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F O R
C O N C E R T
B A N D
FRANK TICHELI
I N S T R U M E N T A T I O N
1 Full Score
1 Bassoon 2
1 Bass Trombone
2 Flute 1
1 Contrabassoon
2 Flute 2
3 Eb Alto Saxophone
2 Bb Tenor Saxophone
4 Tuba
2 Bb Trumpet 1
1 Piano
1 Oboe 1
2 Bb Trumpet 2
1 Timpani
1 Oboe 2
2 Bb Trumpet 3
1 Percussion 1
1 English Horn
2 Bb Trumpet 4
1 Eb Clarinet
1 F Horn 1
3 Bb Clarinet 1
1 F Horn 2
3 Bb Clarinet 2
1 F Horn 3
3 Bb Clarinet 3
1 F Horn 4
3 Bb Clarinet 4
1 Trombone 1
3 Bb Bass Clarinet
1 Trombone 2
1 Bassoon 1
1 Trombone 3
1 Percussion 2
Tambourine, Snare Drum,
Vibraphone, Suspended Cymbals
(sm. and med.), Timbale
1 Percussion 3
Bass Drum, Glockenspiel,
Temple Blocks, 4 Tom-toms,
2 Suspended Cymbals
P R I N T E D O N A RC H I VA L PA P E R
M A N H AT TA N B E AC H M U S I C
1595 East 46th Street Brooklyn, New York 11234 Fax: 718/338-1151
World Wide Web: http://www.ManhattanBeachMusic.com E-mail: mbmband@aol.com Voicemail: 718/338-4137
Program Notes
The Tyger takes its title from William Blakes well known poem of the same name, published
in 1794 as one of the Songs of Experience. The connection of my piece to Blakes poem stems
from my life-long love of Blake and his poetry. I was particularly drawn to Tyger for its dark
energy.
Power, terror, and awe are all symbolized by the tiger in the poems opening stanza:
Tyger! Tyger! burning bright
In the forests of the night,
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?
Like the poem, my piece possesses an unsettling, at times terrifying quality, exploring the
darker side of existence. There is also a striking similarity between a tigers hunting and survival habits and my own works dramatic structure: long periods of quiet suspense are overcome by sudden explosions of violent energy.
The Tyger begins in the lowest register and gradually reveals a dark, driving ostinato. First
appearing in the piano, the ostinato is varied and passed around the ensemble and contributes mightily to the works incessant, predatory quality. The energy never ceases, even during
quiet periods. The tension mounts to reach its apex at the end a violent twelve-tone chord
pounding furiously in repeated-sixteenth notes, the haunting ostinato still sounding below.
For m
139
4067
6873
7494
95102
103112
113136
137146
147155
156199
200-210
211-end
Introduction
Piano ostinato
Transition, modulation: moving 8th-note line
Ostinato a perfect 5th higher
Piano pedal effect in high register
Transition back to original key; moving 8th-note line
Ostinato returns, but with new contour due to octave displacements
Episode; ostinato shortened to ve notes
First climax, ostinato derived.
Quiet section; ostinato removed, but constant 8th-note pulse still present in B.D.
Second climax: four groups set in conict
Coda; 16th-notes take over, building to nal shout of 12-tone chord
Rehearsal Notes
Introduction (mm. 139)
The bass drum and timpani should sound distinct and dry. If necessary, mufe the bass
drum with a cloth. Likewise, the muted trombone triplets should be sound as clear and
distinct as possible, and, to this end, it may be necessary to increase their dynamic to mf.
Piano ostinato (mm. 4067)
The pianist should play the ostinato as cleanly as is possible in this extreme low register.
Over this, short, eeting gestures pass through the ensemble quickly. These gestures should
be played aggressively and with almost machine-like rhythmic accuracy. For example, from
measure 47 to 51, short rhythmic gestures sound in several instruments in rapid succession
glockenspiel, snare drum, xylophone, trumpets, trombone, temple blocksand should be
played with a rhythmic precision that suggests a single person is playing the entire series. In
other words, strive to connect these many short fragments into a longer, more continuous
line of thought.
Transition (mm. 6873)
The ostinato gives way to a free 8th-note line which winds its way upward towards a new
harmonic plain. Above this line, short bursts of 16th-notes are exchanged between the trumpets and trombones.
Ostinato, perfect 5th higher (mm. 7494)
The ostinato returns, now up a perfect 5th and divided among the bassoons, bass trombone
and tuba. As before, brief gestures are passed around the ensemble in rapid-re succession,
and once again, rhythmic accuracy is crucial as a means of connecting these many parts into
a cohesive whole.
Piano pedal effect in high register (mm. 95102)
The ostinato is absent, but a constant 8th-note pulse remains. A single line is shared by high
bell-tone woodwinds, piano, and mallets. In order to enhance this monophonic effect, the
woodwind attacks should be louder than the sustained portions of notes. Castanets, maracas and harmon-muted trumpets add another layer in what is otherwise a monophonic
episode.
Transition (mm. 103112)
Corresponding directly to the earlier transition, this one modulates back to the original
tonal area of the ostinato.
www.FrankTicheli.com
The Official Source for the Music of Frank Ticheli
Gg
THE TYGER
B Trumpet 1
= 160 throughout 8
15
17
814
FRANK TICHELI
22
1521
30
2229
Cbsn./Pno. 8ba
40
31
3139
4142
4448
Piano 8ba
to straight
mute
49
52
61
5260
straight mute
6163
68
65
6566
6869
74
72
7581
83
88
(straight mute)
to harmon mute
8387
94
9293
harmon mute
95
open
9596
103
100
100102
open
103104
108
112
113
117
117119
Copyright 2008 by Manhattan Beach Music/All Rights Reserved. Printed and engraved in the United States of America.
Go to www.Frank Ticheli.com for the latest information on the music of Frank Ticheli
Go to www.ManhattanBeachMusic.com & www.BestMusicSeries.com
to hear composers, see videos, download soundfiles and purchase music
B Trumpet 1
2
120
poco
129
125
131
143
137
137141
147
sempre
156
152
156157
158
159
harmon mute
165
to straight mute
162164
169
solo
straight mute
165167
176
172175
176180
184185
Tuba
straight mute
187
188
195
open
188189
199
B Trumpet 1
192194
195197
200
206
203
fluttertongue
207
211
215
216
poco
219
222
227
230 Marcato
232
THE TYGER
FOR CONCERT BAND
= 160 throughout
FRANK TICHELI
5
1
2
Flutes
(doubling on Piccolo)
3
4
Oboes
1
2
English Horn
E Clarinet
1
2
B Clarinets
3
4
B Bass Clarinet
Bassoons
1
2
Contrabassoon
E Alto Saxophone
B Tenor Saxophone
= 160 throughout
1
2
B Trumpets
3
4
1
2
F Horns
3
4
1
Trombones
2
3
Bass Trombone
Euphonium
Tuba
Piano
(distinct)
Timpani
Percussion
B.D. (horiz.)
3
(distinct)
Copyright 2008 by Manhattan Beach Music/All Rights Reserved. Printed and engraved in the United States of America.
ISBN 1-59913-096-3 (complete set) ISBN 1-59913-097-1 (conductor score)
10
11
12
13
14
B Bass Cl.
Bsn.
Cbsn.
straight mute
3
crisp
straight mute
Tbns.
crisp
Tuba
Timp.
Perc.
15
16
17
18
19
20
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
1
Tbns.
2
Tuba
Piano
8ba
Timp.
Perc.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
1
3
Tbns.
2
3
Tuba
22
8
Piano
8
Timp.
Perc.
30
29
31
32
33
34
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
sub.
1
3
Tbns.
2
3
Euph.
Tuba
30
Piano
8
Note: The
Timp.
non cresc.
Perc.
non cresc.
sub.
3
35
36
37
38
39
1
2
B Cls.
3
4
B Bass Cl.
Bsns.
1
2
Cbsn.
(cresc.)
poco
1
3
Tbns.
2
3
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
(cresc.)
poco
(cresc.)
poco
Piano
8
Timp.
Perc.
40
41
42
43
44
45
1
2
B Cls.
3
4
Cbsn.
1
2
F Hns.
a2
mute
3
4
40
Piano
8
Xylo.
1
Tamb.
Perc.
B.D.
3
(shake)
46
47
48
49
50
Cbsn.
to straight
mutes
1
2
keep harmon
mutes
B Tpts.
3
4
solo
straight mute
Tbn.
Piano
8
Xylo.
1
Snare Drum
(brushes)
Perc.
Glock.
plastic mallet (soft)
3
cresc.
52
51
54
53
55
2
Fls.
3
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
Bsn.
Cbsn.
52
Tbn.
Piano
8
Claves
1
Temple blocks
(medium rubber mallets)
Perc.
Tom-toms
(near rim)
56
Obs.
57
58
59
60
1
2
1
2
B Cls.
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
Tuba
Piano
8
Castanets
1
Tambourine
Perc.
61
62
63
64
1
2
Fls.
3
4
Obs.
1
2
B Cls.
1
2
3
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
61
straight mute
1
2
B Tpts.
harmon mute
3
4
1
F Hns.
2
Piano
Vibraslap
Perc.
67
65
68
66
69
Fls.
to Picc. 1&2
3
4
Obs.
1
2
2
B Cls.
3
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
68
1
2
B Tpts.
to straight mute
3
4
mute
mute out
1
2
F Hns.
mute
mute out
3
4
straight mute
1
Tbns.
straight mute
2
Euph.
Tuba
Piano
cresc.
8
Timp.
Xylo.
1
Perc.
Tamb.
2
cresc.
70
71
72
B Cls.
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
2
B Tpts.
straight mute
3
straight mute
4
Tbns.
straight mute
3
Piano
73
78
74
75
76
77
2
Fls.
(Picc.)
3
(Picc.)
4
Obs.
1
2
E.H.
E Cl.
2
B Cls.
3
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
74
1
2
B Tpts.
3
4
1
2
F Hns.
3
4
mute out
1
2
Tbns.
mute out
3
straight mute
Bass Tbn.
solo
Euph.
Piano
8
Xylo.
1
Perc.
3
(distinct)
9
79
80
81
82
83
1
2
Fls.
(Picc.)
3
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
1
2
B Cls.
3
4
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
83
B Tpt.
solo
1
Tbns.
2
Bass Tbn.
solo
Euph.
Tuba
8
8
Piano
snare (brushes)
2
Perc.
10
l.v.
84
85
86
(Picc.)
Fls.
3
(Picc.)
4
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
1
2
B Cls.
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
Tbns.
1
2
Tuba
Piano
2
Perc.
11
87
88
89
90
91
Fls.
3
4
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
E Cl.
2
B Cls.
3
B Bass Cl.
poco
1
poco
Bsns.
2
poco
Cbsn.
poco
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
88
(straight mute)
to harmon mute
1
B Tpts.
(straight
mute)
to harmon mute
3
4
1
2
F Hns.
3
4
1
2
Tbns.
3
(straight mute)
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
Timp.
Xylo.
1
Tamb.
Perc.
Temple Blocks
3
12
93
92
94
95
2
Fls.
(Picc.)
3
(Picc.)
4
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
E Cl.
2
B Cls.
3
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
95
1
3
F Hns.
2
4
Tbns.
1
2
mute out
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
Piano
Vibraslap
1
13
96
97
98
99
(Picc.)
Fls.
3
(Picc.)
4
Ob.
1
B Cls.
2
harmon mute
open
1
2
B Tpts.
harmon mute
open
3
4
Piano
Castanets
Maracas
Perc.
14
100
102
101
103
104
105
(Picc.)
Fls.
3
(Picc.)
4
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
B Cls.
3
4
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
103
open
1
2
B Tpts.
open
3
4
1
2
F Hns.
3
4
Tbns.
open
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
Piano
2
Perc.
3
15
(Picc.)
106
(To Fl.)
107
108
3
4
Fls.
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
E Cl.
1
2
B Cls.
3
4
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
2
B Tpts.
3
1
2
F Hns.
3
4
1
Tbns.
2
Euph.
Tuba
Xylo.
Perc.
16
109
110
111
113
112
114
2
B Tpts.
3
2
F Hns.
3
Tbns.
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
Piano
Timp.
l.v.
2
Perc.
B.D.
3
17
115
116
117
118
119
120
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
117
1
B Tpts.
3
4
poco
F Hns.
3
poco
Tbns.
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
Piano
sub.
Timp.
18
121
122
123
124
125
126
Fls.
(Flutes) a 2
3
4
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
125
1
2
poco
B Tpts.
3
4
poco
1
3
poco
F Hns.
2
4
1
Tbns.
2
Piano
Timp.
Xylo.
Perc.
19
127
128
129
130
Fls.
3
4
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
129
1
2
B Tpts.
3
4
1
3
F Hns.
a2
2
4
Tbns.
Piano
Timp.
Perc.
20
131
132
137
133
134
135
136
138
Fls.
to Piccs.
3
4
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
E Cl.
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
137
1
2
B Tpts.
3
4
1
3
F Hns.
2
4
1
Tbns.
2
3
Tuba
Piano
Vibes
hard rubber mallets
Perc.
2
21
143
139
140
141
144
142
Fls.
a2 (Picc.)
3
4
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
E Cl.
2
B Cls.
3
B Bass Cl.
cresc.
1
cresc.
Bsns.
2
cresc.
Cbsn.
cresc.
E Alto Sax.
cresc.
B Ten Sax.
cresc.
143
1
2
B Tpts.
3
1
3
F Hns.
2
4
poco
Tbns.
2
cresc.
Bass Tbn.
cresc.
Euph.
cresc.
Tuba
cresc.
Piano
cresc.
Timp.
cresc.
22
cresc.
145
146
147
148
Fls.
(Picc.)
3
4
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
E Cl.
2
B Cls.
3
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
147
1
2
B Tpts.
3
4
1
3
F Hns.
2
4
Tbns.
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
Piano
Timp.
Woodblocks
Temple Blocks
1
Perc.
3
23
149
150
152
151
153
1
2
Fls.
Obs.
(Picc.)
3
4
1
2
E.H.
E Cl.
2
B Cls.
3
8
E Alto Sax.
sempre
2
sempre
B Tpts.
3
sempre
4
sempre
1
3
sempre
F Hns.
2
4
sempre
1
sempre
Tbns.
2
3
sempre
Bass Tbn.
sempre
Euph.
sempre
Tuba
sempre
Piano
154
sempre
Timp.
24
156
155
157
158
159
1
2
(Picc.)
Fls.
3
4
Obs.
1
2
E.H.
E Cl.
2
B Cls.
3
B Bass Cl.
a2
Bsns.
1
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
156
159
2
B Tpts.
3
1
3
F Hns.
2
4
1
Tbns.
2
3
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
Piano
Timp.
Susp. Cym.
1
Snare Drum
Perc.
rim shot
2
Bass Drum (muffled with cloth)
3
(very distinct)
25
161
harmon mute
160
to straight mute
162
163
164
harmon mute
to straight mute
2
harmon mute
B Tpts.
to straight mute
harmon mute
to straight mute
harmon mute
to straight mute
1
harmon mute
to straight mute
Tbns.
mute out
to straight mute
harmon mute
3
Susp. Cym.
sticks
(on dome)
crisp
(on dome)
crisp
3
165
166
167
168
Fls.
(Picc.)
3
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
E Cl.
2
B Cls.
3
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
Claves
1
Perc.
3
26
169
170
171
172
1
Fls.
Ob.
B Cl.
solo
straight mute
169
B Tpt.
mute
1
F Hns.
straight mute
Tbn.
distinct
Timp.
Triangle
1
Perc.
B.D.
3
173
174
175
176
177
178
1
Fls.
B Cls.
3
4
B Bass Cl.
Bsn.
Castanets
1
Susp. Cym.
triangle beaters on dome
Perc.
Susp. Cym.
yarn beater
27
181
179
182
straight mute
180
183
straight mute
2
B Tpts.
straight mute
3
straight mute
4
mute
1
F Hns.
mute
2
straight mute
mute out
straight mute
mute out
1
Tbns.
2
mute
mute out
Euph.
mute
Tuba
Timp.
Perc.
188
184
Fl.
Ob.
185
186
187
E.H.
B Cl.
B Bass Cl.
Bsn.
E Alto Sax.
straight mute
mute out
Bass Tbn.
mute out
Tuba
Susp. Cym.
sticks
edge
Susp. Cym.
triangle beater
dome
1
Snare Drum
on rim
Perc.
28
Triangle
189
190
191
192
193
194
1
Fls.
(Picc.)
3
Ob.
E.H.
flutter
flutter
2
B Cls.
flutter
3
flutter
3
flutter
B Bass Cl.
Bsn.
E Alto Sax.
straight mute
open
straight mute
open
mute
open
mute
open
mute
open
straight mute
open
B Tpts.
1
F Hns.
2
Tuba
8
l.v.
Piano
Small Woodblock
hard rubber mallet
1
Susp. Cym.
yarn mallet
Perc.
29
199
195
196
197
198
Fls.
(Picc.)
3
(Picc.)
4
Obs.
1
2
E.H.
E Cl.
1
2
B Cls.
3
4
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
195
1
2
B Tpts.
3
1
2
F Hns.
3
4
open
1
Tbns.
open
2
3
open
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
solo
Timp.
both Woodblocks
1
Perc.
non cresc.
3
non cresc.
30
200
201
202
1
2
Fls.
(Piccs.)
3
4
1
Obs.
2
E.H.
1
2
B Cls.
3
4
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
200
1
2
B Tpts.
3
2
F Hns.
3
Timp.
31
203
204
206
205
207
Fls.
(Picc.)
3
4
Obs.
1
2
E.H.
E Cl.
1
2
B Cls.
3
4
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
206
1
2
B Tpts.
3
2
F Hns.
3
a2
1
2
Tbns.
3
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
Piano
Timp.
32
210
208
211
209
1
2
3
Fls.
(Picc.)
3
4
Obs.
1
2
E.H.
E Cl.
3
1
2
3
B Cls.
3
4
3
B Bass Cl.
Bsns.
1
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
fluttertongue
211
fluttertongue
2
B Tpts.
fluttertongue
3
fluttertongue
4
fluttertongue
1
2
F Hns.
fluttertongue
3
4
Tbns.
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
Piano
Timp.
(distinct)
B.D.
Perc.
33
212
216
213
214
215
1
2
Fls.
(Picc.)
3
Obs.
1
2
B Bass Cl.
cresc.
poco
poco
cresc.
poco
poco
cresc.
poco
poco
cresc.
poco
poco
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
216
1
B Tpts.
Tbns.
Bass Tbn.
cresc.
poco
poco
cresc.
poco
poco
cresc.
poco
poco
Euph.
Tuba
Piano
Timp.
34
219
217
218
220
1
2
Fls.
(Picc.)
3
4
Obs.
1
2
E Cl.
B Cls.
1
2
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
poco
2
poco
B Tpts.
3
poco
4
poco
1
2
F Hns.
3
4
poco
Tbns.
poco
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
poco
Tuba
poco
Perc.
35
221
222
a2
223
224
1
2
Fls.
a2
(Picc.)
3
4
Obs.
1
2
E Cl.
B Cls.
1
2
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
222
1
2
B Tpts.
3
2
F Hns.
3
Tbns.
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
Piano
Timp.
Timb.
Perc.
Susp. Cym.
3
36
225
226
227
228
229
Fls.
(Piccs.)
3
4
Obs.
1
2
E.H.
E Cl.
1
2
B Cls.
3
4
B Bass Cl.
1
Bsns.
2
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
B Ten Sax.
2
B Tpts.
3
1
F Hns.
2
1
Tbns.
2
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
Tuba
Piano
Timp.
Susp. Cym.
(yarn)
Perc.
37
230 Marcato
233
231
232
1
3
Fls.
(Picc.)
3
4
3
Obs.
1
2
3
3
E.H.
3
3
E Cl.
3
3
3
1
2
3
3
3
B Cls.
3
4
3
3
B Bass Cl.
3
1
3
Bsns.
2
3
Cbsn.
E Alto Sax.
3
B Ten Sax.
3
230 Marcato
1
3
2
B Tpts.
3
3
4
3
3
3
1
2
3
F Hns.
3
4
1
2
Tbns.
3
3
Bass Tbn.
Euph.
3
Tuba
Piano
8ba
Timp.
Xylo.
1
l.v.
Perc.
Snare. Dr.
Tom-tom
3
38
234
F R A N K
W O R K S
T I C H E L I
F O R
C O N C E R T
B A N D
Frank Tichelis works for concert band are published exclusively by Manhattan Beach Music
This work is a separate publication of the third song from Simple Gifts: Four Shaker Songs
Symphony No. 2 (21 minutes; mvts. 1 & 2 are grade 6, mvt. 3 is grade 5)
Movement 1, Shooting Stars, Movement 2, Dreams Under a New Moon,and Movement 3, Apollo Unleashed may be separately performed
learn more at
www.FrankTicheli.com
Acidic paper has been in widespread use since the turn of the century, and has
become the bane of archivists, librarians, and others who seek to preserve knowledge
intact, because it literally will self-destruct as it ages. Some paper, only three or four
decades old, already has become impossible to handle so brittle it crumbles to the
touch. Surely we do not want todays music to be unavailable to those who will inhabit
the future. If the music of the Renaissance had not been written on vellum it could
never have been preserved and we would not have it today, some four hundred years
later. Let us give the same consideration to the musicians in our future.
It was with this thinking that Manhattan Beach Music in 1988 rst addressed the
needs of the archivist by printing all of its concert band music on acid-free paper
that met the standards specied in the American National Standard for Information
Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials (ANSI Z39.48-1984).
The standard was revised on October 26, 1992 to include coated papers; all of
our new editions and reprints of older editions meet this revised standard. With
proper care and under proper environmental conditions, this paper should last for
at least several hundred years.
Technical notes: Paper permanence is related to several factors: The acidity or alkalinity (pH)
of the paper is perhaps the most critical criterion. Archival paper (also known as acid-free paper,
alkaline paper, and permanent paper) is acid-free, has a pH between 7.5 and 10, is tear resistant,
has an alkaline reserve equivalent to 2% calcium carbonate (to neutralize any acid that might arise
from natural aging of the paper or from environmental pollution), and contains no unbleached
pulp or groundwood (no more than 1% lignin by weight). The specic standards summarized here
are set forth in detail by the National Information Standards Organization in American National
Standard Z39.48-1992. For more information, contact: NISO, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300,
Bethesda, MD 20814, http://www.niso.org/