The British Invasion: When British musicians and British culture

became popular in the United States in the mid-1960s.

Carnaby Street: A shopping street in Westminster, London in the
Soho district. It became known as Swinging London in the
1960s
Folk-rock music: A term used to describe The Byrds music, influenced
by Bob Dylan and The Beatles.
Motown: A record company started in 1959 by Derry Gordy Jr. It was
the most popular music scene of the 1960s, Motowns artists
were among the most popular, establishing a standard of
excellence and sophistication that has never been
surpassed. Often referred to as The Sound Of Young
America, the instantly recognizable and often-imitated
Motown Sound was made possible by the blending of all
types of secular music and its timeless songwriting. Famous
artists include The Marvelettes, Stevie Wonder, Michael
Jackson, Marvin Gaye, and many others.
The Summer of Love: A social phenomenon that occurred during the
summer of 1967, when as many as 100,000 people gathered
in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco. This
was a melting pot of politics, music, drugs, creativity, and
love. It started out as mostly hippies but then spread to the
young adult generation and many ordinary people began to
question their life style during and after this movement.
Haight-Ashbury: A district of San Francisco, believed to be the center
of the hippie culture. It is named for the intersection of
Haight and Ashbury Streets.
The Hippie Movement: Began as a youth movement in the U.S. in
the early 1960s. Many anti-war movements included a lot of
hippies, such as the burning of draft cards. Hippies are often
associated with certain social movements such as harmony
within nature, communal living, artistic experimentation, and
the use of recreational drugs.
The Counterculture: Definition: a way of life and set of attitudes
opposed to or at variance with the prevailing social norm. In
the 1960s this refers to an anti-establishment culture
phenomenon that developed in the U.S. and U.K. originally.

NASA and the Space Race: The Space Race was a 20th-century
competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union
and the U.S. for supremacy in spaceflight capability. NASA is
the U.S. government agency in charge of the civilian space
program and research.
Apollo 1: The first manned mission of the manned Lunar landing
program. It was a planned low Earth orbital test of the Apollo
Command center but never made the target launch date
because a cabin fire during the launch rehearsal killed all
three of the crew members.
Apollo 11: THE FIRST HUMANS LANDED ON THE MOON! Neil
Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin. This also created one of the most
iconic photographs of all time, Neil Armstrong standing on
the moon holding an American Flag.
Civil Rights Movement: Social movements in the U.S. meant to end
racial segregation. Many of these movements were
nonviolent and mostly demonstrated civil disobedience.
Focusing on the 1960s; 1963- The Birmingham Protests,
confrontations between nonviolent protestors and violent
police. March on Washington, 200,000 people marched to
Washington D.C. and when Martin Luther King Jr. gave his I
have a dream speech. 1965- The Alabama Protests which
led President Lyndon B. Johnson to introduce new voting
rights legislation. The Selma to Montgomery March- A march
from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama which ended on
Bloody Sunday. Bloody Sunday- When police blocked the
Selma to Montgomery March and hit nonviolent protestors
with clubs and sprayed them with gas. Voting Rights ActCongress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which
allowed more southern blacks to register to vote.
March on Washington: One of the largest political rallies for human
rights in U.S. history. It was used to promote civil and
economic rights for African Americans. Thousands travelled
to Washington D.C. on August 27th, 1963. In Washington
they heard Martin Luther King Jr.s famous I Have a Dream
speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial. The March was
organized by Civil Rights, Labor, and Religious organizations.
Most of the 250,000 participants were black. The march is
credited with helping pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and
was a precursor to the Selma Voting Rights Movement and
the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Stonewall Riots: June 28th, 1969. Stonewall Inn located in Greenwich

Village in Manhattan. A series of spontaneous, violent
demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ community
against a police raid. This directly related to the gay
liberation movement and the fight for equal rights in modern
day America.
Anti-War Movement: The Anti-War Movement against the Vietnam
War started slowly on college campuses and became large
demonstrations of nonconformism and peace. Many Vietnam
veterans spoke out against the war as well after they
returned home.
The SDS: Students for a Democratic Society, a student activist
movement in the U.S. that was one of the main
representations of the New Left. They mostly protested
against the Vietnam War.
The Cold War: A state of political and military tension after WWII
between the U.S. and NATO vs. The Soviet Union and the
Warsaw Pact. Each side had developed nuclear arsenals that
assured destruction of the other side if war broke out.
Dominance was expressed through proxy wars, psychological
warfare, propaganda campaigns, espionage, sports rivalries,
and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
Bay of Pigs: A failed military invasion of Cuba by the CIA-sponsored
group Brigade 2506 on April 17th, 1961. The intent was to
overthrow the communist governments under Fidel Castro.
The U.S. was defeated in 3 days.
Cuban Missile Crisis: October 16th to 28th, 1962. A confrontation
between the U.S. and the Soviet Union because of Soviet
ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba. It was played on TV and
was the closest The Cold War came to a nuclear war.
The Berlin Wall: A barrier constructed by the German Democratic
Republic from 1961 until 1989. It was created because
Eastern Germany wanted to protect its population from
fascist elements in the west.
The Communist Party: A political party that advocates for the social
and economic values and principles of communism through
government.

The Soviet Union: A single- state on the Eurasian continent existing

between 1922 and 1991 governed by the Communist Party.
Africa: A peak in decolonization in Africa started in 1960. A few of the
countries that became independent throughout the 1960s
were Kenya, Rwanda, and Burundi.
I have a dream...: A speech given by Martin Luther King Jr. on
August 28th, 1963 on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial
during the March on Washington. This speech is considered a
defining moment of the American Civil Rights Movement. In
this speech King Jr. calls for an end to racism in the U.S. and
towards the end of the speech he tells about the dream he
has for America. Saying I have a dream at the beginning of
each statement about our nation and equality for every man.
The Warren Commission: President Lyndon B. Johnsons
commission on the assassination of President Kennedy. It was
established on November 29th, 1963 and was intended to
investigate Kennedys assassination. This commission was
successful and concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald killed
President Kennedy.
The Peace Corps: A volunteer program run by the U.S. government
issued by John F. Kennedy in 1961. Its purpose is to promote
world peace and volunteers would be placed all over the
world (approx. 44 countries) to help.
Feminism: definition- the advocacy of womens rights on the grounds
of political, social, and economic equality to men. In the
1960s the feminist movement was known as Second-Wave
Feminism. This movement focused on sexuality, family, the
workplace, reproductive rights, and official legal inequalities.
They also drew attention to domestic violence and marital
rape.
Sexual Revolution: A social movement that went against the codes
of behavior related to sexuality and relationships. There was
an increased acceptance of sex outside of traditional
heterosexual or monogamous relationships and premarital
sex. Also women started using the pill, public nudity and
homosexuality were accepted and abortion was legalized.
Woodstock: A three day music festival held from August 15th to 18th
in 1969 in Ulster County in Upstate New York. 32 acts
performed outdoors to 400,000 people. Rolling Stone

Magazine listed it as one of the 50 Moments That Changed

the History of Rock and Roll. Some acts that performed were
Santana, Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, The Who, The Band, Sha
Na Na, and Jimi Hendrix.
Op Art and Pop Art: Op art (Optical Art) is a style of art that uses
optical illusions. Op art artists include Bridget Riley, Victor
Vasarely, and Francois Morellet. Pop Art challenges traditions
of fine art by including imagery from popular culture. Pop
Artists include Andy Warhol, James Rosenquist, Claes
Oldenburg, Roy Lichtenstein, Sigmar Polke, and Ed Ruscha.
Psychedelic: definition- relating to or denoting drugs (LSD) that
produce hallucinations and apparent expansion of
consciousness. Psychedelia is a subculture surrounding the
psychedelic experience. Psychedelic era was a time of social,
musical, and artistic change.
LSD: A drug whose effects include altered thinking processes, closed
and open eyed visuals, synesthesia, altered sense of time,
and spiritual experiences. It played a large part in the
counterculture. It is mainly used as a recreational drug and is
non-addictive. However, reactions can include anxiety,
paranoia, and delusions.
The Pill: A contraceptive pill to avoid pregnancy. The pill started being
used more because of the sexual revolution and the
acceptance of premarital sex.
The Underground Press: A network of counterculture
newspapers and magazines. These included the East Village
Other, the Los Angeles Free Press, the Berkeley Barb, The
Paper, Fifth Estate, The San Francisco Oracle, The Rag, and
the Illustrated Paper. It was a merge of counterculture content
with radical politics. Abe Peck, a historian, said it was to
represent the participatory democracy community organizing
and synthesis of politics and culture.
The Six-Days War: A war fought between June 5th and 10th, 1967 by
Israel, Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. Tensions between these states
ran high after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.
Cuyahoga River Fire: An oil slick on the Cuyahoga River caught on
fire near the Republic Steel Mill causing $100,000 worth of
damages to two railroad bridges. This fire gave momentum to

the environmental movement. Randy Newman released a song

called Burn On in 1972, recounting the events of the fire.
Robert F. Kennedy: An American politician; served as senator for
New York from 1965 until 1968. He was a favorite in the 1968
Presidential Campaign. On June 5th, 1968 after addressing his
supporters in California he was shot by Sirhan Sirhan, a 24
year old Palestinian who felt betrayed by Kennedys support for
Israel in the Six Day War the previous year and thats why he
shot him exactly one year later.
Martin Luther King Jr.: An American Baptist minister, Civil Rights
Activist, Humanitarian, and leader in the Civil Rights
Movement. He used nonviolent civil disobedience to advance
the Civil Rights Movement. He received the Nobel Peace Prize
in 1964 for combating racial inequality through nonviolence.
King Jr. was assassinated on April 4th, 1968 in Memphis
Tennessee. James Earl Ray was convicted of killing King Jr.
Vietnam- The United States involvement in a Vietnamese confict
between South Vietnam and the NVA/ The Viet Kong. This
conflict lasted 6 years and caused the deaths of thousands of
American troops. The main reason why American involvement
didn't make a difference was because of their lack of
knowledge and experience with Guerilla warfare and the land.
JFK- President elected in 1960 and assassinated before his term was
over in November of 1963. Youngest president to be elected
serve to date.
Malcolm X- American activist. A member of the Nation of Islam (19521963), he advocated separatism and blackpride. After converti
ng to orthodox Islam, he founded the Organization of AfroAmerican Unity (1964)and was assassinated in Harlem.
Lyndon B. Johnson- Became 36th President after Kennedys
assassination and greenlit the United States invasion of
Vietnam.
Shirley Chisolm- First afro-American to be elected to congress in
1969.
Che Guevara- Marxist revolutionary that opposed the rule of Juan
Pern in Argentina.

Richard Nixon- Johnsons successor as President starting in 1968.

Extracted troops from Vietnam and later had the Watergate
scandal, for which he is most famous for.
Dusty Springfield- English pop singer, most famous for her hit single
Son of a Preacherman
Lulu- An actress and singer/songwriter who made her debut in To Sir
With Love and later The Man with the Golden Gun.
Petula Clark- Singer/songwriter famous for songs such as Colour My
World, Dont Sleep in the Subway, I Couldnt Live Without Your
Love and I Know A Place, among others.
Joan Baez- Musician and Activist, Joan Baez is known for her song
Love is a Four Letter Word, as well as sitting in nonviolent
peace protests to end violence in the east.
Bob Dylan- an American singer-songwriter, artist and writer who is
most famous for his song, Like a Rollin Stone.
Simon & Garfunkel- American Rock Folk Duo most famous for their
hits, Mrs. Robinson, and Bridge over Troubled Water.
Mary Quant- Fashion Designer and Fashion Icon of the 60s. Created
miniskirt and Hot Pants.
Jean Shrimpton- British Model and actress. The face of Swinging
London. Typical Covergirl.
The Beatles- One of the bands that led the British Invasion. The
Original boy band. Most famous for Hey Jude, Here Comes the
Sun and Yellow Submarine. Beatlemania.
Ed Sullivan- One of the most famous talk show host in United States
history. Sullivan was first a radio personell, but later he moved
on to television, specifically the Ed Sullivan Show. He hosted of
the most popular evening talk show for many decades, which
guest starred people like the Beatles, and Elvis.
Christiaan Barnard- A surgeon from South Africa who successfully
made the first human heart transplant.
Wilma Rudolph- Afro-american woman who defeated polo and was
the fastest woman in the world and even won the Olympics for
track.

Charles Manson- A serial killer that gained a cult following of young

women, later convincing them to commit heinous crimes. He
was charged and is still serving time.
Timothy Leary- Advocate for legalizing LSD and other psychedelic
drugs. Conducted studies at Harvard University concerning the
effects of LSD and other drugs.
Alan Shepard- Second Person and first American in make it to space.
John Glenn- Became first American to orbit the earth in 1962. 5th
person in space.
Neal Armstrong- First man on the moon in 1969.
Yuri Gargarin- First human to travel into space.
Allen Ginsberg- Greenwich village icon whose freaky freeform poetry
had a distinct on the peace movements.
Susan Sontag- Peace advocate of the 1960s who travelled to places
of high violence and attempted to help. Also, an advocate for
AIDS awareness.
Gloria Steinem- Activist and advocate for the feminist movement of
the 1960s. Published after black power, womens liberation.
Peter Max- German born American Illustrator during the 60s who was
famous for using psychedelic colors and shapes.
Andy Warhol- American Artist who originated and led the artistic
movement of Pop Art. He is famous for repetitive paintings in
different colors.
The 60s was full of the concept of peace and love because of the
Anti War protests that really made some Americans reevaluate their
lives. Some became vegans in an attempt to stop the killing of
innocent animals. However, during this time, the United States was in
Vietnam and it seemed to really split the country in two: the supporters
and those who did not support the war. Those who did were usually
static and classically militaristic. Those who opposed were considered
free thinkers who were open to anything, including LSD and other
hallucinogenic drugs, sexual freedom, orgies and other things that
seemed so wild in nature that it was not social acceptable until this
time. Vietnam changed the way we know war to be today. It changed

the fighting style and the idea of respectfully defeating an opponent.

Everything was very sneaky, sly and beneath the surface, both literally
and figuratively. Birth Control became popular during this time, and is
still used today. As for the musical theater scene, this was a
renaissance of sorts, filled with wonderful music and shows that were
still familiar with today including Parade, he Loves Me, Fiddler on the
Roof, and, of course, Roar of the Greasepaint, Smell of the Crowd.