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Introduction to gas quality
Part one,
Kjersti
Hydrogen sulphide
Mercury
Hydrocarbon dew point
Combustion properties
Part two,
Stathis
Source: Gassco.no
Onshore processes
Preparing for sale
Extracting high value components
Receiving terminals
Specification
210
112
60
-10
105
40
-18
2
2
2
2.5
20
8
Platform processes
Onshore processes
Specification
Reason
Water
<0.1 ppmv
Precipitates and
freezes on cold
surfaces
CO2
50 100 ppmv
Precipitates and
freezes on cold
surfaces
Heavy HC
1 -10 ppmv
Precipitates and
freezes on cold
surfaces
Mercury
<0.01 micro
gram/Nm3
Solid formation,
accumulation
H 2S
4 ppmv
Product specification
Onshore processes
Receiving terminals
Water removal
Water occurs naturally in the gas from the reservoir
Water must be removed from the gas to avoid:
Free water in gas pipelines (corrosion)
Ice formation (plugging of equipment and pipes)
Hydrate formation (plugging of equipment and pipes)
Water removal processes:
Condensation (cooling and separation)
Absorption by glycol processes
Adsorption on solids
Water removal
Platform processes
Onshore processes
Transport
specification:
Process
specification:
-18C at 79 barg
0.1 to 1 ppmv
Process needed:
Process needed:
Glycol absorption
process
Adsprotion on
solids
Dry
natural
gas
Lean TEG
Regenerator
Filters
Contactor
Wet
natural
gas
Pump
LT HX
HT HX
Surge drum
Cooler
Rich TEG
Glycol/condensate
separator
Filter
Upstream precautions:
Downstream effects:
Remove condensate
Dry natural
gas
P=1bar
T=200C
Flash drum
P=70 bar
Regenerator
Filters
T=30C
Lean TEG
Contactor
Surge drum
Wet natural
gas
Pump
HT HX
LT HX
Cooler
Rich TEG
Glycol/condensate
separator
Filter
Upstream precautions:
Downstream effects:
No free water
Dust particles
No condensate
Minimise glycol
Silica gel
Molecular sieve
Regeneration gas
Dry gas
Temperature increase
Combination
Acid gas
Most natural gas contains acid gas
CO2
H2S and other sulfur compounds (COS, CS2, and RSHs)
Why remove acid gas:
Corrosion induced by acid gas (+ free water)
Freezing of acid gas in process equipment
Sales specifications
Toxicity and reactivity (H2S)
Typical specification for sweetened gas:
CO2 in pipeline gas: < 2-2.5 mol%
CO2 in gas for LNG-production: < 50 ppmv CO2
H2S: a few ppmv
Downstream effects:
Water
Minimise glycols
Dust particles
Minimise amines
Minimise particles
Mercury
Mercury is liquid at standard conditions for temperature
and pressure (20C, 1 atm)
Mercury occurs naturally in the gas
Mercury concentration vary from one gas field to another,
and also through one fields lifetime [1].
High mercury concentrations (several hundreds g/Nm)
have been reported for gas from North Germany, Algeria
and Indonesia [2].
Source: Wikipedia.com
1) M. A. El Ela, I. Mahgoub, M. Nabawi and M. A. Aziem, Egyptian gas plant employs absorbents for Hg removal, Oil and Gas Journal, 104, December (2006)
2) S. M. Wilhelm, The effect of elemental mercury on engineering materials used in ammonia plants, Process Safety Progress, 10, 189-193 (1991)
Location
Algeria (wellhead)
Algeria (pipeline entrance)
Algeria (Skikda plant inlet)
Groningen (wellhead)
Groningen (to pipeline)
North Germany (wellhead)
North Germany (wellhead)
South America
Far East (Pakistan)
Far East
Far East
Africa (Angola)
Middle East (Iran)
Eastern U.S. Pipeline
Midwestern U.S. Pipeline
North America
Sumatra, Indonesia
Mercury removal
Mercury compounds are highly toxic
Mercury must be removed from the gas to avoid corrosion
of aluminium equipment
Mercury corrosion mechanism:
Formation of an aluminium-mercury amalgam
Selective corrosion (oxidation) of aluminium in the
amalgam in the presence of water [3]
Mercury removal process:
Adsorption on solids
3) J. B. Bessone, The activation of aluminium by mercury ions in non-aggressive media, Corrosion Science, 48, 4243-4256 (2006).
Downstream effects:
H2S needed
HgS
Water
Minimise glycols
Dust particles
Minimise amines
Minimise particles
Combustion properties
Heating values
Wobbe index
Combustion characteristics
Relationship known as
saturation pressure (Psat) curve
16
Propane
14
Psat
12
Pressure, bar
Liquid
10
8
Vapour
6
4
2
0
-40
-20
20
o
Temperature, C
40
60
C
50
Pressure [bara]
40
Liquid
30
V+L
20
Bubble
point line
10
Vapor
Dew point
line
E
0
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
Temperature [C]
20
40
60
80
Cricondenbar
Liquid
Critical point
Cricondenbar
Cricondentherm
Cricondentherm
Vapor + liquid
Gas
a
2
b
No liquid formation
Platform processes
Preparing for transport
Onshore processes
Preparing for sale
Extracting high value components
Receiving terminals
Classification: Internal
Specification
210
112
60
-10
105
40
-18
2
2
2
2.5
20
8
sgard Transport: 70 MSm3/d, 830 km
Manipulation of phase envelopes along the Value ChainHC dew point control
Offshore
processing
Onshore
processing
Manual standard
Chandler device
Automatic Ametek
model 241CE II
GC-analysis + EoS
Pressure [bara]
-10
-5
5
10
Temperature [C]
15
20
25
36
Important issues
SRK:
Thermodynamic models
Which EoS: SRK, PR, etc?
PR:
120
analysis be?
110
100
90
80
is not routine
Pressure [bar]
70
60
50
40
GC-analysis up to C9
30
20
10
0
-35
-25
-15
-5
Temperature [C]
15
25
35
Is it important to distinguish
110
90
Pressure [bara]
100
120
80
C7+ components as n-alkanes
70
60
PNA characterisation
50
40
30
20
10
0
-15
-10
-5
10
15
Temperature [C]
20
25
30
35
Onshore processes
Preparing for sale
Extracting high value components
Receiving terminals
Classification: Internal
Combustion properties
Energy content
Energy load
or
WI =
Combustion characteristics
Flame behaviour
GCV
rel
WI =
where:
rel
GCV
rel
= gas
air
WI is a function of COMPOSITION
Blue: Group H
Green: Group L
Red: Group L + H
Orange: Group L + H + E
Gas burner
Combustion characteristics
Flame behaviour
Yellow tipping: Incomplete combustion where
excess hydrocarbons could, but does not
always, result in unacceptable levels of carbon
monoxide. May result in soot deposition and a
continuing deterioration of combustion
Thank you
Gas Quality From Reservoir to Marked
Presenters name: Kjersti O. Christensen and Stathis Skouras
Presenters title: Principal Researchers, Research Centre Trondheim, Norway
kchr@statoil.com, tel: +47 99 48 76 84 / efss@statoil.com, tel: +47 97 69 59 62
www.statoil.com
HC dew
point control
(CO2, H2S)
Inlet
separation
(3-phase flash)
Water dew
point control
Gas treatment
Recompression
Condensate
stabilisation
Rich gas
pipeline
Gas pretreatmet
(conditioning)
Sales gas
Sales gas
compression
pipeline