing local residents, many of whom were those children playing in the drainage
ditchthirtyplusyearsago;somediedandmanyhavehealthrelatedillnesses.Today,EPAisevaluatingtheextent
ofcontaminationinoffsiteareas,includingsoilsandwater,atticdustinbuildingsandhomes,andsedimentinthe
stream that receives drainage from the site. The environmental effect that this site has on this community is
detrimental to the health of these Fort Valley citizens. Arsenic and lead cleanup, soil removal from neighboring
yards,andtheinstallationofprotectiveliningsatthesiteareongoing.
243
Strategies to Internationalize Agriculture Programs: Application of Infusion Approach to
Internationalization at Tennessee State University. Singh, S. P.*, F. Tegegne, E. Ekanem and S. Comer,
Department of Agriculture Sciences, School of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State University,
Nashville,TN37209.
Mostinhighereducationcirclesagreethatglobalawarenessmustbeanimportanteducationalgoal,ifour
students are to successfully cope as citizens and professionals with the challenge of globalization. Yet most
indicators suggest that American higher education as a whole is doing an inadequate job in helping students
understandtheworldbeyondthebordersoftheUnitedStates.AreportoftheAssociationofAmericanColleges
and Universities reports that twothirds of employers say college graduates lack essential skills to succeed in
todaysglobaleconomy.Therefore,oneimportantchallengeinhighereducationishowtoenhancetherelevanceof
curricula and programs in an increasingly interdependent world to meet the needs of twenty first century
students.Internationalizationofagricultureeconomyrequiresthatagriculturebetaught,researchedwithrespect
totheirrelationshipwiththeenvironmentandaccesstoemergingmarketsinothercountries.Curriculumdeemed
to be the most important element of internationalization. There are several approaches used by
universities/colleges to add international content to curricula. The main problem is that, in their international
educationefforts,mostschoolsofferadequatedepthforthefew,butinadequatebreadthforthemany.Withinthis
context,thepurposeofthispaperistodefine/discussinternationalizationandpresentaframework,whichwould
130
serve as a guide to begin and organize internationalization process and develop strategies to internationalize
agriculture programs in schools. In addition, the paper presents a mechanism/model being developed at TSU,
using infusion approach to internationalization, to assist faculty and administration to internationalize the
agriculture and related areas curriculum. This could serve as model for internationalization at other similar
universitiesandcolleges.
244
Creating a Profile on the Free and Reduced Lunch Services Used by Hispanics in PeeDee and Coastal
Regions of South Carolina During the Period of 20002003. Mathis, C. C.*, S. R. Choudhari and O. Hasan
McDade,1890Research,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
AccordingtotheUSCensus2000dataonpopulation,about25percentpopulationofHispanicorigin,the
fastest growing minority group in South Carolina, was below poverty level. Hence, the researchers proposed to
developaprofileofthefreeandreducedlunchservicesusedbyHispanicstudentsfromtheselectedcountiesin
PeeDeeandCoastalregionsofSouthCarolinafortheperiodof20002003.Fromthesecondarydatasourcemade
availablebytheOfficeofResearchandStatisticsinSouthCarolina,thenecessarydatasetsandseveralscaleswere
constructed by developing the software applications. This research has developed a database and profile on
Hispanicsreceivingfreeandreducedlunchasapartoftheresearchprojectsponsoredbythe1890Program.The
distributionoffreeandreducedlunchparticipationbyHispanicsintheselectedcountiesofPeeDeeandCoastal
regionsarepresentedinthegraphs,whichwillalsogivecomparisonbetweentheparticipationsintwoprograms
for each county. Furthermore, the trends for each program in each region and comparisons of both regions are
given by the graphical presentations.Results on free and reduced lunch participation can be used as a proxy
measurefortheincomeofHispaniccommunities.Hence,suchprofilegeneratedonHispanicparticipantswillbe
usefultotheschoolsaswellasDHECagenciestomeettheneedsoftheHispanics.
245
ImprovingFoodAccessthroughaFreshProduceGleaningProject.Godwin,S.L.*1,D.CollinsBiggs1andS.C.
Siple2, 1Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee
StateUniversity,Nashville,TN37209,and2GoodFoodforGoodPeople,Joelton,TN37080.
Manyfactorsleadtofoodinsecurity,includinginadequatetransportation,reducedaccess,andhighcostof
food.Whilemanystruggletomeetbasicneeds,96billionpoundsoffoodarediscardedeachyear.Onemeansof
improving access is through gleaning and recovery, i.e. salvaging edible products that might otherwise be
discarded, and distributing them to consumers. This project diverted distressed fruits and vegetables out of the
wastestreamandassessedtheimpactonlimitedresourceindividuals.WorkingwithGoodFoodforGoodPeople
(GFGP)fortwosummers,foodnotsoldattheFarmersMarketwascollectedandculled.Producedeemededible
was distributed in low income areas. The remainder was diverted to the University farm for composting.
Interviews were conducted with selected recipients. A group meeting was held to discuss opinions about the
projectandfoodeconomics.Sixtysixtonsoffoodwasrecovered,34ofwhichweredeliveredtoindividualsand
feedingprograms,representinganapproximatevalueof$51,435.Manyoftherecipientssaidthedeliveryofthis
food was a blessing, allowing them to use their limited funds to buy other foods or pay bills. A few would not
haveeatenanythingwithoutthisdelivery.Projectssuchasthiscanincreasetheconsumptionoffreshfruitsand
vegetables,reducethecostofdisposalofunusedfood,andprovidematerialsforcompostingforuseongardens.
Unexpected occurrences included: individuals offering funds to supplement fuel costs, recycling of plastic bags,
andindividualstakingfoodtoshutins,thusincreasingcommunityownershipoftheproject.
246
CharacterizationoftheSecretoryProcessofCapsaicininCapsicumchinenseVar.Habanero.Broderick,Cyril
E.*1 and Peter H. Cooke2, 1College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE and
2EasternRegionalResearchCenter,ARS/USDA,Wyndmoor,PA.
Thesynthesisofalkaloidbiomoleculesinplantsisacomplicatedprocess.Manyalkaloidcompoundsare
associated with plant protection; however, too many alkaloids are known components of foods, medicines, and
other valuable compounds. Produced only in the Capsicum genus, capsaicin levels vary among pepper fruits.
Synthesisandstorageareconsequentlywidelyinvestigated.Inthisstudy,ourobjectivesweresetfirsttocompare
131
fruitsoftheBellpepper,whichisvirtuallydevoidofcapsaicin,withthatoftheHabaneropepper,acapsaicinrich
type; the second objective was to comparatively characterize observable stages in the synthesis of capsaicin
oleoresins in fruit tissues. Microscopic analyses formed key protocols in our investigation. Tissues from fresh
pepperfruitsandfruittissuesstoredinglyceraldehydewerepreparedforstereofluorescencemicroscopy,confocal
microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Because vesicles were found to be virtually absent on placenta
tissuesofcapsaicinfreeBellfruitsbutabundantonplacentatissuesofHabanerofruits,theplacentaformedthe
focusofourstudy.Duringourinvestigations,wefoundnostructurallydistincttissuesthatwereglandsonpepper
placentas. We found that the epidermal cells were the functional glands during their ontogenic development.
Theseweretheeffectivecellsinthesynthesisofoleoresinsduringfruitdevelopment.Uniquefeaturesofacquired
images are timedependent records of oleoresin exudates from epidermal cells through cell walls lodged into
apoplastic compartments between the cuticle and the epidermis. This work presents these images that
characterizetheoleoresinsecretoryprocessinCapsicumchinenseVar.Habanero.
132
AbstractsofUndergraduateStudent
Posters
ARD 2009
1890Research:
Century
133
P1
Mapping, Analysis, and Management Zone Delineation of Multiple Years of Spatially Distributed Harvest
Data. Morris, A. D.* and A. D. Nagchaudhuri, Department of Engineering and Aviation Sciences, University of
MarylandEasternShore,PrincessAnne,MD21853.
The National Science Foundation's Louis Stokes Alliances for Minority Participation (LSAMP) and HBCU
UndergraduateProgram(HBCUUP)havepavedthewayforundergraduateparticipationinexperientiallearning
and research efforts in the STEM fields at University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES), among the
underrepresentedminoritystudents.Ongoingmultidisciplinaryprojectstitled(i)AIRSPACES:AerialImagingand
Remote Sensing for Precision Agriculture and Environmental Stewardship supported by Maryland Space Grant
Consortiumand(ii)EnvironmentallyConsciousPrecisionAgriculture(ECPA)APlatformforActiveLearningand
Community Engagement funded by United States Department of Agriculture provide synergistic platforms for
undergraduateinvolvementthatpromoteboththeLSAMPandHBCUUPobjectiveswhileenhancingtheproposed
outcomes for the AIRSPACES and ECPA projects. Management Zones project reported in this poster was
undertakenasanintegralpartoftheoveralleffortinPrecisionAgricultureatUMESbytheauthorwithguidance
from the principal investigator of the AIRSPACES and ECPA projects. The initial efforts have been successful in
delineatingthehigh,mediumandlowproductivityregionsofaUMESagriculturalfieldusingharvestdataforthe
pastthreeyears,acquiredusingacombinemountedyieldmonitor.Thisframeworkwillberefinedandutilizedfor
variablerateseedingtoimprovetheprofitabilityofthefield.SpatialmappingsoftwaresuchasSMSAdvanced
andARCGISwereextensivelyutilizedinthework.TheprojectalsoprovidedanopportunitytoworkwithNASA
and USDA scientists, graduate students, farm personnel and a team of UMES faculty who collaborate in this
multidisciplinaryproject.
P2
Exploring the Effectiveness of Pelletierine and Tannates in Pomegranate Husk in Treating Coccidia in
Goats. Chestnut, F.*1, S. LeShure2 and V. Brown3, Department of Biology1, Department of Chemistry2 and
DepartmentofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences3,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
A naturebased anthelmintic may be more effective in treating coccidia in goats. Coccidiosis is a disease
thatcanbeverydevastatingtogoatsandcancauseillness,deathandlossofprofit.Thisdiseaseiseconomically
important because farmers depend on healthy goats for fiber, meat, milk, hide, and a high survivability rate.
Currently, the condition is treated with synthetic deworming agents, but in many cases the parasites are
becomingresistanttothechemicalsandarerenderingthemuseless.Forthatreason,researchisbeingconducted
to find natural methods to combat the parasites. The natural approach is achieved through compounds
(pelletierine, punicalagin acid and ellagic acid) found in the root bark of the pomegranate, which are being
searchedforinthehuskofthepomegranate.Pelletierine,oneoftheactivecompounds,isknowntoparalyze,and
then kill parasites in monogastric animals. Punicalagin and ellagic acids, the other suspected compounds, are
knowntoboosttheimmunesystemandarethoughttoallowingthebodytoeffectivelyexpeltheparasitesthrough
feces.Findingthesesamecompoundsinthehuskwouldallowforeasierextractionofthecompoundswhilestill
maintainingatreethatwillbearmorefruitandconsequentlymorehusk,somethingthatcannotbeachievedby
removing the roots of any plant. Our objectives were to do a Soxhlet extraction of the pomegranate husk,
synthesize one of the active ingredients, pelletierine, and use thin layer chromatography for characterization to
testforthepelletierinespresenceorabsenceinthehusk.
P3
Length Polymorphism of Melon Microsatellites Across Major Cucurbit Crops. Lutz, F.G.*, Y. Tomason, S.K.
Ponniah,V.G.Vajja,U.K.ReddyandP.Nimmakayala,GusR.DouglassInstituteandDepartmentofBiology,West
The Cucurbitaceae or cucurbit family is a monophyletic clade because of its morphological and
biochemicaldistinctnessandrepresentssomeeconomicallyimportantspecies,particularlythosewithedibleand
medicinal fruits. Cucurbitaceae is known to have 90 genera and 700 species, of which there are several
domesticatedspeciesforfoodthatincludesCitrulluslanatus(watermelon),Cucumissativus(cucumber),Cucumis
melo(melon),Cucumisanguria(burgherkin),Cucurbita(fivespeciesofsquash&pumpkin),Momordicacharantia
(bitter melon), and Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd). Melons (Cucumis melo L.) are a diverse group of fresh,
dessertfruitsthatincludestheorangefleshcantaloupes,thegreenfleshhoneydew,andthemixedmelons.Squash
and pumpkins are unique in that they represent several species for the same crop. Summer squash is Cucurbita
134
pepo, but winter squash may be C. pepo (e.g. 'Acorn), C. moschata (Butternut), C. mixta (Japanese Pie), or C.
maxima (Hubbard ', etc.). The Jack O Lantern type of pumpkin is C. pepo. Our goal is to use SSR markers to
amplifyoneightdifferentcucurbitspp.HeterologousSSRswillbedesignatedifatleastthefouroftheeightspecies
areamplifiedsamesizedproduct.Polymorphismtestingwillbedoneusingahighresolutionagarosegelsystem
thatgives2bpresolution.Inthissimpleandhighlyreliablesystem,lowcostunlabelledprimerswillbeused,and
PCR products are visualized by ethidiumbromide (EtBr) staining and UV fluorescence. These markers will be
examined for crossspecies amplification and conserved markers could be used in Syntenic studies in
Cucurbitaceae.
P4
UseofFTACardstoIsolateHighQualityDNAforGenotypingGoats.Hawley,Q.*,T.Kershaw,H.Mukhtarand
M.Worku,DepartmentofAnimalSciences,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,
NC27411.
High quality DNA in sufficient quantities is required for genotyping of animals with desirable
characteristics.TheFTAsystem(WhatmanBioScience,Middlesex,U.K)forsamplecollectioniswidelypromotedas
asimplemethodforsamplecollectionstorageandDNAisolationformolecularanalysis.Theaimofthisstudywas
to evaluate the FTA system for isolation of high quality DNA from goat blood. Ten Spanish and Boer X Spanish
goats at the NC A&T Small Ruminant Unit were used. Blood samples were collected on FTA Elute cards. White
bloodcelldifferentialcountswereusedtoevaluatethetypesofcellsavailableforDNAisolation.Punches,1.2mm,
werewashedaccordingtothestandardprotocoltoisolatedgenomicDNAasrecommendedbythemanufacturer.
ThequalityandquantityofDNAweredeterminedusingaSpectrophotometer(NanoDrop).Themeanwhiteblood
cells differential count was lymphocytes 42%, Monocytes 6%, Eosinophils 12%, Neutrophils 34% and Basophils
6%.Thus lymphocytesandneutrophilswerethe mainsourcesofDNA.ThemeanconcentrationofDNAisolated
was68ng/ul.Themeanpurityofthetensampleswas1.52.Inconclusion,thecollectionandstorageofbloodon
FTAcardswassimpleandproducedusableDNAforPCRingoatgenotyping.
P5
Potential Applications for Biodegradable Polymers: Chitosan and its Derivatives. Brown, J.*, C. Kelly
BrownandL.E.Carson,CooperativeAgriculturalResearchCenter,PrairieViewA&MUniversity,PrairieView,TX
77446.
Recent studies have focused on syntheses of biodegradable materials and modifications of existing
biodegradablematerialsinordertoeliminatetheneedformorelandfills.Chitosan,aproductofthedeacetylation
of chitin and a biodegradable material, has been studied for many years as a potential replacement for
conventional plastics. Chitosan is believed to have potential applications in the agricultural, biological and
biochemicalfields.However,itsapplicationsarelimitedbyitshighmolecularweightandthusitssolubility.Inthe
present study, our objective was to degrade low molecular weight chitosan with bacterial protease to obtain a
chitosan derivatives with molecular weights of 1,623,000, 527,000, 66,000 and 7,000 (hereafter referred to as
CH1623K,CH527K,CH66KandCH7K,respectively).Theproductswerethentestedintwodifferenttypesofsoil
(siltandsandy)totestchitosansbiodegradability.Itwashypothesizedthatsilttopsoilwouldenhancechitosans
degradation, because silt is heavier than sandy soil. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to
determine the twenty percent weight loss temperature of chitosan, while Instron testing was performed to
determine its tensile strength. Further TGA studies were also performed on degraded chitosan samples which
wereplacedinbothsandyandsilttopsoils.Resultsindicatedthatthedegradationoccurredfastestinsandysoil
according to twenty percent weight loss temperature. Moreover, the tensile strength of the chitosan derivatives
was directly proportional to its molecular weight. This data suggests that the improved biodegradability of
chitosancouldleadtootherplasticsmaterialswithlowbiogradabilitybeingreplacedbychitosan.
P6
CarpoolFairSchedulingAlgorithm.Johnson,B.G.*andE.Boyd,Jr.,DepartmentofMathandComputerScience,
Oftentimes,manyactivitiesworktogethertogetajoborjobsdone.Insomecases,onlyonejobmaybe
abletobedoneatatime.Inthecaseofjobshavingconflictbecausetheyneedthesameresourceasanotherjob,
thereisanalgorithmprovidedbyFaginandWilliams.Thisalgorithmprovidesafairwayofschedulingactivities,
especially activities that may conflict with one another by mimicking a rotation. The algorithm allows for an
activity to be absent or added to the scheduling as needed. As a computer programmer, I computerized the
135
algorithminaprogramusingC++withthelinkedlistdatastructure.Eachnodeinthelinkedlistisanactivity.In
thealgorithm,classesarecreatedaccordingtoanyconflictstheymayhave.Ifactivitiesneedthesameresourceat
different times, then the activities can be viewed independently. If there is an overlap in the time they need the
resource, then there is said to be a conflict between the two activities. A list of activities to be scheduled at
conflictingtimesisconsideredtobeanequivalenceclass.Theprogramtakeseachclassandresolvesallactivities
intoafairschedule.
P7
Viscosity Study of Poly (3, 5dimethylphenyl acrylate) in Ternary Solutions of Polymer, Acetonitrile and
Triethylamine. PearsonMcKnight, A.*, A. Mack, B. H. Vadeghani and N. Hamidi, Department of Biological and
PhysicalSciences,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
The solution properties of poly (3, 5dimethylphenyl acrylate) (35PDMPA) has not been reported in
literature;thereforewetookthetaskofsynthesisofthispolymerandcharacterizedit.Ithasbeenfoundthatpoly
(3,5dimethylphenylacrylate),35PDMPA,isinsolubleinbothacetonitrileandtriethylamine;howeveritissoluble
in the binary mixtures composition 6080% (V:V) 25C. Therefore, we began to study the physicalchemical
properties of the binary mixtures following the study of ternary system (polymer and binary solvent). In this
study,wereportthedilutesolutionviscosityof35PDMPAinthebinarymixturesofacetonitrileandtriethylamine
(65%v:v)at25C.Theviscosityofsampleswasmeasuredusingacapillaryviscometerinathermostatedwater
bath.TheapplicationofMarkHouwinkKuhnSakuradarelationship(MHS)totheviscosityandthedimensionsof
polymerinthemixturearereportedhere.
P8
AnalysisofCharacteristicsofTomatoFlavor:Malicacid,Citricacid,SugarsandVolatiles.Touray,L.*1,D.M.
Tieman2,P.L.Bliss2,M.G.Taylor2,andH.J.Klee2, 1FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030; 2Universityof
Florida,HorticulturalSciencesDepartment,Gainesville,FL.
Freshtomatofruitflavoristhesumoftheinteractionbetweensugars,acids,andasetofapproximately30
volatile compounds. Flavor of commercially produced tomato is generally acknowledged as inferior. Modifying
volatilecompoundshasbeenamajorchallengetoflavorimprovementintomatoesbecausetheyarebeingderived
fromadiversesetoflipid,aminoacid,andcarotenoidprecursors.Lineswithsuperiorflavorcharacteristicswere
found.Futureresearchisneededtoanalyzethelinesagainforreproducibility.Peoplecanalsouselineswithhigh
flavorcontenttobreedbettertomatoes.Linkedmolecularmarkerscanalsoserveasimportanttoolsforbreeding
strategiesaimedatimprovingtomatoflavor.Inthelongrun,itwillbeimportanttousethegenesresponsiblefor
controllingthelevelsofthesechemicalsinordertounderstandthecomplexinteractionsofchemicalsdesiredto
givetheuniqueflavoroftomatoes.
P9
SequencingtheSixthChromosomeofthePotatoGenome.Oglesby,L.*1,R.Buell2,M.Geoffrey2,S.Lundback2,
andS.K.Dhir1,1CenterforBiotechnology,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA, 2MichiganStateUniversity,
AnnArbor,MI.
Alkaline lysis, in combination with the detergent SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) has been used for more
than20yearstoisolateplasmidDNAfromE.coli.BACbyBACDNAsequencingwillbeusedtofindthesequence
fortheentiresixthpotatochromosome.Aftercompletion,comparisonscanbedonetoseeiftheresultsaresimilar
totheSolanaceaerelatives.MakingashotgunlibraryseemstobethesafewaytorecoverpotatoDNAforfurther
research.Thepolymerasechainreaction(PCR)isusedtoreplicatethepotatoDNA.Recenttestsshowthatduring
Midipreparation,plasmidDNAmaybeisolatedfrombacterialculturesbytreatingthemwithalkaliandSDS.The
results from this Midiprep can be used for analysis by electrophoresis or restriction endonucelease digestion.
NebulizationisamethodusedtocuttheDNAintosmallerpieces.Electrophoresisisdonetoattainthesizeofthe
DNAthatwewantfromthegel.ByligatingthepotatoDNAandvector,itcanbetransformedintoE.coliandthen
replicatedandinoculatedontoagarplatestogrow.PlasmidDNAcanbeamplifiedbycellpopPCRdirectlyfrom
bacterialcoloniespluckedfromthesurfaceofagarmediawithtoothpicks.TheresultsareformedoncetheDNA
strand is sequenced. A small sample of shotgun clones is test sequenced. BLAST is then used to check if these
sequences match any existing potato DNA sequences. Once the entire chromosome has been sequenced,
chromosome6willbeputtogetherwiththeother12chromosomestodetermineitssignificance.
136
P10
PhysiologicalandBiochemicalImpactofanOxalateOxidaseGeneOverexpressioninTomato.Zhou,J.*,S.
Zhou,andR.Sauve.DepartmentofAgricultureandConsumerSciences,TennesseeStateUniversity,Nashville,TN
37209.
TheoxidativepotentialofH2O2killsorinhibitsgrowthofplantpathogenicorganisms.Suddenincreasein
H2O2levels(oxidativeburst)inplantsactivatesplantdefensemechanisms.Forthisstudy,anoxalateoxidasegene,
a gene that catalyzes the production of H2O2 was introduced into the tomato money maker (solanum
lycopersicummill)usingtheagrobacteriummediatedtransformationprocedure.Homozygoustransgenicplants
were selected by PCR molecular method and herbicide resistance. Enzyme activities in transgenic plants were
evaluatedunderdifferentabioticandbioticstressfactorsandforcellularaccumulationofH2O2.
P11
Decomposition Rate of Sweet Corn Residue in a Heavy Soil as Affected by Placement and C:N Ratio.
Panicker,G.K.,B.Allen*,P.Igbokwe,F.Chukwuma,andV.Njiti,DepartmentofAgriculture,AlcornStateUniversity,
AlcornState,MS39096.
Residuemanagementhasbecomeanimportantcomponentofconservationtillagesystems.Plantresidues
contributenutrientstothesucceedingcropandinfluencesoilstructure,waterretentionandinfiltration,nutrient
cycling, and microbial activities. The rate of residue decomposition is an integral part of a scientific nutrient
managementprogram.Asapartoftheresearchbeingconductedonhorticulturalcropsfornutrientmanagement
andconservationplanning,freshresiduesofsweetcorn(Zeamaysvar.merit)wereplacedinfiberglassmeshbags
either at the surface or 15 cm deep in Memphis silt loam soil (Typic Hapludalf, silty, mixed, thermic) and were
allowedtoundergodecompositionforaperiodofsixmonths.Decomposingsampleswerecollectedfromthefield
everytendaysandanalyzedfortherateofdecompositionandC:Nratios.Thesubsurfacedrootandshootresidues
decomposed faster than the surfaced residues. The decomposition rates of both root and shoot residues were
negativelycorrelatedwiththelowC:Nratios.Theresultsshowedthatthedecompositionofcropresidueswasa
functionofC:Nratiosandtheplacementinsoil.
P12
InfluenceofProhexadioneCalciumonSweetpotatoVineGrowthandYield.Tenner,A.*,L.Tyler,M.Gao,Q.
XiaandV.N.Njiti,AlcornStateUniversity,AlcornState,MS39096.
Excessivevegetativegrowthofsweetpotato(IpomoeabatatasLam)canmakeharvestingoperationmore
labor intensive and reduce yield and quality of storage root. It has been observed that under low nitrogen
condition, vine growth is reduced resulting in higher yields. However, it is possible that by maintaining the
optimumnitrogenrequirementandusingasuitablevinegrowthretardant,theyieldpotentialcanbemaximized.
The influence of low nitrogen input on the protein content of the sweetpotato storage root is also not fully
understood.Inthecurrentstudy,prohexadionecalcium(apogee)wasusedtoreduceexcessivevinegrowthofthe
cultivarOHenry.Asplitplotdesignwithtwonitrogenlevels(50&150poundsperacre)asmainplotsandfive
apogee levels (0, 4, 8, 12, & 16 ounces per acre) as subplots was used. The experiment was conducted in the
greenhouseusingtopsoil,under14hphotoperiodandairtemperatureof272degreeCelsiusduringthedayand
202 degree Celsius at night. Data were collected and analyzed using the SAS statistical program. Preliminary
results indicate that within the high nitrogen treatment reduction in internode length ranged from 72% to 83%
with the application of 16 and 4 ounces per acre respectively of apogee. Within the low nitrogen treatment,
reductionininternodelengthrangedfrom50%to78%with16and4ouncesperacrerespectively.Therewasa
statisticallysignificantinteractionbetweennitrogenandapogee.Theeffectsofthisgrowthreductiononyieldwill
bedeterminedaftertheexperimentisharvested.Ifnonegativeyieldeffectsareattributedtotheuseofthisgrowth
retardant,itcouldbeausefultoolformanagingharvestingoperationsbyreducingtheneedtoclipthevinesbefore
harvesting.
P13
Planting Window for Indian Mustard, Brassica juncea var. Pacific Gold, for Biofumigation of SoilBorne
Diseasein Kentucky. Rodgers,J.A.*1,M. K.Bomford1,B. A.Geier1,G.F.Antonious1,P.C.Vincelli2, 1Community
Research Service, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601; 2Plant Pathology Department, University of
Kentucky,Lexington,KY40546.
137
Indianmustard,Brassicajuncea(L.)Czern.,canbeusedasacovercropinagriculturalsystemstoreduce
emergingweedpopulationsandbuildsoilorganicmattercontent.Itcontainsglucosinolates,whichhaveattracted
some attention for their potential to suppress certain pests and soilborne diseases, including white mold,
Sclerotiniasclerotiorum(Lib.).WeconductedastudytogaugetheeffectofplantingdateonB.junceabiomassand
glucosinolateproductioninKentucky.Weatherpermitting,B.junceavar.PacificGoldwasdirectseededweeklyin
spring and fall 2008 in replicated 10 m2 plots. Aboveground biomass was collected at flower onset for
measurements of fresh weight, dry weight, and glucosinolate content. Spring biomass production (y in g m2)
declinedwithplantingdate(x,where24Apr=0)accordingtotheequationy=38.7x+1916.Thefinaltwospring
plantings,andmostfallplantings,failedtoestablish.Mostplantssurvivedthewinterinunheatedhightunnels,but
not outdoors. We conclude that B. juncea var. Pacific Gold is best planted in early spring, and is not a suitable
summer or winter cover crop for Kentucky. Soil incorporation of this mustard at 1 kg m2 did not reduce
germinationofS.sclerotiorumsclerotia.
P14
EffectofLeadAcetateonthePropertiesofaSoilGrowntoSilkyDogwood(Cornusamomum)andNinebark
(Physocarpus opulitolius). Mitchell, L.*, N.V. Nkongolo and K. Schmidt, Department of Agriculture and
EnvironmentalSciences,LincolnUniversityofMissouri,JeffersonCity,MO65101.
In greenhouse and laboratory studies to screen potential plants for phytoremediation, heavy metals are
oftenspittedtosoilwiththeexpectationtobetakenupbygrowingplantspecies.Thisadditionmaynegativelyor
positively affect soil properties of the growing media. The objective of this investigation was to study soil
properties, residual lead and other micronutrients contents of a soil spitted to lead acetate and planted to two
Missouri native plant species: Silky Dogwood (Cornus amomum) and Ninebark (Physocarpus opulitolius). The
experimentwasconductedinagreenhouseatLincolnUniversityDickinsonResearchCenter.Soilwascollectedin
afieldpreviouslygrowntosoybeanandtransferredinto2Lcontainers.Leadacetatewasspittedtoeachsoilatthe
rateof0,200and400ppm.Theexperimentdesignwasarandomizedcompleteblockwith2plantspeciesand3
lead levels, replicated three times. After four months of growth, soil was also analyzed for soil water (H2O),
organicmatter(OM),leadandothermetals.ResultsshowedthatapplicationofPbsignificantlyaffectedplantdry
weight (p=0.0001), soil residual Pb (p=0.006) and H2O content (p=000). Plant dry weight was significantly
correlatedwithH2O(p=0.000),soilstrontium(Sr)andMagnesium.Residualleadinthegrowingsoilwashigherin
containergrowntoSilkyDogwood(Cornusamomum)thanNinebark(Physocarpusopulitolius).Ninebarkseemsto
suggestahigherabilitytoabsorblead,butfurtherinvestigationsareneeded.
P15
MicrobialContributiontoGreenhouseGasEmissionsfromManagedGrasslandinCentralMissouri.Grato,
N.*1,N.O.Hoilett1,F.Eivazi1,S.Adisa1,N.Nkongolo1,and,R.J.Kremer2, 1CooperativeResearchPrograms,Lincoln
UniversityofMissouri,JeffersonCity,MO65102, 2USDAARSCroppingSystemsandWaterQualityResearchUnit,
Columbia,MO65211.
The possible effect of greenhouse gases on global climate change and the environment requires better
understandingoftheprocessesthatgoverngreenhousegasefflux.Soilphysicalandchemicalpropertieshavebeen
determined to influence greenhouse gas efflux; however there is limited information on the relationship among
soilbiologicalproperties,microbialactivities,managementpractices,andgreenhousegases.Thisstudyisdesigned
to examine the influence of soil microorganisms and microbial activity on the spatial distribution of greenhouse
gasesfromsoilsinamanagedgrasslandincentralMissouri.SamplesofthisUlticHapludaltsoilwereassessedin
the laboratory for microbial biomass by chloroform fumigation extraction. Enzyme activities, Betaglucosidase,
anddehydrogenaseassays,werealsoperformed.Greenhousegaseffluxdatacollectedfromfixedchambersinthe
fieldwerecorrelatedwithchangesinmicrobialbiomass,totalorganiccarbon,andenzymaticactivitytodetermine
microbialeffectongreenhousegaseffluxes.Soilmicroorganismsarecriticalinallmajornutrientcycles;therefore
an assessment of microbial properties will provide valuable information on the relationship between soil
microbial properties and greenhouse gas effluxes. The information gathered from this study will be useful in
constructingpredictivemodelstoestimatefutureemissionsandprojectionsofgreenhousegaseffluxesfromthis
ecosystem.
138
P16
Spawning and Raising Warmouth Sunfish Indoors. Hirsch, L. P*, and J. E. Wetzel, Department of Agriculture
andEnvironmentalSciences,LincolnUniversityofMissouri,JeffersonCity,MO65101.
The warmouth sunfish Chaenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier 1829) is endemic to North America where
populationsinsomepartsofitsrangeareinvasiveorlistedasthreatened.Thewarmouthisalsotheprimaryhost
forthenestassociatingblueheadshinerPteronotropishubbsi(BaileyandRobison1978),aspeciesthreatenedor
endangeredthroughoutmostoftheshinersrange.Keytounderstandingthewarmouthanditsassociateswillbe
accomplishedbymoredetailedknowledgeofitslifehistoryparticularlyinrespecttoontogeny.Successfulstudyof
ontogenywillbefacilitatedbythecontrolledproductionofknownagefishunderstandardizedconditions.Herein,
we describe techniques we developed for indoor breeding and rearing of warmouth. Breeding involved three
setupswithvaryingdegreesofcontroloverinteractionsbetweenandwithingenders.Breedingmethodsincluded
singlespeciessinglemalearrangementina150Laquariumandsinglespeciesmultiplemalearrangementina
455Lraceway,andamultiplespeciesmultiplemalearrangementina5000Ltank.Prefabricatednestsanda
partition system were used with all methods. The three methods of rearing used either a static glass 37.8L
aquarium, or culture tanks (150L glass aquarium or an 800L polyethylene tank) plumbed into a water reuse
system. Exogenous requirements were met with appropriately timed applications of brine shrimp nauplii and
commerciallyavailableformulatedfishfeeds.
P17
ChitosananditsDerivativesAffecttheGrowthofSelectedCrops.Carter,M.*,C.KellyBrown,R.W.Griffin,and
L.E.Carson,CooperativeAgriculturalResearchCenter,PrairieViewA&MUniversity,PrairieView,TX77446.
Attentionhasincreasedtowardtheroleofdietinhumanhealth.Severalstudieshaveshownthatahigh
intakeofplantshascontributedtoareductionintheriskofchronicdiseases,likecancer.Thishasbeenattributed
partially by the antioxidant activity. Radishes (Raphanus sativus) are known to help prevent the body from
developingcancer,specificallycolon,breastandprostate,duetothehighamountofantioxidantsthattheycontain.
Radishes have high Vitamin C content, are very low in calories and fat and are low in cholesterol. In this study,
radishesweregrowninthepresenceofchitosananditsderivativesinordertoassesschitosansabilitytoenhance
thegerminationofradishseeds.RadishesweregrownusingMetroMix200seriesgrowingmediumascontrolled
conditions,usingMetroMix200seriesgrowingmediuminthepresenceofpurechitosan(hereafterreferredtoas
CH) and using Metro Mix 200 series growing medium in the presence of degraded chitosan with a molecular
weightof18,0000(hereafterreferredtoasCH18K).Preliminaryresultsindicatethatchitosantreated(CH18KHr.
andCH)plantswereshorterthanthecontroltreatedplantsontheinitialmonitoringdateandCHtreatedplants
remained shorter during the entire monitoring period. This observation may be due to the ability of CH to
preferentially absorb nutrients that would normally be available to enhance plant growth as indicated by the
CH18Ktreatedplants.
P18
SynthesisandCharacterizationsofChitosanComposites.Stewart,M.*1,C.KellyBrown1,L.E.Carson1,A.Oki2,
E. G. C. Regisford3, Z. Luo.4 and V. I. Bakhmutov5, 1Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, 2Department of
Chemistry, and 3Department of Biology, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446,4Microscopy and
Imaging Center, and 5NMR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
77843.
Investigators sought to replace plastics with biodegradable materials. Many studies have focused on
agriculturallybasedandpetroleumderivedproductslikecellulose,starch,chitin,chitosan,poly(lacticacid)(PLA),
polycaprolactone and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Chitosan has been investigated due to it biodegradability, non
toxicityandexcellentfilmformingproperties.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastodegradechitosanandchemically
modify it in order to improve its properties. It is hypothesized that degrading chitosan and modifying it using
carbonnanotubesandPLAwouldgreatlyenhanceitschemical,mechanicalandthermalproperties.Chitosanwas
degraded using persulfate at 70oC and the purified product was then reacted with carbon nanotubes (CNT) to
formtheCNTgraftchitosanderivative.Thisderivativewasfurtherreactedwith85%lacticacidsolutiontoafford
CNTgraftchitosangraftPLA. The thermal stability was analyzed in a Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) Q500.
Gelpermeationchromatography(GPC)studieswereperformedtodetermineifthemolecularweightofchitosan
was decreased after performing degradation reaction. The structure of these grafts were examined by Scanning
Electron microscopy (SEM). Further characterization was determined by Solidstate NMR. GPC results indicated
that chitosan molecular weight was greatly decreased, while NMR results indicated that the structural integrity
139
was maintained. SEM data provided evidence that the CNT had attached to chitosan and this attachment may
contribute to the enhancement of chitosans thermal stability as seen in TGA data. Conclusively, chitosan was
chemicallymodifiedusingCNTsandPLAtoaffordaderivativewithimprovedthermalstabilitywhilemaintaining
thestructuralintegrityofthechitosan.
P19
PropagationandRearingMethodsforYellowcheekDarterEtheostomamoorei.
Fisher,C.*1,S.E.Lochmann1,M.Wine2,andS.Shoults3,1AquacultureandFisheriesCenter,UniversityofArkansasat
PineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601,2U.S.FishandWildlifeService,Conway,AR;3GreersFerryNationalFishHatchery,
HeberSprings,AR.
YellowcheekdarterEtheostomamooreiisfoundonlyintheshallow,highgradientrifflesofthetributaries
of the Little Red River in Arkansas. Over the last twenty years E. moorei has undergone a massive decrease in
population. E. moorei was listed as a candidate species for addition to the Federal Endangered Species List in
2001.Ourgoalwastodevelopasuccessfulpropagationmethod,andoncepropagationhadoccurredtodevelop
andeffectivefeedingscheduletocultureE.mooreilarvae.Adultswerecapturedfromthewildusingkickseining
orsnorkelingmethods.Twofemalesandonemalewerestockedinto57Lrecirculatingaquariaandfedadietof
blackworms23timesperday.Theyweremonitoredcontinuouslytoobservespawningactivityandtodetermine
whenspawninghadoccurred.Whenspawningwasobserved,theeggswerephotographedatscheduledintervals
untilhatchingoccurred.Larvaewerepassivelycollectedfromtheadultaquariausingthesurfaceoverflowasthey
swamup.Larvaeweretransferredtothe1.5Lblackroundrubberrearingtubs.Thelarvaewerephotographed
everytwodays.LarvaewereinitiallyfedamixtureofsaltwaterrotifersBrachionusplicatilusatarateof10/mL,
Nannochloropsis algae paste, and artificial plankton. Once they reached a large enough size, they were fed a
mixtureofrotifers(10/mL)andmicrocystArtemianauplii(2/mL).Threelarvaesurvivedlongenoughtodevelop
pigmentationandabenthicbehavior.
P20
Diet Habits of American Eels. Farrar, A. B.* and J. W. Love, Department of Natural Sciences, University of
TheAmericaneel(Anguillarostrata)isacatadromousspeciesfoundinbodiesoffreshwaterandestuaries
along the eastern coast of the U.S., where they mature and then return to saltwater to spawn and die. Larval
Americaneel(orglasseels)aresoldcommerciallyintheAsianmarketandintheU.S.wheretheyareeaten.This
experimentwasconductedtodeterminethelifestageatwhicheelsareeating,whichwillprovideinsightintothe
growthofjuveniles.Forthisstudy,AmericaneelswerecollectedfromTrappeCreekandMarshallCreek(MD)(i.e.,
elver life stage), and Ocean City Inlet (MD) and Beaufort Inlet (NC)(i.e. glass eel life stage) in Spring 2008.
Americaneelswerepreservedinsmall,labeledplasticjarscontainingethanol.Eacheelwasdissectedandstomach
contentswereremoved.Contentsinthestomachwereidentifiedusingacompoundmicroscope.Theeelscollected
frombothtributariesandinletsshowedthattheirdietwasmainlydetritusandzooplankton.Itwasdetermined
thatAmericaneelseatmoreduringtheelverlifestagethatoccursincreeksratherthantheglasseelstageininlets,
suggestingthatmorefoodisavailablewithinthecreeks.
P21
Assessing the Absorption of Antibiotics by Vegetable Crops. Claiborne, K.*, A. Atalay, B. Whitehead, and A.
Hamama,VirginiaStateUniversity,AgriculturalResearchStation,Petersburg,VA23806.
Manytypesofantibioticsareusedfortherapeuticandveterinarypurposes.Thebodyonlyabsorbsafinite
amount of these chemicals, thus most are eliminated along with body waste. Manures from confined animal
operations and biosolids are being used as supplemental fertilizers for crop production. Studies have indicated
that certain crop plants absorb antibiotics from manure, which could be deleterious to human health. It is
particularly significant when considering vegetable crops that are consumed raw. This study examined the
potentialuptakeoffourantibiotics:amoxyciline,tetracycline,oxytetracycline,andtylosinbythreecrops:lettuce,
turnip, and vegetable soybean. Seeds were grown in pots inside a greenhouse using potting soil. The pots were
immersedinmodifiedHoaglandsolutioncontaining0,100,200,and500mg/Lofeachantibiotic.Constantvolume
ofthesolutionwasassuredbydailyadditionofdeionizedwater.Visualobservationaftertwomonthsofgrowth
showed no deleterious effects on plants due to antibiotics. Tissue samples were collected when the vegetable
soybeaninitiatedflowering.Onegramoffreshanddried(at650C)sampleswerehomogenizedindeionizedwater,
centrifuged, filtered, and concentrated to 1 ml volume. These samples were analyzed using an HPLC. Results
140
indicatednosignificantuptakeofantibioticsexceptat200and500mg/Lconcentrationswherebytraceamounts
(0.1mg/L)oftetracyclineandtylosinweredetectedinturnipandvegetablesoybeans.Theseobservationssuggest
that manures and biosolids used as fertilizer supplements may need to be evaluated for antibiotics as they are
beingscrutinizedforphosphorus.
P22
CanParboiledRiceHullsReplacePerliteasaHydroponicSubstrate?Atkins,N.A.*,M.A.Smith,K.L.Wilfong,
J. M. Sisson and B. E. Liedl, Gus R. Douglass Institute, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station, West
Hydroponic production systems utilizing substrate has traditionally used perlite, a nonrenewable
resource, as a major component of the substrate. Perlite is used to provide aeration and drainage and has the
benefitsofbeingsterile,aneutralpH,lightweightanddiseasefree.Themaindisadvantageofperliteisitisnon
renewable and does not decompose. Parboiled rice hulls (PBH), a renewable resource from rice production, are
usedinsubstratesintheornamentalandnurseryindustries.However,noresearchexistsonPBHasareplacement
for perlite in hydroponic production. Our question was if PBH could be used as a replacement for perlite in a
hydroponicsubstrate.Averticalhydroponicsystemwithtwosubstratesconsistingofapproximately85%perlite
or PBH and 15% coir was used. Two towers with eight pots each were planted with parsley, basil, peppermint,
nasturtiums and pansies for each substrate. Herbs were harvested weekly when the petiole or stem length
exceeded 68 inches. Flowers were harvested when petals were open. Fresh weight and flower/stem number of
thefourplantsineachpotpertowerwereweighedandcountedateachharvestfrommidApriltomidJuly.No
statistical differences were found between the two substrates for fresh weight or flower/stem number for any
crop.Freshweightpertowerwas4.8kgofbasil,3kgofpeppermint,2.7kgofparsleyand1.9kgofpansiesand
nasturtiums over the 3 months. Thus, PBH can be used as a renewable substrate component for hydroponic
production.
P23
Presence of Manganese in AquaticTerrestrial Boundaries of Seasonal Wetlands on the Texas Gulf Coast
Prairie. Schoffield, S.*, W. Anthony, Jr. and R.W. Griffin, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View
A&MUniversity,PrairieView,TX.
Severaltypesofsoilfeaturescanbeusedtoidentifypotentialwetlandsoilareas.Manganeseoxidesare
mineralsthatcanproduceionicspeciesduringwetdryconditionswhichcanleadtoalternatinganaerobicaerobic
conditions.AfieldresearchstudywasconductedtomonitorseasonalwetlandsonthePrairieviewA&MUniversity
FarmintheupperTexasGulfCoastPrairie.Theobjectiveofthestudywastodeterminethepresenceofmanganese
inthesoilusingstandardandlabgradehydrogenperoxidesolutions.Themethodologyusedinthestudyincluded:
1) 5 selected sites were monitored along the aquaticterrestrial boundary of seasonally wet soil areas; 2) the
reactionbetween3and30%hydrogenperoxidewasrecordedaseithermanganesepresentorabsentfromthesoil
profile; and 3) a comparison of the visible difference in the exothermic reaction was determined. The most
importantresultsfromthestudyincluded:1)thepresenceofmanganesewasrecordedatallofthefiveresearch
studysites;2)manganesewasprovedtobeanactivecomponentoftheaquaticterrestrialecosystemboundaries
of the seasonal wetlands located on the Upper Gulf Coast Prairie of Texas; and 3) the soil profiles indicated a
strongermanganesereactioninthelowerportionthanintheupperportionwhichindicatedthatmoremanganese
wasatdepthwhichcorrespondedwithadownwardmovementofthewaterfromtheseasonalwetlands.
P24
Effect of Environmental Conditions on Biomass Production and Cellulose Composition of Different
Varieties of Switchgrass. Davis, A.N.*1, C. N. Stewart Jr.2, J. J. Bozell2, J. S. Yuan2, and N. Labbe2, J. Collier3, I.
Swamidoss2,S.Dhir1,1FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030; 2UniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,TN;
3FloridaStateUniversity,Tallahassee,FL.
Switchgrassisrichincellulose,whichcouldmakeitanidealcandidateforbiofuel,especiallyforethanol
production.Unlikecorn,switchgrassisaperennialandhasalargebiomassoutputwhileneedinglittlefertilizer.
Decreasedlignincompositionhasbeenshowntohavetwomajoradvantages:plantbiomasswithdecreasedlignin
could be more easily processed for saccharification, and reduced lignin biosynthesis may lead to more carbon
allocated to sugar synthesis and thus lead to a higher amount of cellulose and hemicellulose production. In this
study,wewillcomparetwodifferentswitchgrasstypes:Alamo,apopulation,andAlamo2,aclonederivedfrom
Alamo, to determine their lignin content. The two different types will be further investigated under different
141
growthconditions(fieldgrownorchambergrown)andbytheirmaturity(floweringornoflowering)todetermine
howtheseconditionsmightaffecttheirlignincontent.Itisknownthatstemsandleaveshavedifferentchemical
compositions;thereforeourresearchwillfocuscompletelyontheonthebiomasscompositionofthestemsofthe
feedstock.Wewillusewetchemistryandinfraredspectroscopytechniquestodistinguishthechemicaldifferences,
includinglignin,ofthestemsfromthedifferentswitchgrasses.
P25
Characteristics of Agriculture ValueAdded Producers in Alabama. Parmer, A.*, and J. O. Bukenya,
DepartmentofAgribusiness,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Valueadded agricultural enterprises are growing in importance throughout Alabama, with an emphasis
on more consumercentered methods of production and marketing. Although it is evident that the use of these
strategieshasgrownrapidly,nocomprehensiveproducerstudiesarecurrentlyavailableinAlabama.Thislackof
information limits potential advances in research and education. Specifically, providing outreach education to
valueaddedproducersinAlabamaishamperedbyaninadequateunderstandingofwhotheseproducersare,what
they are doing, and their various educational and technical assistance needs. The objective of this study was to
identifythedifferenttypesofvalueaddedproducers,aswellas,assessingtheirconcernsinvolvingdistributionof
valueadded products, product demand, interest in participating in direct marketing channels, and other
information necessary to promote valueadded production in the state. The study was carried out in different
phases.ThefirstphasewasthecollectionofanAlabamaproductproducernamedatabaseandthendetermining
whichproductvendorswouldbeinterviewed.Phase2involvedvisitingAlabamafoodproducerwebsitestocollect
data/informationontheproductsavailablefromAlabamafoodproducers.Thefinalphaseincludedsummariesof
theinterviewmaterialtocoverduringtheinterviewswithAlabamaproductvendors,conductinginterviews,and
analyzingtheresponses.Thisposterpresentstheinformationgatheredthroughthisprocess.
P26
Growth, Germination, Yield, Fruit Size, and Flowering Dates of Inter and IntraSpecific Crosses of Chile
Pepper(Capsicumspp).Keremy,N*1,C.R.Reddy1,T.Rashid1,F.Matta2,S.R.Mentreddy3andP.Igbowke1, 1
Department of Agriculture, Alcorn State University, Alcorn State, MS 39096, 2 Department of Plant & Soils,
MississippiStateUniversity,39096, 3SchoolofAgricultureandEnvironmentalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,
Normal,AL35762.
Astudywasconductedtodeveloppeppercultivarswithhighyieldpotential,insectanddiseaseresistance,
and superior fruit characteristics, using germplasm from Griffin Georgia Seed Depository Bank. In preliminary
greenhouse trials, several F1 generations were created through inter and intraspecific crosses among 23
germplasmlinesbelongingtosixCapsicumspp.SelectedF1progeny,parentlines,andselectedaccessionswere
plantedinsinglerowfieldplotsinsummerof2007.Ingeneral,highercrossingsuccesswaswithinintraspecific
crosses than among interspecific crosses. The Genotypic variation was significant for all parameters examined.
Theaveragepercentgermination(80.1%)ofF1progenywas33% and46%higherthanthatoftheparentlines
andselectedaccessions,respectively.TheF1progenywereshorterinheight,morevigorousingrowth,flowered
earlier,hadfewer,butheavierfruitperplant,andoutyieldedtheparentlinesandaccessionsby51%and79.5%,
respectively.ThestudyshowedmarkedheterosisintheF1progenycomparedtotheparentlinesandaccessions.
P27
Effects of Protein and Lipid Levels in Feed on Total Weight, Fillet Yield and Gut Body Weight Index in
Bluegill Sunfish, (Lepomis machrocirus). Stamp, A.*, and C. E. Hicks, Cooperative Research Programs, Lincoln
University,JeffersonCity,MO65101
The purpose of this study was to compare the ratios between fillet weight, and gut weight to total fish
weight in bluegill sunfish, fed offtheshelf feeds with three different levels of protein and lipid. The four diets
consistedof:35%protein,5%lipid;40%protein,10%lipid;42%protein,16%lipid;and40%proteinand10%
lipid(control).FishhatchedApril,2007,fedbrineshrimp21daysandthenSilverCupSalmon.Fishweremoved
toa24tankrecyclesystemOctober1,2007andequalnumbersoffishwereplacedinrandomtanks.Fishwerefed
aslowsinkingrationwithbeltfeedersalltheycouldeatin12hours.Totalfishweightsweredeterminedmonthly
andapproximately100fishindividuallyweighedandmeasured.Lengthandweightdatafromthetanktrialwere
analyzed using Analysis of Variance. Fish were transferred to eight 0.10 hectare ponds June 24, 2008. Red ear
142
sunfish,(Lepomismicrolophus),wereaddedtoeachpondtoestablishsimilardensities.Fishwerefedatosatiation
twice daily. Dissolved oxygen was determined two times daily. Ponds were aerated on an needed basis. Water
quality, measurements were taken weekly. Fish were harvested 10/1810/20. One hundred fifty large fish were
selected,individuallyweighedandmeasured.Individualfilletandtotalgutweightsweredetermined.Percentfillet
yieldandgutindexeswerecalculated.AnalysisofVariancewasusedtodeterminemainfeedeffectdifferences.
P28
Evaluation of Four Commercial Feeds for Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) Growth Potential.
Scheppers,C.*,andC.E.Hicks,CooperativeResearchPrograms,LincolnUniversity,JeffersonCity,MO65101.
Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) are a potential food fish for commercial aquaculture. Growth
potentialislimitedduetothelackofunderstandingoftheirnutritionalrequirements.Fourmanufacturedfeeds,
with varying protein/lipid concentrations, were evaluated for bluegill growth potential under applied culture
conditions.Thefourdifferentfeeds(treatments)contained35%protein,5%lipid;42%protein,12%lipid;42%
protein, 16% lipid; and 40% protein, 10% lipid (control). The eighteen month growth study used artificially
spawnedfish.Threehundredsixtyfishwererearedineachoftwentyfour1,552Ltanksprovidingsixreplicates/
treatment. Automatic feeders delivered the feed; consumption was visually scored based on uneaten feed to
adjustthenextdaysrationtomaintainsatiationfeeding.Monthly,randomsamples(n=100)wereweighedand
measured. June, 2008 all bluegill were weighed and measured and transferred to eight quarteracre ponds
providing two replicates for each treatment; treatments remained consistent. Redear sunfish were added to
maintain consistent stocking density/pond. Pond feeding was twice daily weekdays and once on the weekends.
PondswereharvestedOctober2008;randomsamples(n=360)wereweighedandmeasured.Lengthandweight
data was analyzed with a Mixed Model Analysis of Variance and growth rate curves compared for the different
treatments.Comparisonsarealsoprovidedforgrowthratesintanksandponds.
P29
Inclusionof10%CrudeGlycerolintheDietofGrowingFinishingBoerGoats.Cave,C.K*1,C.CliffordRathert1,
A.N.Stewart1,B.R.Weigand2,K.SRoberts2,M.S.Kerley2,1DepartmentofAgricultureandEnvironmentalSciences,
LincolnUniversity,JeffersonCity,MO65101,2UniversityofMissouriColumbia,Columbia,MO65211.
The objective of this study was to evaluate an addition of 10% crude glycerol as an energy source in
partialreplacementofcorninthedietofgrowingfinishingBoergoatkids.Boergoatkids(n=24)weredividedinto
6 pens of 4 goats each. Pens were assigned either control diet (CON) consisting of 60% alfalfa hay and 40%
concentrate(corn,soybeanmeal,DDGS)oradietwherecornwasreplacedat10%withcrudeglycerol(GYL)for
70dforaslaughterweightof32kg.Growthperformancewasmeasuredasaveragedailygain(ADG)andgainto
feed (G:F) . The goats were slaughtered at the University of Missouri Abattoir. Carcass parameters of dressing
percentage(DP),chilledcarcassweight(CW),andmuscleconformationwererecorded.MeanADGandG:Fwere
0.12 vs 0.11 (P = 0.37) and 0.05 vs 0.04 (P = 0.06) for CON and GLY, respectively. CON goats had heavier (P =
0.0001) body weight (BW) and heavier (P = 0.001) CW than GLY goats 35.4 vs 28.1 kg and 17.0 vs 12.7 kg,
respectively. Carcass muscle conformation favored CON with 2.33 compared with 1.27 (P = 0.0001). The data
indicatesatendencyfordecreasedefficiencyformeatgoatsfed10%crudeglyceroldiet,resultinginlowerBWat
timeofslaughter.
P30
The Effects of Weaning Time on Growth Performance Characteristics of Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus).
Weckenborg, A. J.*, D. C. Morant, G. A. Dudenhoeffer, J. E. Wetzel, and T. R. OmaraAlwala, Department of
AgricultureandEnvironmentalSciences,LincolnUniversity,JeffersonCity,MO65101.
Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) is the most researched sunfish. There is little information on the indoor
culturing of the sunfish larvae. The objective of this study was to determine the best weaning time of bluegill
larvae in indoors water recycled system. The weaning times of 2, 6, 10 and 14 days postnest exodus were
compared in a completely randomized block design with four replications. Larvae from a single spawn (n=310)
weretransferredtoexperimentalunitsonday1postnestexodus.ThefishwerefedbrineshrimpArtemiauntil
assignedweaningtime.Afterwards,theywerecofedbrineshrimpandacommercialfeedforsixdays,followedby
acommercialfeedonly.Growthperformancemeasurementsweretakenonday35.Totalweightproductionand
survival percent of each treatment increased significantly (p<0.05) with the increase in weaning time. The
individual weights, lengths and feed conversion rates significantly increased with weaning time. However, there
were no significant differences between the fish weaned on days 10 and 14 or those between days 6 and 10.
143
Growthabnormalitieswereseeninsomefishweanedondays2and6.Laterweaningageisrecommendedfor
totalproduction.
P31
The Effects of Weaning Time on Growth Performance Characteristics of Redear Sunfish (Lepomis
microlophus). Burns, J.*, D. C. Morant, G. A. Dudenhoeffer, J. E. Wetzel and T. R. OmaraAlwala, Department of
AgricultureandEnvironmentalSciences,LincolnUniversity,JeffersonCity,MO65101.
Sunfishes(genusLepomis)aretargetedfishforaquacultureproductionintheNorthCentralRegionofthe
United States. There is a dearth of information on redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) larval culture. The
objective of this study was to determine the best weaning time of redear larvae in an indoors water recycled
system.Theweaningtimesof2,6,10and14dayspostnestexoduswerecomparedinacompletelyrandomized
blockdesignwithfourreplications.Larvaefromasinglespawn(n=310)weretransferredtoexperimentalunits
onday1postnestexodus.ThefishwerefedbrineshrimpArtemiauntilassignedweaningtime.Afterwards,they
were cofed brine shrimp and a commercial feed for six days, followed by a commercial feed only. Growth
performance measurements were taken on day 35. Total weight production and survival percent of each
treatmentincreasedsignificantly(p<0.05)withtheincreaseinweaningtime.Theindividualweights,lengthsand
feedconversionrateweresignificantlydifferentinthefishweanedonday2fromthelaterweaningtimes.Growth
abnormalitieswereseeninsomefishweanedondays2.Laterweaningageisrecommendedfortotalproduction.
P32
ParasiteResistanceinSpanishxBoerandSpanishGoats.Kershaw,T.*,Q.Hawley,H.MukhtarandM.Worku,
DepartmentofAnimalSciences,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
Theobjectiveofthisstudywas toassessnatural resistanceagainstparasiticinfectioninBoer xSpanish
andSpanishbreedgoats,attheNorthCarolinaAgricultureandTechnicalStateUniversityfarm.Fivefemalegoats
fromeachbreedwereused.Thebodyweightofeachgoatwasmeasuredandbloodandfecalsamplescollectedon
thesameday.Thebloodsampleswereusedtodeterminethepackedcellvolume,whichisameasureofanemia,
andwhitebloodcelldifferentialcount,whichisindicativeoftheanimalsimmunestatus.Thedatawasanalyzed
usingSASsoftwaretoevaluatetheeffectofbreedonweight,packedcellvolume,fecaleggcounts,andwhiteblood
cell differential counts. No significant differences was observed between the cross breed and the Spanish goats.
Further,anincreaseinthelevelsofeosinophilswasobservedandcanserveasanindicatorofthenaturalresponse
tonematodeinfection.
P33
VaginalArtificialInseminationinHairSheepEweLambsusingLiquidSemenStoredatRoomTemperature.
Thompson, T. C.*, J. R. Collins, E. J. Chozu, S. Wildeus, Agricultural Research Station, Box 9061, Virginia State
University,Petersburg,VA23806.
Artificialinsemination(AI)insheepgenerallyrequirestheuseofspecializedequipment,andisnotreadily
applicabletosmallfarms.HereweevaluatedthefeasibilityofvaginalAI(shotinthedark)usingliquidsemen.
Theexperimentwasconductedduringseasonalestrus,usingmixedbreed,nulliparousyearlinghairsheepewes
(n=39). Estrus was initially synchronized by feeding melengestrol acetate (MGA; 0.3 mg/head/day), and ewes
bred1014hoursafteronsetofestrus(detectedbyteaserrams)ofthesubsequentcycle(17to21daysafterthe
last MGA feeding). Half the ewes, blocked by breed, received a second insemination 1014 hours later.
Inseminationsweredonebydeepvaginaldepositionofsemenwithoutspeculumusingastandard0.5mlAIgun.
SemenforAIwascollectedfromthreerams,extendedinaskimmilkpowder(11%w/v)andeggyolk(5%v/v)to
a concentration of 350 million sperm/ml, packaged in 0.5 ml straws, and used within 2 hours of collection.
Pregnancy was determined 23 days after the last day of AI. During the 5 day AI period 85% of ewes displayed
estruswitha75%pregnancyrate.Therewasnodifference(P<0.1)inpregnancyrateinsingle(67%)andtwice
inseminated(86%)ewes.Pregnancyratesinthethreebreedsrangedfrom60%inBarbadosBlackbellyto80and
83%inSt.CroixandKatahdin,respectively(P<0.1).ResultssuggestthatvaginalAIcanbeusedtoenhancegenetic
diversityinsmallfarms.
P34
TrialsofLowCostGreenhousesforUsebyGrowersandGardeners.Smith,M.A.*,K.L.Wilfong,J.M.Sisson
and B. E. Liedl, Gus R. Douglass Institute, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station, West Virginia State
University,Institute,WV25112.
144
Small growers have limited funds, space or expertise for a traditional glass or plastic greenhouse.
However, they could use protected space in the spring or fall for growing or hardening off transplants,
quarantiningplantsand/orgrowingbeneficialinsects.Thereisalsointerestfrommastergardeners,schoolsand
farmersmarketsinusingsmallprotectedstructures.Researchontheuseofthesestructuresisnonexistentand
potentialusersareunlikelytogambleonanuntestedstructure.Wepurchasedfivegreenhousesranginginprice
from $277 to $900 and investigated their ease of setup, operation and tear down. Data was collected on seed
germination, transplant production, winter houseplant survival and greenhouse conditions such as temperature
andinsectpressure.Threeofthehousesweresetupinlessthanadayandcouldbetransported,whiletheothers
tookseveraldaystoconstruct,requiredmodificationsandarenontransportable.Onlyoneofthethreeportable
houses had intact screened windows and/or doors after 9 months of use. The nonportable houses had less
ventilation and subsequently higher daily maximum temperatures and higher insect populations. The minimum
housetemperaturesweresimilaracrossthefivehousestested.Flatssownwithseedwereplacedonthefloorora
benchineachhouse.Locationoftheflatdidnotaffectgerminationingeneral;however,noticeabledifferencesin
size and vigor were apparent in plants grown on the floor. Recommendations based on these results have been
presentedforusebyextensionpersonnel,mastergardeners,growersandschools.
P35
HealthyEating/HealthyLifestyles:AQualitativeStudyofaSummerHealthandWellnessCampforLimited
Resource Youth in South Carolina. GlasgowPierre, K.* and M.J.A. Heggins, 1890 Research Program, South
CarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
To assess the relationship between the Healthy Eating and Healthy Lifestyles program design
implementation, and effectiveness, a qualitative evaluation of the 2007 Summer Health and Wellness Camp
Programwasconducted.Thegoals/objectiveswereto:1)Increaseparticipantsknowledgeabouthealth,nutrition,
and healthy lifestyles; 2) Change participants attitudes about eating healthy food and doing daily exercise; 3)
Reduce the number of overweight and obese youth/families; and 4) Decrease the potential of diabetes in the
programparticipants.Thereare25studentsintheprogramgroupand25studentsinthecomparisongroupfora
totalof50participants.Twoqualitativeapproacheswereutilized:1)focusgroups,and2)indepthinterviews.Ten
questions were written and presented to the participants. The questions were grouped as: 1)
experience/behavior;2)opinion/values;3)feelings;4)knowledge;5)sensoryand6)demographics.Additionally,
thequestionsweregroupedtoreflecttheparticipantslevelofcognition:1)knowledge,2)comprehension,and3)
application.Thedatashowedthattheprogramgroupmasteredatleast70%oftheconceptsinthetenquestions;
and,infiveoftenquestionstheratingwas90%orhigher.Theinformationwasusedtofinetunethefall2007
2008afterschoolprogram.Moreemphasiswasplacedonthefollowingconcepts:1)calories,2)foodportion,3)
diabetesIandII,4)exercise,and5)BodyMassIndex(BMI).Thus,theprogramgrouppracticedhealthenhancing
behaviors that will reduce health risks such as diabetes, and will serve as advocates for personal family, and
communityhealth.
P36
Evaluation of the effects of Nutraceutical Grade of Colostrum on the Growth of Caenorhabditis elegans.
Sutherland,D.*,H.Mukhtar,R.AmoakoandM.Worku,DepartmentofAnimalSciences,NorthCarolinaAgricultural
andTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
Colostrum is the first milk produced by the mammary gland in the first few days after giving birth. It
providesessentialnutrientslikevitamins,mineralsandaminoacidstothenewborninfant,aswellasavarietyof
important immune components that boost the bodys natural immunity. Caenorhabditis elegans is a microscopic
nematodeandawellestablishedbiologicalmodelingeneticresearch.Theinoculationoftheworminprogressive
colostrum dilutions was used to assess the impact of nutraceutical grade colostrum on the growth of the
nematode.Inoculumsofthesamenumberofwormswereplacedinfourdifferentdilutions;1:1,1:10,1:100and
1:1000 or in Luria Bertani broth and left for thirty minutes. Differential effects of dilutions of colostrum were
observedoverathreedayperiod.ThetreatedwormswereplatedonfreshNematodeGrowthAgarplatescoated
withE.coliforfoodforthewormsandlefttoreproduce.Usingamicroscope,thenumbersofwormsoneachplate
wascountedeachdayofthethreedayperiod.IncomparisonwithDay3,nematodecountsforDays1and2were
lower. C. elegans reproduced and grew best in the colostrum dilution of 1:100. Further studies with different
145
exposuremethodsarerecommendedtoinvestigatetheeffectofthecolostrumconcentrationonthegrowthofthe
worm.
P37
EfficacyofSelectPlantEssentialOilsagainstFoodbornePathogens.Brooks,J.*,B.Hardy,J.Yu,andI.Goktepe,
FoodandNutritionalSciences,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
Duetoincreasingconcernsaboutthedevelopmentofantimicrobialresistanceamongpathogenicbacteria
in foods, alternative strategies have been sought that do not use antibiotics. One source for nonantibiotic
antimicrobialtreatmentsarenaturalcompoundsderivedfromplants.Manyplantscontainavarietyofessential
oils that inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. In the present study, three plant essential oils (Anethum
graveolens, Petroselinum sativum, and Rosa canina) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of
pathogenic bacteria. The antimicrobial activities of these oils were tested against Bacillus subtilus, E. coli,
Staphylococcusaureus,andStreptococcusfeacalisusingthemicroplateassayatconcentrationsof0,250,500,1000,
and2000g/ml.ResultsshowedthattheantimicrobialactivityofessentialoilsfromA.graveolensandP.sativum
wasstrongerthanR.caninaatconcentrationstested.S.aureuswasthemostsensitivespeciestoA.graveolensand
P.sativumat500g/mlandabove.E.coliwastheleastsensitivemicroorganismtothethreeessentialoilstested.
Overall, the findings showed that the three plant essential oils assessed in this study differed in their inhibitory
activity against the four bacterial species tested. This indicates that effective antimicrobial compounds against a
rangeofmicroorganismsmaynotbelikelyfromsingleplantessentialoils.Thisindicatesmorestudiesareneeded
totestantimicrobialefficaciesofadditionalplantessentialoilsagainstdifferentspeciesoffoodbornepathogens.
P38
EvaluationofanOpticalMicrobiologicalMethodforRapidlyEstimatingMicrobialQualityofFreshProduce
andFrozenChickenWings.Fitzpatrick,L.*,T.Bor,P.A.Lynch,andS.A.Ibrahim,FoodSafetyandMicrobiology
Laboratory,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
Microbiologicalqualityoffoodisimportanttoensurehighqualityandsafety.Thereareseveralstandard
methods typically used to determine the microbiological quality of food products. While these methods are
effective,amajordrawbacktotheiruseisthetimerequiredtogetanalyticalresults.Thus,thereisaneedfornew
methods that can achieve similar results that are simple and take far less time to conduct. The purpose of this
researchwastodetermineifanopticalmethodcouldbeusedasrapidmethodtodeterminethemicrobiological
quality of fresh produce and frozen chicken wings. Ten fresh produce samples and seven frozen chicken wings
productsampleswerecollectedfromseveralwholesalemarketsinGreensboroarea.Onehundredgramsofeach
sampleweremeasuredandplacedinsterilizedstomacherbag,dilutedwith900ml0.1%sterilizedpeptonewater
andblendedfortwominutes.AppropriatedilutionswereplatedontoBrainHeartInfusion(BHI)agarandviolet
red bile glucose agar (VRBGA) to determine the total viable count and coliform, respectively. Each dilution was
also tested using the Soleris instrument to determine the practicality of using this approach as a rapid optical
methodforthetotalviablecountandcoliform.Ourresultsshowedthebacterialpopulationinthetestedsamples
ranged from 2.007.00 CFU/g. Soleris instrumentation was able to detect the bacterial population within 12 h.
Theseresultsdemonstratedthatthisapproachcouldbeusedasrapidmethodtodeterminethemicrobialquality
offreshproduceandfrozenchickenwings.
P39
ProducingBreadedChickenWings:AnEconomicAnalysis.Cole,D.*,C.Opara,W.Whittaker,T.Hargraveand
V.Igbobwe,AgriculturalEconomicsProgram,DepartmentofAgriculture,AlcornStateUniversity,AlcornState,MS
39096.
Thepurposeofthisstudywastodeterminehowmanagersinapoultryfacilitycouldachieveprofitability,
competitivenessandefficiencythroughtheproductionofbreadedchickenwings.Therelationshipbetweenplant
total output of breaded chicken wings and conversion cost was investigated. The optimization rate of breading
pickup was observed and its contribution to yield and profit levels evaluated. By comparing two distinct
packaging processes, the problem and management of giveaways were assessed. Regression analysis was
performedtotesttherelationshipbetweenplantstotaloutputofbreadedchickenwingsandconversioncost.The
result from regression analysis was evaluated with tdistribution at 0.05 level of significance. Breading pickup
optimization rate was evaluated, with chisquare distribution at 0.05 level of significance. The problem and
management of giveaways were evaluated with a twotailed test for equality of means, between two distinct
146
packagingprocesses.Testforequalityofmeanswasbasedontdistribution,atasignificancelevelof0.05with14
degrees of freedom. Overall, results indicated significant negative relationship between plants total output of
breadedchickenwingsandconversioncost.Resultsalsoindicatednosignificantdifferenceintherateofbreading
pickupoptimizationandtheabsenceofanysignificantinequalitiesbetweenthemeansoftwodistinctpackaging
processes.
UndergraduateFoodSafety,NutritionandHealth
P40
EffectsofSugarontheWaterActivityandWaterPhaseSaltContentofSmokedPaddlefishMeat.Rodriguez,
K.*,C.Butler,L.Huang,C.Wang,R.O.OndersandS.D.Mims,HumanNutritionProgram,KentuckyStateUniversity,
Frankfort,KY40601.
Aminimumof3.5%waterphasesaltisrequiredtoensurethewateractivityofsmokedfishislowenough
to inhibit the growth of Clostridium botulinum. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sugar
added to the brining solution on the water activity and water phase salt content of smoked whole paddlefish.
Threepaddlefisheachwerebrinedina15%saltsolutionwith92.5g,185gor370gofsugarpergallonofbrineina
vacuumtumblerfor1hr.Attheendofthebrining,fishwererinsedintapwaterandlefttodryat40Covernight.
They were hot smoked until the internal temperature reached 1450C for 30 min. After cooling down in a
refrigerator, the smoked fish were vacuumpacked and stored at 200C before analysis. The smoked meat was
homogenized in a grinder. Two gram samples were soaked in distilled water for two hrs. The supernatant was
used for salt analysis by a salt analyzer. The water activity of fish brined with 92.5g sugar was above the safe
range.Addedsugartendedtoreducethesaltcontentofthesmokedfishmeat,butkeptthewateractivitybelow
0.95.Theresultsindicatethataddingsugarintothebriningsolutioncanhelptoreducewateractivityandavoid
extremesaltinesswithoutcompromisingsafetyofsmokedfishproducts.
P41
Influence of Flaxseed Flour on the Quality Characteristics of Cookies. Murphy, A.* 1, H. A. Khouryieh1, S.
Besong1andSIbrahim2,1FoodandNutritionalSciences,DepartmentofHumanEcology,DelawareStateUniversity,
Dover, DE 19901, 2Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University,
Greensboro,NC27411.
Flaxseed is recognized as an excellent source of alphalinolenic acid (ALA, the essential omega 3 fatty
acid), lignans, and dietary fiber, which are associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular and some cancer
diseases.Theobjectiveofthisresearchistoinvestigatetheeffectofflaxseedflouronthequalitycharacteristicsof
cookies. The cookies were prepared using AACC method 1054. Flour in cookie formulation was replaced with
flaxseedflouratlevelsof0(control),6,12,and18%.Thecookieswerebakedat4000Ffor8minutes,cooledand
stored at room temperature. Measurements of each batch of cookies were taken the day after baking. Flaxseed
floursignificantly(P<0.05)decreasedlightness(L*)andincreasedbothredness(a*)andyellowness(b*)ofthe
cookieswhencomparedwiththecontrol.TheL*valuewasdecreasedfrom72.6inthecontrolto60.7forthe18%
flaxcookies.Firmnessoftheflaxcookieswasslightlyhigherthanthecontrol.Theresultsrevealedthatflaxseed
flour had significantly affected the diameter, thickness and spread factor of the cookies. The spread factor was
significantlyincreasedfrom7.70incontrolto9.52inthe18%flaxcookies.Thecontrolhadslightlyhigherwater
activity and moisture content values than the flax cookies. Results indicated that high quality cookies can be
successfullyformulatedusingflaxseedflourasapartialreplacementofwheatflour.
P42
Reproduction Performance of Obese and Lean Pigs. Robinson, S.*, J. Green and V.J. McWhinney, Cooperative
AgriculturalResearchCenter,PrairieViewA&MUniversity,PrairieView,TX77446.
Thepighasbeenusedinresearchofsignificancetohumans.Eventhoughdifferencesexistintheanatomy
andphysiologybetweenpigsandhumans,thesimilaritiesinthecardiovascularanddigestivesystemshasallowed
fornutritionalstudieswithrespecttoatherosclerosisdevelopmentandmorerecentlyobesity.TheSwineFacility
atPrairieViewA&MUniversityhasbeenhometogeneticlinesofpigswithdifferencesinpropensityforbackfat.
ThepigsoriginatedfromBethesda,Marylandin1960priortobeingtransferredtoClayCenter,Nebraska.Thepigs
werebroughttoPrairieViewin1990withcollaborationinnutritionalstudieswithARS/USDAChildrenNutrition
ResearchCenteratBaylorCollegeofMedicine.Overthepast10years,wehaveobservedadeclineinthenumber
ofpigletsbornandsurvivingpastweaning.Assumingbestpracticeswithswinemanagementandhusbandry,the
following measurements were collected: farrowing performance measurement pigs born alive, the weaning
production level pigs weaned/litter and litters/sow/year were collected. We also examined serum level of
147
proteins related to reproduction with adipokine functions. The lean sow on average gives birth to 1.5 " 0.2 live
pigs;thisvalueislessthantheobesepigsbutnotsignificantly.Theobesesowonaveragegivesbirthto2.2"0.36
live pigs. The 98% or more of pigs being weaned may not serve as an indicator of the genetic line viability. An
aggressivereproductivemanagementprogramisneededtoalterthereproductiveperformanceofsowstoensure
viabilityoftheline.
P43
DietaryTomatoesreducedAzoxymethane(AOM)InducedAberrantCryptFociinFisher344rats.Mounts,
L.*, M. Verghese., J. Boateng., R. Field., V. Gourineni., C. Rock., D. Gajula., L. T. Walker., A. Miller., L. Dukes., L.
Shackelford., B. Kanda and D. Crutcher, Nutritional Biochemistry and Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Department of
FoodandAnimalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Tomato meal (TM) and tomato juice (TJ), rich sources of lycopene were investigated for their potential
chemopreventiveeffectsonazoxymethane(AOM)inducedaberrantcryptfoci(ACF)formationinFisher344rats.
F344ratsweredividedintofivegroups.Group1servedascontrol(C)andwasfedAIN93Gdiet.Groups2,3,4
and5receivedAIN93GdietscontainingTM(2%and4%)andTJ(2%and4%)for13wks.ToinduceACF,AOM
(16mg/kgbodyweight)wasinjectedsubcutaneouslyat7thand8thwkofageandratswerekilledat17wkofage
byCO2asphyxiation.NumberofACFpercolon(proximalanddistal)andtheirmultiplicity(numberofcryptsper
focus) were recorded.GlutathioneSTransferase (GST) and the antioxidative enzymes Catalase (CAT) and
Superoxidedismutase(SOD)activitieswerealsoanalyzed.FeedingTM(2%and4%)andTJ(2%and4%)resulted
insignificant(p<0.05)reductions(2550%)incolonicACFcomparedtoC.Ratsfed4%TMand4%TJhadgreater
reductionscomparedtotheir2%counterparts.Numberoffociwithfourcryptswassignificantlylowerinratsfed
treatmentdiets.GST(4874%),CAT(3990%)andSOD(2fold)activitiesweresignificantly(p<0.05)higherinrats
fedtreatmentdietscomparedtoC.Thesefindingssuggestthatdietaryadministrationoftomatomealandtomato
juicesuppressedAOMinducedACFinrats,inhibitionmaybeassociatedwithsuppressionofcellproliferationin
colonicmucosaduetosynergisticoradditiveeffectsofphytochemicalsintomatoes.
P44
ModulatoryeffectofPeaches(Prunuspersica)ontheformationofAzoxymethaneinducedaberrantcrypt
foci.
Kanda,B.*,M.Verghese.,J.Boateng.,R.Field.,V.Gourineni.,C.Rock.,D.Gajula.,L.T.Walker.,A.Miller.,L.Dukes.,L.
Shackleford.,L.MountsandD.Crutcher,DepartmentofFoodandAnimalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,P.O.
Box1628NormalAL,35762.
Peaches (Prunus persica) are a rich source of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and carotenoids
againstdevelopmentofchronicdiseases.Theaimofthestudywastoinvestigatetheputativeeffectsofpeaches(P)
on(AOM)inducedaberrantcryptfoci(ACF)anditseffectinmodulationofcriticaldetoxificationandantioxidative
enzymes.Fisher344maleratswererandomlydividedinto3groups(6/group)followinga1wkacclimatization
period.Onegroupwasfedacontrol(C)diet(AIN93G),whiletheremainingtwogroupswerefeddietsconsisting
ofC+2.5%PandC+5%P.SubcutaneousinjectionsofAOMwereadministeredinsalineatadoseof16mg/kgbody
at7and8wkofage.At17wksofageratswerekilledbyCO2asphyxiation.Effectofpeachesondevelopmentof
preneoplastic lesions (ACF) and selected detoxification (glutathione Stransferase (GST)) and antioxidative
enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)) activities were also assessed. A higher number ACF
accompaniedbylowerglutathioneStransferase(GST),superoxidedismutase(SOD),andcatalase(CAT)activities
were observed in rats fed C. Administration of treatment diets (2.5% and 5% P) significantly (p<0.05) reduced
numberofACF(2050%)withincreaseofGST(80%),SOD(42%),andCAT(50%)activitiescomparedtoC.These
results suggest that feeding peaches significantly (p<0.05) reduced the incidence of AOM induced ACF and
significantly enhanced detoxification and antioxidative enzymes. Consumption of peaches may therefore have
significantimplicationsinhumanswithpreneoplasticlesions.
P45
Effect of Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinus edodes) on Precancerous Lesions in a Rat Model Crutcher, D.*, M.
Verghese.,J.Boateng.,C.Sabota.,R.Field.,V.Gourineni.,D.Gajula.,L.T.Walker.,A.Miller.,L.Dukes.,L.Shackleford.,
L.MountsandB.Kanda,NutritionalBiochemistryandCarcinogenesisLaboratory,DepartmentofFoodandAnimal
Sciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) contains several different bioactive compounds with various
medicinalproperties.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluatetheeffectoffeedingshiitakemushroom(SM)on
148
Azoxymethane (AOM)induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male rats. Modifying effects of SM on
oxidativeimbalancewereassessedusingcatalase(CAT)andsuperoxidedismutase(SOD).Ratsweredividedinto4
groupsfollowinga1wkacclimatizationperiodandfedanAIN93Gascontrol(C)andtreatmentdietsconsistingof
2%,4%and8%SM.At7and8wkofageallratsreceived16mg/kgbodyweightofAOMs/cdissolvedinsaline.
The assigned diets were administered until CO2 asphyxiation at 17 wk of age. Colon and liver samples were
collected.ACFandactivityofhepaticdetoxificationandantioxidativeenzymesweredetermined.Totalnumberof
ACF in the treatment groups (2%, 4% and 8% SM) were significantly (p<0.05) lower compared to group fed C.
Total ACF reductions (%) compared to C in rats fed 2%, 4% and 8% SM diets were (22.7), (32.8) and (48.2),
respectively.FeedingSMsignificantlyincreasedGlutathioneSTransferase(GST)(24folds),catalase(CAT)(1215
fold) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (5056%) activities compared to C. There were no significant differences
(p<0.05)inweightgainamongtheratsfed2%,4%and8%SMandC.TheseresultsshowedthatfeedingSMtorats
significantly (p<0.05) reduced the formation of ACF and modulated critical enzyme activities and may have
potentialinchemopreventionifconsumedregularly.
P46
Chemopreventive Effects of Corn Pericarp Against Colon Carcinogenesis. Asiamah, D.*, M. Verghese, J.
Boateng, W. Yang, L. T. Walker, and L. Shackelford, Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M
University,NormalAL,35762.
Corn pericarp is a novel source of dietary components such as fiber and carotenoids. This study was
conducted to investigate the chemopreventive properties of corn pericarp (CP) on Azoxymethane induced colon
tumorsinaFisher344ratmodel.Aftera1wkacclimatizationperiodratswereassignedto3groups(n=10)and
assignedtoAIN93G/Mascontrol(C)andAIN93G/Mmixedwith5%CPand10%CPastreatmentdiets.Rats
received2s/cinjectionsofAOMat7and8wkofagetoinducecoloncarcinogenesis.At45wkofageratswere
killed by CO2 asphyxiation. Tumor incidences (%) in C, 5% and10% CP were 100, 90 and 40, respectively.
Tumors/tumorbearingrats(TBR)were3.9,1.6and1.5forC,5%CPand10%CP,respectively.Tumorsize(mm)
waslargerincontrol(6.50)comparedtoratsfedtreatmentdiets(1.33and0.64for5%and10%CP).Glutathione
Stransferase (GST) (nmol/min/ml) and catalase activities were higher in treatment groups compared to the
control.GSTactivity(nmol/min/ml)inliverandCMSwas319.74and357.8and198.81and212.07,respectively
forratsfed5%and10%CP.Catalaseactivity(nmol/min/ml)was103.63inratsfed5%CPand108.22ingroup
fed 10% CP. Results showed that feeding corn pericarp significantly (P<0.05) reduced the incidence of AOM
induced colon tumors in Fisher 344 male rats. The protective effects of CP may possibly be attributed to the
synergistic/additivemechanismsofphytochemicalspresent.
P47
Effect of Bitter Melon on Antioxidant Status and precancerous lesions in Fisher 344 Male Rats. Asiamah,
D.*,M.Verghese,J.Boateng.,L.T.Walker.,B.Kanda,R.FieldandL.Shackelford,DepartmentofFoodandAnimal
Sciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,NormalAL,35762.
Bittermelon,MomordicacharantiaiswellknowninAsiaintheregulationofbloodglucoselevelsandasa
treatment for to diabetes mellitus. However studies on its effect in the prevention of cancer are scarce. This
research was conducted to investigate the chemopreventive properties of Bitter melon (BM) on azoxymethane
(AOM)inducedaberrantcryptfoci(ACF)inFisher344maleratsandtodetermineitseffectonselectedhepatic
andantioxidantenzymes.Ratsweredividedinto3groupsaftera1wkacclimatizationperiodandfedanAIN93G
ascontrol(C)andtreatmentdiets(2%BMand4%BM).At7wkand8wkofageallratsreceived2s/cinjectionsof
AOM @ 16mg/kg body weight. The assigned diets were administered until CO2 asphyxiation at 17 wk of age.
Colonandliversampleswerecollected.ThenumberofACFintheproximalanddistalcolonwere35,11and16;
116, 18 and 24 in rats fed C, 2% BM and 4% BM, respectively. Catalase and Superoxide dismutase (mol/mg)
activitieswerehigherinratsfedtreatmentdiets(1.82and1.15;0.293and0.30for2%and4%BM,respectively)
compared to control (0.45). Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (mol/mg), GlutathioneSTransferase (GST)
(mol/mg)activitiesandGlutathione(GSH)levelswerehigherintreatmentgroupscomparedtocontrol.Results
indicated that bitter melon reduced the incidence of AOM induced ACF. Thus, the inclusion of BM in diets may
possiblyreducetheoccurrenceofcoloncancer.
149
P48
Combined Effect of Citric Acid and Sodium Chloride on Reduction of Salmonella typhimurium in vivo.
Walker,K.*,S.Woldesenbet,C.GrayandV.G.Stanley,CooperativeAgriculturalResearchCenter,PrairieViewA&M
University,PrairieView,TX77446.
The objective of this experiment is to determine the dipping treatment effects of lime juice with and
withoutNaClonthereductionofS.typhimuriumattachedonchickenskin.Chickenskinsections(2.0cm2)were
inoculatedwith1.32.0108CFU/cm2in1mlofphosphatebufferedsaline(PBS)atroomtemperaturefor30
min. Skins sections were then treated with PBS (control), four levels of lime juice(10%, 15%, 20% and 25%
[vol/vol]), one level of NaCl (10%) and combination of both lime juice and NaCl (L10%S10%, L15%S10%,
L20%S10% and L25%S10%) in PBS and incubated at room temperature for 15 min and/or 30 min. Each skin
sample was homogenized in 0.1% peptone water for 2 min. The prevalence of S. typhimurium was assessed by
recovering the bacteria from serially diluted homogenizing water, followed by inoculation and incubation onto
BGA containing novobiocin and nalidixic acid at 37C for 24h. The results showed that the numbers of S.
typhimurium on the chicken skins after the lime juice dipping solution treatment were significantly lower than
control solution (P < 0.0001). In particular, mixture of lime juice with NaCl found to eliminate the pathogen
completelywiththeexposureofboth15and30min.Resultsindicatedthat10%ofNaClsolutionhadnoeffectson
the reduction of S. typhimurium as compared to the control. These results showed that dipping solution of lime
juicewithNaClcanbeusedeasilyinpoultryprocessingindustriestocontrolS.typhimuriumcontaminationonthe
finishedproduct.
P49
AssessmentofthePrevalenceofDiabetesAmongHispanicsintheUSA.Arroyave,H.*,
C.C.MathisandS.R.Choudhari,1890Research,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
PrevalenceofdiabetesamongHispanicsintheUSAhasbecomeagreatconcernastheHispanicpopulation
represents the fastest growing minority in the USA, and approximately 10 percent of all Hispanic/Latino
Americans(2million)havediabetes.Hispanic/LatinoAmericansaretwiceaslikelytohavediabetesasCaucasian
Americans.ThisresearchproposestoassesstheprevalenceofdiabetesamongHispanicsintheUSAfortheperiod
of20002004.DataretrievedonHispanicsintheUSAwasgroupedintofouragegroups,andfortheoverallmale
and female populations. Line graphs and cluster bar graphs give pictorial presentation of the research findings.
ResultsindicatethatthenumberofHispanicsintheUSA,whowerediagnosedwithdiabetes,increasedfromyear
2000to2004.DiabetesprevalencewasincreasinginallagegroupsoftheoverallHispanicpopulationfromyear
2000 to year 2004. Prevalence of diabetes has increased over the period of 2000 to 2004 among all female
Hispanics.However,itincreasedamongallmaleHispanicsofagelessthan75,andsteadilydecreased(downto63
from72)fromyear2002to2004amongmaleHispanicsofage75yearsandabove.
HumanSciences
P50
SynthesisofaDehydroalanineAnalogofGlutathione.TarkoS.*,C.J.Peer,L.Boyle,P.Callery,GusR.Douglass
Institute,andCASTEM,WestVirginiaStateUniversity,Institute,WV25112.
Elimination of hydrogen sulfide glutathione (GSH) converts a wellknown cellular nucleophile to an
electrophilicspecies,glutamyldehydroalanylglycine(EdAG).Wehavefoundthatasulfoniummetaboliteformed
from GSH and busulfan undergoes a facile betaelimination reaction to give EdAG, which is an , unsaturated
dehydroalanyl analog of GSH. EdAG was identified as a metabolite of busulfan in a human liver cytosol fraction.
EdAGcondenseswithGSHinaMichaeladditionreactiontoproducealanthioninethioether(GSG),whichisanon
reducibleanalogofglutathionedisulfide(GSSG).EdAGwaslesscytotoxicthanbusulfantoC6ratgliomacells.GSH
andEdAGwereequallyeffectiveindisplacingaglutathioneStransferaseisozyme(humanGSTA11)fromaGSH
Agarose column. The finding of an eletrophilic metabolite of GSH suggests that alteration of cellular GSH
concentrations,irreversiblenonreducibleglutathionylationofproteins,andinterferencewithGSTfunctionmay
contributetothetoxicityofbusulfan.
150
P51
Eating Dirt: A Survey of Kaolin Consumption in a Rural Community. Purdie, T. *1 K. Pickett2, L. Keith2, P.
Curtis3, A.D. Alexander2, 1College of Engineering, Architecture and Physical Sciences, 2College of Agricultural,
Environmental and Natural Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, 3Southwest Dekalb High School,
Selma,AL36701.
Thecommensalfloraisacollectionofmicroorganismsthatarenormalinhabitantsofthegastrointestinal
tract.Whiletheconnotationofmicroorganismsisthattheyareharmful,thecommensalfloraareimportantinthe
developmentofapersonsimmunesystem,theprotectionofthehostagainstthegrowthofharmfulmicrobesand
importantinthepreventionofdisease.Therearealsoindigestiblesupplementsthatapersoncaneatthatwillhelp
to stimulate the growth of this collection of microorganisms. These supplements are called prebiotics. One
potential prebiotic is kaolin or white dirt, an important mineral for industries such as paper manufacturing,
paint,andceramics.However,thereisepidemiologicalevidenceofworldwidekaolinconsumptionbypeoplesof
various ethnic, age and gender groups. We examined the underlying mechanism for kaolin consumption using a
questionnaireaboutthephenomenonthatwasadministeredtoworkersingrocery,convenienceandfuelingstores
aroundthecityofTuskegee,AL.Theclerkswereaskedabouttheirstoreskaolinsalesaswellaswhattheyknew
orhadheardaboutkaolinsuses.Moderatekaolinconsumption,particularlyamongwomenofchildbearingage,
wasfound.Medicinalusesforkaolinwerealsoreported.Preferentialconsumptionofkaolinbasedonpalatability,
thatdictatedthetypesofkaolinpurchasedwasalsodocumented.Harmfuleffectsweresuspectedbyseveralofthe
intervieweesbuttheonlysideeffectreportedwasconstipation.Moreresearchintotheprevalence,theetiology,
andtheeffectsofthisbehaviorwasfoundtobenecessary.
151
AbstractsofGraduateStudentPosters
ARD 2009
1890Research:
Century
152
P52
Identification of Molecular Control for Tolerance to Freezing Temperature in Helleborus Using cDNA
FluorescentDifferentialDisplay.Liu,Z.*,S.Zhou,R.Sauve,DepartmentofAgricultureandConsumerScience,
FrozenLentenrose(Helleborushybrida)flowerscollectedduringJanuary2007fromagardeninNashville,
TN. These flowers were used as the treatment to identify cDNAs that are differentially expressed in frozen and
nonfrozen plants (control). Control flowers were collected during a warm sunny day in early March. After
collection,allflowertissueswerefrozeninliquidN2andstoredat70Cuntilanalysis.ToidentifythecDNAsthat
are differentially expressed during different stages of cold stress, especially upon exposure to freezing
temperature, DDPCR reactions with 300 primer pairs were conducted. Some 600 bands that showed different
intensitybetweentreatedandnontreatedflowerswerecollectedfromthegels.Cloningandsequenceanalysisof
thesebandsresultedintheisolationofcandidategenesthatareessentialforLentenrosesflowertissuetosurvive
freezingconditions.
P53
Functional Analyses of Differentially Expressed Genes Involved in Flavonoid Biosynthesis in North
AmericanNativeGrapes.Payton,T.*1,S.K.Samuelian1,S.Delrot2and,andV.M.Colova(Tsolova)2, 1FloridaA&M
University, CESTA, Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, Tallahassee, FL 32317; 2UMR 1287
EcophysiologyandGrapeFunctionalGenomics,UniversityofBordeaux,INRA,InstitutdesSciencesdelaVigneet
duVin,VillenavedOrnon,France33883.
The common muscadinia possesses one of the highest antioxidant levels among fruits. Study of
differentially expressed genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis was carried out to generate knowledge of the
production of flavonoid compounds and identify candidate genes for further functional analysis. Key
developmental stages vraison and physiological maturity were studied by the use of high throughput 70
mers microarrays in the muscadinia Noblevar. The expression profiles of 13 differentially expressed genes
involved in critical steps of the flavonoid pathway were further validated in the Ison var. and Cynthiana
aestivalisvar.byrealtimePCR.Sixtranscriptsrevealedsimilarexpressionpatternsacrossthetwospecies.From
theremaining7genes,5showedsignificantlysimilarexpressionpatternsinNoblevs.IsoncomparedtoNoble
vs.Cynthiana,andfor2,theexpressionpatternsweredifferentintheeachofthevarieties.Outofthe13analyzed
genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis, 11 revealed similar expression patterns in the two muscadinia
varieties and only 5 when Noble was compared to the aestivalis variety. This is the first step towards
understandingthegeneticalenhancementoftheexpressionofflavanoidcompoundsintheNorthAmericangrape
speciesduringtwoimportantgrapedevelopmentalstages.
P54
Relationship Between Testicular Morphometry, Body Weight and Conformation in Pubertal Male Boer
Goats. Keith, L.*, S. Solaiman, O. Bolden Tiller and C. Okere, Department of Agricultural and Environmental
This study was designed to evaluate body conformation traits (chest girthCG, height at withersHTW,
bodylengthBL),bodyweightBTW,andtheirrelationshipstotesticularmorphometry(scrotalcircumferenceSC
and scrotal weightSCW) in pubertal male Boer goats. Twentyone pubertal male Boer goats approximately 89
months of age were used in this study. A highly significant (P<0 01) correlation coefficient of r = 0.839 was
established between body weight and chest girth; body weight and body condition score (r = 0.653); body
conditionscoreandheightatwithers(r=0.582)respectively,indicatingastrongdegreeofassociationbetween
these variables. The correlation coefficient between testicular measurements was high, positive, and highly
significant(SCWvs.SC;r=0.786,P<0.01).Also,ahighlysignificantcorrelationcoefficientwasobservedbetween
(SC) and (BW) r = 0.788, P<0.01; between scrotal weight and body weight (r = 0.927, P<0.01) respectively. The
high and positive correlations between body weight and body conformation with testicular morphometric traits
established in this study provides information that will be useful in the early selection of Boer goat sires for
geneticimprovementschemes.
153
P55
LibidoTestScores,BodyConformationandTesticularTraitsinPubertalBoerandKikoGoats.Ford,Jr.,D.*,
O. BoldenTiller, D. Phillip and C. Okere, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee
Independentofwhethernaturalmatingorartificialinseminationisusedforbreeding,libido(sexdrive)is
evidentlycrucialtoreproductivecompetenceingoatbucks.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluatelibidoand
itsrelationshiptobodyconformationtraits(bodyconditionscoresBCS,chestgirthCG,heightatwithersHTW,
bodylengthBL,bodyweightBTW)andtesticulartraits(scrotalcircumferenceSCandtesticularconsistency
TC)ingoatbucks.Eightsexuallymaturebucks(Boer,n=4andKiko,n=4)wereutilized.Libidowasassessedeach
weekforfourweeksbyreactiontimeinseconds(timefromentryintothepentofirstmount).Reactiontimedid
not differ significantly (P>0.05) between breeds for Boer and Kiko bucks respectively. Mounting enthusiasm
appearedtobemoreevidentinKikobucks.Meanvaluesforbodyconformationandtesticulartraitswere4.25vs.
3.43(BCS),51.2vs.45.1kg(BTW),64.13.0vs.65.1cm(HTW),62.8vs.60.9cm(BL),27.3vs.22.8(SC),and4.25
vs. 3.75 (TC) for Boer or Kiko bucks respectively. Highly significant (P<0 01) correlation coefficients were
establishedbetweenBTWandCG(r=0.982Boer)and(r=0.986Kiko),BTWandSC(r=0.897Boer),and(r=
0.793Kiko).However,reactiontimewasnotrelatedtoeitherbodyconformationortesticulartraits.Phenotypic
andtesticulartraits,togetherwithlibidotestscoresreportedinthisstudywillbeusefultoolsintheearlyselection
ofsiresformeatgoatgeneticimprovementprograms.
P56
GenomeMethylationEffectsonQuantitativeTraitLociRelatedtoPlantGrowthTraitsinArabidopsis.Gist,
R.*,M.A.Rahman,K.Zura,V.G.Vajja,P.NimmakayalaandU.K.Reddy,GusR.DouglassInstituteandDepartmentof
Biology,WestVirginiaStateUniversity,Institute,WV25112.
Methylationisamajorgeneticprocessthathasgreatimpactongeneticvariationinplantspecies(Grant,
1971; Wendel, 2000). In plants, where the polyploidy is a common evolutionary process for speciation,
methylation plays a major role. In plants, tracing the methylation across the various developmental stages is
lagging behind in comparison with the eukaryotic model system such as yeast. Current research goal is to
understand some of these epigenetic systems through DNA methylation that regulates plant growth and
development. Architecture of growth traits will be explored by employing DNA methylation specific sequence
markersandQuantitativeTraitLoci(QTL)methodstoresolvegeneexpressionchangesandepigeneticdifferences.
Current investigation aims to understand whether some QTL are in fact epialleles, and also to highlight the
importance of methylationsensitive DNA sequences for morphological changes throughout the plant
development. The Arabidopsis ecotypes Landsberg erecta (LER), Columbia (COL), Shakdara (SHA), Cape Verde
Islands (CVI), Kashmir (KAS1), and COL (gl1 mutant) were used in the current study. DNA was isolated from
rosetteleafs(after2weeks);rosetteandcaulineleafs(vegetativestage);Rosette,caulineandflowers(flowering
stage);androsette,cauline,flowersandpods(maturedstage).MethylationsensitiveAFLPassaysonalltheDNAs
collectedweredoneusingthestandardprocedure.ThedifferentiallymethylatedbandswereelutedandthePCR
productwassequencedonABI3130xlsequencingmachine.Thebasecallingofthesequenceswasdoneusingthe
softwareSequencher3.0.ThesequenceswereannotatedontheArabidopsisGeneBank(www.tair.org).
P57
Assessing the Benefits of Exogenous Progesterone Supplementation on the Survival of Embryos
TransferredtoRecipientBeefCows.Cuadra,E.J.,R.Vann,W.A.Bennett,R.Johnson,andM.Mason*,Department
ofAgriculture,AlcornStateUniversity,Lorman,MS39096.
Survivaloftransferredembryosbeginswithtoleranceofthegeneticallydifferentembryotothematernal
immune system followed by a successful outcome from the process of implantation. Progesterone coordinates
thesetwoevents;therefore,theobjectivesofthisprojectaretoassesstheeffectsofprogesteronesupplementation
on the survival of transferred embryos and on the expression of protein genes and hormones associated with
attachmentoftheembryototheuterinewall.Infivedifferentstudies(June2003,April2004,January2005,May
2006andAugust2008),embryoswereinsertedintheuterusofcowsonday7ofestrous.Randomly,theanimals
weredividedintotwogroups.Contrarywiththecontrolgroup,cowsinCIDRgrouphadaCIDRinsertedonthat
same day and removed 14 days later. Blood samples for progesterone analysis were taken at 7 day intervals
between insertion and removal of CIDRs. Percent embryo retention for the first, second, third, fourth and fifth
studiesfortheCIDRandcontrolgroupsare:64.3vs28,76.9vs.61.5,75.0vs.72.73,60.0vs.33.33and54.20vs.
69.60.ThefirstthreestudieswereconductedattheBrownLoamExperimentStation,Mississippi;thefourthstudy
154
was done at ADC, Kenya, Africa; and the fifth study at UNA, Nicaragua, Central America. Even though, variables
differ between studies, these data suggest that progesterone affects the survival rate of transferred embryos. It
wasalsonoticeablethatthemagnitudeofthegapbetweenprogesteroneconcentrationsdeterminesdisparityin
percentembryonicretentionbetweenbothtreatments.
P58
DetectionofAluofRepetitiveSequencesinCaprineDNA.Lane,L.*,H.MukhtarandM.Worku,Departmentof
AnimalSciences,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
The Alu family, the major family of interspersed repeats in human DNA, is useful for studying certain
diseases and genetic variation. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of the Alu family
elementsincaprineDNA.BloodsampleswereobtainedfromfourBoar/SpanishgoatsandthenaddedtoFTAElute
cards (Whatman Inc.) and dried. The DNA was eluted as recommended by the manufacturer and used for PCR
usinghumanAlu1primers(BioRad;lelutedDNAinaPCRmixture).Agarosegelelectrophoresiswasusedto
determineifthePCRproductswerehomozygous(+/+)forthepresenceoftheAlurepeat(941bp),homozygous(
/) for the absence of the Alu repeat (641 bp), or heterozygous for having both the 641 and the 941 base pair
products.TheresultsindicatedasimilarityinmarkersincaprineandhumansAlu1sequence.Goat1andGoat2
werefoundtohavetwobandssimilartothehumanheterozygous(Alu+/Alu)controls.Goat3andGoat4were
found to be homozygous (Alu/Alu). Alu type repeats in goats are believed to maintain genetic diversity by
inhibiting gene conversion. These results suggest that the Alu genotype may be useful in the study of genomic
diversityassociatedwithsusceptibilityandresistanceofgoatstoparasiticandinflammatorydiseases.
P59
Effects of Black Seed Oil (Niagra sativa) On the Life Cycle and Reproductive Behavior of Caenorhabditis
Elegans. Gerald, C.*, M. Worku, P. Matterson and Z. Liu, Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina
AgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversityGreensboro,NC27411.
Newdrugsareneededtopreventnematodeparasiteinfestationinanimals.NiagrasativaL(Blackseed)
has been reported to have antihelminthic properties and to enhance immunity. The freeliving nematode,
Caenorhabditis elegans, is a well established biological model. This model can be used to evaluate
immunomodulation and drug action. This study evaluates the effects of black seed oil exposure on the life cycle
andchemotacticbehaviorofC.elegans.AringofEscherichiacolibacteria(food),onnematodegrowthmediumwas
usedasastimulusforC.elegansmovement.Tennematodeswereplacedinthecenterofanagarplatein0,0.25,
0.50and0.75lofblackseedoil.Overtheorganismsthreedaylifecyclethereproduction(numberofworms),
andchemotaxis(numbermigratingtotheringofbacteriathroughtheblackseedoil)wererecorded.Nematodes
that reached the food were placed onto new seeded plates and allowed to recover and reproduce. The
concentrationofBlackseedoilwasassociatedwithnematodemovement,asthelevelofoilincreased,thenumber
ofwormsonaplatealsoincreased.However,whencomparedtothecontrol(noblackseedoil)thechemotactic
behaviorwasinhibitedat0.25lbutincreasedagainat0.75ulofblackseedoil.Thismaybeassociatedlowdose
hormetic effects from secondary metabolites on C. elegans that may be useful in nematode control by inhibiting
migration.
P60
Enhanced Rhizodegradation of Munitions Explosives in Soil by WarmSeason Grasses. Yang, H.*1, J. Yang1,
C.H.Lin2,R.N.Lerch3 , 1CenterofEnvironmentalScience,LincolnUniversityofMissouri,JeffersonCity,MO65102;
2Center of Agroforestry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; 3USDAARS Cropping Systems and Water
QualityResearchUnit,Columbia,MO65211.
Soil contamination of munitions explosives TNT (2,4.6trinitrotoluene) and RDX (1,3,5hexahydro1,3,5
trinitrotriazine)bymilitaryactivitieshasbeenofpublicandenvironmentalqualityconcern.Thisgrowthchamber
study evaluated the potential of warmseason grasses for enhancing the biodegradation of TNT and RDX in soil.
Eightgrassesweregrowntomaturityinthesoilappliedwith14ClabeledTNTandRDX.Themineralizationrateof
14ClabeledTNTandRDXinsoilasinducedbythegrassspecieswasdeterminedusingalkalitraps(2MNaOH).
Soils,plantleaves,androotswerecollectedandanalyzedfor14CTNTandRDXandtheirdegradativeproductsby
HPLC with UV detector and an inline flow scintillation analyzer (HPLCUVFSA). Results indicated that
switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L., SW) and eastern gammagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides, EG) significantly
enhanced the degradation of TNT or RDX in soil. The rhizodegradation was higher with living plants. Major
environmentalfateofTNTinsoilwasthroughthemineralizationwhiletheRDXfatethroughbothmineralization
155
andplantuptake.ThetwopolarTNTorRDXmetabolitesappearedtobethemajordegradativeproductsresulting
fromplantdetoxification.
GraduateEmergingTechnology
P61
ExploringtheRelationshipbetweenSoilBiologicalPropertiesandSpatialVariationinCO2,N2OandCH4
Efflux in a Secondary Forest in Central Missouri. Hoilett, N.O.*1, N.V. Nkongolo1, S.J. Adisa1, F. Eivazi1, R. J.
Kremer2 and K. Schmidt1, 1Cooperative Research Programs, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO
65102;2USDAARS,CroppingSystemsandWaterQualityResearchUnit;Columbia,MO65211.
Greenhouse gases efflux between the soil and the atmosphere vary immensely within a field because of
the spatial variability of soil properties that control them. Variations in soil microbial activity and function have
beenlinkedtovariationsintemperatureandmoisture.Forexample,nitrifying,denitrifying,andmethanotrophic
bacterialactivitiesaremoistureandortemperaturedependent.However,therelationshipbetweensoilbiological
activityandgreenhousegaseffluxisstillnotfullyunderstood.Ourobjectivewastoexaminetheinfluenceofsoil
microorganisms and microbial activity on the spatial distribution of greenhouse gases in a secondary forest in
central Missouri. Laboratory assessment of soil samples included determination of gas flux rates, microbial
biomass by chloroform fumigation extraction, dissolved organic carbon, and dehydrogenase, and glucosidase
enzymatic activities. Since soil microbial activity drives the carbon and nitrogen cycles, this study will provide
valuableinformationontherelationshipbetweensoilmicrobialpropertiesandspatialvariationofgreenhousegas
effluxes.
P62
Characterization of Epithelial Cell Apical Plasma Membrane Proteins Carrying Endometrial HType 1
(HT1) Antigen. Reevely, A. M.*, U, Tress, and G. R. Newton, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie
ViewA&MUniversity,PrairieView,TX77446.
The family of A, B, H (O) and Lewis histoblood group antigens are widely distributed in human tissues
and undergo changes in expression during cellular differentiation and malignant development. We have shown
that the Htype 1 antigen (HT1) is temporally expressed on the apical surface of sheep and goat endometrial
epithelial cells during the critical period of pregnancy recognition. Evidence also indicates that lectinlike
receptors for HT1 are present on goat conceptuses harvested during the apposition and adhesion phase of
placentation. The goal of this study was to analyze the endometrial epithelial cell apical plasma membrane
proteome and identify key apical membrane proteins carrying HT1. Immortalized sheep luminal epithelial cells
were grown to 9095% confluence. Cells were labeled with SulfoNHSSSBiotin, lysed with and isolated with
immobilized NeutrAvidin Gel. Isolated proteins (50200g) were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate
polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresis(SDSPAGE)andvisualizedusingsilverstaining.AnalysisoftheSDSPAGEgels
detected 8 major protein bands with molecular weights of 196, 70, 65, 51, 42, 38, 32, and 27 kDa and
approximately 20 minor proteins. Western blotting detected six glycoproteins carrying the HT1 antigen with
major bands occurring approximately at molecular weights of 31,33, 42, 55, and 60 and 70 kDa. Future studies
willincludeanalysisoftheseproteinsusing2DSDSPAGEandWesternblottingtechnique.Enzymaticdigestionof
the immunoreactive proteins in 2D gels coupled with MALDITOF mass spectrometry will be used to identify
proteinscarryingtheHT1antigen.
P62A
Molecular Characterization of the Pearl Gray Guinea Fowl through Comparative Analysis of Partial Gene
Sequence Constructs. Kelley*, G., J. Tyus, C. Darris, J. Johnson and S. Nahashon, School of Agriculture and
ConsumerSciences,TennesseeStateUniversity,Nashville,TN37209.
The domesticated guinea fowl (GF) is increasingly becoming an important meat bird for the American
consumer. However, GF improvement programs lag those of other avian species and genetic information to aid
their improvement is scanty. The aim of this study was to generate genetic resource information to aid
improvement of production performance of the GF. Comprehensive complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries of the
liver, adipose tissue, hypothalamus, pituitary and pancreas of the GF were constructed and characterized. An
additionalobjectivewastogenerateexpressedsequencetags(ESTs)toserveasanchorlocifortraitsofinterest.
The liver, adipose tissue, hypothalamus, pituitary and pancreas were excised from sixteen week old Pearl Gray
guinea hens. A partial sequence cDNA library of each tissuetype was constructed using the Stratagene cDNA
library construction kit. DNA sequences were cloned into pBluescript cloning vectors. Approximately 1,000
clones were cyclesequenced by the polymerase chain reaction and the ABI 3100 Avant Genetic Analyzer.
156
Sequences derived from the libraries were aligned to those available through the National Center for
Biotechnology Information (NCBI) databases using the Basic Local Alignment and Search Tool (BLAST). Several
newgenesequences,uniquetotheGF,weregenerated.Mostsequencesexhibitedhighhomology(8094%)with
gene sequences in GenBank such as retinol binding protein, 3hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, transferrin and
fatty acid synthase. The genomic sequence information realized from these cDNA libraries will provide an
invaluable tool for comparative mapping of avian species and understanding of molecular processes associated
withproductionandreproductioninavianspecies.
P63
OrganochlorinePesticideContaminationofTerrestrialandAquaticEcosystemsinNorthAlabama.Golson
Garner,K.*,T.Tsegaye,andP.Okweye,DepartmentofNaturalResources&EnvironmentalSciences,AlabamaA&M
Despiteyearsofdiscontinueduse,OCPspersistinterrestrialandaquaticecosystemsoftheIndianCreek
(ICW)andHuntsvilleSpringBranch(HSBW)watershedsofNorthAlabama.Formorethan25years,impairments
in both fish and macroinvertebrates of the ICW and HSBW have been attributed to elevated levels of OCPs, like
DDT.ThisstudyreportstheconcentrationlevelsandspatialdistributionpatternsofOCPresiduesfoundinwater,
soil,andalluvialsedimentofthesetwowatersheds.Concentrationsfor22OCPsweredeterminedthroughdual
column analysis using GCECD. Interestingly, the OCPs were found to be widely distributed and present at
concentrationsthatexceededcurrentwaterandsedimentqualitycriteria.Detectionsinwaterandsoil/sediment
ranged from 0.0133 to 0.0712 g/kg and 0.96 to 5080 g/kg, respectively. Overall, the highest concentrations
observedwerefortheDDTRs(DDT,DDE,DDD),morespecificallyDDT.ItspredominancewasfollowedbyDDE
(57%), dieldrin (20%) DDD (16%) and endrin ketone (11%). Results also indicated that the DDTR
concentrations were significantly higher in the HSBW. The findings coincided with those from previous studies
conducted in the area and were attributed to variations in absorption, volatilization, plant uptake, microbial
degradation,andotherprocessesaffectingtheretentionofOCPs.
P64
SurveyForEggParasitoidsAttackingCactoblastiscactorumInNorthFlorida.Paraiso,O.*,M.T.K.Kairo,S.
Bloem, and S. Hight. Center for Biological Control, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture,
FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32307.
Interest in the natural enemies of Cactoblastis cactorum, a cactus moth native from Argentina, has
increasedsinceitsaccidentalintroductiontoBahiaHondaKey,Florida,inOctober1989.In1957,C.cactorumwas
introduced onto the Caribbean islands of the Greater Antilles like Bahamas to manage the invasive prickly pear
cactus (Opuntia spp.), as part of a classical biological control program. Unfortunately, little concern was given to
thepotentiallyinjuriousenvironmentalimpactsoftheinsect,ifitwastomoveintotheU.S.Previoussurveysfor
natural enemies in Argentina, identified egg parasitoids from the family Trichogrammatidae as potentially
important.Parasitoidsinthisfamilyhavebeenwidelyusedininundativebiologicalcontrolprograms.Inaneffort
toidentifyeggparasitoidsalreadyestablishedinNorthFloridawhichmightbeusedinsuchaprogramagainstC.
cactorum, surveys were undertaken at 3 locations from July to December 2008. A sample of 20 to 30 of healthy
plants with none to minor larval feeding damage, and a maximum average of 50 pads per plant were chosen at
eachsite.Thefateofpreviouslyidentifiedindividualeggstickswasdeterminedduringweeklyvisitstoeachsiteto
evaluatetheirstatus.Thefatesofeggsticksincludedthefollowingoutcomes:successfulhatch,lost(disappearance
without trace), predation (visible chewing damage), and parasitism (black eggs), or collection (for laboratory
study). This method was successful in identifying egg parasitoids of C. Cactorum and assessing the level of
parasitism. The key egg parasitoid found was Trichogramma pretiosum. The Trichogramma wasp is easily mass
reared in laboratory conditions and also available commercially. Therefore, it could be used as a potential
biologicalcontrolagentagainstC.cactorum.
P65
BiologicalControlofCrownGallDiseaseCausedbyAgrobacteriumtumefaciensUsingBdellovibrioandLike
Organisms. GordonBradley, N. M.*1, 2J. Lu,1 and H.N. Williams, 1Environmental Sciences Institute, Florida A&M
University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, 2College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, Center for
ViticultureandSmallFruitResearch,Tallahassee,Florida32317.
157
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a Gram negative rod shaped soil bacterium that causes the Crown Gall
diseaseinover140speciesofdicotyledonousplants.Economically,A.tumefaciensisaseriouspathogenofgrape
vines,stonefruits,nuttrees,sugarbeets,horseradishandrhubarb.Bdellovibrioandlikeorganisms(BALOs)are
Gramnegative, obligate predatory bacteria which prey on susceptible Gram negative bacteria. One main
characteristic of these predatory bacteria is their unique biphasic life cycle. The present study is a preliminary
attempttousefreshwaterBALOsasabiologicalcontrolagentagainstAgrobacteriumtumefaciensresponsiblefor
causingCrownGallDiseaseingrapeplants.Theexperimentisbeingconductedinacompletelyrandomizeddesign
withtwotreatmentsinreplicates.KnownamountofapurecultureofAgrobacteriumtumefacienswillbeusedasa
preyfortwofreshwaterBALOisolates,BdellovibriostolpiiandBdellovibriostarriiinNB/200broth,respectively.
Bdellovibrio starrii grown with Pseudomonas putida and Bdellovibrio stolpii grown with E.coli as prey serve as
control. The decrease in optical density which indicates the predation by BALOs will be measured by
spectrophotometer and the remaining prey cells will be estimated on LB medium by plate count method. The
studies are at very preliminary stage and there is a possibility that these predatory bacteria can be used as a
biologicalcontrolagentforCrownGallDiseasecausedbyAgrobacteriumtumefaciens.
P66
EffectsofHydrologicalProcessesontheSuwanneeRiverCoastalEcosystem.Nnaji,G.A.*,M.W.GitauandW.
Huang,CivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,CenterforWaterandAirQuality,FloridaAgriculturalandMechanical
Over the years, the Suwannee River has experienced series of high flow and low flow periods. Two
possible extreme conditions which are associated with these hydrological processes are that of flood frequency
duringhighflowsanddroughtreturnyearsduringlowflows.Thecombinedeffectofthesetwoextremeconditions
at different times makes the Suwannee River coastal ecosystem vulnerable to environmental degradation. This
includeshighconcentrationofpollutantsthatoccursduringlowflowperiods.Thisstudyinvestigatestheextentto
which these hydrological processes have affected the Suwannee coastal ecosystem as established through
hydrologicalanalysisofriverflowsintheSuwanneeRiver.Statisticalanalysiswasconductedfor77yearflow.The
flood frequency analyses for river flow were performed using the Weibull fitting positions, while the Lowflow
frequency analysis was carried out using the USGS hydrologicallybased design flow (7Q10) method. The 7Q10
minimum lowflow of about 50 m3/s obtained from the analysis has 8 years nonexceedence during this period.
Theselowflowperiodscouldresultinhighconcentrationofpollutantsandcanbecomeamajorconcernbecause
ofitseffectontheaquaticlifeandecologyoftheentireSuwanneebasin.Thisstudywillhelpusunderstandthe
probability (likelihood) of having low flow periods in the future and also offer insights on how to prevent or
reducetheadverseeffectsoflowflowsontheSuwanneeWatershed.
P67
PlantZonationinCoastalMarshesanditsPotentialtoIndicateClimateandSealevelChanges.Gajewska,I.*,
andY.P.Hsieh,CenterforWaterandAirQuality,FloridaAgriculturalandMechanicalUniversity,Tallahassee,FL
32307.
Coastalflorareflectslocalhydrology,tideandsalinityregimesandthusisverysensitivetosealeveland
climatechanges.Theobjectiveofthisresearchwastoinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenplantzonationpatterns
incoastalmarshesandfactorsofsalinityregime,hydroperiod,andsoilsurfaceelevationthatmayreflectchanges
of sealevel and climate. The study area was located in Saint Marks National Wildlife Refuge of Northwestern
Florida. Various zones of marsh communities in the experimental sites were sampled in 0.25 m2 quadrants for
speciesidentificationandplantcommunityanalysis.Soilporewatersalinityandsoilorganicmattercontentofthe
siteswerealsodetermined.Soilsurfaceelevation,waterlevelandhydroperiodweredeterminedbyselfrecording
waterlevel loggers. The results showed that porewater salinities in low marsh and middle marsh were
consistentlyaround25pptwhereasthoseinthesaltbarrenandvicinitiesweremuchhigher(40120ppt).High
marsh porewater salinity oscillated around 35 ppt. Juncus roemerianus Scheele zone in the low marsh laid on
average 0.8 cm above the Spartina alterniflora Loisel zone. In the middle marsh, the Distichlis spicata Greene/S.
aleterniflora zone laid on average 1.5 cm above the adjacent J. roemerianus zone. Salt barren soil surface was
situated on average 14 cm higher than the middle marsh Distichlis spicata Greene/S. aleterniflora zone. Plant
zonationincoastalmarshesisafunctionofmicrotopography,salinityregimeandhydroperiod.Changesinplant
zonationincoastalmarshescouldbeasensitiveindicatortoclimateandsealevelchanges.
158
P68
Interaction Between Downey Mildew Pathogen (Plasmopara viticola) Inoculated on Susceptible and
Resistant Grapevine Cultivars. Rodrigue, P.*, C. Louime, and J. Lu, Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit
Research,FloridaAandMUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32317.
Downeymildewofgrapes,causedbyfungalpathogenPlasmoparaviticola,isoneofthemostcommonand
destructive fungal diseases of grapes worldwide with potential disastrous economic consequences. It is well
known that some grape species such as Vitis vinifera and Vitis lambrusca are very sensitive to this pathogen
whereas other species such as Vitis rotundifolia (muscadines) are highly resistant. While some environmental
factors play an important role in the development of the disease, the interaction between the agent and its host
tissue represents the key element in the occurrence of the pathology. To understand the manifestations of
interaction between the fungus and the known susceptible and resistant grape cultivars, we observed in vivo
inoculatedleavesofbothresistantandsusceptiblegrapecvs.,underlightandscanningmicroscopy.Differenceof
responsestowardstheinoculantsiscompared.
P69
Evaluation of Extracts of Native and Non Native Plant Species for the Control of Cogongrass (Imperata
Cylindrica L). Reid, L. D.* and O. U. Onokpise, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture,
FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,Florida32307.
CogongrassisoneofthemostinvasivespeciesinFloridaandotherGulfCoastStates.Cogongrassposea
major problem in natural habitats, on forested lands, rightsofway and interstate highways. The present study
was undertaken to evaluate the performance of cogongrass when grown in extracts of Chenopodium and muhly
grass.Rametsandgenetsofcogongrassweretransplantedintomagentavesselscontaining75%solutionofroot
andshootextractsofChenopodiumandmuhlygrass,andplacedmagentavesselsinagrowthchambermaintained
at 28oC, at a 16/8hour photoperiod and at a relative humidity of 55 %. Ramets and genets of cogongrass were
evaluatedoneperweekforgrowthofshootandroot,aswellasextensionofrhizomeaftertransplanting.Results
show that the extracts of muhly grass and Chenopodium reduced shoot growth and rhizome extension of
cogongrass.Themuhlygrassshoot extracts alongwiththe Chenopodiumleafextractswerethemost effective in
reducing the performance of cogongrass compared to muhly grass root extracts and Chenopodium root extracts.
Root: shoot ratios of cogongrass also decreased by 5075%. Thus, muhly grass and Chenopodium extracts may
containsomeallelochemicalsthatcouldimpacttheinvasivenessofcogongrass.
P70
Effect of Select Surfactants On Corn Nutrient Uptake. Banks, M. L.*, and F. Eivazi, Cooperative Research
Programs,LincolnUniversityofMissouri,JeffersonCity,MO65101.
Surfactantsareadjuvantsthatfacilitateandaccentuatetheemulsifying,dispersing,spreading,wetting,or
other surface modifying properties of liquids. Many pesticides require the addition of a surfactant to improve
pesticide performance in spray solution. Soils are one of the direct recipients of surfactants and little is known
about the behavior and fate of these chemicals on soil ecosystem. Surfactants may compete with nutrients,
pesticides, or heavy metals for the adsorption sites in soil. The objective of this study was to determine the
interactionbetweensurfactantswithmacroandmicronutrientuptakebycornplants.Thefollowingcategoriesof
surfactants with trade names of Activator, Agridex, and Thrust were used. A greenhouse experiment was
conductedusingtwodifferenttypesofsoils.Airdriedsoilswerecombinedwithsandinpotsatthefollowingrate:
2000gsoil/1000gsand.Theabovesoilmixturefromeachsitewasplacedin8inchdiameter,2gallonpots.Each
pot was fertilized with 201010 arranged randomly. Hybrid sweet corn was planted in each pot and after
germination,2plantswerelefttogrowineachpotfortheperiodof6weeks.Visualobservationswererecorded
during the experiment. Some nutrient deficiency symptoms were noted. The harvested corn foliage, and roots
weredriedandgroundandanalyzedformacroandmicronutrientcontent.
GraduateRenewableResourceandEnvironmentalStewardship
P71
Process Optimization and Adsorption Modeling of NutshellBased Activated Carbons for Drinking Water
Purification. Rehrah, D.*, S. Niandou, M. Ahmedna, and J. Yu, Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Carolina
AgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,NC27411.
Contaminationofwellwaterduetopesticides,metals,nitrates,andbiologicalagentsrepresentsaserious
environmental problem that affects the safety of drinking water in rural areas. Affordable means are needed to
meet the water purification needs for rural residents. This study was conducted to optimize the production of
159
pecanshellbasedactivatedcarbons(PSACs)fordrinkingwaterpurificationapplications,evaluateandmodeltheir
adsorptionbehavior,andtestPSACsprototypefiltersusingsimulatedwellwater.TheproductionofPSACswas
optimizedviaphysicalactivation(CO2andsteam),chemicalactivation(KOH,NaHCO3orH3PO4)oracombination
of both. Physicochemical, surface, and adsorption properties of PSACs were evaluated and compared to those of
two commercial carbons. Batch and fixedbed column experiments were performed to model PSACs adsorption
behaviors. PSACs surface areas ranged from 4001100 m2/g, with acidactivatedcarbons exhibiting the highest
surface area, surface charge, yield, and density. Overall, PSACs exhibited better adsorption capacity for targeted
contaminantsthanthecommercialcarbons.Adsorptionmodelingrevealedthatadsorptionoftargetedcompounds
by PSACs follows the Freundlich adsorption model. KOH activated carbons achieved the highest metal removal
while CO2 activated carbons achieved the highest nitrate uptake despite their low surface area, highlighting the
importance of the right balance between total surface area and surface charge. Findings from this study
demonstratethatpecanshellscouldbeusedinwaterfiltrationsystemsandprovideeffectiveuseofanagricultural
byproduct. Filters will add value to the agricultural sector and provide consumers with inexpensive means to
purifytheirwater.
P72
EffectsofHurricaneGustavontheUrbanForestintheCityofCentral,EastBatonRougeParish,Louisiana.
Preutt, J.*, Y. Qi, and D. J. Collins, Urban Forestry Program, Southern University and A&M College and Southern
UniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter,BatonRouge,LA70813.
HurricaneGustavmadelandfallontheLouisianaGulfCoastonSeptember1st,2008asaCategory2hurricane
impactingtheCityofCentral,LouisianaandEastBatonRougeParish(County),Louisiana.Theimpacttotheurban
forestcamethroughacombinationofwindandrain.Sustainedwindspeedswererecordedat60milesperhourat
the Baton Metropolitan airport with gusts up to 90 miles per hour. During the storm, healthy trees were also
affected due to a combination of wind direction change and wind strength. A study was completed after the
hurricane to examine the locations and a total of 19 species of fallen trees within the City of Central, Louisiana
looking at highways/main road ways and subdivision roads. The City of Central is a combination of rural and
urban areas with over 50 percent forest area. The study covered over 70 percent of the roads using a window
surveytechniquecollectingdataon387trees.Over125,000cubicyardsofstormdebristotalwascollectedinthe
Central area as a result of Hurricane Gustav. The results of the study determined that highways/main streets
contained the most fallen trees. The most affected species were determined to be water oaks (39.02 percent),
Southernredoak/cherrybarkoak(24.81percent),andloblollypines(18.86percent).
P73
Comparative Analysis between Tree Radar Unit and Picus Sonic Tomography for Tree Decay Detection.
Chappell,C.C.*,UrbanForestryProgram,SouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter,Baton
Rouge,LA70813.
Peoplefrequentlyareunawareinurbanenvironmentsofrisksassociatedwithpoortreehealth.Thetree
healthcareprofessionalisstrengthenedbytoolswhenassessingtheinternalhealthoftreesandinmakingcritical
diagnosesandrecommendations.Thispaperreportstheapplicationoftreeradarunittomographyandpicussonic
tomographyfordetectionofinternaldecaycomparison.Thesesystemsareconsideredtobenoninvasivetonearly
noninvasive tools to assess the internal health of trees. In this study, a comparison was made between the
protocol methods of each system. The noninvasive tree radar unit uses electromagnetic waves to determine
internaldecay.Conversely,thenearlynoninvasivepicussystemappliestheprincipleofsoundtodetectnonsolid
wood. The Water Oak (Quercus nigra) species was the specimen selected in this study, particularly because the
WaterOakisknowntopresentstructuraldefectsandtherebypresentingagreathazardpotentialforLouisiana.
ThelocaleofthisinvestigationwasthecampusofSouthernUniversityinBatonRouge,Louisiana.Thetreesinthis
studywerevariedindiametertoallowtheseriesofcomparisonstodisplayamorecompleteunderstandingofthe
capabilitiesofeachsystem.Theresultsillustratetheperformanceofeachsystemintheformofatomogram,which
providesvisualaccountsofoccurrencesinsidethetrees.
P74
MicrobialDiversityandEnzymeActivityinSoilswithThreeRatesofApplicationofPoultryLitterinBlack
Belt Soils in Alabama. King, S.* and R.O. Ankumah, Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences,
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Poultry litter is an abundant byproduct of the poultry industry in the south eastern states of the US.
Disposalofthisbyproductisamajorconcerntofarmersandenvironmentalists.Poultrylitterisarichsourceof
organicN,P,andK,plantnutrientsandisrelativelycheap,inlightoftheincreasecostofinorganicfertilizersdue
to rising petroleum costs; many limited resource livestock farmers are looking at poultry litter as a possible
substitute.Currentlyitisnotcleartowhatextentdifferentratesofpoultrylitterappliedcanaffectsoilmicrobial
communities. The current recommended rates of poultry litter is two tons/acre therefore, the objective of this
study was to apply 0, 2, and 4 tons of poultry litter/acre and to determine microbial and enzyme activities
following the planting of winter wheat followed by a summer annual sorghum x sudangrass. The design of the
studywascarriedoutbasedonratesofapplicationovertime.Randomsamplesweretakenfromthethreeratesof
application, from these samples microbial diversity and enzyme activity will be determined. Microbial Diversity
willbeassessedusingDGGE(DenaturingGradientGelElectrophoresis),Phosphomonoesteraseacidandalkaline
andPhosphodiesterasewillbeusedtodetermineenzymeactivity.
P75
Larval Collection and Observed Movements of Telemetered Bigmouth Sleeper Gobiomorus Dormitor in
PuertoRico.Adelsberger,C.*,J.W.Neal,andS.Lochmann,DepartmentofAquacultureandFisheries,Universityof
ArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
Ingeneral,thereislittlepublishedinformationabouttropicalfreshwaterlarvalfishes.However,thereisa
growinginterestinconservingandenhancingnativefreshwaterfisheriesintropicalregionsworldwide.Effective
managementandcultureforstockenhancementrequiresathoroughunderstandingoflifehistory.InPuertoRico,
thebigmouthsleeperGobiomorusdormitorisfoundinriversandreservoirs,targetedbyanglers,andisacandidate
for culture and management. The life history requirements of bigmouth sleeper are uncertain, so conditions for
culture are unknown. This study examined spawning location and migration using larval sampling and radio
telemetry.Larvalsamplingwasconductedduringthepresumedspawningseasonin2007for24hourperiodsin
tworivermouths.Insummer2008,larvaeweresampledfor12hourperiodsinoneriveratfourlocations(river
mouth, 3 km, 6 km, and 9 km upstream). Radio tagged bigmouth sleepers were released in January 2008, and
monitored from February to November. Bigmouth sleeper larvae were caught at the surface and bottom in drift
nets and light traps. Bigmouth sleeper larvae appeared only in river mouth samples, and no fish larvae were
caught upstream of the river mouth. Observed movement of adult bigmouth sleeper suggested that some fish
migrated to the river mouth, and at least one left the river system, returning several months later. It is unclear
whether these movements were directly related to spawning activity, but it was apparent that larval bigmouth
sleeperlikelyspendsomeperiodinhighsalinitywatertocompleteitslifecycle.
P76
Minimizing Surface Water Pollution Using Dry Poultry Litter Incorporation Technology on NoTill Soils.
Kibet,L.C.*1,A.L.Allen1,P.Kleinman2,C.Church2,G.Feyereisen2andL.Saporito2,1DepartmentofAgriculture,Food
and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, 2USDAARS, University
Park,PA,16803.
Poultry production on Delmarva (DE, MD, and VA) is the primary source of manure used to fertilize
farmland. Thus, there is concern over pollution due to runoff that affects the health of the Chesapeake Bay.
WidespreadadoptionofnotillonDelmarvaandtheusualpracticeofsurfaceapplicationofpoultrylitterhaveled
to nutrient transport in runoff. This project investigates the effectiveness of a new poultry litter incorporation
technologyincontrollingnutrientandtraceelementrunofffromDelmarvanotillsoilstosurfacewaterbodies.A
poultry litter incorporator was tested at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore Research Farm in Princess
Anne,MD.Litterwasappliedatarateof4tons/acreimmediatelybeforecorn(ZeamaysL.)planting.Theresearch
sitewasanotillfieldundercornsoybean(GlycinemaxL.)rotationthathadpreviouslyreceivedpoultrylitterfor
roughly30years.Threelitteramendmenttreatmentsbroadcast,litterincorporatorandbroadcast/diskedwere
comparedwithanunamendedcontrol.Lysimetersweresubjectedtorainfallsimulation(1hr,6.06cm/hr)15and
42 days after litter application. Runoff was analyzed for total solids, phosphorus (dissolved reactive and total),
nitrogen(nitrate,ammoniumandtotalKjeldahl),anddissolvedandparticulateformsoftraceelements(arsenic,
selenium,mercury,cadmium).Giventheabilityofthepoultrylitterincorporatortoplacepoultrylitterbelowthe
soil surface without substantial disturbance, we expect this technology to decrease transfers of manure
constituentstorunoffwaterrelativetobroadcastingandbroadcastingfollowedbytillage.
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P77
MicrobialEcologyofBioenergyfromWasteBiomass.Mpabanga,T.*1 ,A.M.Smith1,2,,R.Turner1,D.H.Huber1,
Gus R Douglass Institute, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station, West Virginia State University,
Institute,WV25112.
WestVirginiaStateUniversityoperatesapilotplantthermophilicanaerobicdigesterthathasbeenusedto
treat poultry farm waste for seven years. Anaerobic digestion is one type of microbial energy conversion where
organicwasteistransformedintobioenergythroughacomplexmetabolicnetworkinvolvingprimarilyunknown
bacteria. We are studying the diversity of bacteria in digesters in order to understand their functional roles in
decompositionandbioenergyproduction,andtoimproveprocessmanagement.Ouranalysishasbeenfocusedon
definingtheecologicalstructureofthemicrobialcommunitiesintwotypesofthermophilicdigesters:continuous
stirredtankandbiofilmreactors.Microbialcommunitystructurewassampledusingseveralcultureindependent
approachesthataccess16SrDNAdiversity,includingtheconstructionof16SrRNAgenelibraries.Inthepilotplant
digester,Chao1statisticalanalysisprojectsabout200differentbacteriaatthe97%rDNAsimilaritylevelwhich
roughly corresponds to species. The biofilm digester contained greater diversity than the pilot plant and some
distinct populations. The primary methanogen found in the digesters was Methanobacterium. The majority of
bacterialdiversity,includingdominantphylotypes,representsnovelspecies,genera,familiesorhighertaxonomic
groups.
P78
AssessingNitrateContaminationinPrivateWellsintheBlackBeltCountiesofAlabama.Hampton*,M.,R.O.
AnkumahandL.Githinji,DepartmentofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,
AL36088.
Groundwateristheworldslargestsourceoffreshwaterandinmanypartsoftheworld,theonlysource
fordrinkingwater.IntheUnitedStates,98%ofthefreshwatersupplyisgroundwater.TheAlabamaDepartment
of Environmental Management (ADEM) has reported 696 public water systems in Alabama with 72% of them
utilizing groundwater sources. Nitrate (NO3) contamination of the groundwater as a result of human activities
reduces the supply of safe drinking water and poses a public health threat. High levels of NO3 may cause
methemoglobinemiaespeciallyininfantslessthansixmonthsofage.PreviousstudiesinsomeAlabamacounties
reportedthatmorethan30%ofselectedruralwellshadNO3levelsabove10mg/Lmaximumcontaminantlevel.
The objective of this study was to evaluate NO3 contamination in private wells in selected BlackBelt and Non
BlackBeltcountiesinAla.Theresearchmethodologyinvolvedtheuseofquestionnairesurveys.Eachwellowner
was given a questionnaire to score the level of various factors contributing to NO3 levels, including agricultural
input (pesticide use, fertilizer use, and crop type), septic tank distance, well depth and distance to the animal
houses. Logistic regression was applied to relate the dependent variable, NO3N concentration, to independent
variables(factors).Theresultsshowedthatthewelldepthsignificantly(P<0.01)affectedtheNO3Nlevelofthe
wells in both Black belt and Nonblack belt counties. Although not significant, the presence of septic tank use
correspondedwithhigherNO3Nlevels.
P79
Assessing the Impact of Land Use Practices on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loading in Two Creeks of the
AlabamaBasinUsingPLOADModel.Gurung*,D.,R.O.AnkumahandL.Githinji.DepartmentofAgriculturaland
EnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
Surface water can be contaminated by human activities including point source and nonpoint source
(NPS) pollution. The latter is the nations largest water quality problem. In Alabama, NPS pollution accounts for
twothirds of the water quality impairments in streams and lakes. Major known contributors to impairment in
Alabama were found to be organics, low dissolved oxygen (DO), nutrients, pesticides, pathogens and siltation.
StatesarerequiredbytheCleanWaterActtodraftthetotalmaximumdailyloads(TMDL)ofpollutantsinwaters
thatarenotmeetingtheiruseclassification.TheEPAcreatedtheBetterAssessmentScienceIntegratingPointand
Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) modeling framework for use in developing TMDL, which requires GIS Arc view
Software.Theobjectivesofthisstudyweretoassesstheloadingsofnitrogenandphosphorusintwocreeksofthe
Alabama River Basin and test whether PLOAD (Pollutant Loading), a sub model of BASINS, can predict these
loadingsaccurately.ThestudycomparedthemodeledoutputsofPLOADincludingtheconcentrationofnitrogen
and phosphorus with the concentration of these elements as analyzed in the laboratory. Water samples were
collected from selected study sites during different seasons of the year. In situ temperature, pH, total dissolved
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solid, conductivity, and DO were determined in the field. Nitrate concentration of each sample was determined
usingHACHDR/4000spectrophotometer.TotalNandtotalPwereanalyzedusingtheperoxodisulfateoxidation
methodandorthophosphateusingtheascorbicacidmethod.Thecreeksassociatedwithagriculturallandshowed
relativelyhigherconcentrationsofnitrogenandphosphorus.
P80
TheEffectsofTillagePracticesonSelectedSoilEnzymeActivitiesandParameters.Giles*,K.,R.O.Ankumah
andL.GithinjiandW.McElhenney,DepartmentofAgricultureandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,
Tuskegee,AL36088.
Soil management practices including tillage affect biological and physical processes in and therefore
overall soil quality. Soil enzyme activity has been proposed as a means of monitoring the soil quality, however
thereisinadequatedocumentationofwhichenzymesactivitiesbestreflectoverallsoilquality.Twophosphatase
enzymes (phosphomonoesterases and phosphodiesterase) have been suggested as possible indicators of soil
quality. This study evaluated the effect of two tillage systems on selected soil enzyme activity and their
relationshiptoselectedsoilparameters.Asplitplotdesignwasusedwithtwotreatments,conventionaltill(CT)
and no till (NT), replicated four times at two soil depths (05 cm and 515 cm). The results showed significant
higherenzymeactivityinNTcomparedtoCTpractices.Acidphosphomonoesteraseslevelswerealsosignificantly
higher at 515 cm depths in the NT plots compared to CT. Percent organic carbon was significantly higher
(p<0.01)intheNTand05depthcomparedtotheCTand515cmdepth.Soilbulkdensitywaslowerbetween0
and5cmsoilcomparedtobetween5and15cmforbothCTandNT.Theresultsshowedasignificantcorrelation
(r=0.938p<0.01)betweenthealkalinephosphomonoesteraseandphosphodiesterase.Therewasastrongpositive
correlation between the organic matter and the phosphatase enzymes, the highest value being for the alkaline
phosphomonoesterase (r=0.958 p<0.01). These results suggest that the phosphomono and diesterases may be
possiblecandidatesforevaluatingcarbonsequestrationundervarioustillagepractices.
P81
Evaluation of Rates of Poultry Litter Application on Soil Microbial Diversity and Enzyme Activity in Soils
with Three in Black Belt Soils in Alabama. King*, S., R. O. Ankumah and L. Githinji, E. Rhoden and V. Khan,
Poultry litter is an abundant byproduct of the poultry industry in the south eastern states of the US.
Disposalofthisbyproductisamajorconcerntofarmersandenvironmentalists.Poultrylitterisarichsourceof
organicplantnutrientsincludingN,P,andK,andisrelativelycheapercomparedtoinorganicfertilizerswhichare
affected by rising petroleum costs. Many resource limited livestock farmers are looking at poultry litter as a
possiblesubstituteforinorganicfertilizers.Soilmicrobialcommunitiesareveryimportantincarbonsequestration
and also influence the fate of nitrogen and phosphorus resulting from litter application. The effect of litter
applicationonmicrobialcommunitiesandenzymeactivityisthereforeimportanttotheresultingsoilqualityand
itsimpactontheenvironment.However,thereislimitedinformationastohowlitterapplicationsaffectthesoil
microbialcommunities,enzymeactivitiesandcarbonsequestration.Inthisstudytheeffectofdifferentapplication
rates of poultry litter (0, 2, and 4 tons litter/acre) on soil microbial communities, enzyme activity and carbon
sequestrationundercropped(winterwheatfollowedbyasummerannualsorghumxSudangrassanduncropped
systemswereevaluated.Atwofactorexperimentwascarriedoutbasedonthethreeratesofapplicationandtwo
croppingsystems.Randomsamplesweretakenfromthecorrespondingplotsandmicrobialdiversityandenzyme
activities determined. Microbial diversity was determined using the DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel
Electrophoresis). Results for showed significant difference in acid phosphomonoesterase (p<0.05) between the
croppingsystem.
P82
Evaluation of Soil Enzyme Activity and Microbial Diversity As Measures of Wetland Function Along a
Forested Transect in Macon County, AL. Haugabrooks, E. *, R. O. Ankumah, M. Corley, R. Smith and W.
McElhenney,DepartmentofAgricultureandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
Wetlandsconservationisstillamajorenvironmentalissue.Thecurrentmethodsforevaluatingwetlands
andtheeffectivenessofwetlandmitigationusevegetation,soiltype,andperiodofinundationasprimaryfactors.
Manyresearchershavequestionedtheefficacyofmitigatedwetlandsandsomeresearchsuggeststhatmitigated
wetlandsdonotfunctionlikenaturalorreferencewetlands.Inresponsetotheseconcernsnewmethodsarebeing
evaluatedthatareabletoreflectwetlandfunctionalitycomparedtocurrentmethods.Amongthemethodsbeing
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proposed are the use of soil enzyme activity. In this study we evaluate the possible use of the
phosphormonoesterases and phosphodiesterases as possible measures of wetland activity in a forested wetland
transectinMaconCounty,AL.Phosphataseactivitiesandselectedsoilparametersweremeasuredalonganorthto
south transect in a Macon County, AL wetland site. Samples were taken in transects starting in a wetland grid
through a transitional grid ending in uplands. The phosphatases were measured using methods described by
Tabatabietal.SoilC,NandSandpHwerealsomeasuredinthesesoilsamples.Thesoilsinthewetlandtransects
were found to have significantly higher phosphatase activity and percent organic compared to those in the
transitional and upland transects. However alkaline phosphomonoesterase activities showed a stronger
correlationtoorganiccarbonthanphosphodiesteraseactivities.Therewasalsoastrongrelationshipbetweenthe
activityofphosphodiesteraseandalkalinephosphomonoesterase.Microbialdiversitywasalsofoundtobehigher
inwetlandanduplandsoilscomparedtotransitionsoils.
P83
LeafLevel Physiological Activities of Rhododendron Maximum in Response to Several Environmental
Factors. Hall, E. E.*, Urban Forestry Program, Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center,
BatonRouge,LA70813.
Leaflevel gas exchange was measured in response to temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD),
photosynthetic active radiation, and daily drydown periods from ten containergrown Rhododendron maximum
plants.Diurnalpatternsofnetphotosynthesis,stomatalconductance,andtranspirationwerealsomeasuredand
showedamorningincreaseuntilitreachedapeakduringmidday,followedbyadeclineduringtheeveninginall
ageclasses.Forallmeasurements,thethreedifferentageclassesvariedsignificantly,withtheoneyearoldfoliage
exhibiting the highest rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. Leaf water potential
measurements during a drydown period indicated R. maximum is sensitive to water stress. Rhododendron
maximum leaves require midtemperature ranges, low VPD levels, and low light intensities to reach maximum
mean net photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates. Stomatal conductance increased
withincreasingnetphotosynthesis,andtranspirationincreasedlinearlywithstomatalconductancewheninduced
stresswasnotafactor.
P84
DevelopingaRiskAssessmentMapoftheU.S.GulfCoastforSuddenOakDeath.
Pruett,J*1.,D.J.Collins1,P.Tooley2,D.Luster2,andF.Namwamba1,1UrbanForestryProgram,SouthernUniversity
and A&M College, and Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center and 2USDA/ARS Foreign
DiseaseWeedScienceResearchUnit,Ft.Detrick,MD21702.
Phytophthora ramorum is the causal agent of Sudden Oak Death and Ramorum blight. P. ramorum is a
fungalpathogenthathascausedextensivemortalityofQuercusspp.inCalifornia,Oregon,andCanada.Thedisease
can be found in nurseries and nature. The disease is identified by bleeding cankers and browning leafs on the
crown. The pathogen is thought to be dispersed locally by rain splash, winddriven rain, irrigation or ground
water. Long distance spread may be by movement of contaminated plant material, growing media, and in soil
carriedonvehicles,machinery,orfootwear.P.ramorumisathreattoforestsintheGulfCoastregionoftheU.S.It
ishypothesizedthatpropagulesofP.ramorumfrominfectedplantsinlocalnurseriesmayenterlocalwaterways
and infected forests in the region. Understory host plants are key indicators where P. ramourum infections may
occur in forest of the Gulf Coast. The objective of this study is to use GPS and GIS applications to determine
locations of understory host plants and potential inoculum transportation through local waterways. Over 50
understory host species have been identified such as Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria),
Sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), and Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin). We will present a risk assessment/local
waterwaymapoftheGulfCoastforSuddenOakDeath.Plansarealsounderwaytoscreenotherunderstoryplants
forreactiontoP.ramorum.
GraduateStudentRenewableResourcesandEnvironmentalStewardship
P85
Assessing the Application of GIS/GPS Technology in Detecting Citrus Trees in Urban Environments for
EnhancedDiseaseMonitoringandSurveyActivities.
Zepherin, T. *1, B. Watkins1, D. J. Collins1, J. Preuett1 W. Spitzer2, and F. Namwamba1, 1Urban Forestry Program,
SouthernUniversityandA&MCollegeandSouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter,Baton
Rouge,LA70813;2USDAAPHISPPQ,StatePlantHealthDirector,BatonRouge,LA70815.
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TheLouisianacitrusindustryisvaluedat6milliondollars.Plantdiseasesareamajorconstrainttothe
statescitrusindustrybyreducingyieldandqualityoffruit.Citrusisalsogrowninhomeownersyardsinurban
environments.Highconsequencecitrusdiseasessuchascitrusgreening(CandidatusLiberibacterspp.)whichwas
recentlydiscoveredinLouisianainMay2008andcanker(Xanthomonasaxonopodispv.citri)canoccurinurban
environmentsandpotentiallyspreadtocommercialorchards.Currently,controlmeasuresincludeeradicationof
diseased trees and quarantine of infected areas. Federal and state regulatory agencies search for host trees in
urban areas by windshield surveys. The objective of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of using GIS/GPS
technologyandhighresolutionaerialphotoandsatelliteimagestopinpointthelocationofcitrustreesinurban
environments to enhance the planning of survey activities. Citrus trees in north Baton Rouge, Louisiana were
surveyed and mapped using GEOexplorer hand help GPS unit (Trimble) GIS maps of citrus locations were
generatedbyArcGIS9.2software(ESRI,Inc.)Preliminarydatashowthatcitrustreescanbeidentifiedbyaerial
photographs. Additional studies are underway to further refine the detection of citrus in urban environments.
Usingremotesensingtechnologytodetectcitrustreesintheurbanforestcanbeusefultoregulatoryagenciesin
planningwhichareastotargetfordiseasemonitoringandsurveyactivities.
P86
Dissemination of Fecal Coliforms in Juniper Creek Watershed, NW Florida. Rolle, K. A.*, M.W. Gitau and G.
Chen,CivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,CenterforWaterandAirQuality,FloridaAgriculturalandMechanical
There is increasing concern regarding disease causing microorganisms within watersheds, and their
impactsonwaterquality.Microorganismsofconcernincludebacteria,viruses,andparasitesemanatingfromnon
pointsources.Inparticular,theJuniperCreekofNorthwestFloridaislistedasimpairedforcoliformbacteriawith
levels often exceeding the 400cfu/100mL fecal coliform criteria. Bacteria in this watershed, is as a result of
livestockproductionaccountingforoverninetyeightpercentoftheloads.Animalwaste,wildlife,andreclaimed
wastewater from septic tanks account for a small percentage. This study investigates the dissemination of fecal
coliformsinJuniperCreek.Fecalcoliformtransportwasfirstinvestigatedbymeansofcolumnexperimentsinthe
laboratory.Laboratoryfecalcoliformstransportdatawereanalyzedusingthemobile/immobiletworegionmodel,
with a view to estimating dissemination in the watershed. We first present simulated data for fecal coliforms
transport showing changes with time. We then present predictions of bacteria contamination based on model
simulationresults.Finallywediscussourresultsoffecalcoliformstransportconsideringthewatershedscale.This
studywillprovideinformationthatcanbeusedtosupportoperationstrategiesforanimalwastelandapplications
andreclaimedwastewaterwithregardstomaximumdailyloadofpathogenicbacteria.
P87
The Anatomy and Morphology of Four Different Hibiscus Accessions. Ferchaud, V. A.*, Y. Qi and K. L. Chin,
Urban Forestry Program, Southern University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Baton Rouge, LA
70813.
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) belongs to the family Malvacease. Roselle has been popular for its high
nutritionalandmedicinalattributes.AlthoughRoselleiscultivatedthroughoutthetropicsandwarmerregions,it
isnonnativetotheUnitedStates.ScientistsatSouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenterare
collecting different Roselle accessions and conducting field trials to search for the best variety suitable for
Louisianaclimate.FourdifferentHibiscusaccessionsfromIndia,Malaysia,Nigeria,andSouthAfrica,weregrown
ontheSouthernUniversityHorticulturalFarm,inBatonRouge,LA.Anatomyandmorphologywerestudiedusing
the research compound and stereomicroscopy. The aim is to ascertain the importance of leaf anatomical and
morphological features in establishing intraspecific relationship among these accessions. The Indian, and
Malaysian hibiscus leaves have 15 lobes that are slender, glabrous, palmately compound, and are arranged
alternatelyonthestems.SouthAfricanhibiscushas15lobes,palmatelysimpleandarrangedalternatelyonthe
stems.Nigerianhibiscushas13lobes,slender,glabrous,palmatelycompoundandalternatelyonthestems.The
leaf margins are sharp toothedged with petiolated stems. Anthocyanins were found in all four accessions. The
NigerianandSouthAfricaaccessionsexhibitedmoreanthocyaninsontheadaxial(top)surfaceoftheleavesthan
theIndianandMalaysianaccessions.Theanalysisoftheleavesindicatedthattheseaccessionspossessedsimilar
yet different anatomical and morphological characteristics when cultivated in the new climatic zone. The
165
biosystematic implication of these findings will be useful in light of current and future research for Roselle
cultivation.
P88
AnthelminticResistanceonMidAtlanticU.S.Farms:ResultsObtainedUsinginvitroDrenchRiteLarval
Development Assays. Crook, E. K.*1, D. J. OBrien1, N.C. Whitley2, and R.M Kaplan3, 1Department of Agriculture,
Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, 2Cooperative Extension Program, North Carolina A&T State
University,Greensboro,NC27420,3DepartmentofInfectiousDiseases,UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602.
The DrenchRite Larval Development Assay (LDA) was used to evaluate anthelmintic resistance of
gastrointestinalnematodes(GIN)insheepandgoatsintheMidAtlanticU.S.Pooledfecalsamplesfromatleast10
animalsoneachfarmwerecollectedfromsixteenfarmsinDE(5goatfarms),MD(3sheepand5goatfarms),VA(2
sheep farms) and PA (1 sheep farm). Fecal egg counts were conducted as a prescreen using the Modified
McMaster technique to ensure that eggs per gram of pooled samples were 500. Fecal samples were then
expressed shipped to the University of Georgia, where the LDA was conducted to determine the presence of
resistance to benzimidazole (BZ), levamisole (LEV), ivermectin (IVM), and moxidectin (MOX). In DE, 5/5 farms
testedhadGINthatwereresistanttoBZ,1/5resistanttoLEV,5/5resistanttoIVM,and3/5resistanttoMOX.In
MD,8/8farmstestedhadGINresistanttoBZ,1/8suspectedresistanttoLEV,6/8resistantorlowresistanttoIVM
and4/8resistantorlowresistanttoMOX.InVA,2/2farmstestedhadGINresistanttoBZ,0/2resistanttoLEV,
2/2resistanttoIVM,and2/2resistantorlowresistanttoMOX.InPA,thesinglefarmtestedhadGINresistance
only to BZ. These data indicate that anthelmintic resistance in the MidAtlantic area is a serious problem and is
likelyontherise.Giventheseresults,itisimportantthatsmartdrenchingtechniquesbebroadlyinstituted,and
alternativemeansofparasitecontrolevaluated.
P89
PumpkinSeedsFailtoHaveAnthelminticEffectsinMeatGoats.Eierman,J.*1,D.J.OBrien1,E.K.Crook1,N.C.
Whitley2, and J.E. Miller3, 1Department of Agriculture, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, 2Cooperative
Extension Program, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27420, 3Department of Veterinary
Science,LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge,LA70803.
Twentytwomixedsex,crossbredgoatsaveraging185.11.9daysofagewereusedtoevaluatetheeffect
ofpumpkinseedsongastrointestinalparasiteindicators.Goatswereplacedinindividualpensonsolidconcrete
floors(=day0)andreceivedpreweighedrationsofacommerciallypelleted15%CPmeatgoatfeeddailyforthe
21daystudy.Animalsweresupplementedwithgroundpumpkinseeds(PUM;n=11/trt)mixedintofeedatarate
of 170 g/34.1 kg body weight or were not supplemented (CON; n=11/trt) and were allocated to treatment to
account for age, FAMACHA scores and initial body weight and fecal egg counts (FEC). Fecal samples (to
determine FEC using the Modified McMasters technique) and blood samples (to determine packed cell volume;
PCV)werecollectedatdays0,7,14and21.Bodyweightwassimilarbetweenthetwogroupsatalltimepoints
measuredandaveraged24.11.0kgforallanimals.GoatPCVtended(P<0.06)tobeinfluencedbyday,averaging
37.81.2,30.81.8%,34.11.7and33.61.7%fordays0,7,14and21,respectively.GoatFECwasnotinfluenced
bytreatmentorday,averaging5965.3795.7,6411.21823.8,3425.0413.5,and3655.0631.1eggspergram
onday0,7,14,and21,respectively.Inthisstudy,pumpkinseedswerenoteffectiveinreducingFECinmeatgoat
kids.Morestudiesareneededtoevaluatetheuseofnaturalplantdewormersinsmallruminants.
P90
ComparisonofGrowthPerformanceforPigsFedGarlicAdditive.Martinez,M.*1,T.White1,T.Barrios1,H.J.
Lee2 and S. H. Oh1,1Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University,
Greensboro, NC, 27411, 2Department of Nutrition and Culinary Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong,
Kyunggi,Korea.
Feed additives have been used to increase growth performance as well as immunity in animals for the
benefitofconsumers/producers.Theobjectiveofthisexperimentistocomparetheeffectsofgarlicpowderonthe
growth performance of post weaning pigs. Eighty commercial weaned pigs were divided into four groups, and
eachgroupwasgivenbyadifferenttreatment.Treatmentswerecontrol(nogarlic),0.05%,0.10%,and0.20%of
garlic power, which were produced in Euisung, South Korea. Each treatment was added into a weighed normal
ration.Weightsofpigsweremeasuredindividually,andtheamountoffeedintakewascollectedtodeterminethe
growthperformanceover10days.Averagedailygain(ADG)andfeedefficiency(FE)werecalculatedassumingall
pigswerefedequally.TheresultsofgeneralizedlinearmodelinSASshowedthat0.05%groupwassignificantly
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higher than other two groups in ADG and FE (P<0.01). The results of the repeated measurements analysis over
timeshowedthatinteractionbetweentreatmenteffectsonthenumberofdays,aswellasthenumberofdayeffect
is significant. No interaction between gender and number of days was reported. As a result, there were Further
study will be needed to investigate the effect of garlic powder on cold stress in pigs, especially in outdoor
environments.
P91
CharacterizationofInsectPestsofCruciferVegetablesinSmallHolderConventionalandOrganicFarmsin
NorthFlorida.Lewis,K.M.*,M.T.K.KairoandM.Haseeb,CenterforBiologicalControl,CollegeofEngineering
Sciences,TechnologyandAgriculture,FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32307.
Agoodknowledgeofpestproblemsandtheirinteractionsisvitalinordertodevelopeffectiveintegrated
pest management programs. The occurrence and abundance of pests is continuously changing as new invasive
pestsemerge,orchangingcroppingpracticesleadtoevolutionofnewones.Theoccurrenceofvariousinsectpests
onthreecrucifervegetablesincludingcabbage,collardgreensandlettucewerequantifiedfromMay2008onthree
smallholderfarms(twoorganic,oneconventional).Ineachcrop,theoccurrenceandrelativeabundanceofinsect
pestswasdeterminedfortnightly.Thelistofpestsobservedincluded:whiteflies,aphids,southerngreenstinkbug
anddiamondbackmoth.Datafromthe2008fallcropssuggestthataphidsandwhiteflieswerethedominantpests
inallthreecrops.IntheconventionalfarmMalathionECwassprayedoncepermonthtocontrolinsectpests.No
syntheticchemicalswereusedintheorganiccrops;howeverneemandsoapwereappliedtocontrolwhitefiles
andaphids.Thepersistenceofwhitefliesintheconventionalfarmwasnotabledespitecalendartreatmentswitha
chemical insecticide. This research is continuing in 2009 and data from field observations will be supplemented
withaquantitativesurveyoffarmersinNorthFlorida.
P92
EffectsofPlasticMulchonDevelopmentandNodulationofCowpeas.Wysinger,S.H.*,E.G.Rhoden,V.Khan,
C. Stevens and J. R. Bartlett, George Washington Carver Agricultural Experiment Station, Tuskegee University,
Tuskegee,AL36088.
Cowpea(VignaunguiculataL.Walp)isawarmseasoncropanditsgrowthanddevelopmentareimpacted
bysoilandenvironmentalconditions.Itisanimportantcropinthesoutheastandusedforhumanconsumption
and animal feed. It contains approximately 24.8% protein, 63.6% carbohydrate and many trace minerals. When
cowpeas are intercropped it provides nitrogen to its companion crops thereby reducing the need for mineral
nitrogen.Plasticulturehasallowedmanywarmseasoncropstobeplantedearlierwithoutsignificantyieldlosses.
However,verylittleisknownabouttheeffectsofplasticmulchoncowpeaproduction.Thisstudywasconducted
to compare the effects of bare soil, white and black plastic mulches on growth, development and nodulation of
cowpeas. The experiment was conducted as a complete randomized design consisting of three treatments
(white/blackplasticmulchandbaresoil)withthreereplications.Plantheightwasmonitoredatweeklyintervals
throughoutthestudywhilenodulenumberandplantdryweightsweretakenatthe10%bloomstage.Cowpeas
yield comprised of three harvests (once per week for 3 weeks). There were no significant difference in yield
betweenwhite(WP)andblackplastic(BP)buttheseweresignificantlyhigherthanbaresoil(BS).Withrespectto
nodulation,WPtreatmenthadthehighestnoduleweightfollowedbyBS;ontheotherhand,BPhadnumerousbut
verysmallnodules.
P93
ChangesinSelectedSocioeconomicandDemographicFactorsinMississippi:ImpactonEconomicGrowth.
Dumevi, J.*, L. Carr, W. Whittaker, T. Hargrave and V. Igbokwe, Agricultural Economics Program, Department of
Agriculture,AlcornStateUniversity,MS39096.
Economicgrowthcanbedefinedastheprocesswherebytherealpercapitaincomeofacountryorregion
increases over a long period of time subject to the stipulations that the number of people below the absolute
povertylinedoesnotincrease,andthatthedistributionofincomedoesnotbecomemoreunequal.Thispaper
assessedtheimpactofselectedsocioeconomicanddemographicfactorsoneconomicgrowthinMississippi.As
economicgrowthisaprecursortoeconomicdevelopment,identificationofsuchfactorswasimportantinorderto
beabletoprovidepolicyguidancethatcouldhelpto,overtimepromoteeconomicdevelopment.Toachievethe
objectives secondary data were collected and analyzed using various statistical techniques. Regression analysis
was performed to determine which variables were statistically significant in explaining economic growth in
Mississippi. The results indicated that of the five independent variables three were statistically significant and
167
alsohadthehypothesizedrelationshipswiththedependentvariable.Theseweremigration,unemploymentand
poverty.Astherateofpovertyincreases,thenumberofgainfullyemployedpeoplethatareabletocontributeto
the growth process declines, thus, constraining economic growth. The high unemployment rates evident in
various regions of the state are an obvious sign that the business environment is not strong. A weak business
environment is a major symbol of impaired economic growth. The statistical significance of migration is
indicative that it causes a brain drain which overtime negatively affects economic growth. The principal
hypothesisofthestudywasclearlysupportedbythefindings.ItassertedthateconomicgrowthinMississippiis
influencedbycertainsocialeconomicanddemographicfactors.
GraduateSmallFarmsandRuralDevelopment
P94
Introduction of Peristenus relictus into Alfalfa Fields to Control Tarnished Plant Bug in Delaware. Urian,
J.C.*,R.A.Peiffer,DepartmentofAgricultureandNaturalResources,DelawareStateUniversity,Dover,DE19901.
Alfalfa(MedicagosativaL.),introducedfromtheOldWorldin1736,hasbecomeknownastheQueenof
theForages,grownon8,785,425hain2007,producing66,007Mgofforagevaluedat$9billionnationally.Dueto
classicalbiologicalcontrolprojects,insectpestcontrolforalfalfaislargelybiologicallybased.However,feedingby
adults and nymphs of tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris), a native insect species, reduces alfalfa yields (dry
weightandstemlength).Thisbugnotonlyattacksalfalfabutoverhalfofthe30mostimportantcropsintheU.S.
BecauseadultsofL.lineolarisarestrongfliers,therisktotheseothercropsisespeciallyhighnearfieldsofalfalfa
or other hay crops. Therefore, reduction of tarnished plant bug populations in alfalfa not only benefits alfalfa
growers, but those of other crops as well. The objective was to make periodic releases of Peristenus relictus, a
European parasitoid, into alfalfa fields infested by tarnished plant bug, attempt recovery, and document
establishment. The parasitoid was obtained from the New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture and released with the
cooperationofUSDAARSscientists.Duringeachofthe2006,2007and2008growingseasons,2,500P.relictus
werereleasedweeklyintofourmanagedalfalfafieldsinDelaware.Alltarnishedplantbugnymphsweretakento
theUSDAARSlaboratoryandrearedtoadultstodetermineincidenceofparasitism.ThefirstP.relictus,afemale,
wasrecoveredJuly25,2007.Sofar,in2008,threemoreP.relictushavebeenrecovered.
P95
SustainableTomatoProduction:TillageandFertilizerEffects.Mayalagu,G.*,S.R.Mentreddy,C.Garrett,andJ.
Kloepper,DepartmentofNaturalResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal35762.
To sustain cash crop yields in an organic production system, appropriate tillage, and fertilizer
management practices are critical. A study was conducted at Alabama A&M University to evaluate the effects of
twotillagetreatments,notill(NT)andraisedbeds(RB)andthreepreplantNitrogen(PPN)fertilizer(NatureSafe
855)rates:0,13.6and27.2Kg.ha1usingtomatocultivarAmeliaandpeppercultivarHungarianhotwaxinan
organicproductionsystem.Freshfruityieldoftomatoandpepperwererecordedandcumulativeseasonalyieldin
Mgha1calculated.Thecroprowsweremulchedwithcompostedcottonjintrash,fertigatedwithMultiBloom
liquid fertilizer, manually weeded, and OMRI (Organic Material Review Institute) approved pesticides were
appliedforcropmanagement.Therewerenosignificanteffectsoftillageandfertilizertreatmentsontomatoyield
but pepper yield (14.4 Mg ha1) was significantly higher in the RB treatment compared to NT (11.8 Mg ha1).
Although, there was no raterelated yield increase in either crop, tomato and pepper yields were significantly
higheratthe27.2Kgha1and13.6KgofNha1,respectively.Theresultsfromthisstudysuggestthatappropriate
use of system described management systems such as using composted mulch, liquid organic fertilizer, and
manual weed control combined with NT or RB method may render PP N application unnecessary. Such systems
approachinorganicproductioncouldprovidesmallfarmerswithlimitedresourcessustainableeconomicbenefits
inthelongterm.
P96
ExpandingMarketingOpportunitiesforSmallFarmers:ACaseStudyAnalysisofFarmtoSchoolandFarm
to Table Opportunities in Alabama. Baba, A. *, D. Yeboah, L. Jackson, K. Burrell, D. Daniels, and T. Hargrove,
Formanysmall,limitedresourcefarmers,marketingtheirproductsisthemostchallengingaspectofthe
farming process. The marketing process is not restricted exclusively to selling, but it also involves buying,
handling,transporting,processingstoring,financing,andadvertisingtheirproducts.Inaddition,inorderforsmall,
limitedresourcefarmerstobesuccessfulatmarketingtheymustalsohaveaccesstorelevantmarketinformation
regardingpotentialopportunities.FarmtoSchool(FTS)andFarmtoTable(FTT)aretwopotentialopportunities
168
forfarmersinAlabama.TheFTSprogramlinkssmallfarmerstolocalschooldistrictsinanefforttoprovidelocally
grownfreshproduce.TheFTTprogramconnectsrestaurantstolocalfarmers.Theserestaurantsbuylocallygrown
productsbasedonquality,freshness,customerrequestsforlocalproducts,andtheavailabilityofuniqueproducts.
Selling to restaurants and school provides small limitedresource farmers with many advantages such as the
ability to be flexible in the crops being grown, premium prices, and a reliable market throughout the growing
season.Theoverallgoalofthisstudyistoprovideanassessmentofthefarmtoschoolandfarmtotableprograms
in Alabama and to explore how small, limitedresource farmers can penetrate these markets. The data for this
studywillbecollectedusingqualitativeinterviews,documentanalysis,andparticipantobservations.
P97
NovelMethodforEarlyDetectionofForeignSubstancesinMilk.Bor,T.,S.Phetsomphou*,A.Y.AlazzehandS.
A.Ibrahim,FoodSafetyandMicrobiologyLaboratory,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,
Greensboro,NC27411.
On June 12, 2002, President Bush signed the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness
ResponseActof2002(PublicLaw107188).ThislawwasdesignedtoimprovetheabilityoftheUnitedStatesto
prevent, prepare for, and respond to bioterrorism and other public health emergencies. As part of the effort to
anticipate threats to the food supply, a series of studies was conducted to develop a simple method for early
detectionofforeignsubstancesinfoodproducts.Inthefirststudy,theeffectofdifferentlevelsofsodiumcyanide
(aknowntoxin)onthegrowthofLactobacilluslactis(LL)wasstudied.ResultsshowedthatthegrowthofLLstrain
wasgreatlyinfluencedbythepresenceofthetoxinandinhibitoryeffectswereproportionaltotheleveloftoxinin
the media. A second experiment was conducted to determine if a colorchange response indicator (Bromocresol
purple dye) could be developed to detect changes in lactic acid production (pH). Using Bromocresol purple as a
dye,achangeincolor(frompurpletoyellow)wasobservedinthesampleswhichcorrelatedwithanincreasein
lacticacidproduction(changeinpHfrom6.4to5.5).Thesefindingssuggestthatlacticacidbacteriaactivity(acid
production)couldbeusedasanindicatorforthepresenceofforeignsubstancesinmilk.
P98
Effect of Caffeine on the Survival and Growth of Cronobacter spp in Laboratory Medium and Skim Milk.
Hassan,O.*,I.Bashier,L.Fitzpatrick,P.A.LynchandS.A.Ibrahim,FoodSafetyandMicrobiologyLaboratory,North
CarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) is a bacterium within the family Enterobacteriaceae. The
organism was called "yellowpigmented Enterobacter cloacae" until 1980, when it was renamed Enterobacter
sakazakii. Recently, E. sakazakii was reclassified as six species within the genus Cronobacter1. All of these
organismscausearareinfection,primarilyinlowbirthweightneonates(newbornchildren,lessthantwomonths
old)whoareimmunocompromised.Theobjectiveofthisresearchwastodeterminetheeffectivenessofcaffeine
oninactivationofCronobacterspp.inbrainheartinfusion(BHI)brothandfluidmilksamples.Overnightsamplesof
six Cronobacter spp of were used in this study. These strains were individually inoculated at an initial inoculum
level of 2 log CFU/ml into BHI broth or skim milk containing caffeine at different concentrations (0.00%, 0.1%,
0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 1.00%, 1.50%, and 2.00%). Samples were then incubated at 37 C for 24 h. Bacterial
growth was monitored at different time intervals by measuring turbidity at 610 nm using a spectrophotometer.
Results revealed that the addition of caffeine significantly inhibited the growth of Cronobacter spp. at caffeine
concentration levels of 0.40% and higher. These results indicate that caffeine has potential as an antimicrobial
agentforthetreatmentofCronobactersppinfectionandshouldbeinvestigatedfurtherasapossiblefoodadditive
forincreasingthebiosafetyoffoodproductsfornewborns.
P99
Sensory Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability of Chocolate Ice Cream Supplemented with Fish or
FlaxseedOils.Aljaloud,S.*,L.Fitzpatrick,P.A.LynchandS.A.Ibrahim,FoodSafetyandMicrobiologyLaboratory,
NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
Consumersareincreasinglyinterestedintheirpersonalhealthandexpectthefoodtheyeattobehealthy
or even capable of preventing illness. Omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids provide significant health benefits.
Finding a food that is suitable for delivering these functional ingredients is still a challenge to food industry. Ice
creamisahighlypopularfooditemthatcouldbeusedtodeliveromega3fattyacids.Theobjectiveofthiswork
was to evaluate sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of chocolate ice cream supplemented with
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eitherfishorflaxseedoilassourceforomega3fattyacids.Achocolateicecreammix(40%solidsand15%fat)
was supplemented with an oil emulsion containing either fish or flaxseed oil (at .46% concentrations). Samples
treatedwithoutoilwereusedascontrols.Theicecreamsampleswerethenkeptat30Cfor4weeks.Duringthe
storageperiod,sampleswerewithdrawnforthesensoryanalysisandconsumeracceptability.Resultsshowedthat
consumerpanelistsdetectedthepresenceoffishoilbutnottheflaxseedseedoilintheicecreamsamples.Lower
acceptabilityscoreswerewithfishoilsamples.Despitelowsensoryscores,panelistsdidindicatethattheywould
bewillingtobuythiskindofproductasasourceforomega3fattyacids.Theadditionofflaxseedoiltoicecream
couldbeapracticalwaytoenhanceomega3infoodproducts.Thesefindingssuggesticecreamcouldbeusedto
deliveromega3fattyacids.
P100
AnalysisofAntibodyResponsesinPoultry.Sullivan,D.R.*,A.Byers,W.Willis,andJ.W.Allen,Departmentof
AnimalSciences,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
Determination of the health status of the flock and offspring has traditionally been accomplished by
analysis of serum antibodies. This study compared the antibacterial activities of chicken antibody in eggyolk
verses serum in the detection of Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter sp., and Salmonella enteritidis for
monitoringthehealthoftheflock.SalmuneA,aliveavirulentstrainofSalmonellatyphimurium,istypicallygiven
tobirdsatday1,week6,10,and18tovaccinatetheflockagainstS.typhimuriumandS.enteritidis.Samplesofegg
yolkandserawerecollectedforfivemonthsfrom15broilerbreederhenspreviouslyvaccinatedwithSalmuneA.
TheIgYlevelsweredeterminedbyenzymeimmunoassay(EIA).Antibodyspecificitytothesethreebacteriawas
determinedbywesternblotassay.ThenitrocellulosemembraneswereprobedwithpurifiedIgYantibodyisolated
fromtheserumandeggyolksofeachhen.Atweek27and36,allhenshadIgYtitersintheirserumandeggyolks
specificforS.typhimurium,S.enteritidisandCampylobacter.Antibodiestospecificbacteriainbothserumandegg
yolksamplesfromvaccinatedhenscanbedetectedbywesternblotassay.Theanalysisofeggyolkantibodytiters
indicatesthiscanbearapidandeffectivealternativemethodforscreeningflocks.
P101
Effect of Dietary Protein and Energy Level on Growth Performance, Yield, and Salmonella Population in
Broiler Chickens. Nolen, S.*, T. Daniels, S. Aliche and W. Willis. Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina
Astudywasconductedtoevaluatetheeffectofdietaryproteinandenergylevelonbodyweight,yield,and
fecal Salmonella population in broiler chickens. A total of 1200 day of hatch straightrun broiler chickens were
randomly assigned to 24 pens with 50 chicks per pen in a 62 d feeding study. The dietary treatments (trts)
consisted of 2 protein and energy levels for the starter, grower, finisher, and withdrawal feeds as follows: 1)
Controllowprotein22.10(kcalME1410),22.07(1460),17.51(1487),and16.76(1490)and2)Experimentalhigh
protein 23.25 (kcal ME 1388), 22.20 (1395), 20.64 (1434) and 19.28 (1450). During the starter phase, body
weights were slightly higher for the high protein feed (0.54 kg vs. 0.50 kg). Salmonella populations were not
significantlydifferentbetweentrts.Attheendofthegrowerphase,thehighproteindiethadhigherbodyweights
with no difference in Salmonella population. During the finisher phase, there were higher weights with the high
protein treatment with no differences in Salmonella population. The final body weights of birds receiving
withdrawaldietswereverysimilar(4.38kgvs.4.34kg),alsowithnodifferencesinSalmonellapopulation(4.27
vs..21log10value).Yieldvaluesalsoweregreaterwithbirdsreceivingthehighproteindiet.Theresultssuggest
thatfeedinghighprotein/lowenergydietsoptimizesoverallperformance,butatahigheryield.
P102
EvaluationofanOpticalMicrobiologicalMethodforRapidlyEstimatingMicrobialQualityofFreshProduce
andFrozenChickenWings.Bor,T.,L.Fitzpatrick*,P.A.Lynch,andS.A.Ibrahim,FoodSafetyandMicrobiology
Laboratory,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
Microbiologicalqualityoffoodisimportanttoensurehighqualityandsafety.Thereareseveralstandard
methods typically used to determine the microbiological quality of food products. While these methods are
effective,amajordrawbacktotheiruseisthetimerequiredtogetanalyticalresults.Thus,thereisaneedfornew
methods that can achieve similar results that are simple and take far less time to conduct. The purpose of this
researchwastodetermineifanopticalmethodcouldbeusedasrapidmethodtodeterminethemicrobiological
quality of fresh produce and frozen chicken wings. Ten fresh produce samples and seven frozen chicken wings
productsampleswerecollectedfromseveralwholesalemarketsinGreensboroarea.Onehundredgramsofeach
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sampleweremeasuredandplacedinsterilizedstomacherbag,dilutedwith900ml0.1%sterilizedpeptonewater
andblendedfortwominutes.AppropriatedilutionswereplatedontoBrainHeartInfusion(BHI)agarandviolet
red bile glucose agar (VRBGA) to determine the total viable count and coliform, respectively. Each dilution was
also tested using the Soleris instrument to determine the practicality of using this approach as a rapid optical
methodforthetotalviablecountandcoliform.Ourresultsshowedthebacterialpopulationinthetestedsamples
ranged from 2.007.00 CFU/g. Soleris instrumentation was able to detect the bacterial population within 12 h.
Theseresultsdemonstratedthatthisapproachcouldbeusedasrapidmethodtodeterminethemicrobialquality
offreshproduceandfrozenchickenwings.
P103
CytotoxicandAntiproliferativeEffectofChardonnayGrapePomaceExtractsonCaco2andHT29Human
Colon Cancer Cells. Smith, N.*, J. R. Liu, H. Li, and J. W. Parry, Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State
University,Petersburg,VA23806.
DriedpomacefromChardonnaywinegrapewasextractedwith3differentsolventsystemsincludingH2O,
50%acetone,and80%acetone.The3solventextractionswereevaluatedforcytotoxicandantiproliferativeeffects
againstCaco2andHT29humancolonadenocarcinomacelllinesinvitro.EffectsonCaco2cells:following24h,
the50and80%acetoneextractsdemonstratedcytotoxiceffectsbeginningat1.25mgequivalents/mL(mg/mL)
andcytotoxicitywashighestat2.5mg/mL.NocytotoxiceffectwasseenfromtheH2Oextract.After72and96hof
treatment,the50and80%acetoneextractssignificantlyinhibitedCaco2cellproliferation,andtheinhibitionwas
dosedependentfrom0.3125to1.25mg/mL.At5mg/mL,theH2OextractinhibitedCaco2proliferationby25and
45 % compared to control after 72 and 96 h, respectively. Effects on HT29 cells: following 24 h there was no
cytotoxiceffectontheHT29cellsfromanyofthe3treatments.After72and96hoftreatment,the50and80%
acetoneextractsdosedependentlyinhibitedcellgrowthfrom0.625to2.5mg/mL.TheH2OextractinhibitedHT
29cellproliferationby37and36%after72and96h,respectively.AlloftheChardonnaygrapepomaceextracts
appear to contain components that inhibit the proliferation of Caco2 and HT29 colon cancer cell growth;
howeverthecomponent(s)andmechanism(s)requirefurtherelucidation.
P104
Growth and Survival of Total and Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Gulf Coast Shellstock Oysters.
Mudoh, M. F.*1, S. Parveen1, J. A. Krantz2, J. Bowers3, M. L. Tamplin4, L. V. A. da Silva1 and A. DePaola2, 1Food
ScienceandTechnologyProgram,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore,PrincessAnne,MD21853;2U.S.Foodand
Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, AL 36528; 3U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740;
4AustralianFoodSafetyCenterofExcellence,UniversityofTasmania,Hobart,Australia.
Vibrioparahaemolyticus(Vp)isanaturallyoccurringhalophilicbacteriumthatcancausegastroenteritis
in seafood consumers. Information is limited on Vp growth and survival in seafood, especially in postharvest
shellstock oysters under various storage conditions. The objective of this study was to address this data gap.
Oysters harvested from Gulf Coast (spring and summer 2007) were stored at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30C for
selected time intervals. At each time interval, oysters were analyzed for total Vp by direct plating method and
pathogenic(tdhandtrhpositive)VpbyMPNqPCR.Maximumgrowthrates(GRs)wereestimatedateachstorage
temperature by fitting either a nonlinear Baranyi model (for total Vp) or a generalized linear mixed model (for
pathogenic Vp). GRs for total Vp at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30C were 0.0005, 0.015, 0.061, 0.047, 0.12 and 0.17
logCFU/h,respectively.GRsoftdhandtrhpositiveVpat5,10,15,25,and30Cwere0.006,<0.001,0.16,0.27,
0.15,and0.024,0.006,0.25,0.21and0.16logMPN/h,respectively.Inspring,whentotalandpathogenicVpwere
measured, the GRs of total and pathogenic Vp were similar at 30C. The GRs of pathogenic Vp were greater at
lower temperatures than those observed for total Vp. The GRs of total Vp were in agreement with those
determined in the FDA Vp quantitative risk assessment, but pathogenic Vp appeared to multiply at lower
temperatures. These results may be of value for refining existing risk assessment models and developing Vp
controlplans.
P105
FeedingCranberryandSorrelCalyxMealReducesAzoxymethaneinducedColonCancerinFisher344Male
Rats. Shackelford, L.*, M. Verghese, R. Sunkara., and L.T. Walker, Nutritional Biochemistry and Carcinogenesis
ColoncancerisoneofthemostprevalentcancersintheU.S.Manystudieshaveshownthatanthocyanins
richfruitsreduceddevelopmentofcancer.Thestudywasconductedtoinvestigatechemopreventivepotentialof
171
redsorrelandCranberrymealinreducingAOMinducedcolontumors(andpointtumormodel).After1wkperiod
of acclimatization, rats were divided into 5 groups and fed AIN93 diet (controlC) or a modified AIN93 diet
supplementedwithCranberryandsorrelcalyxmealat5%and10%.Tumorswereinducedby2AOM(16mg/Kg
bodyweight)injectionsatageof7and8wk.At46wkofage,ratswerekilledbyCO2asphyxiation;colon,andliver
samples were collected. Number and characterization of colon tumors, Cyp2E1, antioxidative (Catalase &
Superoxide dismutase), Glutathione Stranferase enzyme activities in liver and colonic mucosal scrapings were
determined.Feedingsorrelandcranberryinhibitedtumorsby36.37%and45.46%comparedtoC.Tumors/tumor
bearing rats were reduced by 46% in 5% and 74% in rats fed 10% meal. Tumor size was significantly lower in
10% meal groups (CM 10%: 1.45 mm, SM 10%: 1.2 mm, control: 4.21 mm). A 3 to 6 fold increase in activity
(units/mg)ofselectedenzymeswereseeninratsfed5%and10%mealcomparedtoC.Theseresultssuggesta
protectiveroleofcranberryandsorrelmealincoloncarcinogenesisbymultiplemechanismsofaction.Itwouldbe
beneficialforfoodindustrytoincorporateSorrelandcranberryindevelopmentofnewproducts.
P106
ChemopreventivePotentialofCanolaandMustardonColonTumorigenesisinFisher344MaleRats.Miller,
A.*,M.Verghese,A.Clisby.,E.Cebert.,L.ShackelfordandL.T.Walker,NutritionalBiochemistryandCarcinogenesis
Canola/mustardsproutsandseeds(BrassicanapusandBrassicacampestris)arerichsourcesofomega3
(n3) PUFA, isothiocyanates and indoles. Chemopreventive potential of canola/mustard seeds (S) and canola
sprouts (SP) at 5% level was tested against azoxymethane (AOM)induced tumor formation in Fisher 344 male
rats.Followinga1wkperiodofacclimatization,Fisher344maleratswererandomlyassignedto7groups(n=12).
OnegroupofwasfedAIN93G(controlCdiet).ThreegroupswerefedS:C+10%Jetton(JS),C+10%IdaGold(IS)
andC+10%PacificGold(PS)andSP:C+10%Jetton(JSP),C+10%IdaGold(ISP),andC+10%PacificGold(PSP).At
7and8wkofageratsreceived2successives/cinjectionsofAOMinsalineat16mg/kgbodyweight.Ratswere
killedbyCO2asphyxiationat45wk.Tumorincidence(%)inratsfedCwas91.67.RatsfedJS,IS,PS,JSP,ISP,PSP
hadatumorincidencewas50,50,64,42,50,and64,respectively.NumberoftumorsinratsfedC,JSP,ISP,PSP,JS,
IS,andPSwere25,6,9,10,9,6,and10.Tumorspertumorbearingratios(TBR)forgroupsfedC,JS,IS,PS,JSP,
ISP,PSP,were2.2,1.5,1.0,1.4,1.2,1.5,and1.6.GlutathioneStransferaseactivity(mol/mg)rangedbetween23
and 29 for control and canola/mustard groups. Results showed that canola and mustard (seeds and sprouts)
reduced the formation of AOM induced colon tumors and may possibly have applications in functional food
productdevelopment.
P107
Chemopreventive Potential of two Commonly Consumed Apple Varieties and Commercially Processed
Apple Juice against the Development of Chemically Induced Colon Tumors. Rock, C.R.*, M. Verghese.,
J.Boateng., L.T.Walker and L.Shackelford, Nutrition and Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Department of Food and
AnimalSciences,AlabamaAgriculturalandMechanicalUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Apples contain a variety of phytochemicals such as quercetin, catechin, chlorogenic acid and phenolic
acidswhichhavepotentialhealthbenefits.Weevaluatedthechemopreventivepotentialof2commonlyconsumed
apple varieties and apple juice on Azoxymethane (AOM) induced colon carcinogenesis and total phenolics,
flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of apples and apple juice used in this study. Following a 1wk period of
acclimatization,40ratsweredividedinto4groups(n=10).OnegroupwasfedAIN93G(controldietC),2groups
werefedamodifiedC+2.5%lyophilizedapples[RedDelicious(RD)andGrannySmith(GS)].Onegroupwasgiven
applejuice(AJ)adlibitumat5.0%levelandfedamodifiedCdiet.At20wkofage,ratswereswitchedtoAIN93M
diet.Fortumorinduction,allratsreceived2AOMinjectionsat7and8wkofages/cat16mg/kgbodyweight.At
45 wk of age, rats were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation. Colon, liver and cecal samples were collected.
Tumors/tumor bearing rat ratio was 66% lower in rats fed apples and apple juice compared to rats fed C diet.
Liver detoxification and antioxidative enzyme activity [GlutathioneS Transferase (GST), Catalase] in rats fed
apples 2.5% RD, 2.5% G.S((94.8219.54, 69.4515.64; 237.4824.14, 153.874.87) and AJ 10% (59.3710.23;
147.871.76)was significantly (p<0.05) higher than rats fed C (6.150.31;21.1311.71) respectively. Results
suggest that apples and apple juice may have significant chemopreventive potential against colon tumorgenesis.
Clinical trials will provide further conclusive results on the chemopreventive potential of apples and apple
products.
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P108
A Comparison of Phenolics, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Antioxidant Capacity of Selected Fruits.
Hampton, J.*, M. Verghese, J. Kendrick., J. Boateng, L. T. Walker, and S. Ogutu, Department of Food and Animal
Sciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,NormalAL,35762.
Phytochemicals in fruits, such as phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, have antioxidant properties,
which have been linked with the prevention of chronic diseases related to oxidative stress. The objective of this
studywastodeterminethetotalphenolics,flavonoids,andanthocyanincontent,andantioxidantpotentialoftwo
cultivars of five selected fruits; apples, cranberries, grapes, plums, and peaches. Methanolic fruit extracts were
prepared and total phenolics content was analyzed using the FolinCiocalteu colorimetric method. Flavonoids
contentwasanalyzedusingcolorimetricmethodwithcatechinasstandard.Anthocyanincontentwasdetermined
using a pH differential method. Antioxidant activity of fruits was evaluated by Vitamin C equivalent antioxidant
capacity superoxide anion and DPPH radical scavenging assays. Phenolics content was highest in purple plums
(294.72mg/100gfreshfruit),followedbygreengrapesandgalaapples(134.93,and118.72mg/100gfreshfruit),
respectively.Therewasasimilartrendinflavonoidscontent,(purpleplums)228,(greengrapes)110.0,and(gala
apples)113.52mg/100gfreshfruit.Anthocyanincontentrangedfrom0.5mg37.32/100gfreshfruit.Greengrapes
(80.2%) showed the highest radical scavenging activity as shown by reduction in DPPH. Superoxide scavenging
potential ranged from 2.5635.9%, with cranberry having the highest scavenging activity. Purple plum had the
highestamountsofphenolics,flavonoids,andanthocyanincontentandapplevarietieshadthelowestphenolics,
flavonoids, and anthocyanin content. However, all fruits showed some antioxidant potential. Therefore,
incorporationofthesefruitsinthedietmaybebeneficialinthepreventionofoxidationrelatedchronicdiseases.
P109
A Study of the Chemopreventive Effects of Prebiotics and Soy Isoflavones Using a Fisher 344 Male Rat
Model. Gourineni, V. P.*, M. Verghese, J. Boateng, L. Walker, and L. Shackelford, Department of Food & Animal
Prebiotics are nondigestible foods that stimulate the growth and activity of probiotics in the human
intestine.Synergy1(inulin+Oligofructose)isrichinsolublefiber.Soybeanisanaturalsourceofisoflavones.The
objectivewastoinvestigatetheeffectsoffeedingSynergy1(ORAFTI)andSoybeanmeal(SM)at5%,10%singly
and in combination on incidence of azoxymethane (AOM) induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in Fisher 344 male
rats. Following a 1 wk of acclimatization, 54 Fisher 344 male rats were randomly assigned to 9 groups (n=6).
Controlgroup(C)wasfedAIN93GandtreatmentgroupsfedC+Syn1(5%,10%),C+SM(5%,10%),Syn1+
SM (5%+5%), (10%+10%), (5%+10%) and (10%+5%). Rats received two s/c injections of AOM in saline @16
mg/kgat7and8wksofage.At17wksofage,ratswerekilledusingCO2asphyxiation.ACFwereenumeratedand
hepaticenzymeactivitiesweredetermined.ColonicACFintreatmentgroups(3472)weresignificantly(p<0.05)
lowercomparedtoC(150).Reductions(%)intotalACFamongtreatmentgroupsfedcombinationswereenhanced
(6777) compared to groups fed Syn1 and Soy singly (5264).GlutathioneSTransferase activity (mol/mg) in
treatment groups was significantly (p<0.05) higher (21.68 to 26.77) compared to C (10.58). Feeding Synergy1
and Soybean in combination greatly reduced the incidence of AOM induced ACF that may be attributed to
synergistic/additive mechanisms of phytochemicals. Hence, Synergy1 and Soybean may play a protective role
againstthedevelopmentofcoloncancerandmayhavefunctionalimplicationsinfoodproductdevelopment.
P110
Chemopreventive Potential of Basil (Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum tenuiflorum) against Azoxymethane
Induced Colon Tumors in Fisher 344 Male Rats. Gajula, D.*, M.Verghese, S. R. Mentreddy, L.T. Walker, L.
Shackelford,J.BoatengandC.Sims,NutritionalBiochemistryandCarcinogenesisLaboratory,DepartmentofFood
andAnimalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Basil contains important phytochemicals that have been reported to offer protection against several
chronic diseases due to their antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. The objective of this study was to
determine the effects of three varieties of Ocimum tenuiflorum (Holy Basil) (Denmark (HBD), Cuba (HBC), India
(HBI))andonevarietyofOcimumbasilicum(CulinaryBasil)(CB)onAzoxymethane(AOM)inducedcolontumors
inFisher344maleratsandselectedhepaticenzymes.Aftera1wkperiodofacclimatization,ratsweredividedinto
groups.Basilwasmixedat1%levelinanAIN93G/Mbaseddiet.Ratswereadministered2injectionsofAOMat7
and8wkofagetoinducecoloncarcinogenesis.RatswerekilledbyCO2asphyxiationandcolon,cecumandliver
were collected. Colon tumors were characterized according to number, size, and tumors per tumor bearing rat
ratio. Feeding Basil (1%) resulted in significantly lower tumor incidence compared to rats fed C. Tumors/tumor
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bearing rat ratio was reduced by 78% in rats fed Basil diets compared to rats fed C. Tumor size (mm) was
significantly (p<0.05) smaller in treatment diets (CB: 1.20, HBD: 0.8, HBC: 0.8, HBI: 0.6) compared to C (3.72).
Selected hepatic enzyme activities (GlutathioneSTransferase, Superoxide dismutase and Catalase) were
significantly (p<0.05) higher in rats fed Basil diets compared to control. Results showed that feeding Basil
significantly(p<0.05)reducednumberofAOMinducedcolontumorsinFisher344maleratsandthereforemay
haveimplicationsinthefoodindustryinfoodproductdevelopmentasapotentialchemopreventiveagent.
P111
Processing Effects on Red Kidney Beans (Phaselous vulgaris L.) in Suppressing Azoxymethaneinduced
AberrantCryptFociinFisher344MaleRats.Field,R.*,M.Verghese,J.Boateng,L.Shackelford,L.Mounts,and
L.T. Walker, Nutritional Biochemistry and Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Department of Food and Animal Sciences,
Redkidneybeans,(PhaseolusvulgarisL.)arerichinproteins,vitamins,complexcarbohydrates,minerals
andphytochemicals.Theobjectivewastodeterminetheeffectsoffeedingselectedprocessed(germinated(KBG),
fermented (KBF), cooked (KBC), and toasted (KBT)) red kidney beans at 5 and 10% levels on Azoxymethane
inducedaberrantcryptfoci(ACF)inFisher344malerats.Selectedhepaticenzymes,glutathioneStransferaseand
superoxide dismutase (GST and SOD) were determined using standard protocols. Following a 1wk period of
acclimatization, rats were assigned to 8 (n=6) groups. Rats fed AIN93G were the control (C). Rats received
treatmentdietscontainingkidneybeans;C+5%(KB)andC+10%(KB).At7and8wkofageallratsreceivedAOM
(s/c)at16mg/kgbodyweightandratswerekilledat17wkofagebyCO2asphyxiation.AOMinducedACFinthe
proximal and distal colons were enumerated. Total ACF numbers in the rats fed C, 5% KBC, KBT, KBF, KBG and
10%KBC,KBT,KBF,KBGwere143,85,64,80,86and119,87,33,58,respectively.HepaticGSTandSODactivities
werehigherintreatmentgroupscomparedtoC.SODactivity(U/mg)wassignificantly(P<0.05)higherinratsfed
KB(5&10%)comparedtoCwithvaluesrangingfromahighof5.62inKBfedratstoalowof1.10inratsfedC.
Theresultsofthisstudyshowedthatdietarybeansmayhavesignificantimplicationsinthepreventionofchronic
diseasessuchascoloncancer.
P112
EvaluationofAntiproliferativeActivityofRosacaninaAgainstHumanCancerCells.Davis,S.*,B.Hardy,J.Yu,
M. Ahmedna, and I. Goktepe, Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State
University,Greensboro,NC27411.
The growing interest in nutraceuticals to promote human health has fostered research to screen plant
materials for new active compounds. Plants such as Rosa canina (RC) have been used as folk medicine in the
MiddleEastandEurope.However,itsantiproliferativeactivityhasnotbeenassessedagainsthumancancercells.
ThisstudywasconductedtoevaluatetheantiproliferativeeffectsofextractsfromRConthreehumancancercell
lines(MCF7,HCT116,andHS792(C)M).ExtractsfromdryRCseedswereobtainedusingthreedifferentsolvents:
water, methanol, or ethanol. The antiproliferative activity of the RC extracts on the three cancer cell lines was
measured using MTT assay. Findings show that the alcohol RC extract significantly reduced the proliferation of
MCF7, HCT116, HS792(C) M cell lines at 125 g/ml or above. Water RC extract showed significantly lower
inhibitory effect against all cancer cells at concentrations tested. Methanol RC extract exhibited minimal
antiproliferativeactivityagainstthethreecancercelllines.TheseresultsindicatethattheRCextractsmaycontain
bioactive compounds capable of interfering with the growth and proliferation of cancer cells used in this study.
MorestudiesareneededtoidentifytheactivecompoundsinRCresponsibleforantiproliferativeactivity.
P113
DevelopmentofFortifiedPeanutbasedPowderedMilkforRecoveryofUndernourishedChildren.Rehrah,
D.*,N.Kane,J.YuandM.Ahmedna,FoodandNutritionalSciences,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalState
University,NC27411.
Malnutrition is a serious health problem in many African countries. Ironically, many of these countries
produceanabundanceofproteinrichpeanutswiththepotentialtofightundernourishment.Theobjectiveofthis
study was to develop a nutrientbalanced, high energy, protein rich powdered milk from peanut that mimics
WHOs F75 nutritional recovery formula. Peanut milk was produced by alkali treatment, filtration, and spray
drying.Thepeanutmilkwasthenfortifiedwithcarbohydrates,vitamins,andmineralstoformpeanutbasedinfant
formula75(PBIF75).TheproximatecompositionofPBIF75representedprotein,fat,andcarbohydratecontents
of8,13,and70.2%,respectively.MineralssuchasCa,andMgwerehigherinPBIF75thaninF75whileKandZn
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wereattheF75requirements.AllvitaminsrequiredintherapeuticmilkwerepresentinPBIF75withmostbeing
at equal or higher levels than those of F75. Four vitamins (vitamin A retinol, C, B12, and D3) were present at
lowerlevelsthanrecommendeddoses.Incontrast,biotinandniacinwerepresentinPBIF75athigherlevels.The
amino acid profile of PBIF75 was comparable with that of F75, except for methionine and lysine, which were
lower in PBIF75. Further fortification of PBIF75 using select micronutrients and amino acids should enable
adjustmenttothelevelsrecommendedbyWHO.Thisstudyshowedthatpeanutscanbeusedasrawmaterialfor
shelfstable powdered milk for nutritional recovery of malnourished children. Such use could enhance the
profitabilityofthepeanutindustry.
P114
A Preliminary Assessment of Head Start Parents Food Behavior Practices at Participating Head Start
Centers in Selected Counties in Alabama. Drew, A. D.*1, A.W. Salifu1, E. Bonsi1, 2E. Moss, and 3K. Tajeu,
1DepartmentofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088, 2AlabamaA&
MUniversity,Normal,AL,3AuburnUniversity,Auburn,AL36832.
Since the 1970s, the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled for preschool children ages 25.
Approximately10%ofthesechildrenareoverweightand19%areatrisk.Youthwhoareoverweightareatriskof
becomingoverweightadults.Duringtheformativeyears,avarietyoffactorsmaycontributetoachildbecoming
healthy,overweight,orobese.Giventheseriousnessofthehealthconsequencesassociatedwithbeingoverweight,
alongwiththerateofincreaseinthepastfewdecades,thisassessmentaimstocaptureasynopsisofparentsfood
choice behavior as selfreported by the parents of Black, White, and Latino children in Head Start Centers in
thirteenAlabamacounties.Theresultsrevealadescriptivepictureofparentalhabits,similarities,anddifferences
among different regions throughout the state of Alabama. Information reported includes planning, pricing, food
safety,andpreparationchoices.HeadStartparentsandcaregiverswillbemadeawareofthepotentialoutcomeof
theirfeedingpracticesonpreschoolersnutritionandhealthstatuswithreferencetooverweightandobesity.The
results of the research will be used to improve Alabama Cooperative Extensions capacity to develop culturally
appropriatehealthpromotionprogramsandstrategiesforadaptinghealthylifestyle.
P115
The Effects of Blueberry and Fig on the Gene Expression of CReactive Protein, Apolipoprotien A, and
ApolipoproteinBinGoldenSyrianHamsters.Hudley,S.M.*,B.Wang,M.M.CorleyandR.D.Pace,Department
ofFoodandNutritionalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,TuskegeeInstitute,AL36088.
Functionalfoodsareconsideredtobeanyfreshorprocessedfoodthathasahealthpromotingordisease
preventingpropertybeyondthefunctionofnutrients.Figsandblueberriesarepopularsourcesoffunctionalfoods.
Antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds, vitamin C, and vitamin E are molecules capable of reducing the
oxidationofothermoleculesinhumanbodywhichmayresultinatherosclerosisorCoronaryHeartDisease(CHD).
Apo A1 and ApoB are the major structural components of HDLC and LDLC, respectively. CReactive Protein
(CRP)isanacutephaseproteinthatcanproveusefulindeterminingdiseaseprogressionortheeffectivenessof
treatments.Theaimofthisstudywastodeterminetheeffectof2%,4%,and6%blueberryandfigconcentrations
on the gene expression of Creactive protein, Apo A, and Apo B in Golden Syrian Hamsters fed with normal fat
diets. Fourweek old Golden Syrian Hamsters were assigned to one of five groups: (1) normal fat diet with high
levelsofblueberries(2)normalfatdietwithlowlevelsofblueberries(3)normalfatdietwithhighlevelsoffigs(4)
normalfatdietwithlowlevelsoffigs(5)controlnormalfatdiet.ThegeneexpressionofApoA,ApoB,andCRP
were determined using ELISA and RTPCR. The results showed that the different diets did not have significant
impactonthegeneexpressionofCRP,ApoB,andApoA.Thepossiblereasonwasthatthenumberofanimalsused
foranalysiswastoolowforthisstudy.
P116
Inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 on the surface of beef using Pulsed UV light sterilization. Hughes, S.*1, J.U.
Johnson1 and L.L. Williams2, Department of Food and Animal Sciences1, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL
35762, 2North Carolina A&T State University, Center of Excellence for PostHarvest Technologies, The North
CarolinaResearchCampus,Kannapolis,NC28081.
Astheincidenceofmicrobialcontaminationofrawmeatoccurs,foodsafetyconcernsbecomeevenmore
paramount.Contaminationcanleadtofoodbornediseases,whichpotentiallythreatenhumanhealth.UVradiation
is considered a potential approach to reduce microbial contamination on food surfaces in slaughterhouses and
otherfoodpreparationsurfaces.Thisstudy,testedthehypothesisthatpulsedlightsterilizationwouldreduceE.
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coliO157:H7onthesurfaceofbeefatdifferentpulsedtimesanddistances.Beefcubesprocuredfromlocalgrocery
storeswereinoculatedwithE.coliO157:H7,sterilizedwithUVlightat20,40,60,80,100,and120seconds,witha
controlatdistancesof5.76,4.76,3.76,and2.76cmfromthestrobe(lightsource).Thebeefwasstomachedfor120
seconds,platedonSorbitolMacConkeyAgarsupplementedwithcefiximeandpotassiumtellurite(CTSMAC)and
Plate Count Agar (PCA) plates and incubated overnight at 37C. After incubation, the colonies were counted to
determinethelog10CFU/greductions.Pulseduvtimesof20,40and60seconds(s)attreatmentdistancesof5.76
and 4.76 cm resulted in significantly (p0.05) higher populations of E. coli O157:H7 surviving on the beef
compared to samples treated for 80120 s. As the pulse uv time increased and sample distance to the strobe
decreased, significantly (p0.05) lower populations of E. coli were recovered from beef compared to untreated
(control)samples(8.9log10Cfu/g).Overall,samplestreatedatshorterdistances(2.76and3.76cm)for2040s
and80120srespectively,resultedintheinactivationofE.coliO157:H7.Thesefindingssuggestthatsuccessful
inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 using UVradiation methods are feasible and could be used by meat
producers/packerstoeliminatemicrobialcontaminationonrawmeatsurfaces.
P117
EvaluationofPhenolicCompositionandAntioxidantCapacitiesofChineseJujubeCultivars.Sitayo,D.S.*,L.
T. Walker, Y. Chukwumah, M. Verghese and S. Ogutu, Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M
Jujube(Ziziphuszizyphus),alsoknownasChineseDateisasmalltreeorshrubintheRamnaceaefamily.
TheirfruitshavebeenimplicatedinChineseandKoreantraditionalmedicineforatleast2,500years.Thereisno
knownstudyavailableregardingthephytochemicalcompositionofjujubecultivatedintheUSA.Theobjectivesof
thisstudywere(1)todeterminethephenoliccompositionofjujubefruitsusingHPLCDAD(2)todeterminetheir
totalphenolics(TP),totalflavonoids(TF),andantioxidantcapacity.Phenoliccompositionsofmethanolicextracts
of three cultivars of freeze dried jujube (Lang, Li and Sherwood) cultivated in southern USA in 2006 and 2008
were determined by HPLCDAD method. TF, TP, and antioxidant capacity of the extract expressed as Vitamin C
equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were also determined.
Catechin was identified in all cultivars in both harvest years. Rutin was identified only in Sherwood cultivar
harvestedin2008.TPandTFcontentsofthreevarietiescultivarsrangedfrom15.9952.56mgGAE/gand1.01
7.22mgCE/g,respectively.TPandTFcontentsweresignificantly(p<0.05)higherin2006than2008harvestyear.
Thereweresignificant(p<0.05)differencesinTPandTFbetweencultivarswithinayearwitheachcultivarforthe
twoharvestyears.Theantioxidantcapacities,VCEACandFRAP,rangedfrom7.9239.63mgVCEAC/gand5.89
94.41mgFRAP/g,respectively.Significantdifferences(p<0.05)intheantioxidantcapacitiesofthecultivarswere
observedamongcultivarsandharvestyears.
P118
Enhancement of Butylated Hydroxyanisole Efficiency in Ground Turkey Meat using Encapsulated BHA.
Janen, A.*, L. T. Walker, Y. Chukwumah, M. Verghese and S.Ogutu, Department of Food and Animal Sciences,
Ourpreviousstudyhasshownthattheuseofphosphatidylcholineliposomesasadeliverysystemforthe
antioxidantbutylatedhydroxyanisole(BHA)resultedinshelflifeextensionofgroundturkeymeat.Oneadvantage
of using encapsulated BHA is that it reduces the recommended amount (FDA) of the unencapsulated BHA form
withoutcompromisingthedesiredoutcome.TheobjectiveofthisstudywastomaximizetheefficiencyoftheBHA
ingroundturkeymeat.EncapsulatedBHAwasincorporatedintogroundturkeymeatstandardizedto20%total
lipids.Thetreatmentswere:control,unencapsulatedBHA(0.1%),encapsulatedBHA0.00625%(A),0.0125%(B),
0.025%(C),0.05%(D)and0.1%(E).Mixingtimewasheldconstantat5min.Allsampleswererefrigeratedand
thenanalyzedforranciditymeasuredasThiobarbituricReactiveSubstances(TBARS)at2dayintervalsforupto8
days. The results indicated that unencapsulated BHA at levels B, C, D and E significantly reduced the onset of
rancidity after 2, 4 and 6 days of storage compared to the control and A. However, at 8 days, there were no
significant(P>0.05)differencesinTBARSamongcontrol(0.1021mg/kg),unencapsulatedBHA(0.0985mg/kg),A
(0.0987mg/kg) and B (0.0972 mg/kg). Encapsulated BHA at higher concentrations E (0.0754mg/kg) and D
(0.0793mg/kg)showedasignificantly(P<0.05)lowerlipidoxidationthanothertreatments.Thesamplestreated
withtheencapsulatedBHAat0.025%(0.0874mg/kg)showedareductioninrancidityat8days,whichcouldbea
threshold for encapsulated BHA incorporation. Encapsulated BHA levels of 0.025% and 0.05% provided similar
benefitstousing0.1%withoutalteringmeatquality.
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P119
ProcessingEffectonTotalPhenolics,FlavonoidsandAnthocyaninsinRedGrapes.Chitapandu,S.K.*,L.T.
Walker, Y. Chukwumah, M. Verghese and S. Ogutu, Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M
Redgrapesarearichsourceofantioxidantssuchasphenoliccompoundswhicharebeneficialtohealthon
consumption. Fresh produce is perceived by the consumer as the best source for nutrients and phytochemicals,
but common postharvest processing treatments such as freezing, freezedrying, vacuum oven drying and air
drying may have an impact on their phytochemical composition. The objective of this study is to determine the
effect of processing on total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and total anthocyanin contents (TA) in red
grapes. Red grapes obtained from a local market were subjected to oven drying (60C), vacuum drying (60C),
freeze drying, freezing (20C) and deep freezing (80C) for 24 hours. Treated red grapes were extracted with
acidified methanol (0.1% HCl). Extracts of red grapes were analyzed for TP, TF and TA. Results showed no
significantdifferencebetweenfreezinganddeepfreezingforTPcontent(750.932.04mgGAE/100gand744.35
3.42mgGAE/100g,respectively).However,TPforfrozengrapesweresignificantly(P<0.05)higherthanthatof
fresh(727.803.09mgGAE/100g)whilethedriedgrapes(oven,vacuumoven,andfreezedried)hadsignificantly
(P < 0.05) lower TP content (138.01 2.95 mg GAE/100g, 131.30 0.62 and 139.06 0.58 mg GAE/100g,
respectively).DeepfrozengrapeshadthehighestTFcontent(76.660.88mgCE/100g).However,freshgrapes
had significantly (P < 0.05) lower TF content (67.34 0.51 mg CE/100g) than frozen grapes but had higher TF
contentthandriedgrapes.SimilartrendswereobservedforTA.FreshgrapesTAcontent(65.051.54mg/100g)
was 5fold higher than dried grapes. However, frozen grapes (69.20 2.59 72.93 0.75 mg /100g) were
significantlyhigherthanfresh.Freezingpreservesphenoliccompoundsinfreshgrapesbetterthandrying.
P120
Fermentation Effects on Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Anthocyanins in Cranberries During Wine
Making.Poreddy,V.B.*,L.T.Walker,Y.Chukwumah,M.VergheseandS.Ogutu,DepartmentofFoodandAnimal
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is a prominent agricultural food crop produced in many areas of
North America. They are rich sources of polyphenols such as anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins which play a
majorroleasantioxidantsinthehumanbodywhenconsumed.Theobjectiveofthestudyistodeterminetheeffect
offermentationontotalphenolics(TP),totalflavonoids(TF)andtotalanthocyanins(TA)incranberriesduringthe
process of wine making. Frozen cranberries were obtained from Decas Botanical Synergies MA. Cranberry juice
wasextractedfromfrozencranberriesandsubjectedtofermentationatpH3,4and5andtemperatures25,27and
30C.Cranberryjuicewasamelioratedbyadditionofcanesugartoincreasethetotalsolublesolids(20brix)to
achieve desirable ethanol yield for wine. Results showed highest values for TP (1150.43 mg GAE/L) and TF
(313.40 mg CE/L) at pH 3 and 30C after 5 days of fermentation. Highest value for TA (3.77 mg cyanidine3
glucosideequivalent/L)wasobservedatpH3and30Conday0offermentation.Foralltreatmentparameters,
there were significant (P < 0.05) increases in TP and TF with increase in days of fermentation. There was a
significant(P<0.05)decreaseinTAwithincreaseindaysoffermentation.Thealcoholcontentofthecranberry
wine ranged from 6% 8% w/v. The phytochemical content of cranberry wine is affected by fermentation
parameters.CranberrycanbeusedformakingwinecommerciallybyadditionofcanesugarandbymodifyingpH
ofthejuiceandtemperatureoffermentationprocess.
P121
Assessment of the Usage of Medicaid Program by Hispanics in South Carolina Over a FourYear Period
(20002003). Ayers, S.*, C. Mathis., and S. R. Choudhari, 1890 Research, South Carolina State University,
Orangeburg,SC29117.
Medicaid is the largest source of funding for medical and healthrelated services for America's poorest
people.InSouthCarolina,theHispanicpopulationisthefastestgrowingminoritygroup,butabout25percentof
themlivebelowpovertylevel.Hence,apartoftheresearchprojectsponsoredbythe1890Program,assessment
wasdoneontheusageoftheMedicaidprogrambyHispanicsoftheselectedcountiesfromtworegions,Piedmont
and Midland, of South Carolina for the period of 20002003. The necessary databases and several scales are
createdfromthesecondarydatasource.Theresultsshowedthatthepercentagesofparticipantsvariedfrom2.98
in 2000 to 16.97 in 2003 in Piedmont region and from 2.15 to 9.95 in Midland region. It is noticeable that the
changeoccurredinallyears(2001to2003)fromtheirpreviousyearswerepositiveforallcountiesinPiedmont
regionaswellasforallcountiesinMidlandregion,exceptGreenwoodin2001from2000andSaludain2002from
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2001. This research can assist 1890 Extension and state agencies in connecting to the Hispanic communities to
improvetheirhealthandqualityoflife.
HumanSciences
P122
ExpressionofOsteopontininHumanFetalOsteoblasticCellsTreatedwithChitosanCompositeMaterialsin
vitro. Stone, J.M.*1, L. Carson1, and G.C. Regisford2, 1Cooperative Agriculture Research Center, 2Department of
Biology,PrairieViewA&MUniversity,PrairieView,TX77446.
As an increasing number of patients suffer from bone degenerative diseases and bone trauma it has
becomeimperativethatnewmethodsbeimplementedinbonerepair.Currentresearchinbonerepairseeksto
explorethepossibilityofharvestingcellsdirectlyfromthepatient,seedingthosecellsontohybridcompositebone
materials, and transplanting the tissue back into the patient. Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, has exhibited
characteristics that make it an optimal choice as a composite bone material. The objective of this project is to
determinethelevelsofexpressionofosteopontininhumanfetalosteoblasticcellstreatedwithachitosang3
trimethoxysilypropyl methacrylate (chitosang3TMPSM) hybrid in vitro. Osteopontin is a cell adhesion protein
bonematrixandishighlyexpressedduringtheprocessofboneformation.Therefore,itishypothesizedthatthe
expressionofosteopontinproteinwillincreasewhenhumanfetalOsteoblasticcellsaretreatedwithchitosang
3TMPSM.OsteopontinproteinexpressionandsecretionwillbedeterminedbyWesternBlotAnalysisandEnzyme
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. An MTT Assay will be used to examine cell proliferation in
treatedversusuntreatedcells.Resultswillfurtherestablishchitosanasanoptimalbiomaterialtobeutilizedin
boneregenerationstudies.
P123
A Qualitative Evaluation of a Violence Prevention Program for Limited Resource Children, Youth, and
Families in Rural South Carolina: A Longitudinal Study. Rabb, R.O.*, M.J.A. Heggins and E.R. Lynch, 1890
ResearchProgram,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SouthCarolina29117.
Afterschool programs aid and assist their participants in various positive ways. The major goal of this
projectistoimpactparticipantsacademicandpersonaldevelopmentviaayearroundAfterschoolprogramand
summercamp.ParticipantsinthisstudyhavebeenenrolledinSouthCarolinaStateUniversityFamilyLifeCenter
after school violence prevention program since they were in the elementary and middle school. The program
groupisinthe9th,10th,and11thgrades.Therearetwentyfive(25)participantsintheprogramgroupandtwenty
five(25)inthecomparisongroupforatotaloffifty(50)students.Thisstudyexaminesfindingsfromaqualitative
perspectiveusingtwo(2)techniques:a)focusgroupsandb)indepthinterviews.Twentytwo(22)questionswere
written and presented to the participants at the secondary level. The questions were grouped as: 1)
experience/behavior, 2) opinion/values, 3) feelings, and 4) knowledge. Also, they were grouped to reflect:
academic,personal,career,andriskfactors.Resultsofthisqualitativeresearchareconsistentwiththeanalysisof
thequantitativedata,especiallyinacademics:a)96%oftheprogramgroupofthefreshmanlevelwerepromoted
tothe10thgradein20072008;b)91%passedthemathematicsand/orEnglish/LanguageArtssubtestoftheHigh
School Assessment Program (HSAP) in 20072008; and c) 100% of the participants were promoted to the 11th
grade for the 20082009 academic year. These findings have implications for educators, 1890 Extension,
policymakers, social workers, legislators, community leaders, law enforcement, the FaithBased Community,
researchers,andothers.
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AbstractsofScientistPosters
ARD 2009
1890Research:
Century
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P124
Predicting Seed Quality of Primed Canola Seed via Proteomic Analysis. Bishnoi, U.R.*, K. Gaganpreet, E.
Cebert and A. Ananga, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science , Alabama A&M University,
Normal,AL35762.
Seed germination is a complex phenomenon, and there is no universal biochemical markers that can be
usedtoestimatetheseedqualityandtomonitorprimingmethods.Therefore,experimentwasplannedtoobserve
thechangesinproteinprofileextractedfromgerminatingcanolaseeds.Theproteinwasextractedfromdryseeds,
and seeds imbibed for 24 hrs, 48 hrs, and 72 hrs. Proteins were analyzed by one dimensional (1D) and two
dimensional (2D) SDS PAGE gel electrophoresis. Results of 1D SDS PAGE gel electrophoresis showed that
proteinsstartdepletingasthegerminationprogresses.Theproteinswithmolecularweightlessthan20KDaover
expresseslinearlyfromdryseedsto24hrsandthen48hrsaftersoaking.The2Dgelrevealedthatasgermination
progressesstorageproteinsstartdepletingandnewproteinsfamilyi.e.,cyclophilinthatareearlierknowntobe
associatedwithgerminationArabidopsis,startaccumulating.
P125
AdoptionofGPSGuidanceSystemsinAlabamaAgriculture.Banerjee,S.B.*1,B.Gyawali1,J.O.Bukenya1S.W.
Martin2 R. K. Roberts3, J. A. Larson3 , B. C. English3, S. L. Larkin4, K. W. Paxton5, M. C. Marra6, and J. M. Reeves7,
1DepartmentofAgribusiness,AlabamaAgriculturalandMechanicalUniversity,Normal,AL35762;2DeltaResearch
and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS 38776, Department of Agricultural Economics,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; 4Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; 5Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; 6Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, North Carolina State
University,Raleigh,NC2769;7CottonIncorporated,Cary,NC27513.
Technologies and practices are rapidly changing, not the least of which being computer and satellite
relatedtechnologicalapplicationsinagriculturalproduction.Thesesocalledprecisionfarmingtechnologiesare
used to identify and measure spatial variability of crop yields within farm fields and its causes, prescribe site
specificseed,fertilizer,chemical,andotherinputapplicationsthatmatchvaryingcropandsoilneeds,andapply
thoseinputsasprescribedusingvariableratetechnology.Oneofthenewestaddonstoprecisionfarmingisthe
use of guidance systems. Some of these guidance systems use lightbars and global positioning systems (GPS) to
help equipment drivers stay on track. Other more advanced technologies, such as autosteer, actually use GPS to
steertheequipmentdowntheroworacrossthefield.TheadoptionofGPSguidancesystemsincottonproduction
isontheforefrontoftechnologyadoption,andbecausecottonisarelativelyhighvaluedcropwithrelativelyhigh
inputuse,studiesonadoptionratesareparamounttoincreasingtheuseofmoreefficientproductionpractices.In
addition,giventheyieldandproductionefficiencypossibilitieswithGPSguidancesystemsincottonproduction,
thisisanimportantareaofemergingempiricalresearchthatwillfacilitatediscussionandfutureresearchwithin
theagriculturaleconomicsprofession.Usingsurveydatafrom11MidsouthandSoutheasternstates,binarylogit
analysisisusedtoidentifythefactorsinfluencingadoptionofGPSguidancesystemsbycottonfarmersinAlabama
visvis the other 10 states (viz., Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina,
SouthCarolina,Tennessee,andVirginia).
P126
Cloning and Characterization of Genes Associated with Anthracnose Tolerance in Florida Hybrid Bunch
Grapes.Hemanth,V.*,S.M.BashaandR.Katam,CenterforViticultureandSmallFruitResearch,CESTA,FloridaA
&MUniversity,6505MahanDrive,Tallahassee,FL32317.
AmongthefungaldiseasesanthracnoseisaseriousprobleminFloridahybridbunchgrape.Thetolerance
levels to this disease vary among the Florida hybrid bunch cultivars. Due to the hot and humid condition
prevailinginFloridiancondition,thisfungus,Elsinoeampelinathrivesanddevastatescrop.Bothyoungleafand
berries are susceptible to fugal attack. Spraying with fungicides although provides some disease control, but is
expensive and not environmental friendly. With this in view a study was carried out to isolate differentially
expressed proteins and genes upon Elsinoe infection in anthracnosetolerant grape genotypes. Twodimensional
proteinanalysisrevealedexpressionofmitochondrialATPase,glutaminesynthetaseandcontinuedexpressionof
ribuloseuponElsinoeinfectioninanthracnosetolerantFloridaHybridbunchgrapegenotypesthathelpedthemto
maintain normal physiological process. Further, differentially expressed genes were isolated using Differential
Display RTPCR and Subtractive Hybridization techniques upon Elsinoe inoculation of grape leaves. Both
180
techniques yielded significant yielded several partial cDNAs uniquely expressed in tolerant genotypes. These
uniquelyexpressedtranscriptswereisolated,sequencedandidentifiedaschalconesynthase,stilbenesynthase,PR
proteins,chitinase,protein/sugarkinaseandtranscriptionfactor.RealtimePCRanalysisrevealedexpressionof
these genes only in anthracnosetolerant genotypes. Induction of these novel genes upon Elsinoe infection in
tolerant genotypes indicates their adaptation mechanism for pathogen infestation. Further studies would help
identifyspecificgene/sassociatedwithanthracnosetolerance.SupportedbyFloridaViticultureAdvisoryCouncil
Grants.
P127
InheritanceFlowerFertility,Fruitsize,andColorinMuscadineGrapes.Ren,Z.*,X.Xu,andJ.Lu,Centerfor
ViticultureandSmallFruit,FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32317.
One hundred and twentytwo F1 hybrids from muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) cv Summit x Noble were
evaluated for their inheritances of flower sex, fruit color and fruit SSC. The segregation of perfect and female
flowers followed 1:1 Mendelian single gene ration. Fruit color varied in green (17), red (89), and black red (18)
categories.Thisindicatedthatmuscadineredcoloriscontrolledby3dominantgenes,andSummitishomozygote
whileNobleisheterozygoteonthe3genes.Thereare6hybridswithfruitlargerthanSummit(largefruitparent).
Among them, only one plant is perfect flower. Sixteen hybrids showed higher sugar contents than their male
parentNoble(highersugarparent).Thesegregationdatasuggestedthatinordertomakeahybridselectionwith
combinationofperfectflower,largeberryandhighsugarcontent,alargenumberofhybridsarenecessaryfroma
crosscombination.
P128
Effect of Natural Organic Matter on Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water. Jain, A.* and S. K. Pancholy,
CenterforWaterandAirQuality,CESTAFloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32307.
Arseniccontaminationinwaterisaworldwideconcernbecauseofitstoxicityandcarcinogenicity.Arsenic
existsinwaterprimarilyastheinorganicoxyanionsofarsenite(As(III))andarsenate(As(V)).As(III)ismoretoxic
and difficult to remove from water than As(V). In our previous studies, we found that Fe(VI)/Al(III) salts were
efficientinremovingarsenitebelowthedrinkingwaterstandardof10gL1.Naturalorganicmatter,aprevalent
constituent of natural waters, interacts strongly with arsenic, influencing its speciation and mobility in aquatic
environments.Theobjectiveofthisstudyistoevaluatetheeffectofnaturalorganicmatteronarseniteremovalby
Fe(VI)/Al(III) salts. Three different types of NOM (Suwannee River NOM, Nordic Reservoir NOM, and Aldrich
humicacid)wereusedinthisstudy.Experimentswereconductedbyadding20MofFe(VI)andvariedamountof
AlCl3(20127M)tothearsenitesolution(6.7M)containingdissolvedorganiccarbonintherange120mgCL
1.ThepHofthesampleswasadjustedtothedesiredvalue(pH68).After24hofequilibration,thesampleswere
filtered using 0.2 m filter membranes. Arsenic was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometer using hydride
generationtechniques.Theresultsandthepracticalimplicationsofthisstudywillbepresentedinthisposter.
P129
Digital Identification Resource for Insect Pests of Cultivated Palms in the United States and Caribbean
Countries.Haseeb,M.*,M.T.K.Kairo,R.W.FlowersandT.W.Walters,CenterforBiologicalControl,Collegeof
EngineeringSciences,TechnologyandAgriculture,FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32307.
Florida is one of the leading states in the nursery and greenhouse industry and is only ranked second
behindCalifornia.In2003,palmswereamajorcommodityinFlorida,valuedat$220millionandrepresenting7%
of grower sales. Indeed, palms are one of the largest components of horticultural firms in the state followed by
shrubsandtropicalfoliageplants.Thus,abilitytoidentifypestsassociatedwithpalmsisofgreaterconcerntothe
regulatoryandpestmanagementagenciesaswellasforpestmanagement.Morethan200oftheworlds2,700
plus palm species are under cultivation. Numerous palm species are also cultivated in Caribbean Countries.
Currently, very few taxonomists are available in the United States and worldwide who can identify the ever
increasingnumberofpests.Toalleviatetheproblem,focushasnowbeenturnedtothedevelopmentofelectronic
identificationtools.Progressinthisareahasbeenfacilitatedbytheemergingnewsoftwareplatformswhichallow
for the development of user friendly macromedia matrixbased interactive keys. One of the most popular
platforms is Lucid. Here we discuss progress with the development of an electronic identification resource for
insectpestsofcultivatedpalmsusingLucid.
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P130
DifferentialExpressionofLeafProteinsinLowandHighChillRequiredRaspberryCultivars.Umar,G.*,R.
Katam, B.R. Phills, and M.B. Sheikh, Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, Florida A& M University,
TallahasseeFL32317.
Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is one of the economically important crops grown for its nutritional and
medicinal value. The cultivation of this crop is generally limited to northern and western climatic regions of the
country. Attempts are being made to develop cultivars adapted to the southern climatic region where much
warmergrowingconditionsprevail.However,changesintheenvironmentalconditionssuchastemperaturealter
variousbiochemicalandcellularcompositionofplants.Theobjectiveofthisresearchistostudygeneticvariation
ofleafproteinsandtoidentifydifferentiallyexpressedproteinstovarioustemperatureregimesinraspberry.Leaf
tissuewascollectedfromlowchillrequiredcultivarSouthlandandhighchillrequiredcultivarScepterthatwere
maintained over one year at our center. Scepter is a cultivar that fruits well in cold weather of Maryland and is
highlytoleranttofluctuatingwintertemperatureinjury.WhileSouthlandfruitsinmidSouthregionandisalsoa
winter hardy cultivar. Total protein was isolated from leaf and separated on high throughput 2dimensional
electrophoresis. Methods were standardized to resolve high frequency protein profiles by manipulating
ampholines.HigheramountsofproteinwereobservedinSouthland,whichislowchillrequiredcultivar.Wealso
observed differential expression of various proteins between the two cultivars. Further identification and
characterizationoftheseproteinsareinprogressandwillbediscussed.
ScientistsEmergingTechnologies
P131
WeightofVariousEggComponentsinJapaneseQuail.Arora,K.L.,DepartmentofVeterinaryScience,FortValley
StateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030.
Thirtyfreshlylaid eggsfrom90dayoldJapanesequails (Coturnixjaponica)weighing135to140 grams
were used in this study. Eggs that appeared uniform in shape and size were weighed individually and the
componentssuchasshell,eggwhiteandyolkwereseparatedoutinaluminumcupsandweighedtothenearest
milligram using an analytical balance. The components were then dried to a constant weight at 100C. After
weighing,thedriedcontentsweretransferredtopreweighedcruciblesandthentransferredintoaMuflefurnace
at600Cinordertodetermineashcontents.MeanandS.D.valuesofwetweightsofwholeegg,shell,whiteand
yolk were: 11.130.56g, 1.280.13g, 5.450.3g and 3.400.21g, respectively, while their dry weights were
3.380.12g,0.890.12,0.680.09gand1.810.06g,respectively.Watercontentswere:wholeegg7.750.33g,shell
0.390.02g, white 5.770.09g, and yolk 1.59 0.03g, respectively. Ash contents were: whole egg 0.531 0.01g,
shell 0.44 0.01g, white 0.0300.001g and yolk 0.062 0.01g, respectively. Organic contents (dry minus ash)
were:wholeegg2.850.36g,shell0.450.18,white0.650.02gandyolk1.750.20,respectively.Insummary,the
whole egg contained 69.63% water, 25.6% organic materials and 4.77% ash. Water was found mostly in egg
white,followedbyyolkandeggshell.Onthebasisofdryandashweights,theinorganicandorganiccontentsare
intheratioof1:5.4inwholeegg,1:1inshell,1:21.7ineggwhiteand1:28.2inyolk.Theseconstituentsbuilda
normalchickanddeviationstherefromcouldleadtoanabnormalgrowthanddevelopmentofembryosandthe
chicks.
P132
RelationshipBetweenWeightandDimensionsofJapaneseQuailEggs.Arora,K.L.,DepartmentofVeterinary
Science,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA.31030.
WeightandexternaldimensionsofJapanesequaileggs(Coturnixjaponica)weremeasuredinordertofind
relationshipbetweenthem.Eggswerecollectedfrom80daysoldbirdsweighing125to130grams.Atotalof103
eggs were collected randomly from the cages over two consecutive days and were weighed individually to the
nearest milligram using an analytical balance. Egg lengths and widths were measured in millimeters using a
vernier caliper. Only the eggs that appeared uniform in size and shape were used. The data on egg weight, egg
lengthandeggwidthwereanalyzedstatistically.MeanandS.D.valuesforeggweight,egglengthandeggwidth
were9.890.92g,3.090.18mmand2.420.08mm,respectively.Thecorrelationsbetweeneggweightand
egglength(0.76),eggweightandeggwidth(0.79),andegglengthandeggwidth(0.45)weresignificantatP<0.01.
Theseobservationsrevealthategglengthandeggwidthcouldbeutilizedeffectivelyaspredictorsofeggweight.
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P133
IntroducingModernMolecularBiologyandBiotechnologytoStudentsandPublicinKentuckyAreas.Lu,L.
*1,K.W.Pomper1,K.Kaul2,N.Rajendran2andJ.Tidwell3,1CommunityResearchService,AtwoodResearchFacility,
KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601; 2CarverHall,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601;and
3DivisionofAquaculture,LandGrantProgram,KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
Modern Molecular Biology and Biotechnology impact multiple areas of biology and chemistry, such as
genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, medicine, and agriculture. Training in biotechnology and molecular biology
techniquesiscriticalforstudentswhowishtopursuecareersinthelifesciencesandagriculture.TwoUSDA1890
Institution Capacity Building Grants Development of Biotechnology Courses to Enhance Aquaculture and Life
Science Programs and Recruit Students to Kentucky State University and Creation of Summer Educational
Opportunities in Biotechnology to Recruit Students and Enhance Stem Areas at Kentucky State University were
fundedin2005and2008,respectively,toimplementabiotechnologytrainingpipelinefrommiddleschoolthough
postsecondary education, provide understanding and handson experiences in modern biotechnology to the
public, and support student recruitment at KSU. Approximately 50 students have participated in two
undergraduate courses Understanding Biotechnology and Advanced Molecular Biotechnology that have been
offered.Thestudentshavelearnedthetoolsofmolecularbiology(e.g.,DNAisolation,SouthernandWesternBlots,
DNAsequencing,andPCR),geneticengineering,cloning,genetherapy,thehumangenomeproject,forensicDNA,
bioremediation, biodiversity, and bioterrorism in the class, and gained hands on experience in the laboratory
portions. The students also learned the applications of various molecular and bioinformatics databases and
software, including Genbank, EMBL, BLAST, etc. The courses provide the students with a strong background for
applyingtograduateschoolorforbiotechnologyrelatedcareersaftergraduation.Additionalcoursesandsummer
workshops will be offered to students and the public to promote understanding of modern biology and
biotechnology.
P134
Development of Simple Sequence Repeat Markers for Examining Genetic Relationships in Pawpaw
Varieties. Dutta, S. J.*, L. Lu, J. D. Lowe, K. W. Pomper and K. Schneider, Land Grant Program, Kentucky State
University,AtwoodResearchFacility,FrankfortKY40601.
TheNorthAmericanpawpaw[Asiminatriloba(L.)Dunal]isatreefruitnativetoareasintheeasternUnited
Statesandisintheearlystagesofcommercialproduction.Since1994,KentuckyStateUniversity(KSU)hasserved
as the USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository, or gene bank, for pawpaw. Cultivar loss over the last 100
years may have contributed to an erosion of the genetic base of pawpaw varieties. The assessment of genetic
diversity in pawpaw cultivars is therefore an important research priority for the KSU program. In an effort to
further examine genetic relationships in pawpaw, simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were developed by
partially sequencing SSR regions in pawpaw. The objective of this study was to determine if recently developed
SSR primers for pawpaw could be utilized to examine genetic relationships in pawpaw varieties. Leaf samples
werecollectedfromthepawpawselectionsTaytwo,SweetAlice,NC1,1113,123,andthreeprogenyof1113x
123. Leaf samples were also collected from a cherimoya (Annona cherimola) tree in the KSU greenhouse;
cherimoya is in the same family as pawpaw. DNA was extracted from the leaves using the DNAMITE Plant Kit.
Primers B103 and B129 were labeled with FAM and used to amplify SSR products. These products were then
separated using a 3130 Applied Biosystems capillary electrophoresis system. Both primers failed to amplify
productsincherimoya;however,productswereamplifiedbytheSSRprimersinthepawpawselectionsexamined
andwereusefulinseparatingthegenotypes.
P135
The Influence of Heating of Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Fruit Pulp on Annonaceous Acetogenin Activity.
Craycroft,D.*,J.D.Lowe,K.W.PomperandS.B.Crabtree,CommunityResearchService,KentuckyStateUniversity,
AtwoodResearchFacility,Frankfort,KY40601.
The pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] is a treefruit that is native to Kentucky which contains long
chain,fattyacidannonaceousacetogeninsinthetwigsandripefruit.Acetogeninshaveantitumor,pesticidal,and
antiviral activity, suggesting many potentially useful applications. There is a concern that these acetogenin
compounds may not be stable with heating above 50C; heating of extracts with sugars from the fruit could also
lead to problems of caramelization. Our working hypothesis was that heating pawpaw fruit extracts above 50C
will reduce acetogenin activity in the extracts. The objective of this study was to determine heat stability of
acetogenincompounds.Ripepawpawpulpwasextractedwith95%ethanolaloneor95%ethanolfollowedbylong
183
enrichment protocol to increase acetogenin concentration and reduce sugar content, thereby reducing
caramelization. The extracts were heated to 30, 65, or 100C for 16 or 96 hours. A brine shrimp bioassay was
employedtoassessacetogeninactivityoftheextracts.Brineshrimpmortalityat0,0.5,5,and10ppmofextract
wasdeterminedafter24hoursandtheLC50foreachtreatmentdetermined.Heatingofenrichedextractsfor16
hoursat65Cor100Cresultedina10%or65%reductioninactivity,respectively.Heatingofenrichedextracts
for96hoursat65Cor100Cresultedina0%or90%reductioninactivity,respectively.Nonenrichedsamples
hadasimilarresponsetoheating.Ripepawpawpulpcanbeheatedanddriedwithlittlelossofactivityforlater
extractionandproductdevelopment.
P136
Evaluation of Pollen Tube Growth in Self and CrossPollinated Pawpaw Flowers Using Fluorescent
Microscopy.Crabtree,S.B.*,K.W.PomperandA.Tope,CommunityResearchService,AtwoodResearchFacility,
KentuckyStateUniversity,Frankfort,KY40601.
Pawpaw(Asimina triloba) isthelargest treefruitnativetoNorthAmerica, and isemergingasaunique,
highvaluecropforlimitedresource,andsustainablefarmers.Pawpawhaslowfruitset,especiallyinthewild,and
isthoughttobeselfinfertilewiththepossibleexceptionofSunflower,althoughthishypothesishasneverbeen
testedinacontrolledexperiment.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastodeterminepollinizerrelationshipsamongfour
pawpaw cultivars. Pawpaw twigs from the cultivars Overleese, PAGolden, Sunflower, and Taylor were collected
before flower buds were fully open and forced at room temperature indoors. When the stigmatic surface of the
flowers was receptive, indicated by a moist, glistening appearance, ripe pollen from another flower was applied
directlytothestigma,andpollinatedflowersplacedonmoistfilterpaperinapetridish.Pollinatedflowerswere
heldatroomtemperaturefor24h,thenstainedwithanilineblueandsquashedontomicroscopeslides.Slideswere
thenviewedunderafluorescentmicroscopetoobservepollentubegrowth.Pollentubegrowthwasrankedfrom0
(nopollentubesobserved)to5(manylongpollentubesobserved).Pollengrainswereobservedonsomecontrol
(unpollinated) flowers, although flowers were collected when still green, not fully open, and unreceptive. Only
TaylorxTaylorshowednopollentubegrowthonanyflowers.Allothercrosses,includingselfpollinatedflowers,
showedsomepollentubegrowth,withOverleesexPAGolden,SunflowerxPAGolden,SunflowerxSunflower,and
TaylorxOverleeseshowingthemostpollentubegrowth(rated4.5orabove).
ScientistPosterEmergingTechnologies
P137
Ripe Pawpaw Fruit Pulp Color for Six Preferred Cultivars and Advanced Selections. Pomper, K. W.*, J. D.
Lowe, S. B. Crabtree and C. Wang, Community Research Service, Atwood Research Facility, Kentucky State
University,Frankfort,KY40601.
The pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is in the early stages of commercial production as a highvalue treefruit
crop. In an earlier study, flavor preference was examined with the fruit of 16 varieties at the 2008 Pawpaw
WorkshopinFrankfort,Kentucky.Theobjectiveofthiscurrentstudywastodetermineifpawpawgenotypesthat
werepreferredbyparticipantsattheWorkshophadripefruitpulpthatwasmoreorangethanyellowincolor.The
colorofsixpawpawgenotypes:Allegheny,NC1,Taytwo,Wabash,1035andG9108,aswellasaKentuckyState
Universityselection,G425,wereexaminedusingaMinoltaChromaMeterCR100.Chromameterwascalibratedto
astandardwhitereflectiveplateandL*(lightness),a*(greentored)andb*(bluetoyellow)valuesweremeasured
to compute values for hue angle and chroma. Three replicate values were measured from the freshly cut pulp
surfaceforthreeindividualfruitofeachgenotype.ThereweresignificantdifferencesinL*,a*,b*,hueangleand
chroma among the genotypes. Wabash and Allegheny had the greatest a* values and 1035 the lowest value.
Allegheny,NC1,Taytwo,Wabash,andG425hadthehighestb*valuesandG9108thelowestvalue.G9108and
1035hadthelowestchromavaluesandAllegheny,NC1,Taytwo,Wabash,andG425thehighestchromavalues.
Therewasarangeofripepulpcolorsobservedintheselectionsthatwerehighlyrankedforflavor.Aninteraction
betweenpulpcolorandflavormaystillbeanimportantfactorinconsumerpreference.
P138
EvaluationofAdvancedFloricaneFruitingBlackberrySelectionsfromtheUniversityofArkansasGrownin
Kentucky.Pomper,K.*1,J.Lowe1,S.Crabtree1,J.Clark2,andJ.Strang3, 1CommunityResearchService,Kentucky
State University, Atwood Research Facility, Frankfort, KY 40601; 2Department of Horticulture, University of
Arkansas,Fayetteville,AR72701;3DepartmentofHorticulture,UniversityofKentucky,Lexington,KY40546.
BlackberriesofferanattractivealternativetoKentuckyfarmerswhoarecurrentlygrowingtobacco.The
objective of this study was to compare production characteristics from a number of advanced floricane fruiting
184
selections, including Natchez, developed by the University of Arkansas Blackberry Breeding Program to the
commonly grown selections Chickasaw and Triple Crown in terms of yield and fruit quality under Kentucky
growing conditions. In June 2006, a blackberry variety trial was established at Kentucky State University. The
varietytrialincludesthecommerciallyavailablecultivarsChickasaw(thornyerect)andTripleCrown(semierect,
thornless) and the Arkansas (A) floricane fruiting selections A1937T, A2215T, A2241T, and A2315T (all
thornless erect); the selection A2241T was released in 2008 as Natchez after the start of the trial. Plants were
arrangedinacompletelyrandomizeddesign,with2replicateplotseachcontaining5plantsofeachselectionor
cultivar in a 10 foot plot. This trial was managed following the National Organic Program standards. Ripe fruit
were harvested from the plants twiceweekly from June until August. Harvest period, yield, berry weight, and
soluble solids content were recorded for all selections. There was no significant difference in yield. Brix were
highestforTripleCrownandlowestforA2315T.BerryweightwassignificantlylargerforNatchez;thisselection
also had the earliest first harvest date of June 26th. Triple Crown had the latest first harvest date (July 17th).
Natchez has been released for commercial production and could be a popular new addition for blackberry
productioninKentucky.
P139
IdentificationofDifferentiallyExpressedGenesinGoatsDuringtheLactationPeriod.Matand,K.,Centerfor
BiotechnologyResearchandEducation,LangstonUniversity,Langston,OK73050.
The profile of goat mammary gland differentially expressed genes during lactation was determined by
using a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) approach. Subtraction cDNA libraries of different lactation
stages were constructed to facilitate target genes isolation. Realtime reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain
reactionwasappliedtovalidateSSHresults.FivetargetgenescodingforserumamyloidA3(SAA3),ATPbinding
cassette subfamily G2 (ABCG2), heart fatty acidbinding protein (hFABP), Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and
ZincfingerUbid4proteins(ZNP)wereidentifiedandanalyzed.TheexpressionlevelsofABCG2andhFABPgenes
increasedsignificantlyfromearlytopeaklactationstagesandgraduallydecreasedthroughmiddle,lateandend
lactation stages. ABCG2 and hFABP gene proteins were suggested to be involved in the mediation of ATP
dependent translocation of a variety of lipophilic substrates and lipid metabolism, respectively, during the peak
milkproductionperiod.XDH,amajorconstituentofthemilkfatglobulemembrane,showedanexpressiontrend
similar to that of ABCG2 and hFABP, but with a mild increase during early and peak lactation stages. The
expression pattern of SAA3, a lipid metabolism and cell proliferation protein, rose from early to late lactation
stageswithasubsequentdeclinetothebaselineattheendoflactation.Unlikeothergenes,ZNPgeneexpression
increase began at the late middle lactation stage with the subsequent highest point at the end of the lactation
period.Thisfindingmightsuggestapotentialroleofthisgeneincellapoptosis.
P140
DifferentialExpressionofCKitGeneinGoatMammaryGlandsDuringLactationandDryPeriods.Wu,N.*,
K.Matand,X.F.Han,CenterforBiotechnologyResearchandEducation,LangstonUniversity,Langston,OK73050
TheckitgeneencodesatransmembranetyrosinekinasetypeIIIreceptorthatisamemberoftheplatelet
derived growth factor receptor family with five Iglike motifs in the extracellular domain, a cytoplasmic domain
includingamembranesegment,andakinasedomaincomposedofakinaseinsertsequenceandacarboxyterminal
segment.Previousstudieshavesuggestedthatckitanditsligandtogetherfunctiontomaintainnormalgrowthof
mammaryepithelium;andtheectopicexpressionofckitinbreastcancercellsisthoughttosuppresstheirgrowth.
Incowmammaryimmuneresponsesstudies,ckitwassubstantiallyexpressedandparticipatedinsuppressingthe
expressionofcytokinemRNAinTcellsviatheactivationofgammadeltaTcellsduringthelactationperiod.This
study focused on determining ckit expression profile in goat mammary glands during both lactation and dry
periods. Goat mammary tissue was collected during lactation midstage and dry period, and related total RNAs
were extracted. Reversetranscript PCRs were performed to assess expression of the ckit gene during lactation
anddryperiods,usingthefollowingprimersTGAAGACCTGCTGGGATGCandCTTCGTGGACAAGCAGAGG.Theckit
gene was expressed in mammary glands uniquely during the dry period, whereas the control genes,
Spermidine/spermine N(1)acetyltransferase (SSAT) and S1Casein, respectively, were expressed nearly
equally during both periods but with prevalence during the lactation period. The results suggest that goat ckit
geneexpressionmightbecloselyassociatedwiththelactationperiodandmightberegulatedbythefactorsand/or
hormonesinvolvedinthelactationphysiology,inadditiontothereproductiveendocrinology.
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P141
AntioxidantActivityofPeptidesfromPorcinePlasmaAlbumininRats.Wang,Z.*,1,2,H.Zhang1,S.Zeng2and
F.Z.Ren1, 1CollegeofFoodScience&NutritionalEngineering,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100083,P.R.
China,2AmericanInstituteforGoatResearch,LangstonUniversity,Langston,OK73050.
Our previous research showed that porcine plasma peptide fractions (A5, MW<3 KDa) had antioxidant
effectinvitro.Inthepresentstudy,theeffectofA5onantioxidantactivity,lipidperoxidation,andtotalantioxidant
capacity(TAOC)inratswasinvestigatedinvivo.ThirtyfivemaleSpragueDawleyrats3monthsold;bodyweight
(BW)=425g,SE=25gwererandomlydividedintofivegroups.Thefivetreatmentswerecontrol,100,200,400
mg of A5/kg BW, and 10 mg of vitamin E/kg BW (as positive control). Blood samples and organ tissues (liver,
heart, spleen, thymus, and lung) were collected one month after daily treatments started. TAOC, activities of
superoxidedismutase(SOD)andglutathioneperoxidase(GSHPx),andlevelofmalondialdehyde(MDA)inserum
andorgantissuesweredetermined.TheresultsshowedthatA5treatmentsincreasedTAOCandtheactivitiesof
SODandGSHPx,anddecreasedthelevelofMDAinalltheorgantissuestested.Itisconcludedthatthepeptide
fractionsA5canenhancetheTAOCandantioxidantactivities,reducingtherisksoflipidperoxidationinrats.
P142
Efficient Germination Protocol Development for Alexandrian Laurel. Yang, G.* and Z. Lu, Department of
Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University,
Greensboro,NC27411.
Alexandrian laurel (Danae racemosa L.) is a highly desirable plant that is difficult to germinate and
propagate. Its long period of germination and slow growth affects its commercial availability. To improve
commercial value, a shorter germination period is desirable. It is also important to produce plants with high
quality features. Micropropagation offers the ability to achieve both. Normal propagation for this species is by
seedsanddivision.Conventionalseedgerminationtakesuptoayearandhalfwithalowsuccessrateofonlyabout
20%andtypicallytakesuptosixyearstoproduceasaleableonegallonsizeplant.Thisresearchwasinitiatedto
develop an efficient germination protocol to expedite production. Seven germination techniques were
investigated:(1)soakingtheseedswithGA3,(2)testingtheseedswithorwithoutfruits,(3)soakingseedswith
H2SO4,(4)filescarification,(5)soakingseedswithhotwater(60oC)vs.tapwater,(6)sandstratification,and(7)
tissueculture(TC).ResultsrevealedthattheTCtechniqueproducedthebestresults.Comparedtoconventional
techniques, TC achieved a significant increase in germination rate to 80100% and reduced time to germinate
(between 10 days to 23 months). Micropropagated plantlets also demonstrated much higher vigorous growth
with healthier looking and more abundant roots and were as big as threeyear old conventionally propagated
plantlets.OurresultssuggestthatTCcanalsobeusedforotherrecalcitrantplantspecieswithsimilarpropagation
issues.
P143
ModelingGoatGrowthasaFunctionofFeedIntake.Risch,E.*,J.M.Dzakuma,P.M.JohnsonandA.S.Hubbard,
Goat growth was defined as change in weight. Two functions, Brody and Gompertz, were selected to
describegrowth.TheselfacceleratingandselfinhibitingphaseswerefittedtodatacollectedonSpanish(SP)and
Tennessee Stifflegged (TS) goat populations maintained at the Goat Center. These breeds represent goats with
intermediate and small mature size. The goats were fed three levels: 100% or ad libitum, 85% and 70%, of the
samerationcontaining18%CPand65%TDN.Biweeklyweightsanddailyfeedintakeamountswerecollectedon
the goats till yearling age. As the amount of feed the goats were allowed to eat increased, there was a
correspondingincreaseinweightgained.Weightsmaintainedatthe85%and70%levelsweresimilaranddiffered
significantly from the weight of goats maintained at the 100% level. The TS breed was smaller in size by
classification,however,feedintakeamountsforSPandTSbreeds,respectively,werevirtuallythesameatsixmo
of age and also at 13 mo of age. Neither were there any statistically significant differences in growth weights
betweenSPandTSbreeds,respectively,atsixmonorat13moofage.Calculatedgrowthrates,usingtheBrody
andtheGompertzfunctionsvalidatedthefastergrowthrateobservedfortheTSbreed.ValuesofR2obtainedby
fitting polynomial equations to the Brody and the Gompertz predicted curves suggested that the Brody function
providedabetterfittotheobservedgoatdata.
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P144
NanotechnologyApplicationinForestHealthManagement.Qi,Y.*1,K.Lian2,Q.L.Wu3,K.L.Chin1,D.Collins1,
K.Klepzig4,andY.Li5, 1SouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter,BatonRouge,LA70813;
2CenterforAdvancedMicrostructureandDevices,LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRougeLA70806; 3Louisiana
State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803; 4USDAForest Service, Southern Research Station,
Asheville,NC28804;5NorthwestA&FUniversity,Yangling,China712100.
Nanomaterials have generated tremendous interest because they offer an opportunity to deliver
unprecedented material performance. This multiinstitutional research project will focus on Nanotechnology
Application in Forest Health Management Using CopperCarbon CoreShell Nanoparticles (CCCSNs) to Improve
Tree/ForestHealthandPestResistance.Asnewgenerationnanomaterials,theCCCSNshavereceivedincreasing
attention because of their low cost, unique stabilities, and demonstrated performance against Formosan termite
and fungal diseases. The project will characterize physical and chemical properties of CCCSNs and their
interactionswithenvironment;examineCCCSNsuptake/distributionpatternswithinseedlingsandmaturetrees
inloblollypineandwateroakandtheeffectonprimaryandsecondarymetabolism;andinvestigatetheeffectsof
CCCSNs on southern pine beetles (SPB) and associated fungi, water oak rotten diseases, and termites both for
livingplantsandforwoodproductsmadefromthesetrees.Thegoalistodevelopsafeandeffectiveformulations
andtreatmentstrategiesinusingnanotechnologytoimproveforesthealthandpestresistanceandqualityofforest
products.ThisresearchoffersanopportunityforSouthernUniversityAgriculturalCentertoadvanceUSDAForest
Service research on SPB and forest pests, as well as to assist with the development of new technologies that
protect valuable forest resources. This joint effort will significantly enhance the research capacity at Southern
University and its collaborative institutions. It has the potential to result in the development of a new research
areaandproductmarketinnanotechnologyapplicationinforestryandnaturalresourcemanagement.
P145
Flow Cytometric Analysis And Sorting Of Host Signal Inducible Transposon Insertion Mutants Of Erwinia
carotovora Subspecies Atroseptica. Dumenyo, C. K. *1, S. VerberneSutton2 and S. Ghazi3,,1Department of
Agricultural Sciences, 2Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, and 3Department of Biological Sciences,
Transposon mutagenesis is an invaluable tool in functional genomics as it allows the assignment of
functions to individual genes. The process involved random insertion of transposon (DNA sequences) into the
genome of organisms and by so doing truncating/disrupting genes and thereby rendering them nonfunctional.
Theassociatedobservablephenotypicchangesallowtheassignmentoffunctiontothetruncatedgene.Promoter
probe transposons carry promoterless reporter genes such that, the insertion of the transposon in the right
orientationdownstreamofanactivebacterialpromoter,turnsonthereportergene.Here,wedescribetheuseof
flowcytometrytoidentifyErwiniacarotovorasubspeciesAtroseptica(Eca)mutantswithtransposoninsertionsin
genes whose expressions are induced by plant host signals. The nalidixic acidresistance Eca Strain SCRI1043N
wasmutangenizedwiththebifunctionaltransposon,pTn5gfpKmbymatingwithE.coliS171pircarryingmini
Tn5gfpkm. The cells from the mating mixture were grown in minimal medium supplemented with gentamycin,
nalidixicacidandpotatoextract.After3subculturings,thecellsweresortedintofluorescentandnonfluorescent
cellsinaBDFACSCaliburflowcytometerfollowinganalysisandzoningintodifferentlevelsofGFPexpression.The
sortedcellswerereculturedintheabsenceofhostsignalsandresortedforthelossofGFPexpressionasaresultof
lack of induction by the host signals. The flow cytometer thus present a quick and accurate method of isolating
induciblepromotertrapmutants.
P146
Foliage Diseases Of Bigleaf Hydrangea In Tennessee. Mmbaga, M. T.*1 and R.J. Sauve2, 1Tennessee State
University, Otis Floyd Research Center, McMinnville, TN 37209; 2School of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences,
Bigleaf hydrangea or garden hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) cultivars are popular flowering
landscape shrubs used in full sun to shade gardens. Foliage diseases that infect hydrangea can impact the
appearance,healthandmarketvalueoftheseplants.Foliardiseaseswerediagnosedusingdiseasesymptomsand
signs of the pathogens. The causal agents were isolated on Potato Dextrose agar (PDA) and clean cultured.
PathogenicfungiwerecharacterizedusingDNAsequenceanalysisandmorphologicalfeaturesobservedundera
compoundmicroscope.FortheKoch'sPostulates,thedetachedleafassaytechniquewasused.Pathogenicisolates
werereisolatedfromthelesionsthatdevelopedonthedetachedleavestocompleteKochsPostulate.Inaddition
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to powdery mildew, ten fungi that causes leaf spots and blights were identified. They were: Cercospora spp.,
Phomaexigua(GenBankAccessionNo.EU343124),Myrotheciumroridum(GenBankAccessionNo.AJ301994and
AJ608978), Glomerella acutata (Anamorph: Colletotrichum acutata), Corynespora cassiicola (GenBank Accession
No. FJ184988), Phoma exigua, Botrytis elliptica (Gene Bank Accession No. EU519207), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
(GeneBankAccessionNo.EU530000)by99%,andAlternariasp
P147
ImprovingPhytoremediationForRemediatingOrganicContaminantsInSoil.Kersey,C.M.1,X.Le2,D.Long2,
C. K. Dumenyo2 and E. K. Dzantor*2 ,1Department of Biological Sciences, 2Department of Agricultural Sciences,
TennesseeStateUniversity,NashvilleTN37209.
Dissipationofthesyntheticpyrethroidinsecticide,Talstar(activeingredientbifenthrin)wasexamined
inasoilunderrhizosphereinfluencesofalfalfa(Medicagosativa),easterngamagrass(Tripsacumdactyloides)and
bigbluestem(Andropogongerardii).Soilsthatwereunplantedservedascontrols.After12weeksbetween65%
and 70% of the insecticide had dissipated in planted soils compared to 45% in unplanted soil. Biochemical
examination of soil microbial communities using Biolog carbon substrate utilization profiling revealed
differences in community physiological profiles between unplanted and planted soils in the utilization of
carbohydrates, polymers and to some extent esters. The patterns were not different among planted soils.
Utilization patterns of carboxylic acids, amino acids and amines showed no differences between planted and
unplantedsoils.Molecularprofilingusing16SrRNAgeneanalysisshoweddifferencesinphylogeneticstructures
between the microbial communities in the soil treatments; however, the differences did not reflect insecticide
dissipation patterns. Clones identified as from the order Rhizobiales were represented in the highest numbers
within all treatments. A large number of clones were identified as eukaryotes, a result of coamplification of
eukaryotic18SrRNAwithbacterial16SrRNA.Evidentlythe16SrRNAprimersthatweusedincombinationwith
the low stringency of amplification conditions and presence of eukaryotic DNA resulted in the nonspecific
amplification of eukaryotic DNA. We are exploring the use of more specific sets of universal primers as well as
optimizingPCRconditionstoeliminatethediscrepancy.
P148
AProteomicsStudyOfAluminumToxicityInTomato.Zhou,S.*andR.Sauve,DepartmentofAgricultureand
ConsumerScience,TennesseeStateUniversity,Nashville,TN37209.
Growth inhibition in acid soils due to Al stress affects crop production worldwide. To understand
mechanismsaffectedbyAlstressinsensitivecrops,aproteomicanalysisofprimarytomatorootstissuegrownin
Al amended and non amended liquid cultures was done. DIGESDS MALDITOFTOF analysis of these tissues
resulted in the identification of 49 proteins that were differentially accumulated. The induction of
dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase, catalase 2, and quercetin 3Omethyltransferase could
enhancetheantioxidantactivityinAltreatedroots.Inducedenzymeproteinsassociatedwithdetoxificationwere
mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, catechol oxidase, quinone reductase, and lactoylglutathione lyase while
germinlike (oxalate oxidase) proteins, the malate dehydrogenase, wali7 and heavymetal associated domain
containing proteins were suppressed. VHAATP that encodes for the catalytic subunit A of the vacuolar ATP
synthasewasinducedandtwoATPasesubunit1isoformsweresuppressed.Twoenzymesassociatedwithamino
acid metabolism were affected; the NADPHdependent flavin reductase was repressed while the isovalerylCoA
dehydrogenase(IVD)wasinduced.Adenovofattyacidbiosyntheticenzyme,betahydroxyacylACPdehydratase,
was reduced while the GDSLmotif lipase hydrolase family protein was induced. SAMS, quercetin 3O
methyltransferaseandAdoHcyasewerealsoinducedbyAlstress.
P149
Isolation and Characterization of Potentially Lignocellulosic Microorganisms: Relevance to Sweetpotato
BasedBiofuels.Alexander,A.D.,DepartmentofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,
Tuskegee,AL36088.
It has recently been reported that sweetpotato has great potential as a material for producing biofuels.
Perhaps one of the most challenging issues related to the production of biofuels from sweetpotato is the
bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Microorganisms with lignocellulosic potential were isolated and
characterized for their ability to resolve the lignocellulosic components of sweetpotato biomass to appropriate
biofuelrelevantproducts.Wereportheretheresultsoftheisolationandcharacterizationandsuggestimportant
nextstepsinthisresearchendeavor.
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P150
Effects of Feeding Varying Levels of Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles on Growth Performance, Blood
Parameters and Carcass Quality of Meat Goats. Gurung, N. K.*1, S. G. Solaiman1, D. L. Rankins, Jr.2, G. M.
Abdrahim3,andW.H.McElhenny1, 1DepartmentofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,
Tuskegee,AL,36088; 2DepartmentofAnimalSciences,AuburnUniversity,Auburn,AL36949;and 3AlabamaA&
MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
TwentyfourKikocrossbredintactmalegoats(28.91.28kginitialBW)wereblockedbyweightand
goats were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental diets (6 goats/diet) containing 48.4% Bermuda
grass hay plus 51.6% concentrate mix where 0, 10.3, 20.6, and 31.0% of distillers dried grains with solubles
(DDGS)representedinthetotalration.Feedofferedandrefusalswerecollecteddaily.Bodyweightswererecorded
every 4wk and blood was collected at the beginning and at the end of the study. After 11wk, goats were
slaughtered and carcass characteristics were measured. The growth, feed intake, blood parameters and carcass
qualitydatawereanalyzedasacompletelyrandomizedblockdesign.InitialBW(P=0.22),finalBW(P=0.39),
and average daily gain (P = 0.62) were not different between treatments. The dry matter intake (P = 0.62) and
gain:feedratio(P=0.84)weresimilarbetweendiets.Therewerenoeffects(P>0.05)ofDDGSsupplementation
onserumbloodureanitrogen,serumcholesterol,andglucoselevels.Dressingpercent(P=0.18)andribeyearea
(P = 0.73) remained similar but 12th rib fat levels were significantly different (P =0.0033) between treatments,
with10.3%DDGScontainingdietshowingthehighestfatthicknessatthe12thrib.TheresultsindicatethatDDGS
isaviablefeedstuffformeatgoatsandupto31%ofDDGScanbeincludedinthedietwithoutanycompromisein
drymatterintake,growthperformanceandcarcassquality.
ScientistEmergingTechnology
P151
ImprovingUVProtectionofCottonFabricsThroughDigitalTextilePrinting.
Namwamba,G.N.*,V.K.Naarani,andD.Thrower,DivisionofFamilyandConsumerSciences,SouthernUniversity
AgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter,BatonRouge,LA70813.
ProtectionoftheskinfromharmfulUVraysisanimportantconsiderationintheselectionoffabricsfor
outerwearbecauseoftheriseincasesofskincancer.Fibercomposition,fabricporosityandcolorcansignificantly
affect UV blocking properties. Digital textile printing is a unique method of coloration of textiles whereby fabric
preparationparameterscanbemanipulatedtoimprovetheapplicationofinktomaximizethecoatingeffectofthe
inks. Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) of a fabric provides a quantitative assessment for the amount of UV
radiationblocked.OurstudyaimedtoimproveUPFofcottonfabricsbyapplicationofcolorantsviainkjetprinting
processandmanipulationofstructuralchangeofthefabrictoreducefabricporosityandhenceincreasetheirUV
blockingproperties.Twomajorcolorantswereinvestigatedtocomparetheperformanceoftheprintedgoodsin
terms of their UV blocking property. Cotton fabrics were printed with piezo technique based ink jet printers:
Mimaki GP 604 (pigment based inks) and Mimaki TX2 (dye based inks). Four process colors Cyan, Magenta,
Yellow and Black (CMYK) were selected to investigate individual color performance. UPF values of the printed
goodsandcontrolfabricweremeasuredbyaspectrophotometeraccordingtotheAATCCtestmethod1831999.
All the printed and control fabrics were examined for their structures using SEM which revealed changes in the
fabric porosity during printing process. This study provided valuable information on UV blocking property of
digitallyprintedcottonfabricstotextilesprofessionals,designersand,customers.
P152
Environmentally Friendly Site Specific Farming and Associated Advanced Technologies in a
MultidisciplinaryCourseataLandGrantUniversity.Nagchaudhuri,A.*1,,M.Mitra2,,L.E.Marsh3 ,T.J.Earl3 and
C. S. T. Daughtry4, 1Department of Engineering and Aviation Science, 2Department of Natural Sciences,
3Department of Food, Agriculture, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne,
MD 21853; 4Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural
ResearchService,Beltsville,MD20705.
A course titled Advanced Technologies in Agriculture and Environmental Sciences was offered at the
UniversityofMarylandEasternShore(UMES)inspringof2007andsubsequentlyinspringof2008.Thecourse
wasconceivedtodevelopabroaderstudentbaseforthePrecisionAgriculturerelatedactivitiesthathavebeen
ongoingatUMESforthepastfewyears,withsupportfromtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA),
189
andMarylandSpaceGrantConsortium(MDSGC),andassuchhasbeenopenedtoallSTEMseniorsandgraduate
students. The multidisciplinary design of the course has helped diffuse the compartmentalization of knowledge
andthestrongdisciplinaryboundariesthatexistinacademia.FacultyandstafffromAgriculture,NaturalSciences,
Engineering, Aviation Sciences, and collaborators from USDA and NASA have worked together to develop the
course.Thecoursecontentspansoverthefundamentalsofglobalpositioningsystems(GPS),yieldmonitoring,soil
testing, variable rate applicators, plant physiology and agronomy, Geographical Information Systems (GIS),
statisticsanddataanalysis,aerialimagingandremotesensing,andnutrientandwatershedmanagement.Students
workedinteamsandexecutedtwofieldprojectsinvolving(i)georeferencedpHmeasurementsonhalfacregrids
onaUMESfield,and(ii)theeffectofvaryingnitrogenlevelsonwinterwheatonanexperimentalplot.Theprojects
formed a significant aspect of the course. Field measurements using instruments such as chlorophyll meter, pH
meter,andleafareaindex(LAI)meterwererecordedbystudentsalongwithGPSandspatiallymappedusingGIS
software.
P153
MolecularDiversityinUkrainianMelonGermplasm.Tomason,Y.*,P.Nimmakayala,V.G.VajjaandU.K.Reddy,
GusR.DouglassInstitute,AgriculturalandEnvironmentResearchStation,WestVirginiaStateUniversity,Institute,
WV25112.
Melon(CucumismeloL.)isaneconomicallyimportanthorticulturecropoftheCucurbitaceaefamily.Itis
diploid (n=12) with genome size of 450Mb and with wide diversity in fruit characteristics, plant type, floral
structure and sex expression. A number of studies examined genetic diversity of melon breeding lines and
cultivars(intheUSA,WesternEurope,Africa,India,SoutheastAsia)usingmolecularmarkers.Ontheotherhand,
thereislittleinformationaboutthemelongermplasmcollectionintheEasternEurope,particularlythecollection
intheUkraine.Theobjectiveinthisstudywastoestimategeneticdiversityinthemeloncollectionusingamplified
fragmentlengthpolymorphisms(AFLP)andmicrosatellitesandfurthertounderstandhowwouldthismolecular
diversity corroborates with the existing classification that divided Ukrainian melons into three distinct
morphotypes:var.europeus(earlymelon);var.aestivalis(summermelon)andvar.hiemalis(wintermelon).A
numberofthirtyeightmelontypesbelongingtoUkraineandotherstocksthatareofprimarybreedingimportance
wereanalyzedfordiversityatmolecularlevel.ThesecollectionsrepresentmajornonUSandwestEuropesource
of melon germplasm collections that are not subjected to molecular characterization so far. Molecular diversity
was estimated based on a robust set of 465 polymorphisms gathered by Amplified Fragment Length
Polymorphisms and Simple Sequence Repeats. Based on these polymorphisms, we estimated similarities that
ranged from 0.70 to 1.00 among various accessions. A three dimensional graph of the first three principal
componentscorrespondedwellwiththemorphologicalfeaturesandexistingconvarcharacterization.
P154
TreatingFieldGrownNurseryStockforJapaneseBeetleQuarantineCertificationusingConventionaland
BiorationalInsecticidesAppliedbyaGrowerIrrigationTechnique.Oliver,J.B.*1, C.Ranger2, M.Reding,2J.J.
Moyseenko,2 and N. N. Youssef1. 1School of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State University,
Nashville,TN37209,and2USDAARS,HorticulturalInsectsResearchLaboratory,Wooster,OH44691.
Japanesebeetle(JB),PopilliajaponicaNewman,isanimportanthorticulturalpest.ThelarvalstageofJB
develops in the soil and can potentially be transported in soilcontaining commodities like nursery stock. To
prevent JB spread in the U.S., the National Plant Board established guidelines for treating nursery stock in the
Domestic Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan. Presently, growers have few options for treating fieldgrown
nursery stock, including either a postharvest immersion in insecticide solution (chlorpyrifos or bifenthrin) or a
preharvest infield insecticide (imidacloprid or thiamethoxam) treatment between May and July. The post
harvest immersion treatment is expensive, timeconsuming, and hazardous, but is the only option if the pre
harvest treatment is not applied during the May to July window. The preharvest treatment is expensive and
requiresadvanceestimationofexpectedsalesinthefallharvestseason.Bothoptionsrequireanextraproduction
step for growers. A new method that integrates with existing production is to apply insecticides during pre
harvestirrigation.Growersoftenusebucketsorotherirrigatingdeviceswithsmallholestosaturatetheground
around trees before harvest. Tests using one irrigation device (TreeRings) to treat infield nursery stock with
bifenthrin, carbaryl, trichlorfon, or an experimental biopesticide demonstrated near 100% efficacy against third
instarJB.Inaddition,controlofthirdinstarJBalsowasachievedbyplacingTreeRingsonpostharvestballedand
burlapped plants. Advantages of the new treatment method include incorporation into existing production
190
practices,treatmentnearharvestwhenplantsalesaremorepredictable,reducedworkerexposure,andeffective
JBcontrol.
P155
ResponsesofStressResistantandSensitivePotatoestoConcurrentHeatStressandSoftRotInfection.Aziz,
A.N.*,S.KebeandC.K.Dumenyo,DepartmentofAgriculturalSciences,TennesseeStateUniversity,Nashville,TN
37209.
Potatoisfourthmostimportantfoodcropandplanthoststresshasveryimportantrepercussionsinthe
severityofpathogeninducedinfections.Usingpotatoasamodelplantthisresearchaddressesthehoststressin
relation to infectivity. In order to initiate comparative studies heattolerant and heatsensitive potato (Solanum
tuberosum) varieties were identified. Therefore, two potato varieties, i.e., 'Atlantic' and 'Norchip' representing
heatsensitive and heatresistant types, respectively were grown in tissue culture. For pathogenic studies three
bacterialmutantsofErwiniacarotovorasubsp.carotovora(E.c.carotovora)strainEcc71wereused.ThethreeE.c.
carotovoramutants(N3,A6andA18)differedintheirvirulencelevelsforcausingbacterialsoftrot.MutantN3has
same virulence as Ecc71, and A6 mutant has reduced virulence, while A18 has increased virulence compared to
wild type Ecc71. These three pathogens and two the kind of potatoes mentioned above have been used in
pathogeninfectivity on stressed and nonstressed plants. The unstressed plants are maintained at 22oC while
temperaturestressisprovidedbykeepingthepotatoculturesat42oCfor2,4,6,16or24hoursfollowedby25oC
incubationbeforeinfection.ResultsofdifferenttemperaturetreatmentsalongwiththreeE.c.carotovoramutants
ontwoplanttypesindifferentcombinationsarecomparedtoevaluatetheinfectivityonstressedandnonstressed
host. The comparisons of the infectivity stressed and nonstressed host would thereby elucidate underlying
mechanism(s). In addition, crop cultivation practices in conjunction with the efforts to develop integrated pest
managementstrategieswillbenefitfromthisresearch.
P156
Aestivales(Planchon),AmericanNativeGrapesandTheirPhylogenetics.Mongerie,T.A.*,J.L.Boutne,
S. Leong, and V. M. Colova (Tsolova), Florida A&M University, CESTA, Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit
Research,Tallahassee,FL32317.
ThenativegrapesoftheAmericashaveprovidedvaluablegermplasmforimprovementanddevelopment
of cultivated commercial grape genotypes for fresh fruit, wine and processing throughout the United States and
Canada,whereVitisvinifera,oroldworldgrape,cannotgrow.Also,theyhavequalitiesforwinelongevityand
very pleasant mouth feel. Members of the Aestivales group including Vitis aestivalis Michaux are found in the
easternandcentralUnitedStates,fromNewEnglandtoFloridaandfromWisconsintoTexas.Thecloseproximity
andmanyvariantsclosetoVitisaestihavecreatedconfusionamongtaxonomiststryingtoclassifygrapespecies.
Ourresearchwasaimingtodefinethephylogeneticrelationsamongthegrapespeciesandsubspecieslistedunder
Aestivales Planchon using DNA microsatellites and generate reliable gene pool for further grape improvement.
DNAisolationandquantificationofnineAestivalesaccessionsevenlydistributedthroughouttheirareaofnatural
habitatwascompleted.SpecificPCRamplificationproductswereobtainedfornineoutoftenmicrosatellitesfrom
V.ripariawhichwerepreviouslyandsuccessfullyusedforgrapeidentification.Theampliconsweresubjectedto
fragment analysis and then analyzed using the software STATISTICA, version 4.5 and dendrograms were
generated. Results found using the Applied Biosystems Sequencer (ABI) showed two distinct groups, the first
grouphadaccessionsacquiredfromthesouthandmidwestwhilethesecondgrouphadaccessionsacquiredfrom
thenorth.Thisindicatesthattherewasacleardelineationbetweentheoriginoftheaccessionsandproximityof
theirrelationshipinthedendrogram.
P157
ApplicationofSonicTomographyTechnologyintoDetectionofInternalDecayinWaterOak(Quercusnigra
L.).Qi,Y.*,B.D.Foster,V.A.Ferchaud,andD.Collins,UrbanForestryProgram,SouthernUniversityAgricultural
ResearchandExtensionCenter,BatonRouge,LA70813.
Decayinwateroak(QuercusnigraL.)isacommonproblem.Thisstudyappliedthelateststateoftheart
PicusSonicTomographyTechnologyintothedetectionofinternaldecayleadingtodiscoveryofdecaypatternsin
mature water oak trees. Tomography images of 31 trunk crosssections with diameters ranging from 43121cm
wereobtainedfrom10wateroaktreesinBatonRouge,Louisiana.Onetreewasmeasuredatfourheightlevels(15,
80, 130, 165cm) above the ground and 9 other trees were measured at three height levels (30, 90, and 150cm)
191
abovetheground.Theresultsshowthatoutofthetentreesmeasured,fourhadbasalrot;threehadtrunkrot;the
remaining hadbothbasalandtrunkrots.The amountofdecayvariedwithindividualtrees,with the maximum
value reaching 70% of the basal trunk area. The Picus Sonic Tomography Technology generates 2D and 3D
imagesofinternalconditionsoftrees,anditcanbeusedasaneffectivetoolforvisualizinganddetectinginternal
decay in trees. By incorporating the tomography information into the comprehensive arboricultural assessment,
arboristsandurbanforestersandlandscapemanagerscanmakesounddecisionsindeterminingtreeconditions
andidentifyingpotentialhazardoustreesinurbanandcommunityforestmanagement.
P158
Regional Water Security, Contemporary Farm Landuse Trend, and Global Climate Change Impact in
Northern Region of Alabama. 1Kebede, G.1, M. Wagaw2, T. Gabre3, W. Tadesse2, and G. Bekele4, 1Alabama
Cooperative Extension System Office, 2Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences,
DepartmentofCommunityPlanningandUrbanStudies, 4OfficeofInstitutionalPlanning,Research&Evaluation,
labamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
HuntsvilleCityisexperiencingahighrateofexpansion.Thelanduse/landcoveracrosstheMadisonand
Limestone Counties is being rapidly transformed from a predominantly cottonfarm or pastoralland to a new
urban, suburban one. The completely new ramifying conditions for surface water flow and groundwater
recharging are part of the permanent transformations induced by such rapid dynamics. This process combined
withglobalclimatechangeisposingachallengetosecuresufficientwaterresourceforahealthyecosystemand
balancedregionaleconomicgrowth.Therecentpastrecurrentagriculturaldroughthadshownthevulnerabilityof
NorthAlabamaswatersystemtoinducedweatherregimefluctuationandchange.Inthisposterweanalyzetwo
LandsatTMimagesandweatherobservationsatfivedifferentstationsacrosstheregion.Historicaltrendsofwater
supply, rainfall and temperature distribution over the past seven decades is discussed and future research
directionpresented.
P159
LampreyGnRHIIISelectivelyReleasesLuteinizingHormonebutnotFollicleStimulatingHormoneinPigs.
Vizcarra, J.A.*1, R Barretero2, A. Bowen2 and B. Tilley2, 1Food and Animal Science Department, Alabama A&M
University, Normal, AL 35762; 2Animal and Food Science Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
79409.
The effect of exogenous administration of lamprey GnRHIII (lGnRH) on gonadotropin secretion was
evaluatedinpigs.Sixcrossbredbarrows(82.43.5kgBW)wererandomlyassignedtoareplicated3x3Latin
Square Design to evaluate the effect of 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 g/kg of exogenous lGnRH on LH and FSH secretion. To
facilitatebloodcollectionandinfusionoflGnRH,barrowswerecatheterizedinthejugularvein1dbeforeinitiation
ofexperiments.Bloodsamplesweretakenat10minintervalsfor6h,starting2hbeforetreatmentswereapplied.
RelativeconcentrationsofLHandFSHwerecalculatedbyobtainingtheratiooftheaverageconcentrationofeach
hormone2hafterinfusiondividedbytheaverageconcentrationduringthe2hbeforeinfusion.Theareaunder
thecurve(AUC)wasevaluatedusingthetrapezoidalrule.RelativeconcentrationsofFSHandtheAUCafterlGnRH
infusiondidnotinfluencemeanconcentrationofFSHatanyofthedoses.However,doseshadasignificanteffect
onLHsecretion(P<0.01).RelativeconcentrationsofLHaveraged1.2a,1.0aand3.0bng/ml(fordosesof0.1,1.0
and10.0g/kgoflGnRH,respectively).SimilarlytheAUCaveraged5.7a,0.5a,and121.1bunits(fordosesof0.1,
1.0and10.0g/kgoflGnRH,respectively).WeconcludedthatlGnRHhastheabilitytoreleaseLHbutnotFSHin
pigs.
P160
Comparative Analysis of Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria Populations and Ammonia/Nitrate Levels in an
Agricultural Soil Environment. Moss, E.M.* and Z.N.Senwo, Department of Natural Resources and
EnvironmentalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
AmmoniaOxidizingBacteria(AOB)arecriticalparticipantsinnitrogencyclinginwhichtheyaerobically
transformammoniatonitrite,andthenconvertnitritetonitrate.Ifammoniaandnitrateareoverabundant,they
can contribute to fertilizer loss from agricultural soils, thus causing excessive leaching into groundwater and an
overpopulation of bacteria. Therefore, variations in ammonia and nitrate levels and the diversity of AOB
192
populationsinanagriculturalsoilecosystemwereexplored.Comparativephylogeneticanalysesofthesoilswere
performed by directly sequencing the active site polypeptide of the ammonia monoxygenase or amoA gene.
ResultsconfirmedvariabledifferencesintheAOBcommunitycompositionandammonia/nitratelevelsamongthe
various treatments within the agricultural soil environment. Thus, this study was significant in ascertaining
informationintothediversityofAOBandtherelativeammonia/nitratelevelsinsoilwhichcanbebeneficialtothe
soilenvironmentssustainabilityandproductivity.
P161
NutrientReleasefromFieldWeatheringofDelmarvaPoultryLitter:ImplicationsforLandApplication.Guo
M.*andG.Qiu,DepartmentofAgricultureandNaturalResources,DelawareStateUniversity,Dover,DE19901.
Poultry litter generated on the Delmarva Peninsula is from phytasemodified bird diet and bisulfate
amended litter treatment. To establish agronomic application rates in conservation tillage systems, Delmarva
poultry litter was investigated for its nutrient release kinetics and supply capacity under simulated weathering
conditions.TypicalpoultrylitterwaspackedinPVCcolumns(15cmi.d.25cmheight)toadepthof5cmand
weatheredinthefieldfor18months.Monthlysamplesofpoultrylitterleachatewerecollectedandanalyzedfor
concentrations of various nutrients. Nutrient release kinetics were modeled and cumulative nutrient supplies
weredetermined.Poultrylitterleachatecontainedhighcontentsofdissolvedorganiccarbon(DOC,3511800mg
L1),nitrogen(62690mgL1),phosphorus(45225mgL1),potassium(206060mgL1),andothernutrients.
Release of the nutrients occurred primarily in the starting two months, and mostly followed a first order
ExponentialRisetoMaximummodel.Thepoultrylitterdemonstratedanutrientsupplycapacityof11.7kgNMg
1,5.4kgPMg1,and36.8kgKMg1.ReleaseofthepotentiallyplantavailableNandKwasnearlyfinalizedwithin
seven months of weathering, but it would require two years for full release of the leachable P. To provide
commonlydesirablefertilizationof100kgNha1and25kgPha1,Delmarvapoultrylittershouldbeappliedat
6.6Mgha1priortocropplanting,withextrasourcesofNat23.4kgha1.
P162
FarmlandFragmentationintheStateofDelaware.Yang,Z.,DepartmentofAgricultureandNaturalResources,
DelawareStateUniversity,Dover,DE19901.
ThefarmlandlossiswellknowninalmostallstatesintheU.S.Inrecentdecades,thestateofDelaware
hasbeenexperiencingfastlanddevelopmentandthereweresignificantfarmlandlossesreportedacrossthestate.
However,thestatusoffarmlandfragmentationispoorlyunderstood.Thepurposeofthisstudyistoexaminethe
relationshipbetweenchangesinlanddevelopmentandfarmlandfragmentationinthestateofDelawareusingGIS.
ArcGIS was employed to examine changes in developed land and farmland, and landscape metrics was used to
quantifychangeinfarmlandspatialpatternfrom1992to2007.ResultsshowthatDelawarefarmland,especially
cropland, had been continuously fragmented with fifteen years. The significant relationship was found between
increase in area of developed land and increase in number of cropland patches. These results suggest that land
developmentisamajorfactorcausingfarmlandfragmentationinDelaware,andthatthereisgreatneedtobetter
managelanddevelopmentinordertoreducetherateoffarmlandlossandfragmentation.
P163
Insect Communities in Florida Panhandle Streams: In the Context of Stream and Landscape Variables.
Pescador, M. L.*, B. A. Richard, A. K. Rasmussen, and K. Milla, Center for Water and Air Quality, Florida A&M
TheApalachicolaRiverBasiniswellknownforhavingthegreatestnumberofendangeredplantspecies,
themostdiverseassemblageoffreshwaterfishinFlorida,andthehighestdensityofamphibiansandreptileson
thecontinentnorthofMexico.Ourstudyrepresentsthefirstattempttoinvestigatethebiodiversity,andaquatic
insectcommunitiesinthebasin.Theobjectivesofthestudyareto:1)developbaselinedataofthebiodiversityand
speciescompositionoftheaquaticinsectsofthemiddleanduppercorridorsoftheriverbasin;2)compareinsect
communitystructuresamongstreamsites;and3)investigateprobablerelationshipofinsectcommunitystructure
with stream and landscape variables. Twelve wadeable streams, one sampling site on each stream were
establishedforbenthicsampling.Threemanhoursofsamplingwerespentateachsitepercollectingtrip.Inthree
yearsofbenthicsampling,wehavecollectedatotalof7613insectspecimensrepresenting6orders,103genera
and 141 species. Cluster Analysis [Unweighted Pair Group Mathematical Averaging (UPGMA)] and TWINSPAN
methods have identified four primary insect communities in the study area. Streams of the eastern side of the
Apalachicolariverchannelhavedifferentinsectcommunitystructuresfromthoseinthewesternside.Itappears
193
thatacombinationoflandscapevariablessuchaslanduse,geology,topographyandvegetation,andhydrologyare
pivotal in defining the insect communities in the basin. The relatively high diversity of the insect fauna in the
middleanduppercorridorsofthedrainagereflectsanapparentlyhealthyconditionoftheareasecosystems.
ScientistPosterRenewableResourcesandEnvironmentalStewardship.
P164
AnEconomicEvaluationofNitrateinGroundwater:AContingentValuationSurveyinNorthwest,Florida.
LyttleNGuessan,C.J.*,M.H.ThomasandC.Gardner,CooperativeExtensionandOutreachPrograms,FloridaA&M
Adoubleboundeddichotomouschoicecontingentvaluationsurveywasadministeredto2,000residents
ofFranklinandGulfCounties,Florida.Theobjectiveofthisistodocumentanybiasasaresultoftheinstitutional
basis in the hypothetical payment vehicle. The mean willingness to pay (WTP) estimates for state and private
payment vehicles are $4.39 and $5.08 per month respectively, significantly different at the 0.15 level. This is
evidence of the importance in choosing the institutional foundation for the payment vehicle. The major
determinantsofWTPappeartobeeducation,perceptionofexistingwaterqualityandtheattitudesofrespondents
towards the environment. However, WTP responses may vary temporally and spatially with differences in
demographicsandgoodsandservicesvalued.Thismayhaveimplicationforcontingentvaluationpractitioners.
ScientistPosterRenewableResourcesandEnvironmentalStewardship
P165
Assessing the Environmental Impact of the Abandoned Mines of the Central Missouri Mining District.
Tesfaye,S.*,M.Tarka,M.Ordway,LincolnUniversity,CooperativeResearchPrograms,JeffersonCity,MO,65102.
Awatershedbasedstudythatintegrateshydrology,geochemistry,geology,andgeospatialfieldsisbeing
conducted in the Central Missouri Mining District to assess the impact of the abandoned mines on the water
qualityandecosystem.TheMississippiValleyType(MVT)deposits,hosttoleadandzincmineralizationprimarily
indolostone,areprevalentinArkansas,Kansas,MissouriandOklahoma.LeadzincmininginMissouritookplace
in 3 regions, namely the Southeast, Southwest and Central districts. Nearly all mining activities, except for the
Viburnium Trend operation in the Southeast district, are abandoned. Worldclass leadzinc mines of the MVT
deposits,insomeofthedistricts,producedmillionsoftonsofthevaluablemetalsatthesametimegeneratinga
staggeringvolumeofminewastespreadoverthousandsofacres.Anumberoflocalitiesintheseminingdistricts
are listed in the National Priority List of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency based on the fact that
contaminants originating from the mine waste pose a threat to human health or the environment. The Central
MissouriMiningDistricthasreceivedlittleattention,todate,becauseofthescatterednatureandsmallersizesof
theabandonedmines.However,recentstudiesdocumentprivatewaterwellswitharsenic,cadmium,andleadat
concentrations above healthbased drinking water standards warranting further investigation. This research is
focusedongeneratingscientificdatathatcharacterizesthenatureandmagnitudeofcontaminationandthelevelof
environmentaldisturbancethatmayhaveresultedfromthehistoricminingactivity.
P166
Distribution of Carbon Stocks in Surface Soils of a Pasture Land in Central Missouri. Adisa, S.J.*, N. V.
Nkongolo,N.O.HoilettandK.Schmidt,DepartmentofAgricultureandEnvironmentalSciences,LincolnUniversity,
JeffersonCity,MO65101.
Quantificationofsoilcarbon(C)andnitrogen(N)stocksisessentialforunderstandingandimprovingthe
estimationofcarbonsequestrationinterrestrialecosystems.PasturelandshavepotentialforCsequestrationas
well as for greenhouse gas mitigation. We assessed horizontal distribution of organic C and total N stocks at
twenty locations within an undisturbed pasture land used primarily for hay production without grazing. The
objectivesofthisstudywereto:(i)quantifytheconcentrationsandstocksoforganiccarbonandtotalnitrogen(N)
insurface(010cm)soils,and(ii)evaluatetheeffectofsoilConthesoilsurfaceCO2,N2OandCH4fluxes.The
resultsrevealedthatsoilcarbonconcentrationsvariedfrom10.6to18.0gCkg1,whilesoilcarbonstocksranged
from14.1to27.3kgCm2.ConcentrationsoftotalNrangedfrom0.9to1.4gNkg1,andnitrogenstocksvaried
from 1.3 to 2.1 kg N m2. The C/N ratio ranged from 10 14 across the entire field. Concentrations and carbon
stockscorrelatedsignificantly(R2=0.92).DifferentialpatternswereobservedforCO2,N2OandCH4fluxesacross
theentirefield.SoilsurfaceCO2fluxvariedfrom36.6to162.7mgm2h1,N2Ofluxrangedfrom14.9to32.5mg
m2h1,andCH4uptakeandfluxvariedfrom37.7to93.4mgm2h1.Thevariabilityinsoilcarbonstockswithina
fieldmayhaveconsiderableimpactonthefluxmeasurementofgreenhousegases.
P167
194
TheEffectofOwnerCharacteristicsontheIntensityofTimberLogging.Ejimakor,G.C.*,R.OkaforandP.Kyei,
Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University,
Greensboro,NC27411.
This study assesses the relation between the rate of timber logging on woodlots and selected
characteristics of small woodlot owners. In addition to the economic benefits from timber, there are
environmental advantages that accrue in the form of wildlife habitat and erosion control Pressures to develop
theseparcelsoflandputmanyownersintoaneconomicandenvironmentaldilemma.Asizeablenumberofthese
landparcelsarebeingcombinedforresidentialdevelopment.So,awoodlotownerwhoislikelytologtimbermore
intensely may also have a high propensity to sell the land to developers, once the majority of timber has been
removed. A good understanding of the variables that affect the decision to own and/or log trees from small
woodlots could help prevent unnecessary logging and preserve the environmental benefits associated with tree
lots.Thisstudyassessedtheimpactofownercharacteristicsonthepercentofacresofwoodlotslogged.Thestudy
used data collected from a survey of woodlot owners in seven counties in North Carolina and Virginia. The
findings of the study suggest that the intensity of timber logging could be reduced by providing information on
alternativenontimberincomegeneratingproductsfromwoodlots.
P168
EvaluationofSustainableProductionPracticesofVegetablesinaPiedmontsoilofNorthCarolina.Ravella,
R.*, M. R. Reddy and K. Taylor, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina
Thegoalofthisstudywastoreducetheuseofinorganicfertilizersbyincorporatingcovercropstogrow
Asian vegetables without compromising yield. The soil at the site is a Mecklenburg Sandy Loam (fine, mixed,
thermic ultic Hapludalfs). Plots were set up as 4 replications under cover crop and nocover crop systems. Four
differentfertilizertreatments(0,50,75,and150KgN/ha)wereappliedineachsubplot.Acompleterandomized
splitplotdesignwasused.Crimsoncloverandcerealryewereplantedintheplots(covercropsystem)inFall,07
and were incorporated into the soil in Spring, 08. The soil was treated with 50% of the fertilizer rate prior to
preparingtheraisedbedsandplantingofRidgeGourd(luffa)andBitterGourdseeds.Theremainingfertilizerwas
supplied by fertigation. Soil and leaf tissue sampling measurements were carried out three times during the
cropping season. The vegetables yield data were collected whenever the produce was at the marketable stage.
Resultsindicatethatbothluffaandbittergourdproducedhigheryieldsinthecovercroptreatmentplotsthanin
the nocover crop plots. Significant differences (P0.05) were observed in the vegetable yield from the plots
appliedwith150KgN/hafromtheothertreatmentconditionsforboththevegetables.Althoughyieldswerenot
significantly different between the cover crop and nocover crop treatments, we may recommend growing luffa
andbittergourdundercovercroptreatmentwith150KgN/hafertilizerapplication.
P169
UsingAquaticPlantSpeciesForPhytoremendationOfAgriculturalPollutantsInPondsAndSmallCreeks.
Clardy, A. E.*, E. B. Williams, W. F. Hayslett, S. O. Dennis and D. Eskandamia, Cooperative Extension Program,
SchoolofAgriculture,TennesseeStateUniversity,Nashville,TN37209.
Land in agricultural production is known to be a significant source of nutrient and pesticide runoff into
pondsandsmallcreeksontheproperty.Duetotheconstantandheavyapplicationoffertilizersandpesticideson
theselands,residueentersthewatersystemsandcausesthesewatersourcestobecomepollutedwithexcessive
amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. Because of the high cost of cleanup, we must find low cost approaches to
cleaningthesewatersourcesforthesmallfarmers/producers.Certainaquaticplantscouldbeasourceofsmall
scaleenvironmentalcleanup.Priorresearchhasdeterminedthatagriculturalrunofffromcultivatedlandscontain
highratesofNitrogenandPhosphorusandthesechemicalsarefoundinpondsandotherwatersources(creeks
andlakes)onfarmproperties.Becauseaquaticplantsgrowwellinwetlandsandponds,variousspeciescouldbe
identifiedinenvironmentalcleanupforsmallfarmers/producers.Cleaningupthesepondsandsmallcreekswill
prevent polluted waters from feeding into larger creeks and river systems. We will evaluate ponds and small
creeksbeforeandafterplantandwatertreatments.
P170
195
Controlling Imported Fire Ants Using A Biorational Pesticide. Mrema*, F.A. and S.A. Ochieng, School of
Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN
37209andOtisL.FloydNurseryResearchCenter,McMinnville,TN37110.
Imported fire ants were accidentally introduced into the United States in the early 1900s and today
occupy most of the southeastern states. They are a serious pest in nursery industry and are readily transported
long distances when nursery stock and other farm items are shipped outside the infested areas. In Tennessee,
approximately 84% of nursery stock from fire ant infested areas is shipped to locations outside the quarantine.
Management of imported fire ants is usually accomplished with broadcast or individual mound treatments by
using baits or traditional contact insecticides. To find alternatives to synthetic insecticides for this pest, we
evaluatedtoxicpropertiesofabiopesticide,Armorex(SoilTechnologiesCorp.),at differentratesincombination
withlowerthanlabeledrateofasyntheticpesticide(bifenthrin)againsthybridimportedfireants.Significantant
mortality was observed in laboratory bioassays when all rates of Armorex were combined with bifenthrin (0.1
ppm), suggesting a synergistic effect between the ingredients. The synergistic properties were, however, not
observedduringspringfieldevaluations.FireantcoloniestreatedwitheitherArmorexaloneorincombination
withbifenthrin(1ppm)wereeitherkilledorrelocated714dposttreatment.Duringlatesummertrials,wedid
notachieve100%antcolonymortality,possiblyduetochangeinenvironmentalconditions.
P171
ChangesintheLevelsofAbscisicAcidLevelsduringtheGerminationofCitruluscolocynthis.Radwan,T.*1,
M.Egnin2,P.K.Biswas2,D.Mortley2,S.Traore2,S.Samuel2andA.Shaheen1,1DepartmentofBotany,AswanFaculty
ofScience,SouthValleyUniversity,81528,Aswan,Egypt;2DepartmentofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences,
Citrulus colocynthis is a medicinal desert plant of the Cucurbitaceae family, naturally adapted to arid
environments. Its production requires an understanding of the germination pattern to evaluate the plants
economic future as a crop suitable for an arid environment. ABA has been shown to play an important role in
regulating seed embryonic maturation and germination, and regulated by a wide range of hormones, such as,
Gibberellicacid(GA3)andBenzyladenine(BA).ToevaluatetheantagonismbetweenendogenousABAandGA3
andBA,seedsofC.colocynthisweregerminatedonfilterpapersmoistenedwithGA3(5,10and15mg/l),andBA
(0.5and1.0mg/l)solutionsandH2Oascontrol,at27C.Treatedseedsamplesonmediaweretakeneachdayfor
5 days. ABA was extracted and quantified using a Phytodetek ABA immunoassay kit, based on a monoclonal
antibodyELISAmethod.ThegreatestdeclineinABAlevels(From1.8,1.6to0.045,0.03Picomol/mlandfrom2.1
to 0.035 Picomol/ml) was recorded among seeds treated with GA3 (10 and 15 mg/l) and BA (1.0 mg/l),
respectively.ThissuggeststhatapplyingGA3orBAtotheseedduringgerminationinhibitsabscisicacid,thereby
acceleratingthegerminationprocess.WorkSupportedbyTuskegeeUniversityandEgyptianGovernment.
P172
ScreeningofSweetpotatoCultivarsforBiofuelEnergy.Min,B.J.*1,M.Egnin1,C.Bonsi1,D.Mortley1,S.Traore1
andM.Gao2,1PlantBiotech&GenomicResearchLab,GeorgeWashingtonCarverAgriculturalExperimentStation,
Tuskegee,AL36088;2BiotechCenter,AlcornStateUniversity,AlcornState,MS39056.
TheproductionandmodificationofstarchfoodisamultibilliondollarbusinessintheUS,withnumerous
industrialusesrangingfromsnackfoodstobiofuel.Asoilpricescontinuetoincrease,thedemandforrenewable
resourcessuchas starchhasincreased.Sweetpotatostarchaswellasother starches hasgreatpotential for bio
ethanolproduction.Forformulatingfoodproductsandbiofuel,thestarchofchoiceisdeterminedbyitsphysical
propertiesandyield.Atotalof14sweetpotatocultivarsgrowninthefieldwerescreenedfortheirstarchyieldand
physical properties. For the starch content, freshly harvested sweetpotatoes were washed, peeled, chopped, and
storedat70C.Twohundredgramsoffrozensampleswereblendedwithwaterandfilteredthrougha250mand
100m stainless metal sieve, and decanted. The supernatant was further decanted three times then the starch
pelletswerecollected.Thestarchesweredriedinavacuumchamberat20Cthentheyieldswerecalculatedona
wetbasis.Starchyieldsofallcultivarsrangedbetween15and30%.Elevenoutofthe14cultivarshadstarchyield
less than 22%. However, three cultivars DM01158097 (28.4%), TIB4 (29.2%) and UKREDWHITE (28.8%) had
high levels of starch. Our preliminary results showed that three cultivars might have potential for bioethanol
productionbasedontheirstarchyield.Currently,amyloseamylopectinratiosandaamylaseinall14cultivarsare
beingdetermined.
P173
196
An Assessment of Storm Water Runoff Issues in Pine Bluff, White Hall, the University of Arkansas Pine
Bluff and Jefferson County. Buckner, E.* and L. Hairston, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR
71601.
The Storm Water Phase II Rule requires small municipalities, urbanized areas and universities to
implementprogramsandpracticestocontrolpollutedstormwaterrunoff.ThepurposeoftheStormWaterRunoff
projectwastoassessthecurrentlevelofknowledgeregardingurbanstormwaterrunoffpolicyandlocalconcerns
andissuesinthePineBluff,WhiteHall,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,andJeffersonCountyareas.Thesurvey
includedquestionswhichaddressedthecurrentstormwaterknowledgelevelandidentifiedspecificstormwater
runoff issues and urban practices that may contribute to increased point and nonpoint source pollution in the
surface waters of the Jefferson County area. The survey was mailed to 381 Pine Bluff, 357 White Hall, and 378
JeffersonCountyrandomlyselectedresidents.Remindercardsweremailed30daysand60daysaftertheinitial
surveywasmailed.Therewasasurveyresponseof22%;noincentivebeingoffered.Therespondentsratedthe
conditionofBayouBartholomewandLakePineBluffinpoortofairconditionwith59.3%respondingthatsurface
watersaresimilarormorepollutedcomparedtofiveyearsprior.Only7%respondedthattherewaslesspollution
thanfiveyearspriorinlocalsurfacewater.RespondentswithlesseducationratedBayouBartholomewandLake
PineBluffwaterqualitylowerthanrespondentswithhigherlevelsofeducation.Datafromthissurveyshowthat
residentshaveanawarenessofstormwatermanagementpractices.However,therearestillareasofopportunity
to educate the public and improve upon what the surveyed communities already know regarding storm water
runoff.
P174
Rhizobiophages Specific for Soybean Bradyrhizobium japonicum Isolated from Delmarva Soils. Green, B.
M.*, F. M. Hashem and R. B. Dadson, Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of
EffectiveinteractionbetweensoybeanvarietiesandBradyrhizobiumjaponicuminoculantsarelimitedby
the select strains to compete with mediocre indigenous bradyrhizobia strains. Phageresistant bradyrhizobia
strainsandselectindigenousrhizobiophagescanbeusedasabiocontrolsystemforlimitingsoybeannodulation
byundesirableB.japonicumstrains.Rhizobiophageslyticto B.japonicumstrains,USDA138,USDA110,USDAI
110ARS,USDA126,USDA141,USDA147and SinorhizobiumfrediistrainsUSDA194,USDA201,USDA214,and
USDA 217 were isolated from soybean rhizosphere soils. Phages were characterized by transmission electron
microscopy.RhizobiophagesdifferedinhostspecificitywherephagesPA14,PA10,FW15,PD20,andPA18lyzed
60, 40, 33, 20, and 13% of rhizobia strains, respectively. Phage PA14 with wide host range, 60%, was used as a
lyticrhizobiophagealongwithUSDA110(phagesensitive)andUSDATA11NOD+(phageresistant)inoculantsto
enhance soybean nodulation in field studies. Nodule occupancy by superior inoculant strain, USDA TA11NOD+,
wasincreasedby59%withseedyieldincreaseof19%whensoybeanseedswerecoatedwithUSDATA11NOD+
andPhagePA14.ThisprocedureshowednoduleoccupancybyUSDA110decrease78%andaseedyielddecrease
of 16%. Phage PA14 in the presence of a compatible phageresistant bradyrhizobia inoculant has potential of
limiting the occupancy of mediocre bradyrhizobia strains. Thus, PA14 and other seasonal isolated phages from
DelmarvasoilscanbeusedasabiocontrolagenttoeliminatemediocreyetcompetitiveB.japonicumstrainsand
enhancethenodulationandnitrogenfixationbydesirablestrains.
P175
NutritionalQualitiesandSeedYieldofDiverseSoybeanBreedingLinesGrownintheDelmarvaPeninsula.
Hashem,F.*1,R.B.Dadson1,I.Javaid1,J.Joshi1andT.E.Devine2, 1DepartmentofAgriculture,FoodandResource
Sciences,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore,PrincessAnne,MD21853;2USDA/ARS,Beltsville,MD20705.
Soybean is the second most important crop, after corn, grown in the Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia
(Delmarva) region for its protein and oil contents. Fifteen breeding lines and cultivars of soybean with certain
desirable traits were grown in replicated field experiments during three growing seasons under the Delmarva
environmentalconditionswhereseveredroughtoftenoccursinthesummer.Thesebreedinglineswereevaluated
fortheirseedyield,proteinandoilcontent.GenotypesD358B4009,M3583009andStalwartprovided3295,2930
and2771kgha1,respectively.Thesethreegenotypesalsoproducedcomparativelyhigherseedyieldthanother
linesinthisstudy.However,genotypesD358B3010,HutchesonandCrotongave45,44and43%proteincontent,
respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the other breeding lines. Stalwart, Croton and
D6872031gave18.7,18.1and18.0%oilcontent,respectively.GenotypeE3582019provided15.7%oilcontent
whichwasthelowestoilcontentamongallbreedinglinesexamined.Itisconcludedfromthepresentinvestigation
197
that some of the breeding lines studied provided seed yield, protein and oil contents statistically similar to
commercialsoybeanvarietiesgrownontheDelmarvaPeninsula.
P176
Bradyrhizobia Influence on Seed Yield and Nutritional Quality of Cowpea Genotypes in the Delmarva
Peninsula. Dadson, R. B.*, I. Javaid, F. M. Hashem and J. Joshi, Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource
Sciences,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore,PrincessAnne,MD21853.
Cowpea,adroughttolerantcrop,canserveasaninsurancecropintheDelaware,MarylandandVirginia
(Delmarva)peninsularegionwheredroughtoftenoccursinthesummer.Weevaluated22genotypesofcowpeain
replicatedfieldtrialsfortheirseedyieldandnutritionalcontentasaffectedbybradyrhizobiainoculation.Results
showed that seed yields of cowpea genotypes which received bradyrhizobia at the time of planting were higher
compared with seed yield of cowpea genotypes which did not receive bradyrhizobia inoculation. However,
bradyrhizobia treatments did not increase the overall mean protein percentages of cowpea genotypes. Protein
contents in genotypes Worthmore and Quickpick Pinkeye were higher than most of other cowpea genotypes in
bothwithbradyrhizobiaandwithoutbradyrhizobiatreatments.Theresultsalsoshowedthatwiththeapplication
ofbradyrhizobia,genotypesSpeckledPurpleHull,MississippiSilverandKnucklePurpleHullprovided4797,3510
and3137kgha1ofseedyields,respectively,whichwerehigherthanthoseoftheothergenotypes.Inthecaseof
treatmentswherecowpeaswerenotinoculatedwithbradyrhizobia,GenotypesMississippiSilver26175,CTPink
PurpleHullandCaliforniaBlackeye5gave4617,3413and3145kgha1ofseedyields,respectively,whichwere
higherthanthoseoftheothergenotypes.
P177
Toward Improvement of Crop Drought Tolerance: Understanding the Mechanisms of Drought Tolerance
and its Genetic Diversity in a Xerophyte Species, Purslane. Ren, S.*, O. E. Akande, T. Mebrahtu and E.
Westbrook,AgricultureResearchStation,VirginiaStateUniversity,Petersburg,VA23806.
Purslane(Portulacaspp.)iswidelydistributedthroughouttheworld.Itisaxerophytespeciesthatgrows
inextremedroughtcondition.Understandingthebasisofthisxerophytespeciesintoleratinghighdroughtstress
will help us to develop new strategies for sustainable crop improvement, especially with precautions of global
warming. Our current project focuses on evaluation of genetic variations of drought tolerance among purslane
accessions, collected from geographically different regions of the world. The study demonstrated significant
variations in drought tolerance among purslane accessions and we identified two accessions (Tokombia and
Egypt)withsignificantlystrongdroughttolerancephenotype.Inaddition,wealsoevaluatedthestomatanumbers
andtheirdistributionsandfoundthatpurslanehassignificantlylessstomatanumberscomparingtosoybean.In
contrasttocropspecies,wherethestomataaremainlydistributedontheirabaxialleafsurface,purslanehasmore
stomata on its adaxial side of leaf. AFLP based biodiversity study was also performed and found that accession
TokombaandEgyptaredistinctfromeachotherandfromotheraccessions.Eachaccessionformedauniquegroup
andclearlyseparatefromothers.Ourresultssuggestthat,althoughpurslaneisaxerophytespecieswithdrought
toleranceability,thesignificantgeneticvariationsonthisphenotypestillexistamongaccessionsandthisgenetic
diversity at molecular level will provide us the opportunity to identify new components regulating plants
defendingagainstsuchenvironmentalstress.
P178
PhysiologicalandMolecularCharacterizationofSoybeanSaltTolerance.Ren,S.*,O.Akande,B.Whitehead,T.
Mebrahtu, A. Atalay and W. Westbrook, Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA
23806.
Abioticstresses,suchasdroughtandsalinity,arethemajorenvironmentalfactorslimitingplantgrowth
and productivity worldwide. Development of stress tolerant cultivars is the most effective way to handle this
agricultural problem for all crops. Soybean is one of the most important economic crops, and belongs to a salt
sensitiveglycophyte.However,mutantscorrespondingtosalttoleranceareavailable.Understandingmechanisms
of how these mutants are tolerating salt stress will help scientists to develop strategies in engineering soybean
withsalttolerance.Thecurrentstudyintendstocharacterize,bothphysiologicallyandmolecularly,twosoybean
varieties, Wenfeng7 and Union, on their salt tolerance. Both in vivo and in vitro assays demonstrated that
Wenfeng7isextremelysalttolerance,whileUnionissaltsensitive.ThegerminationtestshowedthatWenfeng7is
tolerant, and Union is sensitive, to both salt and plant stress hormone ABA (abscisic acid), suggesting that
Wenfeng7ssalttoleranceisthroughABAdependentmechanism.Chlorophyllcontentwassignificantlyreducedin
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Unionbysalttreatment,whileinWenfeng7,itislessaffected.AccumulationofNa+andClinrootandleaf,andsalt
effects on cell internal structure are under investigated. The salt tolerant gene in Wenfeng7 was mapped on
soybean linkage group N and linked with a SCAR marker JD33432 (Guan et al, personal communication).
Bioinformaticanalysisshowedthatabout37kbawayfromJD33432,threegenesencodingNa+/H+antiporterare
clustered. Molecular characterization of these genes was undertaken and possible genebased markers for salt
tolerancewillbefurtherdiscussed.
P179
StableIsotopeProbingtoIdentifyCarbohydrateUtilizingBacteriainAnaerobicDigestion.Smith,A.M.*,T.
Mpabanga, R. Turner, D. H. Huber, Gus R Douglass Institute, Agricultural and Environmental Research Station,
WestVirginiaStateUniversity,Institute,WV,25112.
Anaerobic digestion is an organic waste treatment process that produces bioenergy (methane) as a
byproduct. West Virginia State University operates a pilot plant thermophilic anaerobic digester that has been
used to treat poultry farm waste. The flow of carbon and energy through anaerobic digestion involves a
community of largely unknown bacteria that form a network of interactions. In order to better understand the
structure of the network and its limitations for carbon and energy transfer, we are using stable isotope probing
(SIP) to link microbial diversity to metabolism. SIP was accomplished using 500 ml laboratory reactors with
inoculum from the pilot plant. 13Cglucose was fed to replicate reactors and 13CDNA was recovered using
isopycnicultracentrifugation.Toidentifyglucoseutilizingpopulations,13CDNAwasanalyzedusingTRFLPand
16S rDNA cloning and sequencing. SIP successfully identified glucoseutilizing bacterial populations and
demonstratedthepresenceofnewphylotypesthatarerelatedtoknowncellulosedegradinganaerobicspecies.
P180
Dust Accumulation as a Source of Iron for Production of Redoximorphic Features in Sandy Soils on the
Texas Gulf Coast Prairie. Griffin, R.W.*, C. Pratt, O. Freeman, S. Schoffield and W. Anthony, Jr., Cooperative
AgriculturalResearchPrairieViewA&MUniversity,PrairieView,TX77446.
Fourtreatments,includingthecontrolsite,withthreereplicates,wereplacedintwelve1msquareblocks
thatwereexcavatedtoadepthof0.5m(50cm).Aprototypesiteforthetestingoftheresearchmethodologywas
located on an area of Kenney, Grossarenic Paleudalfs, on the Prairie View A&M University campus. The general
objectiveofthestudywastoidentifyredoximorphicfeaturesinsandysoilsontheTexasGulfCoastPrairieandto
determinewhetherdustaccumulationcanbedeterminedtobeaproductionsourceofiron.Thespecificobjectives
included:1)quantificationofredoxfeaturesintheupper50cmoftheselectedsoilsites;2)determinationofiron
versus manganese related redox features; 3) determination of the soil matrix color and percent of soil redox
features; and 4) to determine by magnifier lens analysis of particles, whether dust accumulation may serve as a
sourceofironforproductionorredoxfeatures.TheMunsellhueof7.5YRwasthedominantbackgroundforthe
control ( C ) and Encased (E) treatments; which were composed of the brown native soil. In the encased and
Replaced(ER)alongwiththeReplaced(R)treatments,whichwerecomposedofthewhitemortarsand,10YRwas
thedominantbackgroundcolor.
P181
Evaluation of Turfgrass Performance Based on Color Quality and Root Length Density. Githinji, L. J. M.,
A2yearfieldstudywasconductedtodetermineturfgrassperformancebasedoncolorqualityandroot
length density. Four hybrid bluegrasses [Texas bluegrass (P. arachnifera Torr.) Kentucky bluegrass (Poa
pratensisL.)],viz.,HB129(ThermalBlue),HB130,HB328andHB329(DuraBlue)andtwotallfescue(Festuca
arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars, viz., Green Keeper and Kentucky 31 were evaluated. The experimental design
was a 6 by 6 Latin square. Turf color quality values were calculated from digital images of turf canopy using
SigmaScan, while root length density values were calculated from root samples using Comair Root Length
Scanner.Theresearchshowedthatthehybridbluegrassperformedbetterthantallfescuecultivars.Theranking
basedoncombinationofrootlengthdensityandturfcolorqualitywasasfollows:HB329(best)>HB130>HB
328>HB129>Kentucky31>GreenKeeper.
P182
199
ExploringthePossibilityofUsingWasteFruitsasanAlternativeSourceofEnergythroughMicrobialFuel
Cell.Singh,H.P.*,U.S.McGhee,B.Bell.,andS.K.Dhir,CenterforBiotechnology,DepartmentofPlantSciences,115
AlvaTaborBuilding,1005StateUniversityDrive,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030.
The emerging drive towards a more sustainable society and the high level of energy consumption
associatedwithourexistingsocietyconstantlyincreasestheneedfornew,sustainablesourcesofenergy.Biomass,
especially organic waste, is being considered as a valuable candidate. The use of biomass, in the case of waste
organics, is environment friendly and regarded as a renewable energy source. For all the bioconversion
technologies available at the moment, prime biomass is too costly to convert to commodity level energy. With
thisinmind,wemadeanefforttoexplorethepossibilityofusingwastefruitsasanalternativesourceofenergy
through microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology. MFC converts chemical energy, available in an organic substrate,
directly into electricity. The experiment focused on comparative analysis, quantification and efficiency of
electricity generated from three different sources of fruit waste, viz apple, orange and lemon. Results have
successfully shown variable voltage output among the samples, with lemon being the highest with 184 mV,
followedbyorangeandapplewith165and151mV,respectively.Thefuelcellshowedmaximumefficiencyinthe
case of lemon fruit waste, which maintained higher levels of electricity output even after 24 hrs of duration.
Preliminary results from this experiment are encouraging and suggest the need for further indepth research to
characterizemorebiomassandovercometechnicalchallengesinscalingupthetechnologytomakeitpracticalfor
renewableenergyproduction.
P183
ImpactofTreeBasedMulchontheGrowthandCO2UptakeofQuercusnuttallii.
Ning,Z. H.*andK. Abdollahi, UrbanForestryProgram, SouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtension
Center,BatonRouge,LA70813.
Carbon sequestration is a significant component of the carbon balance in an urban forest ecosystem.
However,theimpactofarboriculturalpracticessuchasmulchingonnetCO2uptakeandcarbonsequestrationof
urbantreespeciesremainpoorlyunderstood.Thislimitsourabilitytounderstandthecarbonbudgetattheurban
forest ecosystem level, thus making it uncertain to predict the impact of arboricultural practices. The impact of
fiveurbantreebasedmulchtypesonnetcanopyCO2uptakeandcarbonsequestrationofNuttallOaks(Quercus
nuttallii)saplingswereassessedusingaportablephotosynthesissysteminacompletelyrandomizedblockdesign
experiment.TheresultsindicatedstatisticallysignificantdifferencesincarbonsequestrationandnetCO2uptake
byNuttallOaksinresponsetotreebasedmulchtypes.
P184
Evaluation of the Biopesticidal Potential of Hedychium Species for Pests and Disease Control in Organic
VegetableProductionSystems.Nyochembeng,L.M.*1andH.F.Sakhanokho2.1DepartmentofNaturalResources
and Environmental Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762; 2 USDAARS Southern Horticultural
Laboratory,Poplarville,MS39470.
The genus Hedychium belongs to the ginger family and consists of about 80 species, which are used for
various purposes. Hedychium has become increasingly popular as an ornamental because of the showy and
aromatic inflorescences of many of its species, which are also cultivated for their perfume essences. The aerial
stemsconstituteausefulrawmaterialformanufacturingpaper.Somespeciesaregrownfortheiredibleflowers.
Finally,Hedychiumspeciesarewellknownfortheirmedicinalproperties.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoassess
the insecticidal and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils, crude leaf and rhizome extracts, callus and
suspension cultures of several Hedychium species and cultivars. Insecticidal and antimicrobial activities varied
significantlydependingontheHedychiumspeciesorthesourceoftheplantextract(crudeleaforrhizomeextract,
essentialoils,callus,suspensioncultures).TheessentialoilsfromselectedHedychiumspecies/cultivarswerevery
effective against azalea lace bug and Aspergillus flavus, an aflatoxin (carcinogen) producing fungus. Crude leaf
extracts had significantly higher antibacterial and antifungal activities than crude rhizome extracts. Further
evaluation of the biocontrol activity of plant extracts from this species on common foliar diseases of tomato in
smallfarmorganicproductionsystemisdiscussed.
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P185
EffectofPlasticMulchandBiofungicideonFruitYieldandSeverityofFoliarDiseasesinOrganicTomato
Production System. Nyochembeng, L.M.*, S.R. Mentreddy, and R.N. Mankolo, Department of Natural Resources
andEnvironmentalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
In the current climate of environmental awareness and safety and the growing demand for high quality
produce in the consumer market, organic farming has emerged as an acceptable alternative method of crop
production. Weed and disease management in organic vegetable production system remains an important
challengeforbothtransitioningandcertifiedsmallorganicgrowersinthesouth.Thereisaneedforeffectivepest
mitigation strategies that are adaptable to small farm organic production and that are attractive to riskaverse
conventionalfarmersconsideringatransitiontoorganicproductionpractices.Theobjectiveofthisstudywasto
evaluate the effect of plastic mulch and biofungicides for controlling weeds and plant diseases respectively in
organic tomato production system. Two biocontrol organisms (Trichoderma harmatum [Root Guardian], Bacillus
subtilis[PlantGuardian]),spentmushroomcompost(SMC)andacontroltreatmentwereappliedunderplasticand
noplasticmulchinasplitplotdesign.Plantgrowth(plantheight),fruityield,weedbiomassandnaturaldisease
infestationwereassessedontomatocvAmelia.Resultsshowedthatplasticmulchsignificantlyenhancedtomato
fruit weight, number of fruits and plant height. However, disease severity was significantly greater in plants on
plasticmulch.Spentmushroomcompostalsooutperformedthebiocontrolagentsinenhancingplantheight,and
total number of fruits produced, but exhibited high disease severity compared to control treatment. The
significanceoftheseresultsforweedanddiseasemanagementinsmallorganicvegetableproductionisdiscussed.
P186
Attitudes and Perceptions of Southwest Mississippi Consumers Towards PastureRaised Pork: A Survey.
Joseph,A.*,M.O.EzekweandC.Okere,SwineDevelopmentCenter,AlcornStateUniversity,AlcornState,MS39096.
Consumerfoodchoicesaremotivatedbyseveralfactorsincludingawareness,values,attitude,perceptions
and other personal influences. The objective of this study was to examine the attitudes and perceptions of
SouthwestMississippiConsumerstowardpastureraisedpork.Arandomsampleofheadsofhousehold(N=675)
from three Mississippi counties were surveyed. The study participants consisted of 59% White/Caucasian, 40%
Black/AfricanAmericanand1%Hispanic/LatinoandNativeAmerican.Descriptivestatisticswereusedtoanalyze
the data. The study showed evidences suggesting that consumer purchase of pastureraised pork products
reflectedaninterestinpersonalandfamilyhealth,astheyperceivepastureraisedanimalproductstobehealthier
to eat. Seventy nine percent of respondents, both males and females indicated that appearance was very
important, while 81% made it very clear that freshness of the products they purchased is of utmost importance
andtheywantedtoknowwheretheirmeatcamefrom.Over95%ofrespondentsindicatedthattheywerewilling
topaymoreforporkraisedinamannerthatwashumaneandmoreenvironmentallyfriendlythanconventional
productionmethods.Generalfindingssuggestedthatconsumerdemandandwillingnesstopaymoreforpasture
raisedporkmaycreateanichemarketforporkproducersinSouthwestMississippi.
P187
EvaluationoftheEffectivenessofaSingleOralAdministrationofVariousDosesofPourOnMoxidectinand
IvermectinAgainstIntestinalParasitesinMeatGoatsinExtensiveandSemiIntensiveSystems.Madden,U.
A.*1, N. Wilson 2, G. Nurse1, J. Beaudouin1 and G. Queeley1, 1Extension and Outreach Program, College of
Engineering Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, Florida A& M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307; 2Marion
CountyExtension,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL32611.
Meatgoats(64,6monthsold)wereusedtoinvestigatetheeffectivenessofasingleoraladministrationof
various doses of pouron moxidectin (MOX) and ivermectin (IVM) on naturally occurring intestinal parasites in
twofeedingsystems(32animalseach).Intheextensivesystem,animalsreceivedgrazingonlywhileinthesemi
intensivesystem,animalsreceivedgrazingplus1.1kgofa12%proteinpelletperheadperday.Inbothsystems,
animals received treatments of MOX and IVM at 0.825 mg/kg, 0.550 mg/kg, 0.275 mg/kg and 0 mg/kg (CONT).
Twomalesand2femaleswererandomlyassignedtoeachtreatment.AtDay0,asingledoseofMOXorIVMwas
administeredorallytoeachtreatedanimal.FecalsamplesweretakenfromanimalsonDays0,7,28,56,and84for
evaluationofparasiteeggs.BodyweightsweretakenonDays0,28,56,and84.ThestudybeganonMarch8,2005
andendedJune15,2005.Intheextensivesystem,greateraveragebodyweightgainswereinVMtreatedanimals
than those treated with MOX. Bodyweight gain in MOXtreated animals (0.550 mg/kg) was slightly higher than
CONT animals. The greatest bodyweight gain was in IVMtreated animals (0.825 mg/kg). In the semiintensive
201
system, slightly higher average bodyweight gain was in MOXtreated animals than IVMtreated. Similar
bodyweightgainwasforMOXtreated(0.825mg/kg)andCONTanimals.ThehighestbodyweightgainwasinIVM
treated animals (0.825 mg/kg). Marked reductions in fecal parasite egg were in MOX, IVMtreated and CONT
animalsinbothsystems.
P188
TheEffectofSynchronizationTreatmentsonSeasonalandNonSeasonalDoes.McKenzieJakes,A.*,G.Nurse
andG.Bryant,FloridaA&MUniversity,CooperativeExtensionProgram,Tallahassee,FL32307.
In the U.S., the seasonal breeding behavior of goats has prevented many producers from increasing
productivityintheirherdandaccessingmarketsthatbringthehighesteconomicreturns.Inrecentyears,estrus
synchronization has become a valuable reproductive tool among scientists for controlling and manipulating the
breedingperiodingoats.Studieshaveshownthatdifferencesexistinonsetanddurationofthebreedingseason
betweenvariousbreedsofgoatsandevenamongindividualswithinthesamebreed.Theobjectiveofthisstudy
wastocomparesynchronizationresponseinseasonalandnonseasonaldoes.Fortydoeswererandomlyassigned
(10 per group) among four treatment groups. Goats in group A were exposed to a vasectomized buck, goats in
groupBwerethecontrolgroup,doesingroupCweresynchronizedusingCIDRincombinationwithLutalyseand
goatsingroupDweresynchronizedusingCIDRincombinationwithPG600.Thesameprocedureswerefollowed
duringtheoutofseasonbreedingtrials.Thefindingsofthisstudyshowedthat85%ofdoesingroupCexhibited
cyclic heat 24 hours or less after the implants were removed and 80% of the does exhibited heat less than 24
hoursduringthenonseasonalbreedingtrial.Only40%ofthedoesexhibitedheatintreatmentgroupBduringthe
seasonalbreedingperiodand10%ofthedoesrespondedwhenthistreatmentwasadministeredduringthespring
trial. Furthermore, conception rates and pregnancy rates were significantly higher among does in treatment
groupsCandDregardlessoftheseason.
P189
TheEvaluationofThreeFeedingRegimensandThreeAnthelminticsinaMeatGoatProductionSystem:A
Florida A&M University Research/ Extension Project. Peterson, T.*, R. Mobley, G. Nurse, F. Okpebholo, C.
LyttleNGuessan, G. Queeley, and T. Kahan, Cooperative Extension Program, College of Engineering Sciences,
TechnologyandAgriculture,FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32307.
Foodsafetystartsatthefarmgate.Propermanagementandfeedingareimportanttotheproductivityand
survivabilityofthefarmaswellastothehealthandsafetyofthefoodsupply.Nutritionandinternalparasitesare
two factors that affect the growth of the meat goat industry in Florida. The project evaluated three common
feeding strategies (a cracked corn feed, a 12% crude protein commercial feed, a 16% crude protein commercial
feed)andthreeanthelminticsfortheireffectsonweightgainandeconomicefficiency,andanyresistanceamong
theherd,respectively.Theresultsindicatedthatthe12%crudeproteincommercialfeedfeedingregimenwasthe
mosteconomical/sustainable,andhadthelowestweightgain.Inaddition,theresultsindicatedthatFloridaA&M
University, Research Extension Center herd might be resistant to the Levamisole type anthelmintic. One of the
objectives, also, was to apply the most efficient resources to maintain food safety. The aim is to attain healthier
animalsthroughpropernutrition,weightgainandcarcassquality,therebymaximizingsafefoodsupply.
P190
ProductionofTableCucumber(Cucumissativa)ontwoTrellisSystemsinNorthFlorida.Brown,B.G.*,C.S.
Gardner, G.L. Queeley, K. T. Grant, and T. A. Hylton, Cooperative Extension Program, Florida Agricultural and
MechanicalUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32307.
Theuseoftrellisestosupportvinecropssuchastomato,squashandcucumbermayresultinincreased
fruitqualitycomparedtotheconventionalpracticeofallowingthevinestorunfreelyontheground.Otherstated
advantages of the trellis system include better canopy light interception, better control of pest and ease of
harvesting. However, there is still much debate over whether the use of trellises results in increased yield. The
objective of this study was to determine the performance of trellis grown cucumber vs. conventional practice. A
twoyearstudywasdoneattheFAMUresearchandextensioncenter,QuincyFlorida.Theexperimentaldesignwas
a randomized complete block with three treatments: Aframe trellis, wire trellis and conventional practice as a
control. Parameters measured included fruit size (length and circumference), fruit quality and total yield.
Treatment effects were evaluated by Analysis of Variance and Fishers exact test. Despite numerically higher
numbersofspoiledfruitsfromtheconventionalpractice,theresultsshowednosignificanttreatmenteffect.The
202
studyconcludedthattheuseoftrellisesprovidednoadvantageovertheconventionalsystemwithrespecttothe
parametersmeasured.
P191
Influence of Breed and Year on Average Daily Gain, Scrotal Circumference, and Ultrasound Ribeye Area
AmongBucksintheGeorgiaandSoutheastMeatGoatBuckPerformanceEvaluationProgram.Getz,W.R.*1,
S.Mobini1,S.Gelaye1,G.Kannan1,R.Vann2andT.Hollis1,1GeorgiaSmallRuminantResearchandExtensionCenter,
FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030;2UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602
Adding value to breeding stock and increasing the accuracy of selection are two of the most important
outcomesfromperformanceevaluationprograms.Duringtheperiod1999through2004atotalof70Boerand
KikomeatgoatbuckswereevaluatedthroughtheGeorgiaandSoutheastmeatgoatbuckperformanceevaluation
programbasedatFortValleyStateUniversity.TheprogramwasacollaborativeeffortbetweentheGeorgiaSmall
Ruminant Research and Extension Center, Georgia Cooperative Extension, Georgia Meat Goat Association, and
several breed associations. In the study reported here, the main effects of breed and year were examined as
sources of variation in three key traits. Estimated mean values for individual 84day average daily gain (ADG)
acrossallbreedsandyearswas1596g;scrotalcircumference(SC)27.7.37cm;andultrasoundribeyearea(REA)
19.1.23 sq. cm. Year was a highly significant source of variation (P<0.0001) for ADG and REA, but had more
modesteffects(P<0.06)onscrotalcircumference.BreedofbuckwasnotasignificantsourceofvariationonADG.
BreedwasasignificantsourceofvariationonREA(P<0.022)andonscrotalcircumference(P<0.018).Thedata
suggestthereissufficientvariationamongcontemporariesthatselectionbasedontheperformanceinformation
will result in improved rate of genetic change, and records of performance need to be adjusted for documented
sourcesofvariation.
P192
EffectsofProteinSupplementationonH.ContortusInfectioninGoats.Wang,Z.*,S.P.Hart,A.L.Goetsch,R.C.
Merkel,L.J.DawsonandT.Sahlu,AmericanInstituteforGoatResearch,LangstonUniversity,Langston,OK73050.
EffectsofvariedproteinintakeonimmuneresponsesingoatsinfectedwithHaemonchuscontortuswere
determined.ThirtysixBoerxSpanishgoatsweredewormedandallocatedtosixgroupsofsixanimalseach.Goats
werefedhaybasedisocaloric(ME=8.0MJ/kgDM)dietscontaining0,5,or10%fishmeal(FM).ThedietaryCP
was 6.6%, 9.5%, or 12.4%, respectively. Thirty days after being fed the diets, goats allocated to infected groups
wereadministeredwith10,000H.contortusinfectivelarvaeperanimal,andallanimalsremainedonthedietsfor4
wk. Worm eggs appeared in feces from the goats fed diets with 0 or 5% FM in wk 3 but were not detectable in
goatsfedthe10%FMdietuntilwk4postinfection.TheinfectionofH.contortusinducedincreases(P<0.01)in
blood eosinophil and tissue mast cells. Numbers of mast cells in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes from the
infectedgoatswerelower(P<0.05)inanimalsfedthe10%FMdiet.Thenumberofeosinophilswasnotaffected
(P>0.05)byproteinsupplementation.SerumconcentrationofIgAincreased(P<0.01)afterinfectionbutwasnot
affectedbydietaryprotein.SerumIgGininfectedgoatsincreased(P<0.05)withdietaryprotein7dpostinfection
but declined thereafter. Worm burden was not affected by dietary protein. The results suggest that protein
supplementationingoatstransientlyinhibitswormfecunditythroughenhancedIgGexpression.
P193
GenderDifferencesinanOnLineCertificationProgramforGoatProducers.Merkel,R.C.*,T.A.GipsonandT.
Sahlu,AmericanInstituteforGoatResearch,LangstonUniversity,Langston,OK73050.
In2006,aLangstonUniversityledconsortiumof11universitiesand5producergroupsunveiledanon
line training and certification program (http://www2.luresext.edu/training/qa.html). Participants take pre and
posttests and score a minimum of 85% to pass the 16 required and a minimum of 3 elective modules. As of
November, 2007, 416 participants had registered for the program and 39 had completed the requirements for
certification. For those responding to a question concerning employment, a greater proportion of females than
malesenrolledintheprogramwereengagedinfullvsparttimefarming:51and113femalesengagedinfullorin
parttime farming vs 36 and 145 males, respectively, (CS=5.73; P<0.02). However, this proportion changed for
certified participants as 7 and 6 certified females engaged in full or in parttime farming vs 4 and 15 certified
males, respectively (CS=3.67; P<0.06). Females tended to score higher on pretests than males (85.4 vs 80.3%,
P<0.06)andaproportionatelyhigherpercentageofmalesthanfemaleswererequiredtotakeposttests(CS=6.94;
P<0.01).Therewasnodifferenceinposttestscoresbetweengenders.Malestendedtorecordagreaterdifference
betweenpreandposttestscoresthanfemales(11.0vs5.2%,P<0.06).Pretestscoresshowthattheknowledgeof
203
womenproducerswasonparorabovethatofmaleproducers.Thesimilarityinposttestscoresisanindicatorof
theeffectivenessofthetrainingmodules.
P194
MethaneEmissionbyGoatsConsumingDifferentSourcesofHay.Puchala,R.*1,G.Animut1,A.L.Goetsch1,A.K.
Patra1,T.Sahlu1,V.H.Varel2andJ.Wells2, 1AmericanInstituteforGoatResearch,LangstonUniversity,Langston,
OK73050;2USMeatAnimalResearchCenter,ClayCenter,NE68933.
BoerxSpanishwethers(24)wereused.Treatmentswerealegume(sericealespedeza)highincondensed
tannins (CT; 15.3%) without (S) or with (P) polyethylene glycol (25 g/d mixed with 50 g/d of ground corn), a
legumelowinCT(alfalfa,0.3%CT;A),andagrasslowinCT,0.2%CT(sorghumsudangrass;G).IntakeofDMwas
849,937,732,and655g/d(SE=55.4),andthereweredifferencesinOMdigestibility(54.5,60.1,62.6,and62.7%
forS,P,A,andG,respectively;SE=1.45).Methaneemissionwas10.26,13.9,14.1,and12.8g/dforS,P,A,andG,
respectively(SE=0.76),beinglowestamongtreatmentsforS(P<0.05).Similarly,methaneemissionrelativeto
digestedOMwaslowest(P<0.05)forS(23.5,26.3,34.7,and34.1g/kgforS,P,A,andG,respectively;SE=2.21).
Treatmentdifferencesalsoexisted(P<0.05)ininvitromethanereleasebyruminalfluidincubatedfor3wkwith
conditions promoting activity by methanogens (7.8, 11.7, 13.1, and 13.5 ml for S, P, A, and G, respectively; SE =
1.23). Findings in a previous experiment with fresh forage were fairly similar (25.1, 32.4, 34.7, and 32.8 g/kg
digestedOMofmethane;12.9,21.8,25.3,and28.5mlinvitromethanereleaseforS,P,A,andG,respectively).In
summary,effectsofCTinSindepressingruminalmethaneemissionbygoatsappearsimilarfordryhayasinfresh
forage.
P195
EffectsofAcclimatizationonEnergyExpenditurebyMeatGoats..L.Goetsch,A.L.*,A.K.Patra,R.Puchala,G.
Animut,T.A.Gipson,andT.Sahlu,AmericanInstituteforGoatResearch,LangstonUniversity,Langston,OK73050.
Spanish and Boer yearling doelings were confined and fed near the maintenance energy requirement
(MEm)withminimalenvironmentalcontrol.Energyexpenditure(EE)wasdeterminedover2dperiods13times
duringa1yrperiodbasedonEE:heartrate(HR).Climatevariableswereaveragedover2,4,6,and8wkpreceding
EEmeasurement.Mean,minimum,andmaximumvaluesduringthe2wkprecedingEEdeterminationwere19.9,
7.9, and 31.8 degrees C for ambient temperature (Temp) and 53.6, 36.1, and 62.5% relatively humidity (Hum),
respectively. Neither Temp nor TempHum index were correlated with or had significant effects in regression
equations to predict the difference between EE at measurement times and the 1yr mean (EEdiff). Conversely,
Humwascorrelated(P<0.01)withEEdiff.Whenthe13HRmeasurementtimeswereassignedtoCoolandWarm
periods,EEdiffwasaffected(P<0.01)byagenotypexperiodinteraction.Nonetheless,theeffectofHuminmodels
includinggenotype,period,andgenotypexperiodwassignificantfor2,4,6,and8wk(P<0.01).TheR2oflinear
regressions of EEdiff against Hum were slightly greater for 2 and 4 vs 6 and 8 wk (0.11, 0.10, 0.08, and 0.07,
respectively);regressioncoefficientsfor2and4wk were1.265and1.163kJ/kgmetabolicbodyweightper1%
Hum,respectively.Inconclusion,withoutextremeselicitingcoldorheatstress,Humappearstohaveaslighteffect
ontheMEmofmeatgoatsinbothcoolandwarmperiodsoftheyear.
P196
EffectsofSomaticCellCountonSemiHardCheesefromGoatMilk.Zeng,S.S.*,1,S.S.Chen1,2,L.Zhang1,3,andB.
Bah1, 1AmericanInstituteforGoatResearch,LangstonUniversity,Langston,OK73050, 2CollegeofFoodScience&
NutritionalEngineering,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing,P.R.China,3NortheastAgriculturalResearchCenter
ofChina,Changchun,P.R.China.
This study investigated effects of somatic cell count (SCC) in goat milk on yield and sensory quality of
semihard cheese. Thirty kg of goat milk with SCC levels of 410,000 (Low), 770,000 (Medium), and 1,250,000
cells/ml(High)wasobtainedfromtheAlpineherdoftheAmericanInstituteforGoatResearchforthemanufacture
ofsemihardcheesefortwoconsecutiveweeksatthreestagesoflactation.Cheesemilkpriortocheesemakingwas
analyzedforSCC,totalsolid(TS),protein,andfat.Cheeseyieldwasrecordedond1andcheesesamplesond1,60
and 120 of aging were analyzed for scores of total sensory, flavor, and body/texture, and contents of moisture,
protein,andfat.Resultsindicatedthattherewerenosignificantdifferences(P>0.05)incheeseyieldamongmilk
withdifferentSCClevels.However,goatmilkwithhighSCCresultedinsignificantlylower(P<0.05)scoresoftotal
sensoryandbody/texturethanmilkwithlowormediumSCC,althoughnodifferencewasobservedinflavorscore.
Ahigher(P<0.05)cheeseyieldwasobtainedfromgoatmilkinearlylactation(April)thaninmid(July)orlate
lactation(October)probablybecauseofahighertotalsolidscontentinearlylactationmilk.Agingfor60daysor
204
moreimproved(P<0.05)scoresoftotalsensory,flavor,andbody/textureincheeseasexpected.Itisconcluded
thatSCCingoatmilkdidnotaffecttheyieldofsemihardcheesebuthighSCCresultedininferiorsensoryquality.
P197
EffectofSmallmouth(Ictiobusbubalus)andBigmouth(Ictiobuscyprinellus)BuffaloonDissolvedOxygenin
ContinuousCultureChannelCatfish(Ictaluruspunctatus)Ponds.Luker,G.W.*andC.W.Kleinholz,Schoolof
AgricultureandAppliedSciences,LangstonUniversity,Langston,OK73050.
Twenty 0.1 ha ponds were stocked with channel catfish (20529grams) at 12,500/ha. Five ponds each
were stocked with smallmouth buffalo (27046 grams) and bigmouth buffalo (724369 grams) at 260/ha. Five
ponds received both smallmouth (130/ha) and bigmouth buffalo (130/ha) and five ponds received no buffalo.
Pondswerefedupto114kg/ha/dayfivedaysperweekwithacommercial,floating32%proteincatfishration.
Dissolvedoxygenconcentrations(DO)weremonitoreddailyforeachpondfromJunethroughSeptemberat0600
0900 hours. Initial data analysis indicated significantly greater DO concentrations in ponds with smallmouth
buffalo than in ponds with bigmouth buffalo and ponds without buffalo. Additional significant differences
indicated that ponds with smallmouth buffalo had fewer days with DO 3.0 mg/l and more days with DO 4.0
mg/lthanpondswithbigmouthbuffaloonlyorpondswithoutbuffalo.
P198
IntroductionofJicamatoCentralMissouri.Gu,S.*,T.BlankandN.NavarreteTindall,CooperativeResearch
andExtensionProgram,LincolnUniversity,JeffersonCity,MO65102.
Jicama(Pachyrhizuserosus),orMexicopotato,isanativeplantfromMexicothathashighnutritiousvalue.
Recent growth in the Latino population in Missouri, especially around the city of Marshall, has increased the
interests and demand for the cultivation of Jicama. The objectives of this research were to test if seeds and the
edible part of Jicama, the tuberous roots, could be produced under temperate climate. Jicama transplants were
startedwithseedsinMarchandplantedinJuneontheLincolnUniversityCarverfarminJeffersonCity,MOandthe
University of Missouri Bradford Farm in Columbia, MO. All plants grew vigorously on both farms and produced
tubers but not seeds, although some plants did bloom before the first frost. Tubers were in various shapes
indicating the occurrence of segregation, as transplants were from seeds. Over 80% of tubers did not reach the
commercial standard, which might be caused by the compactness of clay soil and excess rainfall. Most plants
formed only one tuberous root that averaged 556 gram and ranged from 262 grams to 1708 grams. Future
researchwillbeconductedtoincludemorecultivarsandstarttransplantswithslips.
P199
ThePerformanceofBrangusCalvesUnderMixedSpeciesGrazingSystems.Gebrelul,S.W.*,Y.Ghebreiyessus,
V.Bachireddy,R.Marshall,L.GrayandA.Harris,SouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter,
SouthernUniversityandA&MCollege,BatonRouge,LA70813.
Todeterminetheeffectofmixedspeciesgrazingonthegrowthofcalves,BranguscowsandSpanishgoats
were randomly assigned to continuous or rotational grazing systems and calves were allowed to graze alone or
mixedwithgoats.Alandareaof27hectares(ha)onBermudagrasswasdividedintofourpastures,8haeachfor
mixedspecies grazing and 5.5 ha each for cattlealone grazing. The rotational pastures were divided into four
paddocks where each paddock was grazed for seven and allowed to rest for 21 days. Between 2005 and 2007,
calves were weighed every 28 days. Records of 637 weights were analyzed using SAS MIXED procedure. Calves
grazing alone were heavier (171.81 2.6 vs. 156.0 2.6 kg) than those grazing mixed with goats, but the
differencesapproachedsignificanceonlyatP<0.10).Calvesundercontinuousgrazingweighed5kgmore(P<0.10)
thanthoseinrotation.Bodyweightsrangedfrom77.95.6kginAprilto237.14.6kginOctober.Thisisdueto
thenaturalgrowthratherthantreatmenteffects.Calvesgrazingaloneundercontinuousgrazingweresimilarin
weights(170.23.5vs.173.43.8kg)tothoseinrotation,butbothwereheavier(P<0.05)thancalvesinmixed
grazing in continuous (162.5 3.8 kg) or in rotation (149.4 3.4 kg). These observations indicated that calves
requiredmoretimetoadjustandperformwhenmixedwithgoats.Moreinformationisneededtoevaluatemixed
grazingsystemsunderLouisianaconditions.
P200
205
Roselle Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Research at Southern University. Chin, K. L.*1, Y. Qi1, F. Malekian1, V.
Bachireddy1,O.Bandele1andM.Berhane1,J..Simon2 andG.Hankins3, 1SouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearch
andExtensionCenter,SouthernUniversityandA&MCollege,BatonRouge,LA70813; 2NewUseAgricultureand
Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology and Plant pathology, Rutgers University, New
Brunswick,NJ089030231;3DepartmentofBiology,WestVirginiaStateUniversity,Institute,WV25112.
Rosellehibiscusisoneofthehighestvolumespecialtybotanicalproductsininternationalcommercedue
to its demonstrated medicinal values. The demonstrated medicinal properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa and its high
antioxidantactivitiesaretheattributingfactorstoenhanceitsmarketability,consumersdemandandutilizationin
Louisiana and the southern region. Preliminary trials have indicated its feasibility as a specialty crop for niche
marketproduction.ScientistshavebeguntoundertakeresearchtoidentifyadaptableHibiscusaccessionsthatare
economicallyfeasibleforsmallandlimitedresourcefarmproduction.Theresearchemploysmultidisciplinaryand
institutionalapproachestoaddressitspotentialasanewsustainablespecialtycropenterpriseby(a)identifying
adaptable Hibiscus accessions with good product quantity and quality through varietal screening and cultural
practices,(b)determiningitsphytochemicalpropertiesthatcanbeusedtopromotethemarketingofthiscrop,(c)
evaluating its effects on the survivability and vitality of various animal and human cancer cells and (d) using
hibiscustocreatevalueaddedproducts.
P201
MixedSpeciesandGrazingPracticesEffectsontheYieldandQualityofForageCrops.Bachireddy,V.R.*,Y.
Ghebreiyessus, S. Gebrelul, R. Marshal, R. Payne, M. Berhane, and E. Runles, Southern University Agricultural
ResearchandExtensionCenter,SouthernUniversityandA&MCollege,BatonRouge,LA70813.
A study to evaluate the effect of mixed species grazing systems on the forage yield and quality was
conducted.AnimalsweregrazedonBermudagrasspasturesduringthesummerandryegrassduringthewinter.In
a 3x2 factorial, 100 Spanish goats and 28 Brangus cows were randomly assigned to continuous or rotational
grazing systems, and three grazing schemes (goatalone, cattlealone or mixed). A land area of 31 hectares on
Bermudagrasswasdividedintosixpastures,8hectareseachformixedspecies,2hectareseachforgoatsalone
and5.5hectareseachforcattlealonegrazing.Therotationalpastureswerefurtherdivided,usingelectricfences,
into four paddocks. Each paddock was grazed for seven days and allowed to rest for approximately 21 days.
Forage samples were collected weekly to determine plant height, forage yield and forage quality. Fresh forage
yieldrangedfrom600to2359kg/ha.Yielddifferencesbetweenyearsandamongmonthswerehighlysignificant
(p<0.05)buttherewasnosignificantdifferencebetweenthegrazingsystems.Forageyieldsingoatsalonewere
significantlyhigherwhencomparedtocattlealoneandmixedspeciesgrazing.Plantheightrangedfrom13.7cmto
32.4cmandwassignificantformonthsandgrazingandspeciesinteraction.Significantdifferences(p<0.05)were
observedamongspecies,monthsandyearsforcrudeprotein(CP)content,aciddetergentfiber(ADF)andneutral
detergent fiber (NDF) values. CP content ranged from 8.9 to 11.8%. ADF and NDF values ranged from 31.9 to
39.1%and47.1to62.2%respectively.
P202
Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) species grown in Louisiana. Chin, K. L.*, Y. Qi, and M. Berhane, Southern
University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA
70813.
Inadequate perception of the hibiscus plant as pharmaceutical and functional crop by consumers has
inspiredtheauthorstomakethispresentation.Hibiscussabdariffavar.altissina,isanerect,tall,sparelybranched
plant which is mainly cultivated for its jutelike fiber. Hibiscus cannabinus L., a widely exploited fiber crop has
spinyfibrouscalyceswhicharenotusedforfunctionalfood.BothHibiscussabdariffavar.AltissinaandHibiscus
cannabinus have similar morphological characteristics of stem, flower and calyces which are not used for
functionalfood.Hibiscussabdariffavarsabdariffa(ruber)isashorterbushyplantwhichproducesfleshyedible
red to burgundy calyces which are edible. Hibiscus sabdariffa var. sabdariffa (ruber) with three different lines
(Rico, Victor and Archer) are known in the commerce market with various names such as roselle, sorrel,
bisap, karkade ant etc. Pictorial exhibition on Hibiscus cannabinus, Hibiscus sinensis, Hibiscus sabdariffa var.
sabdariffa(ruber)withtwolineswillbepresented.
P203
206
Analyzing And Screening Various Species Of Ornamental Grasses As An Alternative Crop For Small And
LimitedResources/ProducersForResaleToTheFloriculturalIndustry.Clardy,A.E.*,E.B.WilliamsandW.
F. Hayslett, Cooperative Extension Program, School of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN
37209.
Smallandlimitedresourcefarmersandproducersneedalternativecropstoproducetosupplementtheir
incomes.Thefloralindustryisamultimilliondollarindustry.Ornamentalgrassescanbegrownandusedasfiller
materialsinfloralarrangements(freshanddried).Severalevaluationsofselectedvarietiesofornamentalgrasses
will be performed. They are as follows: 1.) the evaluation of several ornamental grasses and their plumes for
potential growth, development and resale value in the floral market. 2. The evaluation of two (2) different
fertilizers, growth regulators (Paclobutrazol and Uniconazole), methods of drying and soil types on the growth,
development,grassheights,qualityandplumedevelopmentforresale.3.Theevaluationofresalemethods(cash
andcarry,farmersmarketandwholesale).
P204
EffectofForagesonPerformanceofBoerCrossMaleGoats.Bartlett,J.R.*,E.G.Rhoden,V.A.KhanandS.O.
Aribisala,DepartmentofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
The demand for and import of goat meat have increased 35% annually. As a result, smallscale limited
resourcefarmershaverenewedtheirinterestingoatproduction.Thishasledresearchersandextensionagentsto
find alternative feeds. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding sweet potato silage
comparedwithdifferenttypesofhayontheperformanceofBoercrossmeatgoats.Fourfeedscompositionswere
used:easterngamagrasshay(EGG),Bermudagrasshay(BGH),kudzuhay(KZH)andsweetpotatosilage(SPS).The
studyutilized24goatsforsevenweeks.Goatswereofferedoneoffourfeedsat5%bodyweight(BW).Waterand
mineralblockswereofferedadlibitum.FeedintakeandBWweremonitoredweekly.Goatswerethenslaughtered
andcarcasscharacteristicsevaluated.ResultsshowedthattheaverageintakefortheSPSgroupwas5.40kgwhich
was comparable to all three hay groups with 5.77, 4.99 and 4.34 kg for EGG, BGH and KZH, respectively. There
were no significant differences in weight gain among the treatments, however, animals in all the hay groups
tended to gain more (1.68, 1.62 and 1.43 kg for KZH, EGG and BGH, respectively) than the SPS group (1.28 kg).
There were no significant differences among the diets for hot and cold carcass weights. The average dressing
percentages for SPS, EGG, BGH and KZH were 46, 46, 44 and 44%, respectively. These results indicate that SPS
compareswellwiththehaygroupsingoatperformance.
P205
TheInfluencesofU.S.GovernmentPriceSupportProgram,SoybeansExportation,andStockAccumulation
onU.S.SoybeansPrices.Siaway,A.*,W.A.SalifuandG.Ward,CollegeofAgricultural,Environmental,andNatural
Soybeans farmers receive price support payments from the U.S. Government through the Farm Bill
Allocations.Thissubsidycreatesamarketdynamic,involvingsoybeansstock,exportlevels,andtheUSGNP,which
significantly influences the prices of soybeans. The soybeans price support program is shown to be an effective
instrument for surplus production and pricing policy. A double logarithmic model shows soybeans prices to be
responsivetogovernmentsupportpayments,GNP,quantityofsoybeansexport,domesticconsumption,andstock
levelinthepreviousyear.
P206
YieldandGrainSettingRateofRiceNewStrainsatUABPFarm.Yan,Z.*and,B.Huang,UniversityofArkansas
atPineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
A rice trial with 20 rice new breeding strains and 12 cultivars, which are widely used in USA for
production,wasconductedatUAPB(UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff)farm(Latitude:3415'N,Longitude:
92 01' W, Elevation: 232 feet). 20 new breeding strains and 12 cultivars were planted in April 24, 2008. The
headingstageofthesestrainsandcultivarsstartedfromJune27andendedatAugust22.TheresultsofANOVA
showthattheyieldsoftop4strains,PB2,PB12,PB13andPB17aresignificantlyhigherthanFrancis,whichhas
thehighestyieldamongthe12cultivars.ComparetotheyieldofFrancis,theyieldsofthese4strainsare40.8%,
40.2%,29.6%and12.9%higher,respectively.Thegrainweightsoftop3strains,PB18,PB20,andPB5are35.2g,
32.6g and 31.1g/1000grains, respectively. On the contrast, the grain weight of cultivar M202, which has highest
grainweightinthe12cultivars,isonly28.7g/1000grainswhicharesignificantlylowerthanthose3strains.The
grainsettingratesoftop5strains,PB12,PB13,PB11,PB10andPB2,are87.0%,85.5%,79.4%,74.6%and70.4
207
%, respectively. The statistical analysis shows that the correlation between yields and grain setting rates is
significantatthe0.01level.
P207
ImpactofStraighheadDiseaseInducedbyHighTemperaturetoRiceYields.Huang,B.*and,Z.Yan,University
ofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
Straightheaddiseaseisaphysiologicaldisorderofricethatcausestheentireheadtobeblankandremain
uprightatmaturity,andcharacterizedbysterilityofthespikeletsleadingtoreducedgrainyield.Ithadreported
that soil mineral condition such as arsenic (As) would results in rice straighthead. However, less research has
reported that high temperature may induce straighthead disease. An experiment was conducted at UAPB
(UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff)farm(Latitude:3415'N,Longitude:9201'W,Elevation:232feet)from
April ~October 2008. A temperature sensor is about 20 meters away from the filed. (Sensor and Element
Descriptionforsite2083,UAPBCampusPB,Arkansas).12cultivarsand20newbreedingstrainswereplantedin
April 24. The heading stage of these cultivars and strains started from June 27 and ended at August 22.
Straighthead had been observed in the filed for 11 cultivars or strains. The straighthead disease of those 11
cultivarsorstrainswereoccurredduringJuly27throughAugust15,ofthattheairtemperaturewasover35C/95
F daily during panicle paedomorphosis period of these 11 cultivars or strains (it is 14~20days before heading
stage).Straightheaddiseasewasnotobservedforthese11cultivarsorstrainsbeforeorafterthehightemperature
period. Results of ANOVA shows that the yields of the cultivars or strains with straighthead disease are
significantly lower than those cultivars or strains with no straighthead disease. The 32 cultivars and breeding
strainsinthisstudycanbeclassifiedintothreegroups(susceptible,moderatelysusceptibleandtolerant)basedon
their sensitivity to high temperature. The results could indicate the presence genetic variability among rice
cultivarsorlines,andmayscopeforgeneticimprovementtowardshightemperaturetoleranceinrice.
P208
Sweet Corn Response to Potassium on an Acid Soil with Low Potassium Test Level. Ntamatungiro, S.*, J.
Davis,andH.English.DepartmentofAgriculture,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
LimitedresourcefarmersoftengrowsweetcornonsoilswithlowpHandlowpotassium(K)availability.
The objective of this study was to determine sweet corn yield response to K fertilizer application on an acid
CallowaysiltloamwithverylowsoilKtestlevelsattheUAPBAgriculturalResearchExperimentStation.Acontrol
treatmentreceivingnonitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),andK,andfourKrates(0to120lbsK2O.acre1appliedin40
lbsincrements)weretestedinacompletelyrandomizeddesignwiththreereplications.TheeffectofKfertilizer
wasevaluatedatharvestfromnumberofplantswithtwoears,plantheight,earweight,earlengthanddiameter,
andnumberofrowsperear.ThesevariableswerequadraticallyrelatedtotheamountofKfertilizerapplied.The
weight of ears without husks at 80 lbs K2O.acre1 increased by 29% compared to the control treatment. The
highesteardiameterandnumberofrowsperearwereobtainedwithapplicationof80lbsK2O.acre1.Thirtynine,
42%,50%,and58%ofthevariationinplantheight,numberofplantswithtwoears,eardiameter,andnumberof
rows per ear, were accounted for by K fertilizer applied, respectively. In short, low K levels limited sweet corn
production potential by reducing plant size, ear size, and overall yield. Sweet corn growers need to adopt
managementpracticesthatcontributetoimprovementofsoilKsupplyingcapacitytothecrop.
P209
Analysis of Fresh Seed Yield and harvest Index of Southern Pea Genotypes in South Arkansas.
Ntamatungiro, S.*, S.O. Okiror, J. Davis, H. English, and J. Handcock, Department of Agriculture, University of
ArkansasatPineBluff(UAPB),PineBluff,AR71601.
Knowledgeaboutfreshseedyield(FSY)potentialanditsrelationshipwithharvestindex(HI)isneededto
helpsmallfarmerschoosesouthernpeagenotypestogrow.TheobjectiveofthisstudywastodetermineFSY,HI
andtheirrelationshipswithcomponentsofFSYatUAPBandLonokeAgriculturalResearchStations.Sixgenotypes
(UAPB1, UAPB2, Early Scarlet, Purple Hull Cream, Louisiana Purple Hull, and Top Pick) were grown in a
randomizedcompleteblockdesignwithfourreplications.Freshseedyieldrangedfrom2904to4102kg.ha1,and
from 1417 to 3251 kg.ha1, at UAPB and Lonoke, respectively. Harvest index ranged from 21.97 to34.03%, and
from16.85to31.71%,atUAPBandLonoke,respectively.UAPB2genotypehadthehighestFSYatbothlocations,
andthehighestHIonlyatUAPB.Fertilenodesperplant,podspernode,andseedsperpodwerenegativelyrelated
toplantpopulationatbothlocations.TheFSYwaslinearlyrelated(r=0.33to0.85,p<0.05)toHI.AtLonoke,64%
and 73% of the variation in FSY and HI, respectively, were accounted for by a regression model including plant
208
population,fertilenodesperplant,podsperfertilenode,seedsperpod,andfreshseedweight.Thehighestdirect
effectsofyieldcomponentsonFSY(0.46)andHI(0.64)wereduetofreshseedweightandpodsperfertilenode,
respectively. Selection for high FSY and HI should focus at identifying management practices that increase pods
pernode,seedsperpod,andfreshseedweight.
P210
EffectofTrehaloseonMotilityandFertilityofBuckSemenAfterExtendedStorageat4C.Mook,J.L.,J.R.
Collins,S.Wildeus*,AgricultureResearchStation,Box9061,VirginiaStateUniversity,Petersburg,VA23806.
Research indicated that trehalose helped maintain motility and cellular viability in liquid stored ram
semen.Inthisexperimentweevaluatedmotility,viabilityandfertilityofliquidstoredbucksemenextendedwith
trehalose.Pooledsemenfrom6buckswasdilutedto400millionsperm/mlinaTriseggyolk(14%)extenderwith
either0or50mMtrehalose.Semenwaspackagedin0.25mlstrawsandstoredhorizontallyat4C.Strawswere
evaluatedintriplicateformotilityandviabilityat24hourintervalsfor96hoursimmediatelyafterwarmingand
after incubation at 37C for 6 hours. Fertility was assessed in semen stored for 72 hours using laparoscopic
insemination in 26 estrussynchronized yearling does. Motility declined linearly with extended storage, but
motility was higher (P<0.001) in control samples (0 hours: 86.5%; 96 hours: 63.9 %) than trehalose extended
semen(0hours:81.2%;96hours:35.4%)throughouttheevaluationperiod.Viabilitydeclinedmostlyduringthe
first 24 hours of storage, and was higher (P<0.001) in control than trehalose extended semen (74.6 and 52.6%,
respectively, averaged over the evaluation period). Motility and viability of semen after 6hour incubation was
reduced(P<0.001)inbothcontrolandtrehaloseextendedsemen.Fertilityofsemenafter72hoursofstoragewas
low(pregnancyrate:15%;4/26)andnotaffectedbyadditionoftrehalose.Additionoftrehalosedidnotimprove
quality parameters of liquid stored buck semen here, and other means to enhance liquid storage of buck semen
needtobeevaluated.
ScientistSmallScaleAgricultureandRuralDevelopment.
P211
AnInterdisciplinaryResearchApproachtotheImprovementofSmallFarmerSustainability:ACaseStudy
withPasturedPoultry.Vaughan,B.T.*,R.Zabawa,J.Bartlett,E.Rhoden,W.SalifuandR.Shange,Departmentof
AgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciences,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,AL36088.
An interdisciplinary, integrative, and iterative approach was taken to assist a smallscale producer to
improve the sustainability of a pastured poultry operation. The producer had been observing considerable
mortalities of birds in several phases of the production cycle, and was also not obtaining profits per bird that
would keep that segment of the operation viable. A team of research scientists, extension agents, and graduate
students (representing the disciplines of animal science, social science, agricultural economics, integrative
biosciences, and agricultural engineering) identified problems with the production system and devised and
recommended researchbased solutions. An iterative process of instituting improvements over several seasons
wasabletoincreasethesustainabilityofthepasturedpoultryoperation.Theimprovementsincludedadjustments
inbroodingsanitationmethods,usageoflighterproductionhouses,anddevelopmentofamarketingstrategy,all
stemmingfromthediversedisciplines,resultinginasignificantdecreaseinmortalityandrevenues,andincrease
insustainability.
P212
EnvironmentalEffectsonFeedingBehaviorofGrowingMeatGoats.Gipson,T.A.*,L.Dawson,S.HartandT.
Sahlu,AmericanInstituteforGoatResearch,LangstonUniversity,Langston,OK73050.
In a 12wk buck performance test, feed intake of 55 bucks (27 in 2005 and 28 in 2006) was recorded
using a completely automated electronic feeding system, which records feed intake of each individual animals
visit.Drymatterintake(DMI),feedingduration(DUR),andconsumptionrate(RATE)werecalculatedfordaytime
(06:00to18:00h)andnighttime(18:00to06:00h)feedingbehavior.Relativehumidityandambienttemperature
wererecordedevery10minandanaveragetemperaturehumidityindex(THI)calculatedforthecorresponding
period.HeatstresswasclassifiedaccordingtoTHI;NOstress(THI<72),MILDstress(72<THI<78),andSEVERE
stress(79<THI<89).NightDMIwasless(P<0.05)thandayDMI(528gvs700g)andNOwasgreater(P<0.05)
than MILD or SEVERE (650 g vs 591 and 602 g, respectively). DMI during night was 558, 507, and 520 g and
duringdaywas742,676,and684forNO,MILD,andSEVERE,respectively.DURwasless(P<0.05)duringnight
than day (29 min vs 41 min) and greater (P<0.05) for NO than for MILD or SEVERE (37 min vs 35 and 35,
respectively). DUR at night was 32, 28, and 29 min and during day was 42, 41, and 41 min for NO, MILD, and
209
SEVERE,respectively.RATE(20g/min)wasnotaffected(P>0.05)bytimeofdayorstresslevel.Generally,timeof
dayandheatstresslevelsignificantlyaffectedthefeedingbehaviorofgrowingmeatbucks.
Scientist/EducatorSmallScaleAgricultureandRuralDevelopment
P213
EfficacyofWormwoods(Artimesiaspp.)asanAnthelminticinGoats.Hart,S.P.*1,J.Ferreira2andZ.Wang1,
1American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Langston OK 73050, 2Appalachian Farming Systems
ResearchCenter,USDA,ARS,Beaver,WV25813.
This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of two wormwood species against gastrointestinal
tract nematodes in goats. A native wormwood (Artimisia ludovisciana) was harvested at the mature stage and
wholeplantswereairdried(B)andfedtoBoergoatdoes.Artimisiaannuawascultivatedandharvestedatthelate
vegetativestage,airdried,leavesstrippedfromthestalks,driedat45degreesCinaforcedairoven,andleaves
crushed(L).Doeswerefedthecontroldiet,0.45kgofagrainsupplement,and0.9kgoflowqualityhayfora7d
adaption period. Seven does received on the control diet throughout the study. Four does received 0.34 kg of B,
0.34kgofgrainsupplement,and0.68kghayfor4dandthenreceivedthecontroldietfortheremainderofthe
study.Sixdoeswerefed0.45kgL,0.45kgsupplement,and0.45kghayfor6dandthenreceivedthecontroldiet
for the rest of thestudy.Fecalsamplesweretakenfortwoconsecutivedayspriortothefeedingthe treatments
andthenonalternatedaysfor14d.Therewasasignificanttime(pretreatementvsposttreatment)bytreatment
interaction(P<0.002).ControlanimalFECincreasedfrom1,266to1,673,whereasBFECdecreasedfrom3,998to
2,979 and treatment L was unchanged (2,510 vs 2,419). The apparent anthelmintic activity of Artimisia
ludoviscianameritsfurtherinvestigation,especiallyatayoungerstageofmaturity.
P214
Thresholds for Potato Leafhopper for GlandularHaired Cultivars of Alfalfa. Peiffer, R.*, R. Barczewski, L.
Gibson, R. Fuester, P. Taylor and J. Urian, Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State
University,Dover,DE,19901;USDAARS,BeneficialInsectIntroductionResearchUnit,Newark,DE.
Amajorinsectpestofalfalfa(MedicagosativaL.),theleadingforagelegumeintheUnitedStates,isthe
potatoleafhopper(Empoascafabae[Harris]).Althoughthepotatoleafhoppercanbecontrolledwithinsecticides,
the recent development of resistant varieties promises to greatly reduce the need for pesticides, but separate
economic thresholds for these varieties are needed. The objective of this study was to establish economic
thresholdsforpotatoleafhopperinresistant(glandularhaired)varietiesofalfalfa.Fall2003fiveglandularhaired
andtwosusceptiblevarietieswereseededinDelaware.Toavoidtheaffectsofseedingyearalfalfa,itwasnotuntil
2005 before the first two trials were run and then in 2006 four more trials were and another trial in 2007. To
achieve different levels of potato leafhoppers were randomly assigned to each cage covering an area of 0.21m
squaredwithallfourdensitiesineachplotfor30days.Theeconomicthresholdforthetwosusceptiblevarieties
when averaged over 168 observations was found to be 2.8 per 10 sweeps, which is consistent with current
recommendations. The economic threshold for resistant varieties when averaged over 420 observations was
foundtobe4.9per10sweeps(43%greaterresistance).Therefore,ifafarmerisgrowingalfalfavarietiesresistant
tothepotatoleafhopper,he/shewillnotneedtousecontrolmeasurestocontrolpotatoleafhoppersinalfalfauntil
thecountper10sweepsis5orgreater.
ScientificSmallScaleAgricultureandRuralDevelopment
P215
Effect of Finishing Crossbread Meat Goats with the Same Total Quantity of Finisher Ration Over Variable
Duration on Chevon Production, Carcass Traits and Return Over Feed Cost. Lema, M.*, C. Pierfax and K.
Suleyman, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State
Thirty weaned crossbred kids were blocked by body weight and genotype and assigned into three
treatment groups. Each treatment group was replicated in two 0.4 ha Joy chicory paddocks with 5 kids per
paddockandsupplementedwithidenticaltotalamountofcommercialgrower/finisherrationovervariablelength
oftime(45,90or135days).Whiletotalgrower/finisherrationconsumption(27.30,27.49and28.26kg)andcost
(9.9,9.83and9.76dollars)forthe45,90and135dayfinishingdurations,respectively)didnotdifferstatistically,
total live weight gain (5.18, 6.42 and 7.234 kg) and net return over grower/finisher ration cost (3.73, 7.85 and
10.14 dollars, respectively) were significantly different and increased linearly (P<0.05) from 45 to 135 days of
finishing indicating that when unpaid family labor is utilized, finishing weaned meat goats with the same total
quantity of grower ration over a longer duration is economically beneficial than over a shorter duration . When
210
labor cost was factored into the equation, finishing over a longer period resulted in negative net return which
decreasedlinearlyfrom0.75forthe45,to1.15forthe90and3.63dollarsforthe135daygroupsindicatingthat
itisnoteconomicallybeneficialtofinishcrossbredmeatgoatsusingpaidlabor.Bonelessretailcutfromtheleg,
loin,shoulderandrackincreasedlinearly(P<0.05)from45to135daysoffinishing.Nosignificantdifferencewas
observedinbackfatthickness,loineyeareaandkidneypelvicandheartfat.
P216
Furazolidone Induced Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Guinea Fowl. Hill, K. E., S. Nahashon*, N. Adefope, and A.
Amenyenu, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State
Cardiomyopathy is a form of heart disease that affects many vertebrates and is associated with great
lossesinthepoultryindustry.Thediseasehasbeenreportedinchickensandturkeys,butnotinguineafowl.The
purposeofthisstudywastoinducecardiomyopathyinguineafowlandelucidatephysiologicalchangesleadingto
the condition. In three replications five week old Pearl Gray guinea Keets were fed cornsoy diets containing 0,
400, 600 and 800 parts per million (ppm) furazolidone for four weeks. The experimental diets contained 3,000
kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg and 24% crude protein (CP) at 05 weeks of age (WOA) and 3,100 ME
kcal/kgand24%CPat59WOA.AfternineWOA,experimentalbirdswereselectedatrandomandbloodsamples
were collected. The birds were then euthanized and liver and heart tissue were collected, weighed and
immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was extracted from the tissues and reverse transcribed. The
expression of the cardiac troponin (cTNT) and phospholamban (PLN) genes which serve as markers for
cardiomyopathy were evaluated. Feeding guinea keets 800 and 600 ppm furazolidone successfully induced
cardiomyopathy,whichwasassociatedwithasignificantdecreaseinfeedconsumption,bodyweightgain,andfeed
efficiency.Also,feedingthe600and800ppmfurazolidonesignificantly(P<0.05)reducedtheexpressionofcTNT
and PLN in the heart muscles and liver. Liver hyperplasia and severe ascites were also associated with induced
cardiomyopathyinguineafowl.
P217
The Effect of Mixed Species Grazing in the Determination of Gastrointestinal Infections of Haemonchus
contortusinSpanishDoes.Marshall,R.W.*,S.Gebrelul,L.Gray,Z.Augustine,andE.Runles,SouthernUniversity
AgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter,SouthernUniversityandA&MCollege,BatonRouge,LA70813.
The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of mixed species grazing on fecal egg counts (FEC),
FAMACHAscores,andpackedcellvolume(PCV)percentagesingoats.Ina2x2factorial,50Spanishdoesand14
Branguscowswererandomlyassignedtocontinuousorrotationalgrazingsystems.Goatswereallowedtograze
aloneormixedwithcattle.Therotationalpasturesweredividedintofourpaddocksandeachpaddockwasgrazed
for 7 days and allowed to rest for 21 days. Every 28 days from May to October, weights, body condition scores
(BCS;1=thinand5=fat),FAMACHAscores(1=redand5=white),bloodandfeceswerecollected.Fecalandblood
samplesfromeachgrazingregimentwereanalyzedforFECandPCV.DatawerestatisticallyanalyzedusingSASs
ANOVA,andcorrelationcoefficientsweredeterminedamongthemeasurements.FAMACHAscoresandPCVwere
negatively (0.44, P<0.001) correlated (when PCV decreased, FAMACHA scores increased). PCV had a positive
correlation(0.36,P<0.001)withBCS.BCShadahighnegativecorrelationwithFAMACHAscores(0.54,P<0.01)
andFEC(0.23,P<0.01).GoatsthatgrazedaloneonrotationalpastureshadhigherPCVpercentages(30.1%)than
thosegrazingoncontinuouspastures(27%).Goatsmixedwithcattlegrazingoncontinuouspastureshadhigher
PCV mean (31.3%) and lower FEC (492) than mixed goats on rotational pastures (27.0%) and (876). Overall,
mixedgrazingofpastureswithcattleandgoatsreducedFECingoatsthereforedecreasingFAMACHAscoresthat
resultedinincreasedPCVandBCSvalues.
P218
Profiling of Bioactive Compounds in Cultivars of Runner and Valencia Peanut Markettypes using Liquid
Chromatography/APCIMassSpectrometry.Chukwumah,Y.C.*1,L.T.Walker1andB.Vogler2, 1Departmentof
FoodandAnimalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762;2DepartmentofChemistry,Universityof
AlabamainHuntsville,Huntsville,AL35810.
Peanuts, a staple in the U.S., are consumed as peanut butter or snack products. They are classified into
fourmarkettypes,Runners,Spanish,ValenciaandVirginia.TheRunnerandVirginiamarkettypesaremainlyused
211
for snacks while the Spanish markettype is used for peanut oil production. Valencia markettype, the least
cultivated (3% total US production), is also used for snack products. Studies on phytochemical composition of
peanutshavefocusedmainlyonmarkettypesotherthanValencia.Theobjectivesofthisstudyaretodetermine
andcomparethephytochemicalcompositionofcultivarsofValenciaandRunnermarkettypesusingHPLCDAD
MS.Also,toquantifythebioactivecompoundspresentinpeanuts.Twentyfivepeanutcultivars(14Runnerand11
Valencia) obtained from 4 major peanut producing states were defatted and extracted in 80% methanol. The
extractswereconcentratedandcleanedpriortoHPLCDADMSanalysis.Resultsshowedmajordifferencesinthe
UVprofilebetweenmarkettypes.TwomajorpeakswithUVabsorptionmaximaat255,368nmand270,375nm
and molecular ions [M+H]+ with m/z 303 and 317, respectively, were present in the Valencia markettype
cultivars but absent in the Runner cultivars. They were identified as quercetin and isorhamnetin. Another peak
presentincultivarsofbothmarkettypeswithUVabsorptionmaximaat256,356nmand[M+H]+ionswithm/z
625 was identified as isorhamnetin3Orutinoside. Other compounds identified and quantified are genistein,
daidzein, and transresveratrol. Average genistein (0.03 mg/100g) and daidzein (0.03 mg/100g) concentrations
were similar in both markettypes. However, transresveratrol and rutin were significantly (p<0.05) higher in
Runner cultivars (0.11 0.01 mg/100g and 1.62 0.17 mg/100g, respectively) while quercetin was tenfold
higher(0.600.04mg/100g)inValenciacultivarscomparedtoRunnercultivars(0.060.00mg/100g).Valencia
peanutscanthereforebeabettersourceofquercetincomparedtorunnermarkettypes.
P219
Peanut Skin Color as a Biomarker for Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidative Capacities of Peanut
Cultivars.Chukwumah,Y.C.*,L.T.WalkerandM.Verghese,DepartmentofFoodandAnimalSciences,Alabama
A&MUniversity,Normal,AL35762.
Plant polyphenols play a role in the prevention of chronic and degenerative diseases through the
modulationofoxidativestress.Studieshaveshownthattheamountsofpolyphenolsvaryasaresultplantcultivar,
maturity, color, size and growth conditions. Peanut is a dietary source of bioactive polyphenols, concentrated in
the skin. Attempts to establish a relationship between skin color and total flavanoid content have been
unsuccessful.Thisstudyinvestigatedthepotentialofpeanutskincolortobeusedasabiomarkerfortheselection
of cultivars with high polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity. Twentyseven peanut cultivars were
objectively evaluated for their skin color by measuring their CEI L*, a*, and b* values. The total phenolic (TP),
flavanoid (TF), proanthocyanidin (TPC) contents and antioxidant capacities (TEAC) of 80% methanol extracts of
wholepeanutswereestimatedandtheirrelationshipwithpeanutskincolordeterminedstatisticallybyPearsons
correlation analyses.Thereweresignificant(p<0.001)positivecorrelationsbetweenpeanutskincolorandTP,
TPC,TFandTEAC.TPhadpositivecorrelationswitha*andhueangle(r2=0.77and0.82,respectively)compared
to TF which had weaker correlations with L* and b* values (r2 = 0.57 and 0.57, respectively). TEAC also had
positivecorrelationswitha*andhueangle,(r2=0.70and0.75,respectively)whileTPChadpositivecorrelations
withL*and b*values(r2 =0.70and 0.74,respectively). Peanuthueangle may beusedasabiomarkerfortotal
polyphenolscontentofpeanutcultivars.Inadditiontothis,therewasastrongerpositivecorrelationbetweenTP
and TEAC (r2 = 0.80) and between TF and TPC (r2 = 0.90). This means that high TP content indicates high
antioxidantcapacity.Also,ahigherTFcontentimpliesahigherTPCcontent.
P220
Cytotoxic Effects of Selected Fruit Extracts on Human Colon Cancer Cells. Boateng, J.*, M. Verghese., L. T.
WalkerandD.Asiamah,DepartmentofFoodandAnimalSciences,AlabamaA&MUniversity,P.O.Box1628Normal
AL35762.
Fruitscontainphytochemicalswhichmayhavepotentialhealthbenefits.Weexploredthecytotoxiceffects
of whole fruits (plums, apples and grapes2 varieties) extract in a cell culture model (Caco2 cell). Caco2 Cells
were maintained in Dulbeccos Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum.
Cells were seeded and incubated at 37C, 7% CO2 till a monolayer developed, then treated with selected
concentrations of the crude fruit extracts (0.1mg/ml 1mg/ml) and incubated for 24 and 48 h. Lactate
dehydrogenasereleasewasusedasmeasureforcytoxicityandantioxidantandphaseIIenzymes(catalase(CAT),
glutathionestransferase (GST) and glutathione (GSH)) were determined. Apoptosis was determined by DNA
fragmentation assay and cell death detection ELISA. After 24 and 48h incubation with fruits extracts, LDH (%)
releaserangedfrom(18.57to78.0,30.54to85.7and40to88.9)incellstreatedwithplums,applesandgrapes.
GSTactivity(nmol/min/ml)andGSHactivity(mol/min/ml)inplums,applesandgrapeswere57.65,61.08,73.55
and 4.66, 4.62, 4.72, respectively after 24h; 57.85, 57.66, 61.63 and 4.74, 4.71 and 4.72 after 48h incubation.
212
TreatmentofselectedfruitsresultedinapoptosisinCaco2cellsasmeasuredbyDNAfragmentationandcelldeath
detection ELISA. Results show that plums, apples and grapes are capable of inhibiting cellular proliferation by
increasing cytotoxicity, enzymatic activity and apoptotic events in Caco2 cells. Consumption of fruits may be
beneficialinhealthpromotionandthefoodindustrycanmeetthechallengebyincreasingfunctionalfoodproduct
developmentwithfruits.
P221
DoFluctuationsinHealthExpendituresAffectEconomicGrowth?Bukenya,J.O.,DepartmentofAgribusiness,
Thetemporalinterdependencebetweenhealthexpenditureandeconomicgrowthhasbeenthefocusina
numberofrecentempiricalstudies.Whilesomeinsightshavebeengainedfromthesestudies,thefocushasbeen
on national economies, either in developed or developing countries. This paper explores this relationship at the
U.S.statelevel.Thepapercontributestotheliteraturebyinvestigatingpossibledynamicrelationsbetweenhealth
care expenditure and economic growth, measured by gross state product, in the southeast United States. By
employing time series approach, the empirical results confirm the presence of a weak, but positive relationship.
After detecting unit roots in the data, cointegration in general, was not detected, as a longrun relationship
seemedtoexistonlyforGeorgia.TheresultsoftheVARanalysisarecorrespondinglylimited.Howevertheshapes
of the impulse functions do confirm the proper positive relationship between positive personal health care
expenditurechangesandeconomicgrowth.
P222
IdentificationofaSustainableSourceofOmega3FattyAcidsforNutritionandHealth.Ezekwe,M.O.*1,S.A.
Besong2 and C. Okere3 ,1Alcorn State University, MS 39096 2Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901; 3
Ricinodendron heudelottii (ndjansang) is a forest tree found in tropical forest of Cameroons, West and
CentralAfrica.Thetreeseedsorkernelshavecharacteristicflavor,andareusedasspices,andthickeningforsoups
bythepopulation.Thepresentdaywesterndiethasshiftedtounproportionalconsumptionofomega6fattyacids
abundantinoilseedswithlittleornoomega3fattyacids,leadingtoincreasedrisksofcertainformsofcancerand
cardiovascular diseases. A compositional analysis of ndjansang oil seed revealed a unique nutrient presence of
longchainomega3fattyacidsnotusuallyassociatedwithplantmaterials.Theoilseedhad31.4%crudeprotein
and44.7%lipid.Ofthislipid,about73%wascomposedofpolyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFA),almostentirelyof
eicosapentaenoicacid,withabout18%oleicacid.Preliminarystudieswereconductedtodetermineifndjansang
seedmealwouldalterthelipidandothermetabolitelevelsinthepigand/orimproveporkqualitytraits.Twelve
crossbred gilts and barrows were fed cornsoybean diets containing 12% crude protein. Treatment group was
supplementedwith2%ndjansangoilseedmeal.Growthandcarcasstraitsshowedsimilarcarcasscharacteristics
(P>.05). Back fat measurements were significantly (P<.05) lower in treated animals than in the control. Serum
triglycerides, cholesterol, muscle and liver fatty acids profile were not affected by treatment. Pork sensory
evaluations were not different between the experimental groups. The identification of rich supply of long chain
PUFAfromsourcesotherthanseafoodmayprovideamoresustainablesource.
ScientistFoodSafety,NutritionandHealth
P223
Progress in BAC Contig Development for the Ur3 Rust Resistance Locus in Common Bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris). Kalavacharla, V*1, K. Melmaiee1, A. Todd1, P. McClean2, R. Lee2, J. Schlueter3, S. Jackson3, and M.
Manoharan4, 1Delaware State University, Dover, DE; 2North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND; 3Purdue
University,WestLafayette,IN,4UniversityofArkansasPineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
CommonBean(Phaseolusvulgaris)isamajorsourceofdietaryproteinandfiberintheUnitedStatesand
throughout the world. Bean rust caused by the fungal pathogen Uromyces appendiculatus affects yield in
commerciallyavailablesusceptiblecultivars.TheUr3locusprovideshypersensitiveresistancetoracesavirulent
atthislocus.TheSCARmarkerSK14cosegregateswiththeUr3locus,andismissingintwofastneturonderived
susceptible mutants (genotype ur3). Endsequences from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones
GBa0085K23 and GBa0100P20 derived from the Phaseolus BAC library G19833 contain regions that are
homologoustotheSK14sequence.SincetheseBACclonesrepresentdifferentcontigsinthedraftcommonbean
physicalmap,wepresentinthisstudyprogressrelatedtotheconfirmationofdeletioninsusceptiblemutantsand
development of BAC contigs using these clones. We also report on overgo hybridizations performed using the
SK14sequenceasaprobe,andanalysisofcandidateSK14hybridizingBACclones.Inordertoaidinourlongterm
213
goal of confirmation of resistance gene function using sequences linked to resistance, we intend to develop an
efficientregenerationsystemincommonbean.Tothiseffect,embryonalaxeswithapicesfrommatureseedfrom
theresistantcultivarSierrawereisolatedandculturedonMSmediumcontaining44.3M6benzylaminopurine
(BAP)toinducemultipleshootdevelopment.After34weeksinculture,theapicalmeristemproducedatleast34
elongatedshoots.TheelongatedshootswererootedinhalfstrengthMSmedium.Theregenerationsystemwillbe
usedforgenetictransformationofcommonbean.
ScientistFoodSafety,NutritionandHealth
P224
StorageTemperature,PostharvestTexture,andShelfLifeofMuscadineGrapes. Xu,X.*1 ,J.Lu1,Z.Ren1,H.
Huang1, M. Musingo2, and N. James2, 1Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, College of Engineering
Sciences, Technology and Agriculture, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32317; 2Food Science Program,
CollegeofEngineeringSciences,TechnologyandAgriculture,FloridaA&MUniversity,Tallahassee,FL32307.
Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) are highly perishable, with short shelf life as indicated by
short storage time. Storage temperature and fruit texture are important components influencing shelf life of
muscadine grapes after harvesting. In order to optimize and extend shelf life of muscadine grapes, 34
commercially available cultivars were examined for their shelf life stored at 240C (room temperature) and 40C
(cold room). Analysis for sugar content, fruit rot, dry scar, wet scar, and texture were performed at harvesting,
three,seven,andfourteendayspostharvesting.Theresultsshowedthatmuscadinegrapeberriesdecayedtwice
as fast at room temperature (shorter shelf life) as at cold (40C) storage. For those berries that were harvested
before fully ripening, the fruits continued ripening rapidly under room temperature, which had less crispy skin
andwerehardtobreakunder30%compressionpressurecomparedtothetextureatharvesting.Inotherword,
the fruits at harvesting were green, hard, crispy, and easily popped breaking under 30% compression pressure
test. Storage temperature, fruit texture, scar counting at harvest did post important influence on shelf life of
muscadinegrapesasindicatedbyfruitrotcounting.
P225
Influence of Feeding Sericea Lespedeza Hay on Nutritional and Flavor Profile of Chevon. Kannan, G., J.H.
Lee*, B. Kouakou and T. H. Terrill, Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA
31030.
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) hay
baseddietonthechemicalcompositionandflavorofchevon.TwentyBoerxSpanishkids(6moofage;BW=19.2
kg;n=10goats/treatment)werefed75%groundsericea(2pens,SER)orbermudagrasshay(2pens;BER),and
25% cornbased supplement for 14 wk (n = 10 goats/treatment). At the end of the feeding trial, goats were
slaughteredand2.5cmthickloinchops(Longissimusdorsi,LD)werecollected.Thechopswereusedforchemical
andflavoranalysis.Nosignificantdifferenceswerefoundinmoisture,protein,fat,andashpercentagesbetween
theLDmusclesamplesfromSERandBERgroups.Fourfattyacids,palmitic(16:0),stearic(18:0),oleic(18:1n9),
and linoleic (18:2n6) acids, made up 87% of the total lipids in the LD muscles of goats, but no differences (P >
0.05)werefoundbetweentreatmentsinthepercentagesofthesefattyacids.However,goatsfromtheBERgroup
hadhigher(P<0.05)levelsofmargaric(17:0)andtrans7hexadecenoic(16:1t)acidsinLDmuscles,compared
withthosefromtheSERgroup.Analysisofbroiledmeatvolatilecompoundsrevealed7aldehydes,5ketones,and
7 alkanes in the chevon loin chops; however, no significant differences were found in the SER and BER groups.
Inclusionofsericealespedezahayinthegoatdietdidnotinfluencethenutritionalandfattyacidprofileofchevon,
aswellascookedflavorvolatiles.
P226
MultipleShootInductionandProliferationfromNodalExplantsofGuavaInVitro.Viji,G.*,D.Harris,andA.
K.Yadav,AgriculturalResearchStation,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030.
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a nutritious edible fruit that has gained great importance in recent years.
The leaves and bark of the guava tree are known to possess medicinal value for many human ailments. In this
study, multiple shoot induction and in vitro proliferation of Gushiken Sweet and Lucknow49 (Sardar) guava
cultivarsinresponsetoplantgrowthregulators(PGR)wereinvestigated.Axeniccultureswereestablishedfrom
embryonicexplantsthatweregrowninbasalMurashigeandSkoog(MS)medium.TheeffectofPGRandgenotype
on nodal explants was studied by supplementing MS medium with several concentrations and combinations of
benzylaminopurine(BAP),kinetin(KIN),adeninehemisulphate(AHS)andthidiazuron(TDZ).Tenreplicateswere
214
maintained for each treatment and the experiment was repeated three times. Cultures were maintained at
242Cunder16hphotoperiodforshootinductionandproliferation.Destructiveshootcountswereconducted
aftersixweeksofincubation.TheresultsshowedthatwhenPGRwereusedindependently,ahighconcentration
(8 mgL1) was required to produce multiple shoots. However, when the PGR were used in combination, shoot
inductionandproliferationweresignificantlyincreasedevenatlowerconcentrations(2.0mgL1).Theadditionof
AHSdidnotproduceanotableeffectinthenumberofmultipleshoots.Theresultsindicatedthatmaximumshoot
inductionandproliferationinbothguavacultivarswereinfluencedbythesynergisticeffectofBAPandKIN.
P227
Evaluation of an IUL Flash & Go Automated Colony Counter. Mahapatra, A. K., D. Harris*, R. Drake, C. N.
NguyenandG.Kannan,AgriculturalResearchStation,FortValleyStateUniversity,FortValley,GA31030.
Countingofmicrobialpopulationsinfoodisastandardprocedureoftestingfoodcontaminationinafood
microbiologylaboratory.Manualcountingofcolonyformingunits(CFU),grownonpetriplatescontaininggrowth
mediaisoneofthemosttedious,laboriousandtimeconsumingprocessesinalaboratory.Recently,severaltypes
ofautomatedcolonycountershavebeendevelopedtoimproveefficiencyincolonycounting.Inthisstudy,anIUL
Flash&GoautomatedcolonycounterwasusedtoenumerateE.coliATCC700728coloniesanditsperformance
wascomparedwithmanualcountingonspiralplates.ThespiralplatingwasdoneusinganIULEddyJet.Thebase
10logarithmsofthesecolonycountswereusedforstatisticalanalysis.Linearregressionanalysisforpooleddata
andthelogdifferencesbetweenthemanualandautomatedcountsweredetermined.Theresultswereanalyzedto
evaluate the reliability and accuracy of the colony counter. These results demonstrated that the Flash & Go
automatedcolonycounterisasuitablealternativetothestandardmethodofmanualcounting.Inaddition,theuse
of IUL Flash & Go automated colony counter increased the overall efficiency in our research operations by
significantly reducing the time devoted to conventional manual plate count and made the tasks easier for data
manipulation,analysisandinterpretation.
P228
Reduction of E. coli O157:H7 on Beef Surfaces Using Low Voltage Direct Current. Mahapatra, A. K.*, C. N.
In recent years, Escherichia coli O15:H7 has caused major outbreaks in the U.S. A variety of foods,
including poultry, eggs, meat, milk, fruits and vegetables have been implicated as vehicle of this pathogen in
outbreak of foodborne illness. About 76 million people get sick, more than 300,000 are hospitalized, and 5,000
Americansdieeachyearfromfoodrelatedillnesses.Therehavebeenvariouselectricalmethodsusedtoinactivate
pathogenicmicroorganismsfrommeatandmeatproducts.Thisstudylookedintothepossibilitiesofapplyinglow
voltage electrical current to inactivate E. coli on beef surfaces in the presence of saline solution (NaCl) as an
electrolyte. Low voltage current was applied to beef samples, inoculated with E. coli 700728 on the surface,
covered with a thin film of NaCl (0.15M). Experiments were conducted with 15, 30 and 45 mA/cm2 current
intensities;1,10and100kHzfrequencies;30,50,and70%dutycycles;and2,8and16mintreatmentdurations.
InactivationrateofE.coliwasaffectedbythecurrentintensity,frequencyanddutycycleofthepowersupplyand
durationoftreatment.Withtheincreaseincurrentintensity,frequencyanddutycycleofthepowersupplyinthe
ranges from 1545 mA/cm2, 1100 kHz and 3070%, respectively, increased the inactivation rate of E. coli. An
increaseintreatmentdurationincreasedlog10inactivationofE.coli.Threelog10inactivationpermlofE.colicells
wereachievedat45mA/cm2current,16mintreatmentduration,1kHzfrequencyand70%dutycycle.
P229
HealthyLifestyleChoices:Perceptions,BehaviorsandOutcomesAmongMembersofanAtRiskPopulation.
Templeton, S. B.*, A. Tope and P. F. Rogers, Nutrition and Health Research Area, Kentucky State University,
Frankfort,KY40601.
AfricanAmericans have an especially high prevalence of obesityrelated Metabolic Syndrome (MbS), a
clusterofchronicdiseaseswithriskfordiabetes,hypertension,anddyslipidemia.Withanaimtocreateawareness
inyoungadultsthroughearlyscreeningforMbS,theSHAPEUPKSUprogramwasinitiated.Comparisonwasmade
betweentheparticipantsattitudestowardhealthylifestylesandcompliantbehaviorandbetweenperceptionsof
their health status and clinical findings. Eightynine freshman students (54.5% female, 86.5% AfricanAmerican,
meanage18.7years)completedHealthRisksurveysandclinicalassessments.Amongthe70.8%whoperceived
beingactiveasVeryImportanttohealthandwellness,46.1%reportedbeingactivefewerthanfourdaysaweek.
Amongthe73%whofeltthreenutritiousmealsadaywasVeryImportant,66%reportedSkippingbreakfast
215
four or more days a week. Among the 78.8% of participants who responded maintaining a healthy weight was
Very Important, 47.1% had a BMI of 25 or greater. Several participants (21.2%) classified themselves as
overweight, but few (<3%) reported any chronic health problems. However, 33.8% of those individuals who
respondedthattheywerenotoverweighthadaBMIof25orgreater;withanaverageexcessweightof26.6lbs.
Clinicalanalysisrevealedthat4.5%ofthosewhodidnotreportlipidproblemshadhightotalcholesteroland6.6%
had high triglycerides. 17.7% participants who denied having hypertension had elevated systolic/diastolic
readings.Thispopulationdidnotreflecttheknowledgeofhealthylifestylethroughbehavioralchoices,andearly
indicatorsofnegativehealthoutcomesaresignificant.
P230
Effect of Diet Supplementation with Peanut Polyphenols on Cholesterol and Other Biomolecules in
Laboratory Rats. Yu, J.*1, E. Hays2, T. Hanner2, S. Hurley2 and M. Ahmedna1, 1Food and Nutritional Sciences,
2Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC
27411.
Diets rich in polyphenols may play important roles in preventing cardiovascular diseases. Peanut skin
extracts have antioxidant properties that make them potentially useful as a dietary supplement. This study
investigated the impact of peanut skin on the blood cholesterol profile (including total tryglecerides, HDL, and
LDL), hematology, and blood chemistry of female SpragueDawley rats. Twentyfive female rats at age 7 weeks
wererandomlyassignedinto5feedinggroups(G1,G2,G3,G4andG5).RatsinG1werefedabasaldiet,ratsinG2
G5werefedwiththebasaldiettowhich1%cholesterolwasaddedalongwith0,2.5,5or10%peanutskin.The
lattervaluescorrespondto0,0.18,0.36and0.73%ofpeanutskinpolyphenols.Bloodcholesterol(total,LDLand
HDL), biomarkers for liver function (alanine aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen) and kidney function
(creatinineandglucose)weremeasuredweeklyforeightweeks.Datashowedthatratsfedpeanutskinshadlower
triglyceridesthanratsfedwithcontroldiets.However,differencesinfunctionalliverandkidneymarkerswerenot
significant.Duringthefirstfewweeksoffeeding,ratsonpeanutskindietshadhighertotalandLDLcholesterol,
butthistrendreversedafter5weekswithratsonpeanutskinsupplementeddietsshowingdecreasingtotaland
LDLcholesterolandincreasingHDLlevels.
ScientistPosterNoncompetitiveFoodSafety,HumanNutritionandHealth
P231
Effects of Orally Administered Viable Bifidobacterium from Healthy Centenarians on Immune System in
Balb/CMice.Ibrahim,S.A.*1,H.Y.Yang2andF.Z.Ren21FoodSafetyandMicrobiologyLaboratory,NorthCarolina
Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, 2College of Food Science & Nutritional
Engineering,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100083,China.
ThisstudyevaluatedtheeffectsoftwostrainsofBifidobacterium(Bifidobacteriumadolescentis BBMN23
andBifidobacteriumlongumBBMN68)isolatedfromhealthycentenariansinChinaontheimmunityinSPFgrade
Balb/C mice. Mice were given different dosages, 21011, 2109, or 2107 cfu/kg body weight, of the
bifidobacteriaeveryday.Afterfourweeks,aseriesofstandardfunctionexperimentsonimmunity,includingthe
DTH test, phagocytosis of macrophages, NK cell activity, serum haemolysin test and proliferation of splenic
lymphocytes were performed. Both of the two strains of bifidobacteria increased the DTH response, and the
immuneresponseincreasedwiththedegressivedosagesofthebifidobacteria.Thephagocytosisofmacrophages
wereenhanced,andtheeffectofBBMN23(56.671.0%)wasstrongerthanBBMN68(34.343.5%).Activitiesofthe
NKcellsandantibodylevelsintheserumhaemolysinwerealsosignificantlyhigherthanthatinthecontrolgroup.
And significant differences in proliferation of splenic lymphocytes of the bifidobacteria treatment groups were
found when compared to that of the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, our results showed that ingestion of
BifidobacteriumadolescentisBBMN23andBifidobacteriumlongumBBMN68wasabletoenhanceseveralindicesof
naturalandacquiredimmunityinhealthySPFmice.
P232
Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of Different Antibiotics for Enterobacter
sakazakii. Ibrahim, S. A.*, A.Y. Alazzeh, I. Bashier, A. Shahbazi and A.A. AbuGhazaleh and M. I. Kanipes, North
Increasinglyantibioticresistantbacterialpathogensinanimalsposeagrowingconcernregardingpossible
transmission to humans as foodborne pathogens. Enterobacter sakazakii is a Gramnegative rodshaped
pathogenicbacteriumofthegenusEnterobacter.Itisararecauseofinvasiveinfectionwithhistoricallyhighcase
fatality rates (4080%) in infants. The objective of this study was to determine the minimum inhibitory
216
concentration(MIC)ofeightdifferentantibioticsforE.sakazakii.OvernightstrainsofE.sakazakiiobtainedfrom
theFDAwereusedinthisstudy.Thesestrainsweretestedagainstdifferentconcentrationsofantibioticsin10ml
LB broth. Inoculated broth samples were then incubated at 37 C for 24 h. The growth of the bacteria was
monitoredusingspectrophotometer(O.D610nm)0,2,4,6and24hr.Theconcentrationofeachantibioticatwhich
90% of the bacterial growth inhibited was recorded as the MIC 90 of that antibiotic. The MIC90 levels for the
antibioticsweretetracycline19mg/ml,chloramphenicol10mg/ml,kanamycin3200mg/ml,nalidixicacid1000
mg/ml,neomycin440mg/ml,erythromycin80160mg/ml,gentamicin80220mg/mlandnorfloxacin40mg/
ml. The levels MIC90 recorded were above what is currently clinically recommended to inhibit the growth of E.
sakazakii.OurresultsindicatethatE.sakazakiistrainshavedevelopedresistancetoseveralantibiotics.
P233
Screening Of Antibacterial Activity Of Lactic Acid Bacteria against Different FoodBorne Pathogens in
VacuumPackagedMeatProducts.Awaisheh,S.S*1.andS.A.Ibrahim2,1Mu'tahUniversity,Karak,Jordan,2North
The objective of this work was to screen the antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated
from different sources against various foodborne pathogens found in vacuum packaged meat products (VPMP).
Lacticacidbacteriawereisolatedfromhuman,dairyproduct,fermentedvegetableproducts,andVPMPsamples.
These isolates were then assessed for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria
monocytogenes,Salmonellaspp.,andStaphylococcusaureususingthespotonlawntechnique.Resultsshowedthat
sixLABisolatesofhumanorigin(L.acidophilus,L.casei,andL.reuteri),readytoeat(RTE)VPMPorigin(bothL.
sake), and fermented vegetable origin (L. plantarum) were effective against all tested pathogens. The strongest
inhibitoryactivities(asmeasuredbythezoneofinhibition)werefoundforthehumanisolates.Inhibitionzonesof
RTEVPMPLABisolateswereslightlylowerthanthoseofhumanorigin.Thelowestactivitieswereforfermented
vegetable isolates. Our results showed that nonmeat product sourced LAB were effective against several
foodbornepathogens,whichsuggeststheycouldbeusedasnaturalbiopreservativesinVPMPproductsproduced
inJordan.
P234
InvestigationsonDNA/RNADamageinDiabetesInvolvingGlycoxidationReactions.Ahmed,M.*,Z.A.Lila,R.
Mahtab,P.Allen,andT.M.Polite,DepartmentofBiologicalandPhysicalSciences,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,
Orangeburg,SC29117.
Proteinsmodifiedduetoincreasedlevelsofsugarsandreactivefattyacidintermediatesleadtocataract
formation in the lenses, arterial plaque formation etc in diabetes. Research conducted in this field led to the
discovery of carboxymethyllysine (CML) and carboxyethyllysine (CEL) compounds as important biomarkers of
proteinmodificationinagingprocesses.Structurally,DNAandRNAmoleculescontainNH2andNHgroupslike
those occurring in certain amino acids such as Ly, His, and Arg making DNA,RNA molecules susceptible to
glycation, lipoperoxidation reactions as occurring in proteins in diabetes. Experiments with DNA precursor,
2deoxyadenosine (dA) and RNA nucleoside cytidine ( C ) and carbohydrates such as (i) Dglucose, (ii) Dribose,
and (iii) Lascorbic acid in separate experiments have led to the discovery of carboxymethyl2deoxyadenosine
(CMdA) and carboxymethylcytidine (CMC) compounds identified by LC/MS spectroscopy from some of these
reactions. The identity of CMdA and CMC compounds have been confirmed by their synthesis from 2
deoxyadenosine or cytidine and chloroacetic acid in separate experiments. These results indicate that
glycoxidationandlipoperoxidationreactionslikethoseoccurringinproteinsindiabetesdoindeedalsooccurin
DNA and RNA biomolecules. These findings may have significant implications in diabetes, DNA/RNA function,
repair,anduniquenessofDNA,RNAgeneticmacromolecules.
P235
GeneticAnalysisofSexPheromoneSynthesisinDrosophilamelanogaster.Scott,D.*,H.SinghDhillon,andP.
Nijer,DepartmentofPhysicalandBiologicalSciences,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
Drosophila melanogaster is a good model organism for understanding pheromone regulation in pest
speciesbecauseitisgeneticallyverysimilartothehousefly,mosquitoandtsetsefly,butunlikepestspeciesitis
amenabletogeneticanalysis.SpecificchromosomeintervalsfromoneD.melanogasterstrainwereintrogressed
intothechromosomesofapheromonallydifferentstrain.Gaschromatographicanalysisofpheromonesfromtwo
backgroundstrains,fourintrogressionlinesfromtheXchromosomeandeightlinesfromchromosome3revealed
thatthereisatleastonegeneontheXandatleasttwoonchromosome3thataffectpheromoneproduction.The
217
intervalontheXisbetweenforkedbristles(f56.7)andcarnationeyes(car62.5).Oneintervalonchromosome
3isbetweenhairywings(h26.5)andscarleteyes(st44.0),andtheotherisbetweenstripedbody(cu50.0)
andclareteyes(ca100.3,aregioncoveringmostofonearmofchromosome3.LinesthatcarryboththeXlinked
interval fcar and the 3rd chromosome interval hst show an interaction between genes in the two regions,
confirmingtheimportanceoftheseintervalsinpheromoneregulation.UsingDNAmicroarrays,wecomparedthe
genomesofthetwobackgroundstrainsandtwointrogressionlines(fcarandhst).Fromabout635totalgenetic
differences between the two background strains, we have identified 7 candidate genes involved in pheromone
regulation,threeinthefcarintervalandfourinhst.
P236
ExploringAfricanAmericanStudentsHealthOrientationsandBehaviors.Staten,D.*,J.Nowell,andL.Segars,
DepartmentofHumanServices,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity,Orangeburg,SC29117.
ExploringthehealthstatusofAfricanAmericansremainsanimportanttopicforpublichealthresearchers
and government agencies (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998; Duncan, 2003). The incidence of
obesity impacts African Americans at a high rate (Kumanyika, Gary, Lancaster et al., 2005). However, it is well
known that eating fruits and vegetables improves an individuals health over their lifetime (U.S. Department of
HealthandHumanServices&U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,2005).Despitethisfact,researchshowsthatAfrican
Americans are less likely to consume an appropriate and daily amount of vegetables and fruits (Moser, Green,
Weber,&Doyle,2005).Thispresentationwillexploretheseandotherissuestoexaminetheimpactofnutrition,
physicalactivity,andperceptionsofhealthconcernsonstudentsattitudesandbehaviors.Inlightofnationaldata
highlighting the poor health status of African American young adults (U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services & U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2005), exploring individuallevel and institutionallevel factors
impacting health orientations and behaviors for this population may yield information that increases our
understandingofthemosteffectiveapproachestoreducetheincidenceofobesity,raiseawarenessabouthealth
issues, and improve the health of African Americans in South Carolina and throughout the United States.
Additionally,theproposedpresentationwillexaminethedirecteffectsofselectedprecollegefactors,institutional
characteristics,andcollegeexperiencesonAfricanAmericancollegestudentshealthorientationsandbehaviors.
P237
EffectofPeanutSkinPolyphenolsonQualityofRawGroundBeefPatties.Yu,J.*,M.Ahmedna,andI.Goktepe,
FoodandNutritionalSciences,NorthCarolinaAgriculturalandTechnicalStateUniversity,Greensboro,NC27411.
Thegrowthofpathogenicbacteriainrawmeatisamajorcauseofmeatqualitydeteriorationsandfood
poisoning.Commonmeatpreservativessuchaspotassiumnitriteandsulfiteshavebeenlinkedtopotentialhealth
problems.Therefore,thereisneedforeffectiveandsafenaturalfoodpreservatives.Theobjectiveofthisstudywas
toexplorethepotentialofpeanutskinextract(PSE)asalternativeantimicrobialpreservativeinfreshgroundbeef.
GroundbeefwasmixedwithsterilePSEatlevelsof0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8or1.0%.Kanamycinat0.02%servedas
positivecontrol.Untreatedmeatwasusedasnegativecontrol.Meatsampleswerestoredat4Cfor12daysand
evaluatedeverythreedaysfortotalaerobicbacteriacount.ThemosteffectivePSEdosagewasselectedandmixed
with ground beef, then spiked with 104 cfu/g of pathogenic Salmonella typhimurim or E.coli, respectively. The
samplesweremonitoredevery3daysforpathogengrowthusingselectivemedia.Microplateassaysrevealeda12
Log cfu/g reduction of total aerobic bacteria with 1.0% PSE. Significant inhibition of pathogens was observed at
0.4% PSE and higher. Meat samples containing PSE retained more of the fresh red color compared to negative
control, although a brownish color was observed with high levels of PSE. This study showed that PSE exhibited
significant antibacterial effect in raw ground beef suggesting it has the potential to be used as natural meat
preservative.
P238
Assessment of Food Safety Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices Among College Students. Gager,J.V.*, C.
AtkinsonandD.Jaroni,SouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter,SouthernUniversityand
A&MCollege,BatonRouge,LA70813.
Every year in the United States, several million people get sick, thousands die, and significant economic
losses are incurred from foodborne diseases. Epidemiological data indicate that a substantial proportion of
foodborne illnesses are attributable to improper foodpreparationpractices in consumers' homes. Studies show
that young adults have limited food safety knowledge and therefore engage in risky food consumption and
handlingpractices.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoassessthefoodsafetyknowledge,beliefsandfoodhandling
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practices of college students, before and after food safety education intervention. A survey instrument was
developed to measure awareness, beliefs and self reported practices. Intervention modules were developed to
provideinformationonminimizingtheriskofpathogensinthefoodsupply.Students(n=48)completedthesurvey
pre and postintervention. Questions were grouped by the dependent variables tested: food safety knowledge,
beliefandselfreportedbehavior.DatawereanalyzedusingAnalysisofVariance(ANOVA)toevaluatedifferences
in parametric variables at P 0.05. Crosstabulation and chisquare (2) tests were carried out to determine the
relationship between the variables tested and the demographic data (gender, race, family income, education).
Intervention module posttest scores improved significantly for all students. The percentage of students with
correctresponsesonfoodsafetyknowledgeincreasedfrom36to88percent;onbelieffrom36to98percent;and
on behavior from 20 to 80 percent. Data suggest that students knowledge and awareness of food safety issues
increased significantly after intervention. However, further studies are needed to measure observed student
behaviorregardingfoodsafety.
P239
Food Away From Home (FAFH) Consumption Habit of African Americans And Strategies To Change It.
Tegegne,F.*,E.Ekanem,S.P.SinghandL.SpellerHenderson,DepartmentofAgriculturalSciencesandCooperative
ExtensionProgram,TennesseeStateUniversity,3500JohnA.MerrittBoulevard,Nashville,TN37209.
ConsumptionofFAFHhasingeneralincreasedovertheyearsandthereareseveralstudiesrelatingtothe
subjectinvolvingthegeneralpopulation.Incontrast,onlyveryfewstudiesareavailableontheissuepertainingto
African Americans. The purpose of this study is to identify and understand key factors driving consumption of
FAFH,awarenessaboutcontentofthefoodanditsimplicationonhealth.Dataforthisstudyiscollectedin2008
usingfacetofacesurveyof130individualsresidinginNashville,Tennessee.Questionsaskedincludeconsumption
habit by different meal types, choice of eating places, reasons for eating away from home, socioeconomic and
demographic characteristics, knowledge about content of foods they eat and willingness to change their eating
habits.HeightandweightdataisalsocollectedtodeterminetheBodyMassIndex(BMI)thatwillshowtheextent
towhichtheyareoverweightorobese.Resultsshowthevastmajorityoftherespondentshavelittleknowledge
about the 2005 Dietary guidelines and rarely eats fruits and vegetables. Moreover the majority are found to be
overweight.Therespondentsindicatedtheirwillingnesstochangethecurrenthabitbutemphasizedtheneedfor
nutritioneducation,aswellastipsandexercisefacilitiestodoso.
P240
Handling Of Raw Meat During Food Preparation And The Potential For Cross Contamination In Home
Kitchens. Godwin, S. L.*, F. C. Chen, A. KilonzoNthenge, C. Thompson, L. Pearson, and C. Smith Department of
Family and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500
JohnA.MerrittBoulevardNashville,TN37209.
Studies of consumer behavior consistently demonstrate undesirable practices during meal preparation.
This project was designed to assess the extent to which practices might contribute to microbial cross
contamination.Ingredientsforameatloafwereprovidedto100consumersforpreparationintheirhome.Before
delivery,thegroundbeefwasmixedwithaUVfluorescentcompound(FC)thatwouldallowfortrackingpotential
crosscontamination.Uponarrivalinthehome,participantswereaskedtoputtheingredientsawayastheywould
upon returning from the supermarket. They completed a 20 min interview before going to the kitchen and
preparing meatloaf as they usually would. Using a checklist, subjects were observed during preparation. After
preparation,UVassessmentsshowedtheFCinhighestamountsinthesink,onfaucethandles,thecountertop,and
knifehandles.HighlevelsofFCwerenotedaroundfingernailsandonbacksandpalmsofhands.Ofthe87persons
whowashedtheirhandsbeforehandlingthemeat,only66washedfor20secormore.Only70usedsoap.Four
personsdriedtheirhandsontheirclothes.Twothirdsmixedthemeatloafwiththeirhands;11didnotwashtheir
hands first. Few persons washed their hands during preparation. Many consumers are not practicing the basic
steps to prevent cross contamination. Thus, the potential for spread of bacteria in the kitchen is high. By
identifyingwhichfoodsafetypracticesconsumersarefailingtoconductadequately,andtowhatextentbacteria
arepotentiallyspreadduringpreparation,targetededucationalmessagescanbedeveloped.
P241
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MicrobiologicalEvaluationofGleanedProduceFromAFoodRecoveryProgram.Chen,F.C.*1,S.L.Godwin1
and S. C. Siple2, 1Department of Consumer and Family Sciences, School of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences,
Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN 372091561; 2Good Food for Good
People,NashvilleTN37209.
Gleaningisacreativewaytofighthungerandreducefoodwastebycollectingperishableproducefrom
wholesale and retail sources, salvaging the edible products, and distributing them to potential consumers.
However,therearesomeconcernsofmicrobiologicalqualityandsafetyoftherecoveredfoods.Thepurposeofthis
studywastoevaluatethemicrobiologicalqualityandsafetyoftheproducerecoveredthroughagleaningproject.
Seventynine recovered samples, including tomatoes, bell peppers, chili peppers, cantaloupes, water melons and
zucchinis, were collected and 38 control samples were purchased from the same grocer where the produce was
recovered.MicrobialqualitiesweredeterminedbyEnterobacteriaceaecount(EC)andpredominantspeciesinthe
samples were identified. The samples were analyzed for presence of pathogenic bacteria. The average EC for
gleanedtomatoes(5.6x104CFU/g)wasmorethanonelog10higherthantheaverageofcontrolsamples(4.5x103
CFU/g).TheaverageECforgleanedcantaloupes(2.6x107CFU/g)andjalapenopeppers(9.9x106CFU/g),were
more than two log10 higher than the averages of control samples (2.1 x105 CFU/g and 2.5 x104 CFU/g,
respectively). There was no significant difference between bell peppers from gleaning project and controls
(P>0.05).ThepredominantEBinthesampleswerePantoeaspp.Enterobactersakazakii,Enterobactercloacaeand
Klebsiellapneumoniaewerefoundinsomeoftherecoveredandcontrolsamples.ThepresenceofSalmonellaspp,
E. coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes was not detected in any of the samples. Although most recovered
produceshowedslightlyinferiormicrobiologicalqualitytothatpurchasedfromgrocers,theydidnotposehigher
risk.Recoveredproducecanbesafelyconsumedifrecipientsfollowproperhandlingandpreparationprocedures.
P242
NovelApplicationofGIStoMeasureFoodAccessinRuralAlabama.BovellBenjamin,A.C.*1,C.S.Hathorn1,G.
Lewis2, P. N. Gichuhi1 and R. Hornsby2,1Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Tuskegee University,
Tuskegee,AL36088;2USDA/NaturalResourcesConservationService(NRCS),Tuskegee,AL36088.
ThisstudydeterminedwhetherruralAlabamacommunitieshavefoodandphysicalactivityoutlets,which
encourage healthy food and physical activity choices for members with and without cancer. An inoutlet, non
obtrusive, crosssectional study was conducted, using the USDA/Thrifty Food Basket Checklist, GPS, and GIS
technology. Retail food outlets were inventoried in Auburn, Shorter, Tuskegee and Union Springs. The GIS maps
revealedthatinUnionSprings,thefoodoutletswereallclusteredwithinthebusinessdistrictwithfewphysical
activityoutletspresent;noneofthefoodoutletsstockedlowsodiumorlowfatcheese,andonlytwosupermarkets
carried low sodium grain products. In Shorter, none of the convenience stores carried whole wheat bread.
Tuskegee had a shortage of chain supermarkets and a dominance of convenience stores which stocked few
healthyfoods.Identificationofcommunitieswithpoorfoodaccessandavailabilityisanimportantfirststepindiet
andcancerpreventionefforts.
P243
IntegratedPestManagementandFoodSafetyforSmallVegetableProducers.Dingha,B.N.*,S.Adeeb.,J.H.Oh
and L. E. N. Jackai, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee AL
36088.
Chemical pesticides continue to play a major role in crop production in Alabama by increasing quantity
andqualityofmanyofourcommonlygrownfruitsandvegetables.Theconsequencesofusingpesticidesforfood
production, the realization that some foods do contain pesticide residues are of paramount importance. In this
study, fresh fruits and vegetables (tomatoes, peaches, grapes, apples, strawberries, collard greens, watermelon,
andgreenbeans)wereobtainedfromlocalgrocerystoresandfarmersmarketinAuburnandTuskegee.Acephate
75%ECinsecticidewasusedtoestablisharangeofpesticideresidues.Bioassayswereconductedusingfirebratas
the indicator organism. The LD50 at 24 and 48h was 0.5825g/cm2 and 0.1618g/cm2 respectively. After
exposingfirebratstofruitsandvegetableobtainedfromgrocerystoresandfarmersmarketsfor24and48hthere
wasnomortalityobserved.Microbialdeterminationwasconductedonfreshfruitsandvegetablesusingstandard
protocols. Total plate counts from vegetables ranged between 102 and 104 CFU/mL, and that from fruits gave
microbial counts 101 102 CFU/mL lower than those from vegetables. The coliforms counts were less than 10
CFU/mL for all samples except collard greens obtained from farmers markets. All vegetables and fruits were
determinedaspositivewithE.coli.AllfruitsirrespectiveofsourcewerenegativeforSalmonella;however,green
220
beans obtained from grocery and a farmers market were determined as Salmonella positive. The levels of
microbialcontaminantsrecordedinthisstudyindicateaneedforfoodsafetymeasurestobeenacted.
P244
Fruit Production for Home Owners and Small Scale Producers Using Organic Methods. Bonsi, E.*, D.
MortleyandW.Salifu,GeorgeWashingtonCarverAgriculturalExperimentStation,TuskegeeUniversity,Tuskegee,
AL36088.
Thedemandfororganicfruitsandvegetablesisincreasingdramaticallyduetotwomainreasons:(1)the
desire to limit personal exposure to pesticides and synthetic chemicals; and (2) increased emphasis on the
consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables as part of a healthy as part of a process of developing expandable
model blueberry orchards for backyard garden and small farm production using organic methods, one each of
organicandinorganicfarmwasselectedforyielddatacollectionfromtwovarieties(Climax,PowderBlue).Value
added products were made from fruit samples and the processed yields were evaluated. Results showed a
significantdifferenceinthemeanharvestyieldsoftheinorganicPowderBluevariety(mean9.7lb/tree)compared
totheorganicPowderBlue(0.83lb/tree).Incontrast,thedifferenceinmeanharvestyieldsbetweentheorganic
Climax variety (mean 3.2 lb/tree) and the inorganic Climax (mean 3.04 lb/tree) was not significant. In terms of
processedyield,theinorganicClimaxperformedbetter(3,650ml)comparedtotheorganicClimax(2,750ml).In
addition, the inorganic Powder Blue gave a higher processed yield (3,300 ml) compared to the organic Powder
Blue (2,450 ml). These results therefore suggest that the inorganically grown varieties seemed to be better
compared to those grown organically in terms of both harvested and processed yields. If the organically grown
blueberriesreceiveahigherprice,thenitsloweryieldwillbemorethancompensatedforbythepricepremium,
otherwise,theinorganicblueberriesoperationwouldbebetterforfarmers.
P245
Trans Fat Intake Affects Lipoprotein Composition and Adipokine Levels without Changing Insulin
SensitivityIndexinWistarRats.Huang,Z.*,B.Wang,R.D.PaceandS.Yoon,DepartmentofFoodandNutritional
To study the effect of dietary intake of trans fat on the risk of cardiovascular disease and insulin
resistance,twogroupsofWistarratswerefeddietsdesignedtocontain4.5%transfatoracontroldietcontaining
notransfatfor16weeks.Fastingglucoselevelwasmonitoredeverytwoweeks.Attheendoffeedingexperiment,
the animals were euthanized to collect blood, heart, kidney, liver, omental adipose tissue, and semintendinosus
muscle after a 12 hour fast. The trans fat content in organs, lipoprotein composition, adipokine, insulin, glucose
levelsandinsulinsensitivityindexinplasmawereanalyzed.Thetransfatcontentinadiposetissue,heart,kidney,
liver,andmuscleofratsfedtransfatwere169.9,0.6,1.2,1.7,2.5mg/gsamplesrespectively.Thetransfatcontent
intheseorganscontributedto15.9%,1.2%,2.3%,4.3%,and6.1%ofthetotalfatrespectively.Theplasmaglucose
level, insulin level, and insulin sensitivity index were not significantly different between the trans fat fed and
control groups. However, lipoprotein composition and plasma adipokine levels were significantly changed after
trans fat feeding. Rats fed with the trans fat diet showed significant lower total cholesterol and HDLcholesterol
levelsthanthecontrolgroup.Adiponectinandresistinlevelsweresignificantlyhigherinthetransfatgroupthan
thecontrolgroup.Leptinlevelsweresignificantlylowerinthetransfatgroupthanthecontrolgroup.Theresults
indicatedthatdietaryintakeoftransfatcansignificantlychangetheadipokinelevels.
P246
Efficacy of Selected Probiotic Cultures to Inhibit Food Pathogens in Model Reconstituted Dairy Products.
MakubaA.L.*1,A.Mendonca2,B.Bisha2,L.Bankston1,andT.Boyston2,1DepartmentofHumanSciences,University
of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Pine Bluff, AR 71601; 2 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Iowa State
UniversityAmes,IA.
Enterobacter sakazakii is a foodborne pathogen that has been implicated in fatal cases of neonatal
meningitis.Milkbasedpowderedinfantformulahasrevealedlevelsof0.36to66CFU/100gofthispathogen.This
opportunisticorganismisverydangerousbecauseofitslikelihoodtocontaminatepostpasteurizeddrymilkand
itshighmortalityrate(4080%).ThisstudyevaluatedtheantimicrobialefficacyofprobioticsagainstE.sakazakii
ATCC12868inreconstituteddriedinfantformula.ReconstitutedinfantformulawasinoculatedwithE.sakazakii
alone(control)orwithLactobacillusacidophilus742,Pediococcusacidilacticii,orEnterococcusfaeciumM74,then
held at 30 C or 35 C. Microbiological analyses and pH tests were conducted at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Probiotic
bacteria were enumerated on acidified MRS agar (pH 5.4) following anaerobic incubation (37 C ) for 72 h. E.
221
sakazakii was enumerated on violet red bile glucose (VRBG) agar after 24 h at 37 C . Initial populations of E.
sakazakii and each probiotic culture were ~102 CFU/ml and 109 CFU/ml, respectively. At 12h, E. sakazakii in
controls at 30 and 35 C increased to 6.54 and 7.95 log10 CFU/ml, respectively. Probiotic cultures inhibited
growthofE.sakazakiiat35CwithE.faeciumexhibitingthestrongestinhibitionatboth30and35C.At12h,E.
sakazakiiinformula(30C)withE.faeciumdecreasedto0.59log10CFU/mlandwasundetected(<1.0CFU/ml)
at35C.ThepHofformula(30C)withE.faeciumdecreasedfrom7.06at0hto5.32,4.96,and4.77at4,8,and
12h,respectively;at35C,thepHdecreasedto4.93(4h),4.87(8h)and4.52(12h).Theseresultsdemonstrate
thatE.faeciumM74caninactivateE.sakazakiiintemperatureabusedrehydratedformula.
P247
Physiological Functions of Biologically Active Compounds Isolated from Ipomoea batatas L. Leaves.
Shahidul ,I.* and J. O. Garner, Jr., Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff AR
71601.
Our previous experiment revealed that sweetpotato leaves were an excellent source of antioxidative
polyphenolicscomparedtoothercommercialvegetables.Theaimofthepresentstudywastoclarifythechemical
characteristicsofthepolyphenols,andtoclarifytherelationshipbetweenthepolyphenolicqualityandquantity.
ThesixdifferentpolyphenoliccompoundswereidentifiedandquantifiedbyNMR,FABMSspectraandRPHPLC
analysisprocedures.TheresultsuggeststhatthemainphenoliccompoundinIpomoeabatatasleavesis3,5diO
caffeoylquinicacidfollowedby4,5diOcaffeoylquinicacid.Theaveragelevelsinleafof60genotypeswereinthe
following order: 3, 5diOcaffeoylquinic acid> 4, 5diOcaffeoylquinic acid> 3Ocaffeoylquinic acid> 3, 4diO
caffeoylquinic acid> 3, 4, 5triOcaffeoylquinic acid > caffeic acid. These caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (CQAD)
showed very high antioxidant activity, and effectively inhibited the reverse mutation induced by Trp1 on
SalmonellatyphimuriumTA98andTA100.ThephysiologicalfunctionofCQADwiththepluralcaffeoylgroupis
moreeffectivethanwithamonocaffeoylone.Thus,theIpomioeabatatasleavescontaineddistinctivepolyphenolic
components with high content of mono,di, and tricaffeoylquinic acid derivatives and could be a source for
bioactive compounds. The present experimental results showed that sweetpotato leaf contains a very high
concentrationofbiologicallyactivecompounds,whichmayhavethesignificantmedicinalvaluesforcertainhuman
diseaseslinkedtooxidation,suchascancer,hepatotoxicity,allergies,aging,humanimmunodeficiencyvirus,and
cardiovascularproblems.
P248
Traditional Green Leafy Vegetables as Sources of Micronutrients and Remedy to Food Insecurity among
theLuoPeoplefromWesternKenya.Schwarz*,J.G.*1;F.O.Orech1,H.Friis2;J.AagaardHansen2, 1FoodScience
andTechnologyProgram,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore,PrincessAnne,MD21853,2DepartmentofHuman
Nutrition,UniversityofCopenhagen,Frederiksberg,DK1958.
Socioeconomic changes that have taken place in Africa have influenced peoples eating habits in both
rural and urban locations. Most people prefer introduced foods over traditional foods. This also holds true for
green,leafyvegetableswhoseconsumptioniswidelyregardedasaprimitiveculturemanifestingpoorlifestyles.
However,recentstudieshaveshownthatsometraditionalplantfoodsarehighlynutritious,containinghighlevels
of both vitamins and minerals. In addition, these locally available plant species have an enormous potential as
remedytocounterfoodinsecuritysincemostarewelladaptedtothelocalenvironment,enablingthemtoresist
pests, drought and diseases. Since little information is available about traditional plant foods, this study was
undertakentoidentify,collectandcharacterizetraditionalplantfoodsfromtheLuocommunityofwesternKenya.
This information is necessary to promote use of traditional plant foods. Fiftyfour species were collected. Pro
vitamin A carotenoids in raw plants were separated by HPLC and the eluate monitored by spectrophotometry
methodsoftheAOAC,(2001).AtomicAbsorptionSpectroscopy(AAS)methodwasusedtodetermineironandzinc
content. Most samples, domesticated and wild traditional green leafy vegetables, contained higher levels of beta
carotene,iron,andzinccomparedtotheintroducedvarietiessuchasspinach(Spanaciaoleracea),kale(Brassica
oleracea var. acephala) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). The results of this study could contribute
towards identification, propagation and subsequent domestication and cultivation promotion of nutrientrich
specieswithinthefarmingsystemsofthelocalcommunitiesinKenyaorelsewhere.
222
P249
A Model of the Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Survival of Vibrio vulnificus in Gulf Coast
Shellstock Oysters. Parveen, S.*1, L. V. DaSilva1, A. DePaola2, J. Bowers3, M. Mudoh1, S. Pagadala1 and M. L.
Tamplin4, 1Food Science and Technology Program, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD
21853, 2Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528,
3Division of Public Health and Biostatistics, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740,
4FoodSafetyCentre,UniversityofTasmania,Hobart,Tasmania7001,Australia.
Vibriovulnificus(Vv),anopportunistichumanpathogenfoundintheestuarineenvironment,istheleading
causeofreportedhumandeathintheU.S.associatedwiththeconsumptionofseafood.PostharvestgrowthofVv
inoysterscangreatlyincreaserisk,butthereislimitedinformationongrowthandsurvivalofVvinpostharvest
oysters. The objective of this study was to address this data gap. Oysters were collected seasonally (Spring,
SummerandFall)fromtheGulfCoast(GC)andstoredat5,10,15,20,25,and30C.Twosamplesofsixoysters
eachwereanalyzedusingamostprobablenumber(MPN)procedure.TheBaranyiDmodelwasfittotheresulting
Vvgrowthandsurvivaldatatoestimatetheparametersoflagphaseduration(LPD)andgrowth/inactivationrate
(GR).Vvwasfoundtobeinactivatedat5and10Cwitharateof0.0144and0.0064logMPN/h.ExcepttheSpring
10oCsamples,noLPDorGR'shoulder'wereobserved.ThemaximumGR(0.059logMPN/h)wasobservedat30C.
At 15, 20 and 25C, the GRs were 0.0131, 0.0409, and 0.0507 log MPN/h, respectively. The bias and accuracy
factorsforasquarerootsecondarygrowthmodelwere0.9998and1.045,respectively.GRsweresimilaroverthe
threeseasonsbutlowerthantheassumptionsmadeintheFAO/WHOVvQuantitativeriskassessment.Theresults
of this study will assist risk managers and seafood industry in designing and implementing food safety plans to
minimizetheriskfromVvinseafoodconsumers.
P250
FattyAcidCompositionandAntioxidantActivitiesofChardonnayGrapePomace.Parry,J.W.*,J.R.Liu,H.Li
andN.Smith,AgriculturalResearchStation,Box9061,VirginiaStateUniversity,Petersburg,VA23806.
Following wine production, the remaining grape pomace is generally treated as a low value waste
byproduct.ThecurrentstudyexaminedChardonnaygrapepomaceforvalueaddingcomponentsandproperties.
ChardonnaygrapepomaceoilwasextractedusingSoxhletwithhexaneasthesolvent.Itwasexaminedfortotaloil,
fatty acid (FA) profile, and tocopherols. The pomace was also extracted with 3 solvent systems including water,
50%acetone,and80%acetoneandwereevaluatedforantioxidantactivitiesusingtheoxygenradicalabsorbance
capacity (ORAC) assay, ABTS+, DPPH using DPPHED50 values, and total phenolic content (TPC). The pomace
was found to contain 8.1% total oil. The FA profile showed that more than 88 g/100 g of the total FA were
unsaturatedcomposedprimarilyoflinoleicacidat68.7g/100gFAandoleicacidat19.4g/100gFA.Alphaand
gammatocopherolwerealsodetectedatsignificantlevels.Thewater,50%acetone,and80%acetoneextractions
had ORAC values of 150.0, 466.5, and 520.4 micromol Trolox equivalent (TE) per g pomace (TE micromol/g),
respectively, ABTS+ values of 181.0, 513.5, and 521.3 micromol/TE g, respectively, DPPHED50 values of 641.1,
353.6, and 103.0 g pomace equivalents/mL, respectively, and TPC values of 118.0, 409.5, and 413.2 gallic acid
equivalent mg/g pomace, respectively. Both 50 and 80% extractions had significantly stronger antioxidant
activities than the water extract in all cases. The results from this study suggest possible food applications for
Chardonnaygrapepomaceinhealthpromotionanddiseasepreventionthroughimprovinghumannutrition.
P251
Blood Pressure, Plasma Lipids and Urinary Catecholamine Excretion in Reduced Renal Mass (RRM)
Hypertensive Rats. Chi, M. S.* and J. G. Vander Tuig, Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences,
LincolnUniversity,JeffersonCity,MO65201.
The effects of dietary fat on blood pressure, plasma lipids and urinary catecholamine excretion were
studiedinRRMhypertensiverats.TheRRMratswerepreparedsurgicallybyreducing7075%oftotalrenalmass.
RRMratsbecamehypertensivebyfeedingadietcontaining4%salt.Tapwateranddietscontaining(1)3.7%corn
oil(CO)+8.3%oliveoil(OLO)(control),(2)2%fishoil(FO)+3.4%CO+6.6%OLO,3)4%FO+3.1%CO+4.9%
OLO, (4) 6% FO + 2.8% CO + 3.2% OLO, and (5) 8% FO + 2.3% CO + 1.7% OLO were provided ad libitum for 7
weeks.Alldietscontained4%salt.Attheendof3rdweekand6thweek,ratswerehousedinmetabolismcages
andtwosuccessive24hoururinesampleswerecollected.Systolicbloodpressuremeasuredbythemetaltailcuff
method was significantly reduced in animals fed diets supplemented with fish oils at the 5th and 7th week
compared with animals fed the control diet. Plasma electrolytes, body weight gain and food intake were not
different among dietary treatments. Plasma triglycerides, cholesterol and HDLcholesterol were reduced in
223
animalsfed8%FOdietcomparedtoanimalsfedthecontroldiet.Theseresultssuggestthatdietaryfishoilshave
potentialtoreducebloodpressureandplasmalipidsinsaltinducedhypertension.
P252
AComparisonbetweenRegularSugarCookiesandHibiscusCookies.Malekian,F.*,M.Khachaturyan,K.Chin,
M.BerhaneandY.Qi,DepartmentofFoodScienceandNutrition,SouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearchand
ExtensionCenter,SouthernUniversityandA&MCollege,BatonRouge,LA70813.
OneofthegoalsofFoodScienceandNutritionDepartmentofSouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearch
andExtensionCenteristohelppeopleimprovetheirdiet,tohavehealthierlife.Louisianaranks4thinobesityrate,
which contributes to higher rate of heart disease, stroke, diabetes and other diseases. Hibiscus sabdariffa
commonlyknownasredsorrelandRosellehashighnutritionalvalue.Theleavesandcalyxesareveryrichin
phenolic compounds. These compounds can act as antioxidants and may help reduce blood pressure and
cholesterollevelsandthereforereducetheriskofheartdisease.Hibiscussabdariffaisoneoftheplantsthatcanbe
incorporatedintofoodssuchascookiestodevelopnewproducts.CookiesusingHibiscussabdariffacalyxeswere
preparedinthemetabolickitchen.Consumersurveyswerecollectedandanalyzedfortwosetsofcookies.Oneset
wasregularcommercialsugarcookies(control),regularsugarcookieswithHibiscussabdariffacalyxes,andsugar
cookies with Stevia (a sugar substitute) and Hibiscus sabdariffa calyxes. The second set was whole wheat flour
sugar cookies, whole wheat sugar cookies and Hibiscus sabdariffa calyxes, and whole wheat cookies with Stevia
andHibiscussabdariffacalyxes.Thesamplesweretastedbythefaculty,students,andstaffatSouthernUniversity
AgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter.Theresultsofconsumerpreferencesarepresented.
P253
Survey of the Total Flavonoid Content in Fresh Calyxes and Leaves of Four Variety of Roselle (Hibiscus
sabdariffa).Wang1,S.Q.,Y.Qi*2andK.L.Chin2, 1BatonRougeMagnetHighSchool,BatonRouge,LA; 2Southern
UniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtensionCenter,BatonRouge,LA70813;
ThisprojectinvestigatesflavonoidcontentoffreshcalyxesandleavesoffourdifferentvarietiesofRoselle
(Hibiscussabdariffa).RoselleisanonnativespeciestotheUS.Itscalyxes(outerringofthefruit)andleavesare
commonly used in teas, jams, and jellies due to their high flavonoid contents. Flavonoids are polyphenolic
compounds serving as a source of antioxidant to reduce free radicals and are important to human health. The
varietiesofRoselleusedwereSouthAfrican,Nigerian,Malaysian,andIndian,andthetotalflavonoidabsorbanceof
the fresh calyxes and leaves for each variety were measured using a spectrophotometer from 250650nm. The
totalflavonoidcontentsandflavonoidprofilesofthefreshcalyxesamongthefourvarietieswereshowntodiffer
from each other with the Malaysian variety having the highest content of anthocyanin, flavone, and flavanone
flavonoids in its calyxes. Although the total flavonoid content of the Nigerian, Indian, and South African leaves
weregenerallythesame,theMalaysianvarietyhadamuchlowertotalabsorbanceinitsleaves;thus,thevariety
does affect the flavonoid content in fresh leaves. But overall, the leaves of all varieties showed little to no
anthocyanins and a sharp decrease in flavanones. In conclusion, the Malaysian variety should be used when
RoselleproductsneedcalyxesandtheotherthreevarietiesshouldbeusedwhentheleavesofRoselleareneeded.
Lastly, using Roselle calyxes rather than leaves would make Roselle products healthier because of the large
amountofanthocyaninsfoundincalyxes.
P254
The Effect of Income and Education on the Acceptability of Chevon Served at an Upscale Restaurant.
Dawkins,N.L.*1,S.Solaiman2,J.R.Bartlett2,C.Kerth3andG.Abdelrahim4, 1DepartmentofFoodandNutritional
Sciences, 2Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088,
3Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36832, Department of Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M
Althoughthedemandforgoatmeatisincreasing,utilizationofgoatmeatinallAmericanupscale
restaurantspatronizedbymainstreamAmericansisnotapartofthegrowingdemand.Therefore,thisresearch
effort was designed to serve chevon at upscale restaurants and evaluate the acceptability by a group of all
American consumers. The group consisted of 56 consumers with a wide range of professions. Ages ranged from
2970+ years; African Americans and Caucasians from different locations in Alabama participated in the study.
Samples were cooked welldone and served to the consumers. Parameters examined were tenderness, juiciness,
224
flavorandoverallacceptability.DatawasanalyzedusingANOVAandmeanswereseparatedbyDuncansmultiple
range tests. The results indicated that the chevon scored highly for tenderness (7.8), juiciness (7.0), flavor (6.7)
and overall acceptability (7.0) on a score 18. Income or education did not affect the scores and there were no
difference between those making $40,000 and $70,000. It may be concluded that chevon was highly favored by
main stream Americans in an upscale restaurant setting. Therefore, marketing of chevon by targeting upscale
restaurantsandofferingchevonasahighcostspecialtydishmayprovideadditionalvisibilitytochevonmeat.
P255
CharacterizationoftheSecretoryProcessofCapsaicininCapsicumchinenseVar.Habanero.Broderick*,C.
E.1 and P. H. Cooke2,1College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901;
Thesynthesisofalkaloidsbiomoleculesinplantsisacomplicatedprocess.Manyalkaloidcompoundsare
pepperfruitsandfruittissuesstoredinglyceraldehydewerepreparedforstereouorescencemicroscopy,confocal
P256
TheUseofLowVoltageAlternatingCurrentforControllingE.ColionBeef.Jones,B.L.,A.K.Mahapatra*,C.N.
ManyEscherichiacolioutbreakshavebeenlinkedtobeefconsumption.Thisstudyisfocusedoninhibiting
thegrowthofE.colibyexposuretolowvoltagealternatingcurrent.Beefsamples(1in)wereinoculatedwiththe
bacteriaandplacedinsodiumchloridesolutionwhichservedasanelectrolyte.Electricalcurrentwasappliedto
thebeefsamples.Thechallengewastoeffectivelyslowthegrowthofbacteriawithoutreducingthequalityofbeef.
Thisstudytestedvariablessuchasdurationoftreatment,frequency,dutycycle,andcurrentintensity.Treatment
durations were 2, 8, and 16 minutes. The frequencies used were 1, 10, and 100 kHz. Thirty, fifty, and seventy
percent duty cycles were used. The intensities of current applied were 15, 30, and 45 mA/cm. The effects of
electricalparametersontheinactivationrateofE.coliwillbepresented.
P257
GIS Analysis of Environmental Factors and Socioclimatic Factors Relating to Tapeworm Infection in the
StateofBahia,Brazilfrom20022005.Silva1,M.M.N.*,F.Namwamba2.,M.E.Bavia.,M.Harrison3, 1Preventive
Veterinarian Medicine Department, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 2 Southern University
Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, and 3Department of Psychology, Southern
University,BatonRouge,LA70813.
This study investigated specific environmental factors and Socioclimatic factors relating to tapeworm
infection, Cystercercosis (CC) in the State of Bahia, Brazil from 20022005. The results were investigated to
implement predictive models relating to risk of the disease in Brazil. Data were obtained from five Brazilian
federal abattoirs records ranging from the year 2002 to 2005 with 70,945 slaughters and 7,227 CC cases. We
investigated the distribution on risk factors of bovine CC for 245 out of 417 municipalities in Bahia state. The
spatialinterpolationKrigingtechniquewasusedtodeterminethespatialfactorscorrelatingwithCCdistribution.
The socioeconomic factors, urbanization levels, percent literacy and drainage maps correlate well with CC risk.
225
Generally, the spatial and statistical analysis findings support the hypothesis that environmental and socio
economicvariablescontributetotheriskofCC.Itisevidentthatreducingtheseriskvariableswouldmitigatethe
occurrence of CC. In most instances the data supported our model while in other instances we found conflicting
results. We observed spatial correlations between temperature and CC. This conflicts with ANOVA results and
PearsonCorrelationswhichdemonstratedverylowcorrelationsignificancebetweentemperatureandCC.Thereis
noquestionthatspatialobservationsrevealpatternsthatcannotbeidentifiedbybasicstatistics.Itistheintention
oftheinvestigatorstodisseminatethesefindingsforthespatialtrendsandimplicationstobeknown.Municipal
leadershipsinpertinentpublichealthpositionsinBahiawillbeequippedwithbetterstrategiestofightagainstCC.
P258
An Empirical Analysis of Nutritional Knowledge and Importance Rankings of the Dietary Guidelines for
SodiumIntake.McLeanMeyinsse,P.E.*andJ.V.Gager,SouthernUniversityAgriculturalResearchandExtension
Center,SouthernUniversity,BatonRouge,LA70813.
ResearchsuggeststhattheaverageAmericaningestsbetween2,900and4,300milligramsofsodiumdaily,
wellinexcessoftherecommended2,300milligramsaday.Excessivesodiumintakemayincreasehealthrelated
risks such as hypertension, heart and kidney diseases, asthma, osteoporosis, and stomach cancer. Our study
examinesawarenessofthelinksbetweenexcessiveingestionofsodiumanddiseases,andwhetherthisawareness
affectshowconsumersrankthedietaryguidelinesonsodiumintake.Thestudysdataweredrawnfromasurvey
of Louisiana residents and analyzed using a twostaged procedure in the LIMDEP software. From the results,
awareness of sodiumrelated diseases is linked to education, age, gender, and food label use, but not to income,
race, or marital status. Consumers with a highschool diploma or less have lower levels of awareness; older
consumers,women,andlabeluserspossessgreaterawareness.Importancerankingsofthedietaryguidelineson
sodiumintakeareaffectedbyeducation,race,gender,age,awarenessaboutsodiumrelateddiseases,andweight
status.Further,consumerswhohaveahighschooldiploma,thosewhoknowtherelationshipsbetweenexcessive
sodium intake and diseases, Caucasians, and women are more likely to rank the guidelines for sodium as very
importantorextremelyimportant.TheAmericanMedicalAssociationandCenterforScienceinthePublicInterest
have been advocating for legislation to make salt a food additive so as to limit the amount that manufacturers
couldaddtofoods.Fromourfindings,allLouisiananswouldbenefitifthelegislationpasses,butespeciallythose
withoutcollegedegrees.
P259
CharacterizationoftheSecretoryProcessofCapsaicininCapsicumchinenseVar.Habanero.Broderick*,C.
E.1 and P. H. Cooke2,1College of Agriculture and Related Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901;
Thesynthesisofalkaloidsbiomoleculesinplantsisacomplicatedprocess.Manyalkaloidcompoundsare
pepperfruitsandfruittissuesstoredinglyceraldehydewerepreparedforstereouorescencemicroscopy,confocal
226
HumanSciences
P260
Clothing Recycling Behaviors: A Crossnational Comparison of United States and Korean Consumers. Oh,
J.*1andM.Lee2,1DelawareStateUniversity,Dover,DE19901;2SungshinWomen'sUniversity,Seoul,Korea.
Althoughoneofbestenvironmentalsuccesspracticesisrecycling(EPA,2006),manyconsumersstillare
not aware of the need of clothing recycling (Birtwistle & Moore, 2007). As a cross national study, Korea was
selectedbecauseKoreanmarketshowedastrongconsumerdemand,andKoreancultureisinfusedwithConfucian
whichmoderatedKoreansconsumptionprocess.Thisstudyaimsatcomparingconsumersdisposalofoutdated
clothingbetweentwonations.Thepurposeis:1)tocomparetherelationshipbetweengeneralrecyclingbehavior
(GRB) and clothing disposition choice by nations; and 2) to compare how GRB influences clothing recycling
behavior.Eighthundredquestionnairesweredistributedattwocitiesofeachcountry.716questionnaireswere
used. Chisquare and correlation tests were used to measure associations among the demographics. MANCOVA
was used to examine the differences of two nations. The dependent variables were clothing disposition choices.
GRB(Cronbach=0.875)wastreatedasacovariatebecauseGRBwasapredictorvariableforclothingrecycling
behavior. The MANCOVA revealed that two nations (F = 1.291, p=.000) had an overall significant effect clothing
disposition choices. Further univariate analyses were used for the each dependent variable to identify
distinguishing variables. Korean consumers used recycling bins more frequently (F=196.951, p=.000) than U.S.
consumers. However, U.S. consumers used charity shops (F=704.727, p=.000) and reused old clothing
(F=226.708, p=.000) more frequently than Korean consumers. Findings from this study provide insight into
consumers clothing disposition practices related to environmental consciousness toward clothing consumption
crosstwonations.
P261
UsingAResearchCenterToGrowFutureScientists.Phills,B.R.*,S.Leong,G.Umar,F.Harris,T.Mongerieand
A. Harper, Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit research, College of Engineering Sciences, Technology and
The Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research is a state legislatively established center designed
primarily to serve the grape and small fruit industry. The Center is composed of five research scientists with
expertiseinplantphysiology,biochemistry,bioinformatics,biotechnology,plantbreedingandgenetics,viticulture
and pomology. Because of its highly sophisticated research orientation, its academic portfolio is generally
restrictedtoundergraduateandgraduatestudenttraining,alongwithvariousclienteleworkshopsandfielddays.
However, as if a metamorphic rebirth takes place during the spring and summer growing season, the Center
transforms itself into a high tech experiential learning center for precollege youth from elementary, middle and
highschoolsthroughoutthecityandsurroundingcounties.Faculty,alongwithresearchassociates,undergraduate
andgraduatestudentsplayamajorroleinexposingtheseprecollegestudentstothewonderfulworldofbiological
sciences through the eye of high tech agriculture. Student tours are organized to provide handson exposure in
relation to theirlevelof knowledgeabout science education.Eachstudentisgivenhandoutsthatclearlyexplain
what they will see and do on their tour. Their laboratory exposure is interlinked with visible field research
exposure.Theabilitytosamplefreshfruitisalwaysabighitwiththestudents,whichalsocreatesalastingpositive
impression of scientific agriculture. This precollege exposure is very valuable in getting students of all ages to
view agriculture as not just farming, but rather a possible route to a challenging, scientific and rewarding
professionalcareer.
P262
TheInfluenceofSocialSupportonAdolescent/YoungFathersInvolvementwiththeirChildren.Wheat,J.
R.,DepartmentofHumanSciences,UniversityofArkansasatPineBluff,PineBluff,AR71601.
Youngfathersarenowbeingencouragedtoaccepttheirparentingrole.Thisexploratorystudyfocusedon
thesocialsupportreceivedbyadolescent/youngfathersanditsinfluenceontheirinvolvementwiththeirchildren.
A nonrandom convenience sample of 40 (15 resident and 25 nonresident) adolescent fathers identified and
recruited through a schoolbased program for pregnant and parenting teens provided data for the study. Father
involvement was measured in terms of frequency of contact during the past month, regularity of financial and
othersupportprovidedduringthelastsixmonths,andfrequencyoffatherinvolvementinvariousnurturing,care
giving, and participation in activities with their child during that past month. Social support was measured in
terms of how often fathers went to others for assistance with their child, how much emotional, financial, and
childcaresupporttheyreceivedfromothers,andfathersperceptionsoftheirhelpfulness.Findingsrevealedthat
227
adolescentfathershadfrequentcontactwiththeirchildrenandweremoreinvolvedinnurturingactivitiesthanin
caregiving and participating in activities. Fathers were most likely to go to their childs mother and their own
mother for support. They received the most emotional, financial, and childcare support from the women within
their microsystems (their childs mother, their childs maternal grandmother, and their own mother) and this
support related to how involved they were as fathers. In conclusion, the amount of support received was more
importantthanhowhelpfulfathersperceivedthatsupporttobeininfluencingtheirinvolvementwiththeirchild.
Recommendationsforfutureresearchandimplicationsforfamilylifeeducationarepresented.
P263
Instructional Materials to Enhance Textile Units Taught in High School. Shaw, A.* and C.P. Harned,
DepartmentofHumanEcology,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore,PrincessAnne,MD21853.
Technological advances are being used effectively in the development of instructional materials to
enhancestudentlearning.Incorporationofvisualsandhandsonlearningactivitiesintocurriculamakesiteasier
forstudentstograspbasictextileconcepts.Alibraryofimageshasbeendevelopedfortextileunitstaughtatthe
high school level. The set includes visuals for units on fibers, yarns, fabrics, dyeing, printing, and finishing. This
series complements the content covered in high school text books. In addition, engaging handson learning
activities that extend classroom experiences have been developed to generate interest in a subject generally
perceivedasdifficulttounderstand.Forexample,aninteractivediscussiontoexplainthedifferencesamongfibers
usingfiberidentificationtechniquesallowsstudentstogainabetterunderstandingofthedifferenttypesoffibers.
Anotherexampleishavingstudentsuseahandhelddigitalmicroscopetoobservehowfabricsaremade.Useof
suchactivitiesallowshighschoolstodeveloptechnologicallyinfusedinstructionalunitsthatgenerateinterestand
awareness.InclassroomsequippedwithacomputerandLCDprojector,ahandheldmicroscopealsoprovidesan
opportunityfortheinstructortoconnectinstructionwithapplicationbyviewingthegarmentsthatstudentswear
on a daily basis. Dyeing and tiedye experiments are experiential activities that help students understand the
importance of fiber content in dyeing and printing. The presentation will include samples of visuals as well as
handon activities developed for high school students. The incorporation of the instructional materials is being
pilottestedatahighschoolinMaryland.
P264
Broadening Perspectives: Educating Youth about the Food and Agricultural Sciences. Cotton, C.P.*, F. M.
Hashem, L. E. Marsh and R. B. Dadson, Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of
Despite growing opportunities for college graduates in the agricultural sciences, many high school and
collegestudentsarenotpursuingcareersintheagricultureindustry.Youthequateagriculturewithfarming,which
isperceivedasboring,stressful,andhardphysicallaborwithlowpay.Thisstudywasaimedatbroadeningyouths
perspectiveofagriculture,andultimatelyattractingthemtopursuecareersinthefoodandagriculturalsciences.A
K12 Agriculture Curriculum was developed and integrated into the curriculum of two established summer
programs at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore. The 20062008 AgriScience Education Summer Program
exposed underrepresented youth, ages 817, to careers and opportunities in the food and agriculture industry
through experiential learning. Over the last three years, 300, 100, and 145 youth, respectively, learned new
knowledge about careers in the food and agricultural sciences. The age appropriate agriculture curriculum
provided handson activities that educated youth about products derived from agriculture commodities, the
ornamental horticulture industry, medicinal plants, plant propagation, microbiology, and agriculture
biotechnology. Survey results indicated that the curriculum increased youths knowledge of agricultural careers.
The percentages of the 2008 program evaluation responses were comparable to the 2007 responses. When
students were asked if they would like to pursue a career in the agriculture industry, 7% strongly agreed, 17%
agreed,and24%wereneutral.Seventyninepercentofthesurveyparticipantsindicatedthattheywouldusethe
skills and knowledge obtained from this program in the future and 26% indicated that they would consider
majoringinagriculturewhentheyattendcollege.
228
IndexofAuthors
ARD 2009
1890Research:
Century
229
IndexofAuthors
AagaardHansen,J.P248
Abdelrahim,G.P254
Abdollahi,K.40,P183
Abdrahim,G.M.P150
Abdulsalam,N.M.90*
Abel,C.56
AbuGhazaleh,A.A.75,76,P232
Adams,L.56
Adefope,N.P216
Adelsberger,C.P75*
Adisa,S.J.219,P15,P61,P166*
AduNyako,K.231*
Ahmed,M.P234*
Ahmendna,M.P71,P112,P113,P230,P237
Ajayi,O.78*,79*
Ajuzie,E.I.132
Akande,O.E.P177,P178
Akoh,C.C.225
Alazzeh,A.Y.75*,76*,P97,P232
Alexander,A.D.227*,P51,P149*
Aliche,S.P101
Aljaloud,S.P99*
Allen,A.L.P76
Allen,B.*P11
Allen,J.W.P100
Allen,P.P234
Allie,A.7*
Amenyenu,A.P216
Amoah,E.A.135,182
Amoako,R.P36
Anaga,A.P124
Ananga,A.66*
Anderson,L.L.193*
Anderson,P.O.170
Animut,G.P194,P195
Ankumah,R.O.6,35,P74,P78,P79,P80,P81,P82
Anthony,Jr.,W.33,P23,P180
Antonious,G.F.94,95,116,129,166*,P13
Aribisala,S.O.P204
Arora,K.L.159*,234,P131*,P132
Arroyave,H.112*,P49*
Ashame,M.F.46,241*
Aslamah,D.P46*,P47,P220
Atalay,A.152*,P21,P178
Atilola,O.74*
Atkins,N.A.P22*
Atkinson,C.P238
Atkinson,T.185
Attaie,R.168*
Augustine,Z.155,P217
Awaisheh,S.S.P233*
Ayers,S.62*,P121*
Aziz,A.N.P155*
230

Baba,A.P96*
Bachiereddy,V.P199,P200,P201
Bachireddy,V.R.155,156
Bah,B.P196
Baharanyi,N.50,52
Bai,S.190
Bakhmutov,V.I.P18
Bamber,A.100*
Bambo,S.K.192*
Bandele,O.P200
Bandla,S.237
Banerjee,B.199
Banerjee,S.B.12,P125*
Banks,M.L.P70*
Bankston,L.P246
Barczewski,R.P214
Barretero,R.P159
Barrios,T.P90
Bartlett,J.R.55,P92,P204*,P211,P254
Basha,S.M.143,144,146*,P126
Bashier,I.P98,P232
Bavia,M.E.P257
Beaudouin,J.160,P187
Beeman,P.57*
Bekele,G.P158
Bell,B.P182
Bennett,W.A.1,P57
Berhane,M.155,156,P200,P201,P202,P252
Berke,T.166
Besong,S.P41,P222
Bhardwaj,H.L.36,207*
Biley,J.A.B.33*
Billups,L.H.227
Bisha,B.P246
Bishnoi,U.R.P124*
Biswas,B.K.234*
Biswas,P.K.P171
Blake,K.140*
Blank,T.128,P198
Bliss,P.L.P8
Bloem,S.P64
Boateng,J.63,65,88,224*,P43,P44,P45,P46,P47,P107,P108,P109,P110,P111,P220*
Boateng,M.A.50*
BoldenTiller,O.3,4,185*,P54,P55
Bolques,A.160
Bomford,M.K.149*,178,P13
Bonsi,C.6,236,P172
Bonsi,E.P114,P244
Bonsi,E.A.35,53,233,236*
Bor,T.71*,P38,P97,P102
Boudreau,B.M.18
Bourne,J.L.145*
Boutne,J.L.P156
BovellBenjamin,A.C.91,92,140,167,P242*
231
Bowen,A.P159
Bowers,J.P104,P249
Boyd,Jr.,E.P6
Boyle,L.P50
Boyston,T.P246
Bozell,J.J.P24
Bradley,F.2
Brady,M.G.22*
Brady,Y.42
Brandon,D.P.229*
Brantley,H.139
Brazil,L.124*
Brent,L.S.104*,178
Broderick,C.E.246*,P255,P259
Bromfield,E.91,140
Brooks,J.P37*
Broussard,T.67*,123
Brown,Jr.,A.193
Brown,B.G.177,204
Brown,B.L.13
Brown,J.*P5
Brown,N.C.186
Brown,T.K.101*
Brown,V.11,P2
Brown,V.M.212,213*
Broughton,B.113*
Browning,Jr.,R.131
Brunson,D.S.92*
Bryant,G.P188
Buckner,E.P173*
Buell,R.P9
Bukenya,J.O.51,105,113,124,199,P25,P125,P221*
Burke,J.M.9,10,183
Burks,A.L.57,58
Burns,J.P31*
Burrell,K.P96
Butler,C.109,230,P40
Byers,A.P100
Cairns,C.M.22
Callery,P.P50
Campbell,C.57,58
Campbell,T.125*
Camps,C.145
Cantor,A.H.129
Cantrell,R.238
Capers,L.215
Carlise,J.131
Carr,L.P93
Carson,L.E.P5,P17,P18,P122
Carter,C.S.220*
Carter,M.*P17
Carter,T.L.132*
Causey,B.220
Cave,C.K.P29*
232
Cebert,E.P106,P124
Cephas,K.D.120*
Chalabala,E.J.194
Chambers,R.L.14*
Chaney,S.M.117*
Chaney,W.R.190
Chapman,F.160
Chappell,C.C.73*
Chaubey,I.223
Chaudhuri,A.17*
Chen,D.15
Chen,F.C.68,P240,P241*
Chen,G.P86
Chen,S.P196
Chestnut,F.*P2
Chi,M.S.P251*
Chiang,L.223
Chin,K.P252
Chin,K.L.P87,P144,P200*,P202
Chitapandu,S.K.P119*
Choudhari,S.R.62,112,228,244,P49,P121
Chozu,E.J.P33
Chukwuma,F.P11
Chukwumah,Y.P117,P118,P119,P120,P219
Church,C.P76
Claiborne,K.P21*
Clardy,A.E.P169*,P203*
Clark,J.P138
Clarke,E.E.177
CliffordRathert,C.P29
Clinton,B.141
Clisby,A.P106
Cole,D.P39*
Collier,J.P24
Collins,D.P144
Collins,D.J.198*,P72,P84,P85
Collins,J.R.P33
Collins,R.P210
CollinsBiggs,D.245
Colova(Tsolova),V.M.145,P53,P156
Comer,S.243
Conley,R.D.216*
Cook,D.R.172,173
Cooke,P.H.246,P255,P259
Corley,M.P82,P115
Cotton,C.B.80
Cotton,C.P.P264*
Coyle,S.D.18,161
Crabtree,S.B.134,179,P135,P136*,P137,P138
Craycroft,D.P135*
Crook,E.K.P88*,P89
Crutcher,P43,P44,P45*
Cuadra,E.J.1,P57
Cuero,R.98
Cummings,G.106*,107,187
233
Curtis,P.P51
Dadson,R.B.P174,P175,P176*P264
Daniels,D.P96
Daniels,T.P101
Darris,C.P62
Dasgupta,S.49
DaSilva,L.A.V.120
DaSilva,L.V.P249
DaSilva,L.V.A.P104
DaSilva,S.P13*
Daughtry,C.S.T.P152
Davis,A.N.P24*
Davis,J.P208,P209
Davis,L.C.51*
Davis,L.211
Davis,S.P112*
Dawkins,N.L.55,60,P254*
Dawson,L.J.P192,P212
Delrot,S.145,P53
Deng,B.217,218
Dennis,S.195*
Dennis,S.O.P169
DePaola,A.P104,P249
Devine,T.E.165,P175
Dey,M.M.47,48
Dhillon,H.211
Dhir,S.P24,P182
Dhir,S.K.133,P9
Dien,B.100
Dierfax,C.P215
Dodo,H.W.66,89
Donnelly,B.131
Drake,C.102*
Drake,R.70,P227
Drew,A.233
Drew,A.D.P114*
Dudenhoeffer,G.A.P30,P31
Dudenhoeffer,N.99*
DuHa,S.J.P134*
Dukes,L.65*,P43,P44,P45
Dumenyo,C.K.P145*,P147,P155
Dumevi,J.P93*
Dunbar,T.158
Dupre,Y.102
Durborow,R.42
Duseja,D.195
Dzakuma,J.M.P143
Dzantor,E.K.P147*
Earl,T.J.P152
Echeverry,R.A.52*
Eggleton,M.A.27
Egilla,J.N.205*
Egnin,M.5,6,P171,P172
234
Ehivet,F.E.87*
Eierman,J.P89*
Eisterhold,M.100
Eivazi,F.219,P15,P61,P70
Ejimaker,G.C.P167
Ekanem,E.243,P239
Eklund,P.E.28*
Ellersieck,M.R.130
Elzy,M.123*
Embry,M.J.94*
Engle,C.R.28,44,45,164
English,B.C.P125
English,H.P208,P209
Enjec,N.61
Eskandamia,D.P169
EspinosaSolares,T.151*
Ettinger,M.83,119
Ewart,J.194
Everett,L.211
Eya,J.C.46,241
Ezekwe,M.O.P186,P222
Farmer,A.173
Farrar,A.B.P20*
Favi,F.153
Fay,J.23*
Ferchaud,V.A.190,P87*,P157
Ferreira,J.P213
Feyereisen,G.P76
Field,R.63*,P43,P44,P45,P111*
Fisher,C.P19*
Fitzpatrick,L.71,P38*,P98,P99,P102*
Flowers,R.W.P129
Fondong,V.211
Fontaine,B.V.27*
Ford,Jr.D.P55*
Forde,A.97*
Foster,B.D.P157
Foster,IV,W.A.32*
Fox,D.A.22,239
Francis,A.196
Fraser,R.186*,199
Freeman,O.33,P180
Freidman,S.81
Friis,H.P248
Friley,K.L.104,178
Fuester,R.P214
Fullerton,M.S.84*
Gabre,T.P158
Gaganpreet,K.P124
Gager,J.V.P238*,P258
Gajewska,I.P67*
Gajula,D.P43,P44
Gajula,M.88*
235
Gannaway,M.96*
Gao,M.P12,P192
Gardner,C.P164
Gardner,C.S.177,204*,P190
Garner,Jr.,J.O.181,P247
Garrett,C.P95
Garrison,E.118*
Gates,E.G.134*
Gelaye,S.P191
Gerald,C.P59*
Gebrelul,S.W.155*,156,P199*,P201,P217
Gebremedhin,M.30*
Geier,B.A.P13
Gekara,O.J.158*
Geoffrey,M.P9
Getz,W.R.10,183,P191*
Ghazi,S.P145
Ghebreiyessus,Y.155,156*,P199,P201
Gibson,A.194
Gichuhi,P.N.91,140,167*,P242
Giles,K.P80*
Gillespie,R.M.157*
Gipson,L.P214
Gipson,T.A.P193,P195,P212
Gist,R.P56*
Gitau,M.W.223*,P66,P86
Githinji,L.P78,P79,P80,P81,P181*
GlasgowPierre,K.111*,P35*
Glass,A.98*
Goktepe,I.P37,P112,P237
GolsonGarner,K.P63*
Gomelsky,B.41
Godwin,S.L.68,245*,P240*,P241
Goetsch,A.L.P192,P194,P195
GordonBradley,N.M.P65*
Gosier,J.135
Gourineni,V.P.64*,P43,P44,P45,P109*
Grant,K.E.4*
Grant,K.T.177,204,P190
Grato,N.*P15
Gray,A.L.130*
Gray,C.169,170,P48
Gray,L.155,P199,P217
Green,B.M.P174*
Green,J.P42
Griffin,R.W.33,P17,P23,P180*
Griffith,D.212,213
Grigsby,J.D.229
Gu,S.128,P198*
Guler,Z.69
Gulia,S.K.209*,210*
Guo,M.31,P161*
Gurung,D.P79*
Gurung,N.102
Gurung,N.K.P150
236
Gyawali,B.199*,P125
Hagan,J.S.80
Hagens,B.83*
Hairston,L.P173
Hales,E.127*
Hall,E.E.P83*
Hallman,F.61*
Hamama,A.152,P21
Hamidi,A.108*
Hamidi,N.138,P7
Hamido,S.A.150*
Hampton,J.P108*
Hampton,M.P78*
Han,X.F.P140
Handcock,J.P209
Hankins,G.P200
Hanner,T.P230
Hardy,B.P37,P112
Hargrave,T.200*,P39,P93
Hargrove,T.P96
Hargrove,T.M.54,202*
Harned,C.P.214*,P263
Harper,A.P261
Harrington,M.211
Harris,A.P199
Harris,D.P226,P227
Harris,F.P261
HarrisThompson,S.160
Harrison,M.P257
Hart,S.P.P191,P212,P213
HarterDennis,J.80
Hasan,M.222*
HasanMcDade,O.244
Haseeb,M.P91,P129*
Hashem,F.M.80,P174,P175*,P176,P264
Hassan,O.P98*
Hathorn,C.S.140,167,P242
Haugabrooks,E.P82*
Haukenes,A.H.19
Hawley,Q.*P4,P32
Hayden,R.S.95*
Hays,E.P230
Hayslett,W.F.P169,P203
He,G.7,172,173*
Heggins,M.J.A.61,111,215*,240,P35,P123
Hemanth,V.144*,P126*
Henry,X.16*
Herring,J.L.29,85
Hettiarachchi,K.A.82*
Hicks,C.E.136,P27,P28
Hight,S.37,P64
Hill,K.E.P216
Hill,L.B.21*
Hill,W.A.212,213
237
Hirsch,L.P.*132,P16
Hix,R.L.37,59
Hoilett,N.O.219,P15,P61*,P166
Hollingsworth,B.D.103*
Hollis,T.P191
Hornsby,R.P242
Howard,T.133*
Hsieh,Y.P.P67
Hu,Y.M.189
Hua,B.218*
Huang,B.P206,P207*
Huang,H.2,147
Huang,L.42,109,230,P40
Huang,W.P66
Huang,Z.60,P245*
Hubbard,A.S.P143
Hubbard,G.M.15
Huber,D.H.P179
Hughes,S.P116*
Hume,M.169,170
Hunter,W.147
Hurley,S.P230
Hurley,S.M.P115*
Hutt,C.P.27
Hylton,T.A.177,P190
Ibrahim,M.114,125,126
Ibrahim,S.A.71,72,73,74,75,76,90,P38,P41,P97,P98,P99,P102,P231,P232,P233
Idris,R.232*
Igbokwe,E.57,58
Igbokwe,P.P11,P26
Igbokwe,V.200
Igbowe,V.P39,P93
Isikhuemhen,O.S.137
Jackson,J.57,58
Jackson,L.54*,P96
Jackson,S.P223
Jain,A.P128*
Janen,A.P118*
Jarboe,H.42
Jaroni,D.P238
Jarret,R.L.166
Javaid,I.P175,P176
Jaynes,J.3,4,5,6,11,227
Jeelani,S.212,213
Jia,Y.174
Jimmerson,A.4
Johnson,B.*P6
Johnson,B.M.184
Johnson,C.38*
Johnson,H.Y.148*
Johnson,J.P62A
Johnson,J.U.78,79,84,P116
Johnson,M.60
238
Johnson,P.M.P143
Johnson,R.1,P57
Johnson,S.S.219
Jones,B.L.P256
Jones,G.114*
Jones,K.128*
Jones,M.135
Jonnalagadda,S.C.29,85*
Jose,M.T.19*
Joseph,A.P186*
Joshee,N.188*
Joshi,J.P175,P176
Kahan,T.P189
Kairo,M.T.59,196*
Kairo,T.K.P64,P91,P129
Kalavacharla,V.211*,P223*
Kallur,V.77*
Kanda,B.P43,P44*,P45,P47
Kane,N.P113
Kanga,H.B.L.20
Kanipes,M.I.P232
Kannan,G.67,86,122,182,P191,P225,P227,P228,P256
Kaplan.R.M.157,P88
Kappel,K.145
Karemera,D.197*
Kariuki,E.37*
Katam,R.143*,144,146,P125,P130
Katzberg,S.J.15
Kaul,K.P133
Kebe,S.P155
Kebede,G.P158
Keith,L.P51,P54*
Kelley,G.P62A*
KellyBrown,C.P5,P17,P18
Kendrick,J.P108
Keremy,N.P26*
Kerley,M.S.P29
Kersey,C.M.P147
Kershaw,T.P4,P32
Kerth,C.P254
Khachaturyan,M.P252
Khan,V.55,P81,P92,P204
Khouryieh,H.A.71,P41
Kibet,L.C.P76*
KilonzoNthenge,A.68,P240
King,K.137
King,S.P74*,P81*,126*
Kirven,J.M.117
Kitchens,J.136*
Klee,H.J.P8
Kleinholz,C.W.P197
Kleinman,P.P76
Klepzig,K.P144
Kloepper,J.P95
239
Kochhar,T.S.94,116
Konan,K.21,66,89
Kouakou,B.9,67,86,122,123,P225
KpomblekouA,K.34,150
Kraemer,M.38,153*
Krantz,J.A.P104
Kremer,R.J.P15,P61
Krider,D.139*
Kumar,G.164*
Kyei,P.P167
Labbe,N.P24
Lane,L.P58*
Larkin,S.L.P125
Larson,J.A.P125
Lawrence,T.128
Le,X.P147
Lee,J.H.67,86,122,123,P90,P225*
Lee,K.99,100
Lee,M.P260
Lee,R.P223
Legiandenyi,T.N.40*
Lekote,O.15
Lema,M.P215*
Leong,S.P156,P261
Lerch,R.N.P60
LeShure,S.P2
Lewandowski,E.194
Lewis,C.60
Lewis,G.P242
Lewis,K.M.177,P91*
Li,H.P103
Li,Y.P144
Lian,K.P144
Liedl,B.E.208*,P22,P34
Lila,Z.A.P234
Lin,C.H.P60
Lin,Y.31*
Liu,H.P250
Liu,J.R.P103
Liu,X.154*,235*
Liu,Z.P52*,P59
Lobel,L.94,116*
Lochmann,S.E.25,26,P19,P74
Lomax,K.60*
Long,D.P147
Lorenzo,A.B.39,106,107,187*
Louime,C.2,P68
Love,J.W.P20
Lowe,J.D.134,179,P134,P135,P137,P138
Lu,J.2,147*,P65,P68,P127
Lu,L.P133,P134
Lu,Z.P142
Lucas,S.D.9*
Luchansky,J.83
240
Luker,G.W.P197*
Luo,Z.P18
Lundback,S.P9
Luster,D.P84
Lutz,F.G*P3
Lynch,E.R.240,P123
Lynch,P.A.73,74,90,P38,P98,P99,P102
LyttleNGuessan,C.J.P164*,P189,P227,P228,P256
Ma,X.210
Mack,A.P7
Madden,M.L.93*,121
Madden,U.A.160*,P187*
Maduko,C.O.225
Mahapatra,A.K.P227,P228,P256
Mahtab,R.P234
Makuba,A.L.P246*
Malekian,F.P200,P252*
Mankolo,R.N.P185
Manoharan,M.174*,181,P223
Marenghi,F.194
Marlette,M.230
Marra,M.C.P125
Marsh,L.P152,P264
Marsh,L.E.80
Marshall,R.155,P199,P201,P217*
Martin,S.W.P125
Martinez,M.227,P90*
Mason,M.1*,P57*
Massey,S.11*
Massoudi,R.108
Mathis,C.C.62,112,228*,244*,P49,P121
Matland,K.P139,P140
Matta,F.P25
Matterson,P.P59
May,M.160
Mayalagu,G.P95*
McCandless,T.C.239
McClean,P.P223
McDuffie,J.15
McElhenney,W.H.34,P80,P82,P150
McGhee,U.S.P182
McKee,M.212*,213
McKenzieJakes,A.P188*
McLeanMeyinsse,P.E.P258
McWhinney,V.J.P42
Mebrahtu,T.118,165*,P177,P178
Melmaiee,K.P223
Mendonca,A.P246
Mentreddy,S.R.88,P25,P95,P110,P185
Merkel,R.C.P191,P193*
Metts,L.S.24
Mickle,S.139
Milla,K.220,P163
Miller,A.P43,P44,P45,P106
241
Miller,J.E.9,10,183,P89
Miller,S.70
Millner,P.80
Mims,S.D.43,162*,P40
Min,B.J.5,87,P172*
Mitchell,L.*P14
Mitra,M.16,17,93,121,P152
Mmbaga,M.T.P146*
Mobini,S.P191
Mobley,R.P189
Mohamed,T.81*
Mohamedal,K.73*
Mohrmann,M.36*
Mongerie,T.P261
Mongerie,T.A.P156*
Mook,J.L.P210
Moore,J.E.239*
Moore,L.131*
Morris,A.D*.P1
MoraGutierrez,A.117
Morant,D.C.P30,P31
Mortley,D.6,167,P171,P172,P244
Mosjidis,J.A.9
Moss,E.21,P114,P160*
Moss,E.M.233*
Moultrie,S.91*
Mounts,L.P43*,P44,P45,P111
Moyseenko,J.J.P154
Mpabanga,T.P77*,P179
Mrema,F.A.P170
Muchovej,J.J.192
Mudoh,M.P249
Mudoh,M.F.P104*
Mukhtar,H.P4,P32,P36,P56
Mulbry,W.80
Munnicha,P.R.197
Muralles,L.160
Murphy,A.P41*
Mustafa,M.201*
Naarani,V.K.P151
Nagchaudhuri,A.16,P1,P152*
Nahashon,S.P216*,P62A
Nam,P.99,100
Namwamba,F.P84,P85,P257*
Nanninga,A.S.45*
Narayanan,V.C.29*,85
NavarreteTindall,N.P198
Neal,J.W.P75
Neal,R.S.18
Nelson,M.C.154,235
Newton,G.R.184
Niandou,S.P71
Nijer,P.P235
NilimaN.R.181*
242
Nimmakayala,P.176,238,P3,P56,P153
Nimmanapalli,R.227
Ning,Z.H.P183*
Njiti,V.N.P11,P12
Nkongolo,N.V.96,97,130,219*,P14,P15,P61,P166
Nnaji,G.A.P66*
Noble,R.202
Nolen,S.P101*
Nouira,W.69*,70*,237
Nowell,J.P236
Ntamatungiro,S.P208*,P209
Nurse,G.160,P187,P188,P189
Nuti,L.C.184
Nyochembeng,L.M.P184*,P185
OBrien,D.J.P88,P89
Ochiena,S.A.P170
Odom,L.6*
Ogden,L.6
Oglesby,L.*P9
Ogunkunle,F.N.89*
Ogunsanya,T.J.42*
Ogutu,S.P108,P117,P118,P119,P120
Oh,J.P260*
Oh,JH.87
Oh,S.H.P90
Okafor,R.231,P167
Okello,F.12
Okepebholo,F.P189
Okere,C.P54,P55,P186,P222
Oki,A.P18
Okiror,S.O.P209
Okweye,P.P63
Oliver,J.B.P154*
Oliver,M.L.28
Oluwoye,J.78,79
OmaraAlwala,T.R.P30,P31
Onders,R.J.43,162
Onders,R.O.P40
Onokpise,O.U.192,P69
Opara,C.P39
Ordway,M.P165
Orech,F.O.P248
Osuji,G.O.101
Ozbay,G.23,194*,211
Pace,R.60
Pace,R.D.P115,P245
Pagadala,S.P249
Palat,S.231
Pancholy,S.K.P128
Panicker,G.K.P11
Pao,S.83,119
Paraiso,O.P64*
Park,Y.W.69,70,225*,237
243
Parks,A.L.32
Parmer,A.P25*
Paro,R.P.219
Parran,C.L.121*
Parrott,B.T.162
Parry,J.W.P103,P250*
Parveen,S.81,120,P104,P249*
Paschal,A.188
Patra,A.K.P194,P195
Patterson,A.72*
Patterson,J.T.43*
Payne,A.138*
Payne,R.155,P201
Payton,K.W.P125
Payton,L.C.141*
Payton,T.145,P53*
Pearson,L.P240
PearsonMcKnight,A.*P7
Peer,C.J.P50
Pegram,A.119
Peiffer,R.A.P94,P214
Penmetsa,R.V.173
Perkins,E.129*
Pescador,M.L.P163*
Peterson,T.P189*
Phetsomphou,S.P97*
Phetsomphou,S.L.73
Phillip,D.P55
Phillips,N.234
Phills,B.R.P130,P261
Pickett,K.P51
Pitchay,D.S.206*
Polite,T.M.P234
Pomerleau,S.163*,221*
Pomeroy,C.46*,241
Pomper,K.W.41,134,179*,P133,P134,P135,P136,P137,P138*
Ponniah,S.K.8,176*,238,P3
Poreddy,V.B.P120*
Powell,E.5
Pratt,C.P180
Probst,K.R.49*
Pruett,J.P72,P84*,P85
Puchala,R.P194*,P195
Purdie,T.P51*
Qi,Y.190*,P87,P144*,P157*,P200,P202,P252
Qu,Y.72
Queeley,G.160,177*,204,P187,P189,P190
Qui,G.P161
Rabb,R.O.215,240*,P123*
Rabbani,A.G.47*
Radwan,T.5,P171
Ragan,R.J.70
Rahman,M.A.8*,P56
244
Rajendran,N.P133
Rangari,V.K.92
Ranger,C.P154
Rankins,Jr.,D.L.P150
Rashid,T.56,P25
Rasmussen,A.K.P163
Ravella,R.P168*
Reddy,C.R.P26
Reddy,M.R.P168
Reddy,R.56
Reddy,U.K.8,238,P3,P56,P153
Reding,M.P154
Reed,R.2*
Reevely,A.M.P62
Reeves,J.M.P125
Regisford,E.G.C.P18,P122
Rehrah,D.P71*,P113
Reid,L.D.P69*
Reitz,S.37,59
Ren,F.Z.P141
Ren,S.118,165,P177*,P178
Ren,Z.147,P127*,P231
Reynolds,S.80
Rhoden,E.P81,P204,P211
Rhoden,E.G.55,P92
Richard,B.A.P163
Richardson,S.135*
Rindi,F.100
Risch,E.P143*
RiveraSalvador,V.151
Roaida,S.59*
Roberts,K.S.P29
Roberts,R.K.P125
Robertson,D.110*
Robinson,S.P42*
Rock,C.P43,P44,P107
Roda,A.196
Rodgers,J.A.*P13
Rodrique,P.P68*
Rodriquez,K.P40*
Rogers,A.119*
Rogers,P.F.110,226,P229
Rolle,K.A.P86*
Rosen,B.172,173
RossiSnook,K.194
Rotich,E.68*
Runles,E.155,P201,P217
Sabayanagam,C.211
Sabota,C.P45
Sahlu,T.P192,P193,P194,P195,P212
Sakhanokho,H.F.P184
Salifu,A.233
Salifu,A.W.P114
Salifu,W.53*
245
Salifu,W.A.P205,P211,P244
Samuel,S.5,P171
Samuelian,S.K.145,P53
Sanxton,R.57,58
Saporito,L.P76
Sauve,R.180,P10,P52,P146,P148
Sayeed,M.223
Schaefer,G.222
Scheppers,C.P28*
Schlueter,J.P223
Schmidt,K.96,97,130,P14,P61,P166
Schneider,K.P134
Schneider,K.J.41*
Schoffield,S.*33,P23,P180
Schwarz,J.P248*
Schwarz,J.G.82,93
Schweitzer,C.J.191
Scott,D.P235*
Seagars,L.P236
Sedlacek,J.D.104,178*
Selassie,H.201
Self,S.190
Senwo,Z.W.P160
Seo,C.W.90
Shackelford,L.63,64,65,88,P43,P44,P45,P46,P47,P105*,P106,P107,P109,P109,P111
Shahbazi,A.75,76,P232
Shaheen,A.P171
Shahidul,I.P247*
Shaik,A.S.A.9,10
Shaik,S.A.183
Shange,R.P211
Shange,R.S.35*
Shaw,A.P263*
Sheikh,M.B.P130
Shi,X.222
Shorter,P.58*
Shoults,S.P19
Siaway,A.35,53,54,P205*
Silva,M.M.N.P257*
Silvernail,A.F.149
Simon,J.P200
Sims,C.88,P110
Sims,M.N.3*
Singh,B.P.209,210
Singh,H.P.P181*
Singh,K.47,48
Singh,M.135,182*
Singh,S.P.243*,P239
SinghDhillon,H.P235
Siple,S.C.245,P241
Sissoko,A.34*
Sisson,J.M.208,P22,P34
Sitayo,D.S.P117*
Smith,A.M.P77,P179*
Smith,B.D.80*
246
Smith,C.P240
Smith,C.M.229
Smith,I.212,213
Smith,M.A.P22,P34*
Smith,N.P103*,P250
Smith,R.P82
Snyder,J.C.166
Solaiman,S.102,P54,P150,P254
Soli,F.A.9,10*,183
Sommerer,D.K.130
Somorin,A.B.20*
Song,D.75,76,90
South,S.M.101
Southworth,B.44
SpellerHenderson,L.P239
Spitzer,W.P85
Stamp,A.P27*
Stanley,V.G.169*,170*,P48
Staten,D.P236*
Stevens,C.P92
Stewart,A.N.130,P29
Stewart,Jr.,C.N.P24
Stewart,M.*P18
Stone,J.M.P122*
Strang,J.P138
Strayer,J.109*
Styles,E.154
Sudhakaran,P.O.44*
Suleyman,K.P215
Sullivan,D.R.P100
Sunkara,R.P105
Surrency,J.242*
Sutherland,D.P36*
Swamidoss,I.P24
Swartz,H.A.130
Tackie,N.O.50,52
Tadesse,W.P158
Tajeu,K.233,P114
Tamplin,M.L.P104,P249
Tarka,M.P165
Tarko,S.P50*
Taylor,G.222
Taylor,K.P168
Taylor,M.G.P8
Taylor,O.169
Taylor,P.P124
Taylor,S.211
Tegegne,F.243,P239*
Templeton,S.230
Templeton,S.B.P229*
Tenner,A.*P12
Terrill,T.H.9,10,67,70,86,123,157,182,183*,237,P225
Tesfaye,S.P165*
Thapa,G.48*
247
Thomas,B.200
Thomas,C.137*
Thomas,J.102
Thomas,M.H.P164
Thompson,A.J.106,107*
Thompson,C.68,P240
Thompson,K.R.24
Thompson,T.C.P33*
Thrower,D.P151
Tibbs,E.229
Tidwell,J.P133
Tidwell,J.H.18,41,42,161*
Tieman,D.M.P8
Timmons,B.A.26*
Todd,A.P223
Tomason,Y.8,P3,P153*
Tooley,P.P84
Tope,A.P136,P229
Tope,A.M.110,226*
Touray,L.*P8
Traore,S.5*,P171,P172
Tress,U.184*,P62
Trosvik,K.A.24*
Tsegaye,T.D.21,30,220,P63
Tubene,S.L.127,203*
Tucker,A.O.171*
Tucker,D.131
Turley,E.T.95,129
Turner,R.P179
Tyler,L.P12
Tyus,J.P62A
Udoh,O.O.193
Umar,G.P261
Umar,G.P.P130*
Urian,J.C.P94*,P214
Vadeghani,B.H.138,P7
Vajja,V.G.176,238*,P3,P56,P153
VanderTuia,J.G.P251
Vanguru,M.9,10,86*,183
Vann,R.P57
Varel,V.H.P194
Vasanthaiah,H.143,146
Vaughan,B.T.35,P211*
Vendrell,P.195
VerberneSutton,S.P145
Verghese,M.63,64,65,88,224,P43,P44,P45,P46,P47,P105,P106,P107,P108,P109,P110,
P111,P117,P118,P119,P120,P220
Viji,G.P226*
Vincelli,P.C.P13
Vizcarra,J.A.P159*
Vogler,B.P218
Wade,A.195
248
Wagaw,M.P158
Waldbieser,G.C.41
Walker,K.P48*
Walker,L.T.63,65,88,P43,P44,P45,P46,P47,P105,P107,P108,P109,P110,P111,P117,P118,
P119,P120,P219,P220
Wallamsley,A.160
Waller,W.R.214
Walters,T.W.P129
Wang,B.60,P115,P245
Wang,C.42,109,230*,P40,P137
Wang,J.22
Wang,Y.191*
Wang,Z.P141*,P192,P213
Ward,G.P205
Watkins,B.P85
Webster,C.D.24,42
Weckenborg,A.J.P30*
Weigand,B.R.P29
Wells,J.P194
Westbrook,E.P177,P178
Wetherbee,M.B.239
Wetzel,J.E.103,132,P16,P30,P31
Wheat,J.R.P262*
White,D.81
White,F.105*
White,T.P90
Whitehead,B.152,P21,P178
Whitehead,J.114,125,126
Whitehead,W.209
Whitley,N.C.83,P88,P89
Whitney,T.C.15
Whittaker,W.56,200,P39,P93
Wick,J.M.191
Wiggins,B.211
Wildeus,S.83,P33,P210*
Wilfong,K.U.P22,P34
Will,L.A.25*
Williams,D.65
Williams,E.B.P169,P203
Williams,H.N.122*,P65
Williams,L.L.77,78,79,84,P116
Williams,T.A.55*
Williamson,L.H.157
Willian,K.60
Willis,W.137,P100,P101
Wilson,J.P.209,210
Wilson,M.83
Wilson,N.P187
Wine,M.P19
Woldesenbet,S.P48
Wollo,W.132
Wood,D.R.18
Woods,R.56*
Wordlaw,R.V.13
Workman,R.8
249
Worku,M.P4,P32,P36,P56,P59
Wright,R.A.43
Wu,N.P140*
Wu,Q.L.P144
Wulff,F.P.130
Wysinger,S.H.P92*
Xia,Q.P12
Xie,Y.15
Xu,X.P127
Yadav,A.K.188,P226
Yan,Z.P206*,P207
Yang,H.P60*
Yang,J.189*,217,218,P60
Yang,W.P46
Yang,Z.P142*,P162*
Yeboah,D.P96
Yoon,S.P245
Young,A.229
Youssef,N.N.P154
Yu,J.P37,P71,P112,P113,P230*,P237
Yu,L.39*,106,187
Yu,O.174
Yuan,J.S.P24
Yuan,M.172*,173
Zabawa,R.35,50,52,53,202,236,P211
Zeng,S.P141
Zepherin,T.P85*
Zhang,H.P141
Zhang,L.P196
Zhao,S.81
Zhou,J.*P10
Zhou,S.180*,P10,P52,P148*
Zhu,J.Z.217*
Zura,K.8,176,238,P56
250
Acknowledgements
The Association of Research Directors, Inc. is grateful to all individuals who served on the
various committees and subcommittees in preparation for the 15th Biennial Research
Symposium. The Association is also extremely grateful to the support teams from
USDA/CSREES, Delaware State University and Tuskegee University.
USDA/CSREES
MichaelBowers
CarolineCrocoll
RichardHegg
EdKaleikau
MervalinMorant
GreggSmith
TuskegeeUniversity
LisaHopkins
BeverlyGreen
MichaelMaciarelloWebmaster
SymposiumSteeringCommittee
OrlandoF.McMeansARDChair,WestVirginiaStateUniversity
AlfredL.ParksSteeringCommitteeChair,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
RobertBarney,KentuckyStateUniversity
HaroldBenson,KentuckyStateUniversity
ConradBonsi,TuskegeeUniversity
CarolynB.Brooks,AssociationofResearchDirectors,Inc.
CarlButler,USDAOfficeofCivilRights
CarterCatlin,TennesseeStateUniversity
ShirleyHymonParker,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
GovindarajanKannan,FortValleyStateUniversity
VernonJones,LangstonUniversity
DyrempleMarsh,DelawareStateUniversity
RobertPhillips,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
GladysG.Shelton,UniversityofMarylandEasternShore
AltonThompson,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
J.UlisesToledo,WestVirginiaStateUniversity
LisaWilliamson,WestVirginiaStateUniversity
TechnologyCommittee
WilliamAugustine,SouthernUniversity
PaulJohnson,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
ChristiLandry,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
RodneyJames,SouthCarolinaStateUniversity
LalitRainey,NorthCarolinaA&TStateUniversity
JasonRobinson,WestVirginiaStateUniversity
ChrisRogers,SouthernUniversity
LaRachelleSmith,PrairieViewA&MUniversity
JamesWilliams,NorthCarolinaA&TUniversity
TerrenceWolfork,FortValleyStateUniversity
251

15th BiennialARD Symposium Proceedings

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15th BiennialARD Symposium Proceedings

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AssociationofResearchDirectors,Inc.

Orlando F. McMeans, Chair

10:15 143 ProteomicandTranscriptAnalysisofWaterStressedFloridaHybridBunch

10:30 144 ProteomicsandGenomicsApproachtoIsolateNovelProteinsandGenesfrom

10:45 145 DifferentialScreeningofOverexpressedGenesInvolvedinFlavonoid

11:00 146 ProteomicAnalysisofMuscadineGrapeLeaf.Basha,S.M.,FloridaA&M

11:15 147 DevelopmentofESTSSRmarkersforgenemappingandgenotypingingrapes

10:15 148 OrganicWasteCompostingTechnologies,Processing,Monitoring,Challenges,

10:30 149 PotentialofSweetpotatoandSweetSorghumasAdvancedBiofuelCropsfor

10:45 150 InfluenceofCoverCropsonEnzymeActivitiesinaMarvynSandyLoamSoil.

11:00 151 MixingPerformanceofMimicAnaerobicDigesterVessels.EspinosaSolares,T.,

11:15 152 AdsorptionandPhotolysisofSelectedAntibioticsinSoils.Atalay,A.,Virginia

11:30 153 PhenologicalRelationshipoftheBlueOrchardBeewithSpringTreeBloom.

10:15 154 PriceVariabilityandtheMarketingofGoatClassesinGeorgia.LiuX.,FortValley

10:30 155 InfluencesofForageQualityandQuantityonthePerformanceofGoatsand

10:45 156 EffectsofJointCattleandGoatsGrazingSystemonSoilPhysicalProperties.

11:00 157 EfficacyofAnthelminticsonLlamaandAlpacaFarmsinGeorgia.Gillespie,R.M.,

11:15 158 UseofBrewersGradeRiceasAlternativeEnergyFeedtoCornorMilofor

11:30 159 EmbryonicDevelopmentinJapaneseQuail(Coturnixjaponica).Arora,K.L.,

10:15 160 PreliminaryEvaluationofSmallScalePrawnProductioninPonds.Madden,U.

10:30 161 AReviewofNutritionResearchandDietDevelopmentfortheLargemouthBass

10:45 162 SmallScaleAquacultureataWastewaterTreatmentPlant.Mims,S.D.,Kentucky

11:00 163 UnderstandingElectricRatestoHelpCatfishFarmersLowerTheirElectric

11:15 164 EconomicsandRiskofFoodFishProductionfromFingerlingsofHybridCatfish

11:30 241 NutritiveEvaluationofProteinfromAnaerobicallyDigestedPoultryWastes,as

10:15 165 EstimatingEdamameforRaffinoseandStachyoseContentUsingCombining

10:30 166 ScreeningCapsicumchinenseFruitsoftheWorldforHeavyMetal

10:45 167 HydroponicCarrots:NutritionalPropertiesofFourCultivarsGrownUnder

11:00 168 DepletionRateofTetracyclineResiduesintheMilkofAlpineandNubian

11:15 169 ProfilingCampylobacterGenotypesinBroilerChicksDuringthePostHarvest

11:30 170 TheAntimicrobialEffectsofaSingleandCombinedTreatmentofSodium

Effects of Acclimatization on Energy Expenditure by Meat Goats. Goetsch, A.L., Langston

GIS Analysis of Environmental Factors and Socioclimatic Factors Relating to Tapeworm

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