EE 0308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 4
SEQUENCE NETWORKS AND
UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ANALYSIS

SEQUENCE NETWORKS AND

UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ANALYSIS
1 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND SEQUENCE NETWORKS
2 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS AT THE GENERATOR TERMINALS
3 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS
4 CONSTRUCTION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRICES OF SEQUENCE

NETWORK
5 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ANALYSIS

1 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND SEQUENCE NETWORKS

When a symmetrical three phase fault occurs in a three phase system, the
power system remains in the balanced condition. Hence single phase
representation can be used to solve symmetrical three phase fault analysis.
But various types of unsymmetrical faults can occur on power systems. In
such cases, unbalanced currents flow in the system and this in turn makes
the bus voltages unbalanced. Now the power system is in unbalanced
condition and single phase representation can not be used.
Three phase unbalanced currents and voltages can be conveniently
handled by Symmetrical Components. Therefore unsymmetrical faults are
analyzed using symmetrical components. Some of the important aspects of
symmetrical components are presented in brief.

Sequence voltages and currents

According to symmetrical components method, a three phase unbalanced
system of voltages or currents may be represented by three separate system
of balanced voltages or currents known as zero sequence, positive sequence
and negative sequence as shown in Fig. 1

Ia
I

Ic

I (0)
b

I (0)
c

Ib

I (2)
a

I (1)
a

I (1)
c

(0)
a

+
I

(1)
b

I (2)
b
I (2)
c

Fig. 1

Defining operator a as
a = 1 120 0

(1)

it is to be noted that
a 2 1240 0 ;

a 3 1360 0 1

Also a = - 0.5 + j 0.866 ;

Hence 1 a a 2 0

a 2 0.5 j 0.866

(2)
(3)
(4)

Ia
I

I (0)
a
Ic

I (0)
b
I (0)
c

Ib

I (2)
a

I (1)
a

(1)
c

(1)
b

I (2)
b
I (2)
c

Further referring Fig. 1

2 (1)
I (1)
b a Ia
(1)
I (1)
c a Ia

(5)

(2)
I (2)
b a Ia
2 (2)
I (2)
c a Ia

Therefore
(1)
(2)
I a I (0)
a Ia Ia
(1)
(0)
2 (1)
(2)
I b I (0)
I (2)
b Ib
b Ia a Ia a Ia
(1)
(0)
(1)
2 (2)
I c I (0)
I (2)
c Ic
c Ia a Ia a Ia

Thus
I a I (0)
a

I (1)
a

I (2)
a

2
(1)
(2)
I b I (0)
a a Ia a Ia
(1)
2 (2)
I c I (0)
a a Ia a Ia

(6)
6

1 1
I a
i.e. I b = 1 a 2
1 a
I c

I (0)

a
(1)
I a
I (2)

1
a
a 2

i.e. I a , b , c A I 0 , 1 , 2

(7)

i.e. I 0 , 1 , 2 A 1 I a , b , c

(8)

The inverse form of the above is

I (0)

a
1
(1)
I
=
a
3
I (2)

1 1
1 a

1 a 2

1
a 2
a

I a
I
b
I c

Similarly, corresponding to voltage phasors

Va , b , c A V0 , 1 , 2

and

(9)

V0 , 1 , 2 A 1 Va , b , c

(10)

Matrix A is known as symmetrical component transformation matrix. Similar

expressions can be written for line to line voltages and phase currents also.
7

Sequence impedances and sequence networks

The impedance of any three phase element is of the form

z aa z ab z ac
z a,b,c = z ba z bb z bc
z ca z cb z cc
Then
v a,b,c z a,b,c i a,b,c

(11)

i.e. A v 0,1,2 z a,b,c A i 0,1,2

v 0,1,2 A 1 z a,b,c A i 0,1,2

v 0.1,2 z 0,1,2 i 0,1,2

where

z 0,1,2

A 1 z a,b,c A

Thus for any three phase element having the impedance z a,b,c the corresponding
sequence impedance z 0,1,2 can be obtained from
z 0,1,2 = A 1 z a,b,c A

(12)
8

For power system components, sequence impedance z 0,1,2 will be decoupled as

z 0,1,2

z (0)

= 0
0

0
z (1)
0

0
z (2)

(13)

For static loads and transformers z (0) z (1) z (2) .

For transmission lines z (1) z (2) and z (0) > z (1) .
For rotating machines z (0) , z (1) and z (2) will have different values.
The single phase equivalent circuit composed of sequence voltages, sequence
currents and impedance to current of any one sequence is called the sequence
network for that particular sequence. The sequence network includes any
generated emf of like sequence.
Consider a star connected generator with its neutral grounded through an
impedance Z n as shown in Fig. 2. Assume that the generator is designed to
generate balanced voltage.
9

a
+
Ea n

Zn
In

Ia

Ec n
+

Eb n

Ib
b

Ic
Fig. 2
Let E an be its generated voltage in phase a . Then
E a
1
E = a 2 E
an
b

E c
a

Ec

Ea
This gives

Eb

10

E (0)

1 1
a
1
(1)
=
E
a
1 a
3
2
E (2)

1
a
a

1
a 2
a

1
0
a 2 E = E
an
an
a
0

(14)

This shows that there is no zero sequence and negative sequence generated voltages.
The sequence networks of the generator are shown in Fig. 3.
I a( 1 )

I a( 1 )

Z1

Zn

I n 0 Ec n

Ea n

Z1

Z1
+

Eb n

Z1
I

(1)
b

b
I (c1 )

c
Note that In = 0

Ea n

Va( 1 )

+
__
Reference bus ( Neutral )

Positive sequence network

11

Zn

I a( 2 )

I a( 2 )

Z2
Z2

In 0

Z2
Z2

Va( 2 )

I b( 2 )

b
Reference bus ( Neutral )

I c( 2 )

Negative sequence network

Note that In = 0
a

Zg0

Zn
In 3I

I a( 0 )

(0)
a

I a( 0 )
Zg0

n
Zg0
I b( 0 )

Zg0

Z0

Va( 0 )

3 Zn

I c( 0 )
Note that In = 3 Ia(0)

Fig. 3

Reference bus ( Ground )

Zero sequence network

12

Z 1 and Z 2 are the positive sequence and negative sequence impedance of the
generator. Z g 0 is the zero sequence impedance of the generator. Total zero sequence
impedance Z 0 = Z g 0 + 3 Z n .
Sequence components of the terminal voltage are

Va( 0 )

Z 0 I (a0 )

Va( 1 ) E a n Z 1 I (a1 )
Va( 2 )

(15)

Z 2 I (a2 )

As far as zero sequence currents are concerned, the three phase system behaves as
a single phase system. This is because of the fact that at any point the zero
sequence currents are same in magnitude and phase. Therefore, zero sequence
currents will flow only if a return path exists.

13

The connection diagram and the zero sequence equivalent circuit for star
connected load is shown in Fig. 4.

3 Zn
Z

Zn
Reference

Fig. 4
The connection diagram and the zero sequence circuit for delta connected
load is shown in Fig. 5.
Z
Z

Z
Z
Reference

Fig. 5

14

Special attention is required while obtaining the zero sequence

network of three phase transformers. The zero sequence network
will be different for various combination of connecting the
windings and also by the manner in which the neutral is
connected.
The zero sequence networks are drawn remembering that no
current flows in the primary of a transformer unless current flows
in the secondary
( neglecting the small magnetizing current ).
Five different cases are considered and the corresponding zero
sequence network are shown in Fig. 6. The arrows in the
connection diagram show the possible path for the flow of zero
sequence current. Absence of arrow indicates that the zero
sequence current can not flow there. Impedance Z 0 accounts for
the leakage impedance Z and the neutral impedances 3 Z N and
3 Z n where applicable.
15

Connection diagrams

Zero sequence equivalent circuit

Q
Z0

Q
ZN

Zn
Reference

Q
Z0

Q
ZN
Reference
16

P
P

Z0

Reference

Z0

Q
ZN
Reference

17

Z0
P

Reference

Fig. 6
Example 1
For the power system shown in Fig. 7, with the data given, draw the zero
sequence, positive sequence and negative sequence networks.

T2

T1

M1

M2
Fig. 7
18

Per unit reactances are:

Generator

X g0 0.05 ; X n 0.32 ; X1 0.2 ; X 2 0.25

Transformer T1

X 0 X1 X 2 0.08

Transformer T2

X 0 X1 X 2 0.09

Transmission line

X 0 0.52; X1 X 2 0.18

Motor 1

X m o 0.06; X n 0.22; X1 X 2 0.27

Motor 2

X m o 0.12; X1 X 2 0.55

19

T2

T1

M1

M2

Positive sequence network

j0.08

j0.18

j0.09

j0.2

j0.55

j0.27
Eg

Em1

+
Em 2

Reference

20

T2

T1

M1

M2
Negative sequence network
j0.08

j0.18

j0.09

j0.25
j0.27

j0.55

Reference

21

T2

T1

M1

M2

Zero sequence network

j0.08

j0.52

j0.09

j0.05
j0.06

j0.12

j0.66

j0.96

Reference

22

2 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS AT GENERATOR TERMINALS

Single line to ground fault ( LG fault ), Line to line fault ( LL fault ) and Double
line to ground ( LLG fault ) are unsymmetrical faults that may occur at any
point in a power system. To understand the unsymmetrical fault analysis, let us
first consider these faults at the terminals of unloaded generator. This treatment
can be extended to unsymmetrical fault analysis when the fault occurs at any
point in a power system.
Consider a three phase unloaded generator generating balanced three phase
voltage. The sequence components of the terminal voltages are

Va(1) E a n I (1)
a Z1

(16)

Va(2) I (2)
a Z2

(17)

Va(0) I (0)
a Z0

(18)

23

Va(1) E a n I (1)
a Z1

(16)

Va(2) I (2)
a Z2

(17)

Va(0) I (0)
a Z0

(18)

The above three equations apply regardless of the type of fault occurring at the
terminals of the generator.
For each type of fault there will be three relations in terms of phase components
of currents and voltages. Using these, three relations in terms of sequence
components of currents and voltages can be obtained. These three relations and
the eqns. (16), (17) and (18) are used to solve for the sequence currents
(1)
(2)
and sequence voltages
I (0)
Va(0) , Va(1) , Va(2) . Sequence components
a , Ia , Ia
relationship will enable to interconnect the sequence networks to represent the
particular fault.

24

Single line to ground fault ( LG fault )

The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 9.

Ia
a

Zf

Zn

_E a n
Ec n

+
+

Eb n

Ib
b

Fig. 9

Ic

25

The fault conditions are

Ib 0
Ic 0
Va Z f I a

(19)
(20)
(21)

I (0)
a 1/3 ( I a I b I c ) I a /3
2
I (1)
a 1/3 (I a a I b a I c ) I a /3

2
I (2)
a 1/3 ( I a a I b a I c ) I a /3
(1)
(2)
Thus I (0)
a Ia Ia

(22)

Further from eqn. (21)

(1)
(2)
(1)
Va(0) Va(1) Va(2) Z f ( I (0)
a I a I a ) 3 Zf I a

(23)

Using eqns. (16) to (18) in the above

(1)
(2)
(1)
I (0)
i.e.
a Z 0 Ea n I a Z1 I a Z 2 3 Z f I a
(1)
(1)
(1)
I (1)
i.e.
a Z 0 Ea n I a Z1 I a Z 2 3 Z f I a

I (1)
a

Ea n
Z1 Z 2 Z 0 3 Z f

(24)

26

(1)
a

Ea n

(24)

Z1 Z 2 Z 0 3 Z f

Then the sequence networks are to be connected as shown in Fig. 10.

Z1
+
Va(1)
_

I (1)
a

+
Ea n
_

Z2
I

(2)
a

(0)
a

+
Va(2)
_

3 Zf

Z0
+
Va(0)
_

Fig. 10
27

Line to line fault

The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 11

Ia
a
+

Zn

Ea n

_
Eb n

Ib

Ec n

Ic

Zf

Fig. 11
The fault conditions are
Ia 0
Ib Ic 0
Vb Z f I b Vc

(25)
(26)
28
(27)

Ia 0
Ib Ic 0
Vb Z f I b Vc

(25)
(26)
(27)

Then I (0)
a 1/3 ( I a I b I c ) 0

(28)

2
2
I (1)
a 1/3 (I a a I b a I c ) I b /3 ( a a )

2
2
I (2)
a 1/3 ( I a a I b a I c ) I b /3 ( a a )

I (0)
Va(0) = - Z0 I (0)
a = 0 ,
a = 0

Since
(1)
Further
I (2)
a Ia
From eqn. (27)

(29)
(30)

(2)
(0)
Va(0) a 2 Va(1) a Va(2) Z f ( a 2 I (1)
a Va(1) a 2 Va(2)
a a I a ) Va
2
(2)
( a 2 a ) Va(1) Z f ( a 2 a ) I (1)
a ( a a) Va
(2)
Thus Va(1) Z f I (1)
a Va

(31)

(1)
(2)
(1)
From the above eqn. Ea n Z1 I (1)
a Zf I a Z 2 I a Z 2 I a

Ea n ( Z1 Z 2 Z f ) I (1)
a

i.e.

Therefore

I (1)
a

Ea n
Z1 Z 2 Z f

(32) 29

Therefore

I (1)
a

Ea n

(32)

Z1 Z 2 Z f

(1)
I (2)
a = - Ia

and I (0)
a = 0;

Va(0) = 0

Sequence networks are to be connected as shown in Fig. 12.

Zf
Z1
+
Ea n

Z2
I (1)
a

Z0
I (2)
a

Va(1)

Va(2)

I (0)
a
Va

(0)

=0

Fig. 12
30

Double line to ground fault

The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 13.
a

Ia
+
E
_ an
Eb n

Zn

Ib

Ec n

Ic

Zf
Fig. 13
The fault conditions are

Ia 0 ;

Vb Z f ( I b I c ) and

Vc Z f ( I b I c )

(33)
31

The fault conditions are

Ia 0 ;

Vb Z f ( I b I c ) and

Vc Z f ( I b I c )

(33)

(0)
Because of I (0)
,

1/3
(
I

I
)
I

3
I
a
a
b
c
b
c
a

Therefore
Vb 3 Z f I (0)
a

(34)

Vc 3 Z f I (0)
a

(35)

Va(1) 1/3 ( Va a Vb a 2 Vc ) 1/3 [ Va ( a a 2 ) Vb ]

Va(2) 1/3 ( Va a 2 Vb a Vc ) 1/3 [ Va ( a 2 a ) Vb ]

Therefore

Va(1) Va(2)

(36)

32

Further Va(0) 1/3 ( Va Vb Vc ) i.e.

(0)
i.e. 2 Va(0) 2 Va(1) 6 Z f I (0)
3 Va(0) Va(0) Va(1) Va(2) 3 Z f I (0)
a 3 Zf I a
a
(0)
(0)
i.e. Va(1) Va(0) 3 Z f I (0)
Z 0 I (0)
a
a 3 Zf I a ( Z0 3 Zf ) I a

i.e.

Va(1) ( Z 0 3 Z f ) I (0)
a

(37)

(1)
(2)
From eqn. (33) I (0)
i.e.
a Ia Ia 0

Va(1)
Va(2)
(1)

Ia
0
Z 0 3Z f
Z2

i.e.

Va(1)
Va(1)
(1)

Ia
0
Z 0 3Z f
Z2

Z 2 Z 0 3Z f
1
1

) Va(1)
Z 0 3Z f Z 2
Z 2 ( Z 0 3Z f )
Z 2 ( Z 0 3 Z f ) (1)

Ia
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
Z 2 ( Z 0 3 Z f ) (1)
I (1)
Z

Ia
a
1
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
Ea n

Z ( Z0 3 Zf )
Z1 2
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf

Therefore I (1)
Va(1) (
a
i.e.

Va(1)

i.e.

Ea n

Thus

I (1)
a

(38)

(39)
33

Thus

(1)
a

Ea n

Z ( Z0 3 Zf )
Z1 2
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf

From eqn. (38)

Va(1) Va(2) Z 2 I (2)

a

(39)

Z 2 ( Z 0 3 Z f ) (1)
Ia
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf

Z0 3 Zf
(40)
Z2 Z0 3 Zf
Again substituting eqn. (37) in eqn. (38)
Z 2 ( Z 0 3 Z f ) (1)
Z2
(0)
(1)

I
I

I
Thus
(41)
( Z 0 3 Z f ) I (0)
a
a
a
a
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf
For this fault, the sequence networks are to be connected as shown in Fig. 14.
(1)
I (2)
a Ia

Therefore

Z2

Z1
Ea n

+
_

I (1)
a

Va(1)

Z0
I (2)
a

(2)
a

I (0)
a

Va(0)

3 Zf
Fig. 14

34

3 SUMMARY OF UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS AT THE GENERATOR

TERMINALS
For any unsymmetrical fault
Va(1) = E a - Z 1 I (1)
a

I a = I (0)
a +

+
I (1)
a

I (2)
a

Va(2) = - Z 2 I (2)
a

2 (1)
+ a I (2)
I b = I (0)
a + a Ia
a

Va(0) = - Z 0 I (0)
a

+ a I (1)
+ a 2 I (2)
I c = I (0)
a
a
a

Single line to ground fault

Z1

Ia

I (1)
a

+
Va(1)
_

Ea n

Ib

Zf

Z2
Ic

Fault conditions are:

Ib = 0
Ic = 0
Va = Z f I a

(2)
a

Z0

I (0)
a

+
Va(2)
_

3 Zf

+
Va(0)
_
35

(1)
a

Ea n
Z1 Z 2 Z0 3 Zf

Corresponding phase components are

(1)
I (2)

I
a
a ;

(1)
I (0)

I
a
a

I a , I b and I c

(1)
I

3
I
Fault current f
a
a

Va(1) = E a - Z 1 I (1)
a
Va(2) = - Z 2 I (2)
a
Va(0) = - Z 0 I (0)
a

Corresponding phase components are

Va , Vb and Vc

36

Line to line fault

Fault conditions are:

Ia

Ia = 0
Ib

Ic = - Ib

Zf
Vb - Z f I b = Vc
Ic

Zf
Z1
Ea n

Z2
I

(1)
a

Z0

I (2)
a
Va(1)

I (0)
a

Va(2)

37

(1)
a

Ea n
Z1 Z2 Zf

(1)
I (2)

I
a
a ;

I (o)
a 0

Corresponding phase components are I a , I b and I c

Fault current
(0)
(2)
(1)
(1)
2 (1)
2
I f I b I a a I a a I a (a a) I a j 3 I a
Va(1) = E a - Z 1 I (1)
a

Va(2) = - Z 2 I (2)
a
Va(0) = - Z 0 I (0)
a

Corresponding phase components are

Va , Vb and Vc
38

Double line to ground fault

Fault conditions are:
Ia

Ia 0
Ib

Vb ( I b I c ) Z f
Zf
Ic

Z1

Ea n

Vc ( I b I c ) Z f

Z2
I (1)
a

Va(1)

Z0
I (2)
a

(2)
a

I (0)
a

Va(0)

3 Zf

39

(1)
a

(0)
a

Ea n

Z 2 ( Z0 3 Zf )
Z1
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf

(1)
a

Z2
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf

(1)
I (2)

I
a
a

Z 0 3 Zf
Z 2 Z0 3 Zf

(0)
Fault current I f I b I c 3 I a

Corresponding phase components are I a , I b and I c

Va(1) = E a - Z 1 I (1)
a
Va(2) = - Z 2 I (2)
a
Va(0) = - Z 0 I (0)
a

Corresponding phase components are

Va , Vb and Vc
40

Example 2
The reactances of an alternator rated 10 MVA, 6.9 kV are
X 1 = X 2 = 15 % and X g0 = 5 %. The neutral of the alternator is
grounded through a reactance of 0.38 . Single line to ground
fault occurs at the terminals of the alternator. Determine the line
currents, fault current and the terminal voltages.
Solution
= 0.15 p.u.
10
= 0.0798 p.u.
X n = 0.38 x
6.9 2

X1

X2

X 0 = X g0 +3 X n

= 0.05 + 0.2394 = 0.2894 p.u.

(2)
I (1)
a = Ia

= 1.0 / j ( 0.2894 + 0.15 + 0.15 ) = - j 1.6966 p.u.

I (0)
a

Corresponding phase components are

I a = -j 5.0898 p.u.

Ib

Ic

=0

41

10 x 1000

Base current =

3 x 6.9

Line currents are

Fault current,

Ia

If

= 836.7 A

= - j 4258.8 A ;
Ia

Ib

Ic

=0

= - j 4258.8 A

= 1.0 ( j 0.15 ) (- j 1.6966 ) = 1.0 0.2545 = 0.7455 p.u.

Va(2) = - ( j 0.15 ) (- j 1.6966 ) = - 0.2545 p.u.
Va(0) = - ( j 0.2894 ) (- j 1.6966 ) = - 0.491 p.u.
Va(1)

Corresponding phase components are

0
0
Va = 0 ; Vb = 1.1386 130.38 p.u. ; Vc = 1.1386 130.38 p.u.
Multiplying by
Va

= 0;

Vb

6.9
3

= 4.5359 130.38 0 kV ;

Vc

= 4.5359 130.38 0 kV
42

Example 3
The reactances of an alternator rated 10 MVA, 6.9 kV are
X 1 =15 %; X 2 = 20 % and X g0 = 5 %. The neutral of the
alternator is grounded through a reactance of 0.38 . Line to line
fault, with fault impedance j 0.15 p.u. occurs at the terminals of
the alternator. Determine the line currents, fault current and
the terminal voltages.
Solution
X1

= 0.15 p.u. ;

I (1)
a =
I (2)
a

X2

= 0.2 p.u. ;

XF

= 0.15 p.u.

X0

=?

1.0 / j ( 0.15 + 0.2 + 0.15 ) = - j 2 p.u.

=-

I (1)
a

= j 2 p.u.

and

I (0)
a

=0

Corresponding phase components are

Ia = 0 ;

Ib

= - 3.4641 p.u. ;

Ic

= 3.4641 p.u.
43

Base current = 836.7 A

Line currents are

Ia

=0;

Fault current

Ib

= - 2898.4 A

If

Ib

= - 2898.4 A ;

Ic

= 2898.4 A

= 1.0 ( j 0.15 ) (- j 2 ) = 0.7 p.u.

- ( j 0.3 ) ( j 2 )
= 0.4 p.u.
Va(2) =
Va(0) = 0
Corresponding phase components are
Va(1)

Va

= 1.1 ;

Vb

= 0.6083

Multiplying by

6.9
3

154.72 0 p.u. ; Vc = 0.6083 154.72 0 p.u.

Va

= 4.3821 kV

= 2.4233 154.72 0 kV
154.72 0 kV
Vc = 2.4233

Vb

44

Example 4
An unloaded, solidly grounded 10 MVA, 11 kV generator has
positive, negative and zero sequence impedances as j 1.2 ,
j 0.9 and j 0.04 respectively. A double line to ground fault
occurs at the terminals of the generator. Calculate the currents in
the faulted phases and voltage of the healthy phase.
Solution
11 2
Base impedance =
= 12.1 ;
10
Z1

= j 0.09917 p.u. ;
Z2 Z0
Z2 Z0

Z2

= j 0.07438 p.u. ;

Z1

I (1)
a

= 1.0/ j 0.10234 = -j 9.7714 p.u.

Z0

= j 0.00331 p.u.

= j 0.10234 p.u.

(2)
a

0.00331
= j 9.7714
= j 0.4163 p.u.
0.07769

(0)
a

0.07438
= j 9.7714
= j 9.3551 p.u.
0.07769

45

I (1)
a

= 1.0/ j 0.10234 = -j 9.7714 p.u.

(2)
a

0.00331
= j 9.7714
= j 0.4163 p.u.
0.07769

(0)
a

0.07438
= j 9.7714
= j 9.3551 p.u.
0.07769

Corresponding phase components are

Ia

=0;

Ib

= 16.5758 122.16 0 p.u. ;

Base current =

10 x 1000
3 x 11

Va(2)

Va(0)

= 16.5758 57.84 0 p.u.

= 542.86 A

Current in faulted phases are

Va(1)

Ic

Ib

= 8998.3 122.16 0 A

Ic

= 8998.3 57.84 0 A

= - ( j 0.07438 ) ( j 0.4163 ) = 0.03096 p.u.

Voltage of the healthy phase

Va

= 0.09288

11
3

= 0.5899 kV

46

EE 0308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

SURPRISE TEST 1 March 2010
1

Obtain the bus admittance matrix of the transmission system with the
following data.
Line data
Line Between

Off nominal
Line Impedance

HLCA

No.

buses

turns ratio

12

0.08 + j 0.37

j 0.007

---

32

j 0.133

0.909

Shunt capacitor data

Bus No. 3

Admittance j 0.0096

Line No. Between Line admittance

HLCA

Yp q / a

Yp q / a2

-----

----

1-2

0.5583 j 2.582

j 0.007

32

- j 7.5188

----

- j 8.2715 - j 9.0996

Y11 = 0.5583 j 2.582 + j 0.007 = 0.5583 j 2.575

Y22 = 0.5583 j 2.582 - j 7.5188 + j 0.007 = 0.5583 j 10.0938
Y33 = - j 9.0996 + j 0.0096 = - j 9.09
1
1
YBus =

2
3

0.5583 j 2.575
0.5583 j 2.582

0.5583 j 2.582
0

0.5583 j 10.0938 j 8.2716

j 8.2716
j 9.09

2.

In a three bus power system, bus 1 is slack bus and buses 2 and 3 are P-Q
buses. Its bus admittance matrix is

2 j 6 2.7 j 8 0.7 j 2
2

3 1 j 3 0.7 j 2 1.7 j 5

The slack bus voltage is 1.04 0 0 . At bus 2, real power generation is 0.7,
real power load is 0.2, reactive power generation is 0.1 and reactive power
load is 0.3. Taking flat start and using Gauss Seidel method, find the bus
voltage V2 after first iteration.

2.

V1 = 1.04 0 0 ;

V2 = 1.0 0 0 ;

PI2 = 0.7 0.2 = 0.5;

V2(1) =

V3 = 1.0 0 0

QI2 = 0.1 0.3 = - 0.2; PI2 + j QI2 = 0.5 j 0.2

1 PI2 QI 2
[
Y2 1 V1 Y2 3 V3 ]
(0) *
Y22
V2

1
[ (0.5 j 0.2) (2 j 6) (1.04) (0.7 j 2)
2.7 j 8

(0.5 j 0.2) (2.08 6.24) (0.7 j 2)

3.28 j 8.04
=
2.7 j 8
2.7 j 8

= 1.0265 + j 0.0636 = 1.0284 3.54 0

4 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS

In a general power system fault can occur at any bus p. In such case, the fault
analysis discussed in previous section can be extended following one-to-one
correspondence shown below.

Fault at the terminals of the

generator

Fault occurs at bus p in the power

system

Positive sequence pre-fault voltage is E a n

Positive sequence pre-fault voltage is Vf

Positive sequence impedance is Z 1

Thevenins
equivalent
impedance
between the fault point and the
reference bus in the positive sequence
network is Z 1

Negative sequence impedance is Z 2

Thevenins
equivalent
impedance
between the fault point and the
reference
bus
in
the
negative
sequence network is Z 2

Zero sequence impedance is Z 0

Thevenins
equivalent
impedance
between the fault point and the
reference bus in the zero sequence
network is Z 0

51

Note that the Thevenins equivalent circuit of different sequence networks will
be similar to the sequence networks of the generator. Thevenins equivalent
circuit of the sequence networks are interconnected, much similar to the case
of fault occurring at the generator terminals, to represent different types of
faults.
This method is not suitable for large scale power systems as it involves
network reduction in positive, negative and zero sequence networks.

52

5 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS USING Z bus matrix

When an unsymmetrical fault occurs in a power system, three phase network has
to be considered. Any three phase element can be represented as shown in Fig.
15.
q

a
p

a,b,c
pq

b
p

c
q

c
p

b
q

Vqa

Fig. 15
It can be described as
v a,p qb,c z a,p qb,c i a,p qb,c i.e.

v ap q
b
v p q =
v cp q

z ap aq
ba
z p q
z cpaq

z ap bq
z bp bq
z cpbq

z ap cq

z bp cq
z cpcq

(42)

i ap q
b
i p q
i cp q

(43)
53

Voltages at bus p and q can be denoted as

Vpa
Vqa


(44)
Vpa,b,c Vpb ;
Vqa,b,c Vqb
Vpc
Vqc


Considering the impedance of each three phase element as z a,p qb,c , using building
algorithm, the bus impedance matrix of transmission-generator can be obtained
as
1

Z
Z

Z
Z
Z a,busb,c

a,b,c
Z a,N2b,c
N Z N1
The bus impedance matrix

Since

element

1
2

impedance

a,b,c
11
a,b,c
21

of

a,b,c
12
a,b,c
22

any

Z
where Z a,i jb,c i

a,b,c
Z NN
Z a,busb,c will be normally full
a,b,c
1N
a,b,c
2N

in

sequence

Z ai ja
ba
Z i j
Z ci ja

Z ai jb
Z bi jb
Z ci jb

Z ai jc

Z bi jc
Z ci jc

with non-zero entries.

frame, z p0,1,2
q

is

decoupled,

0,1,2
computationally it is advantage to use the matrix Z bus
instead of Z a,busb,c .

54

For two bus system

1
(0)
1 Z 11
(0)
2 Z 21

0
Z bus

2
(0)

Z 12
;
Z (0)
22

Z 1bus

1
(1)
1 Z 11

(1)
2 Z 21

2
(1)

1
Z 12
2
;
Z

bus
Z (1)
2
22

1
2
(2)
(2)
Z 11

Z 12
(2)
(2)
Z 21 Z 22

Then
1

1
0,1,2
Z bus

0
(0)
0 Z 11
1

(1)
Z 11

(1)
Z 12

0 Z (0)
21
1

(2)
Z 11

2
2

0
(0)
Z 12

(2)
Z 12

(45)

Z (0)
22
Z (1)
21

Z (1)
22
Z (2)
21

0
2
, Z1bus and Z bus
Normally Z bus

Z (2)
22
are constructed and stored independently. It is

0,1,2
evident that as compared to Z a,busb,c , construction of Z bus
requires less computer

time and less core storage. For a 100 bus system, Z a,busb,c will be a 300 x 300 full
0,1,2
matrix; whereas for Z bus
, we need 3 numbers of 100 x 100 matrices. Thus only
0,1,2
1/3 rd of the core storage is required for Z bus
as compared to Z a,busb,c . Hence for
0,1,2
unsymmetrical fault analysis, use of Z bus
is more advantages than Z a,busb,c .

55

Further, when unsymmetrical faults occur, the currents

and voltages are unbalanced and using symmetrical
components transformation, we can handle them
conveniently. Therefore, symmetrical components are
invariably used in the study of unsymmetrical fault analysis.
0,1,2
In order to obtain Z bus
, first the three sequence networks

are be drawn as discussed earlier. Considering the zero

sequence, positive sequence and negative sequence networks
separately, using bus impedance building algorithm,
are to be constructed independently . Of course special
attention is necessary while drawing the zero sequence network.

56

Example 5
Consider the system described in Example 1. Obtain the matrices
0
2
.
Z bus
, Z1bus and Z bus
Solution
Required bus impedance matrices can be constructed using bus impedance
building algorithm.
First consider the zero sequence network shown in Fig. 8(a).
1

j0.08

j0.52

j0.05

j0.09

j0.06

j0.12

j0.66

j0.96

Reference
57

Element 0-1 is added:

Element 0 2 is added:

Element 0 3 is added:

0
Z bus
j 1 1.01

0
Z bus
j

0
Z bus
j

1
2

1
2
3

1
2
0
1.01
0
0.08

1
2
3
0
0
1.01
0

0.08
0

0
0
0.09

Element 2 3 is added: With th bus

1
Z

0
bus

2
3

1
2
3
0
0
0
1.01
0

0.08
0
0.08

0
0
0.09 0.09

0.08 0.09 0.69

0
58

0
Eliminating the th bus, Z bus
j

1
2
3

1
2
3
0
0
1.01
0

0.07
0.01

0
0.01 0.08

0
Element 0 4 is added: The final Z bus
is obtained as

1
Z

0
bus

2
3

1
2
3
4
0
0
0
1.01
0

0.07
0.01
0

0
0.01 0.08
0

0
0
0
0.72

Consider the positive sequence network shown in Fig. 8(b)

59

j0.08
1

j0.2
Eg

j0.09

j0.18
2

j0.55

j0.27
Em1

+ +

Em 2

Reference

1 0.2

1
Element 0 1 is added: Z bus
j

1
Element 1 2 is added: Z bus
j

1
Element 2 3 is added: Z bus
j

1
2

1
2
3

1
2
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.28

1
2
3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.2 0.28 0.28

0.2 0.28 0.46

60

1
Element 3 4 is added: Z

1
bus

2
3

4
Element 0 4 is added:

1
1
Z bus

2
3

1
2
3
4
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.2 0.28 0.28 0.28

0.2 0.28 0.46 0.46

0.2
0.28
0.46
0.55

It has an impedance of j0.18. With the th bus

1
2
3
4

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

0.28
0.28
0.28

0.28

0.2
0.28
0.46
0.46 0.46

0.2
0.28
0.46
0.55

0.55

0.2 0.28 0.46 0.55 0.73

Eliminating the th bus, final

1
2
1 0.1452 0.1233
2 0.1233 0.1726
1

Z bus = j
3 0.0740 0.1036

4 0.0493 0.0690

1
is obtained as
Z bus
3
4
0.0740 0.0493
0.1036 0.0690
0.1701 0.1134

0.1134 0.1356

61

Similarly, considering the negative sequence network shown in Fig. 8(c)

1

j0.08

j0.18

j0.09

j0.25
j0.27

j0.55

Reference

0
2
Its bus impedance Z bus
can be obtained as
1
2
3
4
1 0.1699 0.1442 0.0866 0.0577
2 0.1442 0.1904 0.1143 0.0761
2

Z bus = j
3 0.0866 0.1143 0.1765 0.1177

4 0.0577 0.0761 0.1177 0.1384

62

0,1,2
6 UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS USING Z bus
MATRIX

0,1,2
1
For unsymmetrical fault analysis using Z bus
the first step is to construct Z bus
,
2
0
and Z bus
by considering the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero
Z bus
sequence network of the power system. They are

1
2
1
Z bus

p
N

1
(1)
Z 11
(1)
Z 21

(1)
Z p1

(1)
Z N1

2
p
(1)
(1)
Z 12
Z 1p

Z (1)
Z (1)
22
2p

Z (1)
Z (1)

p2
pp

(1)
Z (1)

N2
Np

N
(1)

Z 1N

Z (1)
2N

(1)
Z pN

(1)
Z N N

(46)

63

2
Z bus

0
Z bus

1
(2)
1 Z 11
(2)
2 Z 21

p Z (2)
p1

(2)
N Z N1

1
(0)
1 Z 11
(0)
2 Z 21

p Z (0)
p1

(0)
N Z N1

2
p
(2)
(2)
Z 12
Z 1p

Z (2)
Z (2)
22
2p

Z (2)
Z (2)

p2
pp

Z (2)
Z (2)

N2
Np

2
p
(0)
(0)
Z 12
Z 1p

Z (0)
Z (0)
22
2p

Z (0)
Z (0)

p2
pp

Z (0)
Z (0)

N2
Np

N
(2)

Z 1N

Z (2)
2N

and
(2)
Z pN

(2)
Z N N

(47)

N
(0)

Z 1N

Z (0)
2N

Z (0)
pN

(0)
Z N N

(48)

64

Suitable assumptions are made so that prior to the occurrence of the fault, there
will not be any current flow in the positive, negative and zero sequence networks
and the voltages at all the buses in the positive sequence network are equal to
Vf .
The currents flowing out of the original balanced system from phases a, b and c
at the fault point are designated as I f a , I f b and I f c . We can visualize these
currents by referring to Fig. 16 which shows the three lines a, b and c of the
three phase system where the fault occurs.
P
a
If a

b
If b

c
Fig. 16

If c
65

The

currents

flowing

out

in

hypothetical

stub

are

I f a , I f b and I f c .

The

(1)
(2)
corresponding sequence currents are I (0)
f a , I f a and I f a . These sequence currents
(2)
(0)
I (1)
f a , I f a and I f a are flowing out as shown in Fig. 17. The line to ground voltages

at any bus j of the system during the fault are Vj a , Vj b and Vj c . Corresponding
(1)
(2)
sequence components of voltages are Vj(0)
,
and
V
V
a
ja
ja .

- Vf +

- Vf +

- Vf +

Positive
sequence
network
having
bus
impedance
matrix

2
p

I (1)
fa
N

Z (1)
bus
66

1
Negative
sequence
network
having
bus
impedance
matrix

Zero
sequence
network
having
bus
impedance
matrix

2
p

I (2)
fa

Z (2)
bus

Z (0)
bus

2
p

I (0)
fa

Fig. 17

67

Consider the Positive Sequence Network:

In the faulted system, there are two types of sources.
1 Current injection at the faulted bus.
2 Pre-fault voltage sources.
The bus voltages in the faulted system namely
1
2
(1)
Vbus

p
N

V1a(1)
(1)
V2a

(1)
Vp a

(1)
VN a

(49)

can be obtained using Superposition Theorem.

68

It is to be noted that
1
2

I (1)
bus

0
0

(1)
I f a

and

pre-fault voltage =

1
1

1 V
1 f

1

(50)

Using these we get

(1)
V1a(1)
Z 11
(1)
(1)
V
2a
Z 21


(1) = (1)
Vp a
Z p1


(1)
(1)
VN a
Z N1

(1)
Z 12
Z (1)
22

Z (1)
p2

Z (1)
N2

(1)
Z 1p
Z (1)
2p

Z (1)
pp

Z (1)
Np

(1)

Z 1N

Z (1)
2N

Z (1)
pN

(1)
Z N N

Vf
0
1

0
1
Vf

(1) + Vf =
Vf
I fa
1

0
1
Vf

(1) (1)
Z 1p
If a
(1)
Z (1)
I
2p f a

(1)
Z (1)
I
pp f a

(1)
(1)
Z N p I f a

69

(51)

Consider the Negative Sequence and Zero Sequence Networks:

In a much similar manner, the negative sequence and the zero sequence bus
(2)
(0)
voltages in the faulted system, namely Vbus
and Vbus
, can be obtained considering
the negative sequence and the zero sequence networks. Knowing the pre-fault
voltages are zero in the negative and zero sequence networks we get
(2) (2)
V1a(2)
Z 1p
If a
(2)

(2) (2)
V

Z
2p I f a
2a

(2) =
(2) (2)
V

Z
pa

pp If a

(2)

(2)
(2)
VN a
Z N p I f a

and

V1a(0)
(0)
V2a

(0) =
Vp a

(0)
VN a

(0) (0)
Z 1p
If a

(0) (0)

Z
2p I f a

(0) (0)

pp If a

(0)
(0)
Z N p I f a

(52)

70

When the fault occurs at bus p , it is to be noted that only the p th column of
1
2
0
, Z bus
and Z bus
are involved in the calculations. If the symmetrical
Z bus
(2)
(0)
I (1)
f a , I f a and I f a , are known, than the
sequence voltages at any bus j can be computed from

components of the fault currents , namely

(0)
Vj(0)
Z (0)
a
jp I f a

(53)

(1)
Vj(1)
Vf Z (1)
a
jp I f a

(54)

(2)
Vj(2)
Z (2)
a
jp I f a

(55)

(2)
(0)
It is important to remember that the I (1)
f a , I f a and I f a are the symmetrical
component currents in the stubs hypothetically attached to the system at the
fault point. These currents take on values determined by the particular type of
fault being studied, and once they are calculated, they can be regarded as
negative injection into the corresponding sequence networks.

71

General procedure for unsymmetrical

fault analysis
when fault occurs at a point in a
power system

72

PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS
1. Draw the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence
networks.
2. Using bus impedance building algorithm, construct ZBus

(1)

, ZBus(2) and

ZBus(0).
DATA REQUIRED
Type of fault, fault location (Bus p) and fault impedance (Zf)
TO COMPUTE FAULT CURRENTS I f a , I f b and I f c
1. Extract the columns of ZBus

(1)

, ZBus(2) and ZBus(0) corresponding to the

faulted bus.
2. Depending on the type of fault interconnect the sequence networks.
3. Calculate I f a(1), I f a(2) and I f a(0)
4. Compute the corresponding phase components I f a. I f b and I f c using
I f a
1 1

2
I f b = 1 a
I f c
1 a

1
a
a 2

I f a (0)
(1)
Ifa
I (2)
fa

73

TO COMPUTE FAULTED BUS VOLTAGES V p a, V p b and V p c

1. Compute the sequence components V p a(1), V p a(2) and V p a(0) from
V p a(!) = Vf Z p p(1) I f a(1)
V p a(2) = Z p p(2) I f a(2)
V p a(0) = Z p p(0) I f a(0)
2. Calculate the corresponding phase components V p a, V p b and V p c from

Vpa
1 1

1 a 2
V
=
p
b

V p c
1 a

1
a
a 2

Vp a (0)

(1)
V
pa
V (2)
pa

74

TO COMPUTE BUS VOLTAGES AT BUS j

i.e V j a, V j b and V j c

1. Compute the sequence components V j a(!), V j a(2) and V j a(0) from

V j a(!) = Vf Z j p(1) I f a(1)
V j a(2) = Z j p(2) I f a(2)
V j a(0) = Z j p(0) I f a(0)
2. Calculate the corresponding phase components V j a, V j b and V j c from
V ja
1 1

1 a 2
=
V
jb

V jc
1 a

1
a
a 2

V j a (0)
(1)
Vj a
V (2)
ja

75

Single line to ground fault

I (f 1)a
+

Vf

Z (1)
pp

Vp(1)a

I
Z

(2)
(0)
I (1)
f a = If a = If a

(2)
fa

3 Zf

(2)
pp

Vp(2)a

I (f 0)a
Z (0)
pp

Vp(0)a
76

Line to line fault

Zf
Z (2)
pp

Z (1)
pp
+

Vf

I (1)
fa

I (2)
fa
Vp(1)a

I (0)
fa
Vp(2)a

77

Double line to ground fault

Z (1)
pp
+

Vf

Z (2)
pp
I (1)
fa

Vp(1)a

Z (0)
pp
I (2)
fa

Vp(2)a

I (0)
fa

Vp(0)a

3 Zf

78

SINGLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT

For a single line to ground fault through impedance Z f , the hypothetical stubs
on the three lines will be as shown in Fig. 18 The fault conditions are
P
a

Zf
If a

If b

If c

Fig. 18
If b 0
If c 0

(56)

Vp a Z f I f a
79

Using the above conditions ( similar to conditions for the LG fault at generator
terminals through impedance ) and also knowing that
(1)
Vp(1)a Vf Z (1)
pp If a

(57)

(2)
Vp(2)a Z (2)
pp If a

(58)

(0)
Vp(0)a Z (0)
pp If a

(59)

from eqns. (51) and (52), similar to eqns. (22) and (23), we can get the relations

I (1)
= I (2)
= I (0)
and
fa
fa
fa

(60)

Vp(1)a Vp(2)a Vp(0)a 3 Z f I (1)

fa = 0

(61)

Therefore

I (1)
fa

(1)
pp

(2)
pp

Vf
Z (0)
p p 3 Zf

(62)

The above relationships are satisfied by connecting the sequence networks as

shown in Fig. 19
80

I (f 1)a
+

Vf

Z (1)
pp

Vp(1)a

I
Z

(2)
(0)
I (1)
f a = If a = If a

(2)
fa

3 Zf

(2)
pp

Vp(2)a

I (f 2)a
Z (0)
pp

Vp(0)a
Fig. 19

The series connection of Thevenin equivalents of the sequence networks, as

shown in the above Fig. 18, is a convenient means of remembering the equations
for the solution of single line to ground fault.
81

(2)
(0)
Once the currents I (1)
,
and
I
I
fa
fa
f a are known, the sequence components of
voltage at the faulted bus are calculated as
(1)
Vp(1)a Vf Z (1)
pp If a
(2)
Vp(2)a Z (2)
pp If a

(63)

(0)
Vp(0)a Z (0)
pp If a

Thereafter the sequence components of voltage at any bus j can be calculated as

(1)
(1)
Vj(1)
a Vf Z j p I f a
(2)
(2)
Vj(2)
a Z jp I f a

j 1,2,....... N

(0)
(0)
Vj(0)
a Z jp I f a

jp

(64)

Phase components of voltage and current can be calculated from the relations
Va , b , c A V0 , 1 , 2
I a , b , c A I 0 , 1, 2
82

Example 6
The positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence bus impedance
matrices of a power system are shown below.

(2)
j
Z (1)
bus Z bus

1
2
3
4

Z (0)
j
bus

1
2
3
4

1
0.1437
0.1211

0.0789

0.0563

1
0.1553
0.1407

0.0493

0.0347

2
3
4
0.1211 0.0789 0.0563
0.1696 0.1104 0.0789
0.1104 0.1696 0.1211

0.0789 0.1211 0.1437

2
3
4
0.1407 0.0493 0.0347
0.1999 0.0701 0.0493
0.0701 0.1999 0.1407

0.0493 0.1407 0.1553

A bolted single line to ground fault occurs on phase a at bus 3. Determine the
fault current and the voltage at buses 3 and 4.
83

Solution
(2)
(0)
I (1)
I
I
=
=
fa
fa
fa =

Z (1)
33

Vf
(0)
Z (2)
33 Z 33

Let Vf 1.0 0 0
Then I

(1)
fa

= I

(2)
fa

= I

(0)
fa

1.00 0
=
= j1.8549
j (0.1696 0.1696 0.1999 )

(1)
(2)
(1)
The fault current I f a I (0)
f a I f a I f a 3 I f a = - j 5.5648; I f b = I f c = 0

The sequence components of voltage at bus 3 are calculated as

(0)
V3(0)a Z (0)
I
33
f a ( j 0.1999 ) ( j1.8549 ) 0.3708
(1)
V3(1)a Vf Z (1)
33 I f a 1.0 ( j 0.1696 ) ( j1.8549 ) 0.6854
(2)
V3(2)a Z (2)
33 I f a ( j0.1696 ) ( j1.8549 ) 0.3146

84

Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 3 are computed as

V3 a
1 1

1 a 2
=
V
3
b

V3 c
1 a

1
a
a 2

0.3708
0.6854 =

0.3146

0
1.0292 122.710
1.0187 122.710

The sequence components of voltage at bus 4 are calculated as

(0)
V4(0)a Z (0)
I
43
f a ( j 0.1407 ) ( j1.8549 ) 0.2610
(1)
V4(1)a Vf Z (1)
43 I f a 1.0 ( j 0.1211 ) ( j1.8549 ) 0.7754
(2)
V4(2)a Z (2)
43 I f a ( j0.1211 ) ( j1.8549 ) 0.2246

Phase components of line to ground voltage of bus 4 are computed as

V4 a
1 1

1 a 2
V
=
4
b

V4 c
1 a

1
a
a 2

0.2610
0.7754 =

0.2246

0.2898 00
1.0187 121.8 0
1.0187 121.8 0
85

LINE TO LINE FAULT

To represent a line to line fault through impedance Z f the hypothetical stubs on
the three lines at the fault are connected as shown in Fig. 20.
P
a
If a

b
If b

Zf
c

(
If c

Fig. 20
Fault conditions are
I fa 0
If b If c 0
Vp b Z f I f b Vp c

(65)
86

Using the above conditions along with the relations

(1)
Vp(1)a Vf Z (1)
pp If a
(2)
Vp(2)a Z (2)
pp If a

(66)

(0)
Vp(0)a Z (0)
pp If a

we can get the following relations.

I (0)
fa 0

(67)

(2)
I (1)

I
fa
fa

(68)

(2)
Vp(1)a Z f I (1)
f a Vp a

(69)

and hence

I (1)
fa

(1)
pp

Vf
Z (2)
pp Zf

(70)

87

To satisfy the above relations the sequence networks are to be connected as

shown in Fig. 21.

Zf
Z

Vf

Z (0)
pp

Z (2)
pp

(1)
pp

I (1)
fa

Vp(1)a

I (2)
fa

I (0)
fa

Vp(2)a

Fig. 21

(2)
(0)
Once I (1)
are calculated,
f a , I f a and I f a

Vp(1)a , Vp(2)a and Vp(0)a can be computed from

(2)
(0)
eqn. (63). Thereafter Vj(1)
a , Vj a and Vj a for j 1,2,...., N ; j p can be calculated
using eqn. (63). The corresponding phase components are then calculated using
the symmetrical component transformation matrix.
88

Example 7
Consider the power system described in example 6. A bolted line to line fault
occurs at bus 3. Determine the currents in the fault, voltages at the fault bus
and the voltages at bus 4.
Solution
For line to line fault I (0)
fa 0
(2)
I (1)

I
fa
fa

Vf
1.0

j 2.9481
(1)
(2)
j 0.1696 j 0.1696
Z33 Z33

The phase components of the currents in the fault are

(1)
(2)
I f a I (0)
f a I fa I f a 0
(2)
(1)
I f b a 2 I (1)
f a a I f a j 3 I f a - 5.1061

I f c I f b 5.1061

Sequence components of voltage at bus 3 are

V3(0)a 0 ;

(2)
V3(1)a V3(2)a Z (2)
3 3 I f a ( j 0.1696 ) (j 2.9481 ) 0.5

89

Phase components of voltage at bus 3 are

V3 a V3(0)a V3(1)a V3(2)a 1.0

V3 b V3 c a 2 V3(1)a a V3(2)a V3(1)a -0.5

Sequence components of voltage at bus 4 are
(0)
V4(0)a Z (0)
I
43
fa 0
(1)
(1)
V4a
Vf Z (1)
I
43
f a 1 ( j 0.1211 ) ( j 2.9481 ) 0.643
(2)
V4(2)a Z (2)
I
43
f a ( j 0.1211 ) ( j 2.9481 ) 0.357

Phase components of voltage at bus 4 are

V4a V4(0)a V4(1)a V4(2)a 1.0

V4 b a 2 V4(1)a a V4(2)a - 0.5
V4 c a V4(1)a a 2 V4(2)a - 0.5
90

DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND FAULT

For a double line to ground fault, the hypothetical stubs are connected as shown
in Fig. 22.
P
a
If a

b
If b

If c

Zf

Fig. 22
The relations at the fault bus are

I fa 0
Vp b Z f ( I f b I f c )
Vp c Z f ( I f b I f c )

(71)
91

Further the relations are also applicable.

(1)
Vp(1)a Vf Z (1)
pp If a
(2)
Vp(2)a Z (2)
pp If a

(72)

(0)
Vp(0)a Z (0)
pp If a

Using eqns. (71) and (62) the following relations can be obtained.

Vp(1)a Vp(2)a
Vp(1)a Vp(0)a 3 Z f I (0)
fa
(1)
(2)
I (0)

I
fa
fa
fa 0

On further simplification we get

I (1)
fa
Z (1)
pp

Vf
(0)
Z (2)
pp ( Zpp 3 Zf )

(73)

(0)
Z (2)

Z
pp
pp 3 Zf

92

To represent the above relations, the sequence networks must be interconnected

as shown in Fig. 23.

Z (1)
pp
I (1)
fa

Vf

Z (2)
pp
Vp(1)a

Z (0)
pp
I (2)
fa

Vp(2)a

I (0)
fa

Vp(0)a

3 Zf

(0)
The sequence currents I (2)
f a and I f a

(2)
fa

(1)
fa

(0)
fa

(1)
fa

Z (0)
p p 3 Zf
Z

(2)
pp

(0)
pp

3 Zf

(74)

3 Zf

(75)

Z (2)
pp
Z

(2)
pp

(0)
pp

Fig. 23
can be obtained from

93

(2)
(0)
Knowing I (1)
,
and
sequence components of voltage at fault point are
I
I
fa
fa
fa
calculated from
(1)
Vp(1)a Vf Z (1)
I
pp
fa
(2)
Vp(2)a Z (2)
pp If a

(76)

(0)
Vp(0)a Z (0)
pp If a

Thereafter, sequence components of voltage at any other bus can be obtained

from
(1)
(1)
Vj(1)
a Vf Z j p I f a
(2)
(2)
Vj(2)
a Z jp I f a

j 1,2,....... N

(0)
(0)
Vj(0)
a Z jp I f a

jp

(77)

Knowing the sequence components, corresponding phase conponents are obtained

as
I a,b, c A I 0,1, 2 or

Va,b, c A V0,1, 2

(78)
94

Example 8
The positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence bus impedance
matrices of a power system are shown below.

(2)
j
Z (1)
bus Z bus

1
2
3
4

1
j
Z (0)
bus

2
3
4

1
0.1437
0.1211

0.0789

0.0563

2
3
4
0.1211 0.0789 0.0563
0.1696 0.1104 0.0789
0.1104 0.1696 0.1211

0.0789 0.1211 0.1437

1
2
3
4
0
0
0
0.19
0

0.08
0.08
0

0
0.08 0.58
0

0
0
0
0.19

95

A double line to ground fault with Z f 0 occurs at bus 4. Find the fault
current and voltages at the fault bus.
Solution
Sequence components of fault current are

I (1)
fa
Z (1)
44

(2)
fa

(0)
fa

Vf
1.0

j 4.4342
(2)
(0)
(
j
0.1437
)
(
j
0.19
)
Z Z
j 0.1437
(2)44 44(0)
j 0.1437 j 0.19
Z 44 Z 44

(1)
fa

(1)
fa

Z (0)
j0.19
44

j4.4342
)
j2.5247
(2)
(0)
j0.1437

j0.19
Z 44 Z 44
Z (2)
j0.1437
44

j4.4342
)
j1.9095
(0)
j0.1437

j0.19
Z (2)

Z
44
44

96

Phase components of current at the fault bus are

(1)
(2)
I f a I (0)
f a If a If a 0
2
(1)
(2)
0
0
I f b I (0)
f a a I f a a I f a j1.9095 4.4342150 2.5247210
= - 6.0266 + j 2.8642
(1)
2
(2)
0
0
I f c I (0)
f a a I f a a I f a j1.9095 4.434230 2.5247 30
= 6.0266 + j 2.8642

Fault current I f I f b I f c j 5.7285

Sequence components of voltage at the faulted bus are calculated as follows.
Noting that Z f 0
(1)
V4(1)a V4(2)a V4(0)a Vf Z (1)
44 I f a 1.0 ( j0.1437 ) ( j4.4342 ) 0.3628

Phase components of faulted bus voltage are:

V4 a V4(0)a V4(1)a V4(2)a 1.0884

V4 b 0
V4 c 0

97

PROBLEMS UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS

1.

In an unbalanced circuit the three line currents are measured as

I a 7.031159.85 0
Ib 4.3733203.840
Ic 2.6810160.750
Obtain the corresponding sequence components of currents and draw
them to scale.
2.

For the sequence components calculated in Problem 1, find the

corresponding phase components of line currents and verify the results
graphically.

3.

A three phase transmission line has the phase impedance of

21 6 6
z
j 6 21 6
a,b,c
6 6 21
Calculate its sequence impedances.

98

4.

A 20 MVA, 13.8 kV alternator has the following reactances:

X1 = 0.25 p.u.

X2 = 0.35 p.u.

Xg0 = 0.04 p.u.

Xn = 0.02 p.u.

A single line to ground fault occurs at its terminals. Draw the

interconnections of the sequence networks and calculate
i)

the current in each line

ii)

the fault current

iii)

the line to neutral voltages

iv)

the line to line voltages

Denoting the neutral point as n and the ground as o , draw the phasor
diagram of line to neutral voltages.
5.

Repeat Problem 4 for line to line fault.

6.

Repeat Problem 4 for double line to ground fault.

7.

Repeat Problem 4 for symmetrical three phase fault.

8.

Consider the alternator described in Problem 4. It is required to limit the

fault current to 2500 A for single line to ground fault. Find the additional
reactance necessary to be introduced in the neutral.

99

9.

Two

synchronous

machines

are

connected

through

three-phase

transformers to the transmission line as shown.

T1
1

T2
2

4
2

The ratings and reactances of the machines and transformers are:

Machines 1 and 2: 100 MVA, 20 kV, X1 = X2 = 20 %, Xm0 = 4 %, Xn = 5 %
Transformers T1 and T2: 100 MVA, 20 / 345 Y kV, X = 8 %
On a chosen base of 100 MVA, 345 kV in the transmission line circuit, the
line reactances are X1 = X2 = 15 % and X0 = 50 %. Draw each of the three
sequence networks and find Zbus0, Zbus1 and Zbus2.
100

10.

The one-line diagram of a power system is shown below.

T1
1

T3
3

6
3

T2
4
2

The following are the p.u. reactances of different elements on a common

base.
Generator 1: Xg0 = 0.075; Xn = 0.075; X1 = X2 = 0.25
Generator 2: Xg0 = 0.15; Xn = 0.15; X1 = X2 = 0.2
Generator 3: Xg0 = 0.072;

X1 = X2 = 0.15

Transformer 1: X0 = X1 = X2 = 0.12
Transformer 2: X0 = X1 = X2 = 0.24
Transformer 3: X0 = X1 = X2 = 0.1276
Transmission line 2 3 X0 = 0.5671;

X1 = X2 = 0.18

Transmission line 3 5 X0 = 0.4764;

X1 = X2 = 0.12

Draw the three sequence networks and determine Zbus0, Zbus1 and Zbus2.

101

11.

The single line diagram of a small power system is shown below.

T1
1

T2
3

S
4

Switch open

Generator: 100 MVA, 20 kV, X1 = X2 = 20 %, Xg0 = 4 %, Xn = 5 %

Transformers T1 and T2: 100 MVA, 20 / 345 Y kV, X = 10 %
On a chosen base of 100 MVA, 345 kV in the transmission line circuit, the
line reactances are:
From T1 to P: X1 = X2 = 20 %; X0 = 50%
From T2 to P: X1 = X2 = 10 %; X0 = 30%
A bolted single lone to ground occurs at P. Determine
i)

fault current IfA, IfB and IfC.

ii)

currents flowing towards P from T1.

iii)

currents flowing towards P from T2.

iv)

current supplied by the generator.

Note that the positive sequence current in winding of transformer lags

that in Y winding by 300; the negative sequence current in winding leads
that in Y winding by 300.

102

12.

In the power system described in Problem 10, a single line to ground fault
occurs at bus 2 with a fault impedance of j0.1. Determine the bus currents
at the faulted bus and the voltages at buses 1 and 2.

ANSWERS
1. Ia0 Ib0 Ic0 21200 ; Ia1 3.5300 ; Ib1 3.52700 ; Ic1 3.51500

Ia2 3600 ;

Ib2 31800 ;

Ic2 33000

2. Ia 7.031159.850 ; Ib 4.3733203.840 ; Ic 2.681160.750

3. Z 0 j 33; Z 1 Z 2 j15
4. Ia = -j 3586.1 A
Va = 0

Ib = 0

Ic = 0

If = -j 3586.1 A

Vb = 8.0694 102.220 kV

Vc = 8.0694 102.220 kV

Vab = 8.0694 77.780 kV; Vbc= 15.7724 900 kV; Vca= 8.0694 102.220 kV
5. Ia = 0

Ib = -2415.5 A

Va = 9.2948 kV
Vab = 13.9422 kV

Ic = 2415.5 A

Vb = -4.6474 kV
Vbc = 0

If = -2415.5 A

Vc = -4.6474 kV

Vca = 13.9422 1800 kV

103

6. Ia = 0

Ib = 4020.95 132.220 A

Va = 5.6720 kV

Vb = 0

Vab = 5.6720 kV

If = 5956.08 900 A

Vc = 0

Vbc = 0

7. Ia = 3347 900 A

Ic = 4020 47.780 A

Vca = 5.6720 1800 kV

Ib = 3347 1500 A

Ic = 3347 300 A

If = 3347 900 A
Va = Vb = Vc = 0
Vab = Vbc = Vca = 0
8.

0.9655

9. Zero sequence network:

1

j0.08 2

j0.5

j0.04

j0.08

j0.04
j0.15

j0.15

104
Reference

Positive sequence network:

1

j0.08

j0.15

j0.08

j0.2

j0.2
+

Reference

Negative sequence network:

1

j0.08

j0.15

j0.2

j0.08

j0.2

Reference
105

1 0.19

2 0

= j
3 0

4 0

Zbus0

0
0
0.08 0.58
0

0
0
0.19
0
0
0.08 0.08

1
1

Zbus1 = Zbus2 = j

2
3
4

10.

0.1437
0.1211

0.0789

0.0563

0.1211 0.0789 0.0563

0.1696 0.1104 0.0789
0.1104 0.1696 0.1211

0.0789 0.1211 0.1437

Zero sequence network:

1

j0.12 2

j0.5671
1

j0.4764

j0.075

j0.1276

j0.24
4

j0.072

j0.15
j0.225
j0.45

106
Reference

Zbus0 =

3
4
5

0
0
0
0
0.3

0 0.104468 0.031065 0 0.031065

0 0.031065 0.177871 0 0.177871

0
0
0
0.6
0

0 0.031065 0.177871 0 0.654271

Negative sequence network:

j0.12 2

j0.18

j0.12

j0.1276

j0.24
4

j0.25

j0.15

j0.2

Reference

107

Zbus1 = Zbus2 =
1
1
2

3
4
5

0.167640
0.128108
0.068808

0.031276
0.048041
0.025959

0.128108 0.068808 0.031276 0.048041 0.025959

0.189500 0.101836 0.046289 0.071101 0.038419

0.101836 0.151377 0.068808 0.105690 0.057109

0.046289 0.068808 0.140367 0.048041 0.025959

0.071101 0.105690 0.048041 0.157574 0.085145
0.038419 0.057109 0.025959 0.085145 0.114956

11.

IfA = - j 2.4195 p.u.; IfB = 0; IfC = 0

IA = - j 1.9356 p.u.; IB = j 0.4839 p.u.; IC = j 0.4839 p.u.
IA = - j 0.4839 p.u.; IB = - j 0.4839 p.u.; IC = - j 0.4839 p.u.
Ia = - j 1.3969 p.u.; IB = j 1.4969 p.u.; IC = 0

12.

I2a = j 3.828162 p.u.; I2b = 0; I2c = 0

V2a = 0.382815 p.u.; V2b = 0.950352 245.680 p.u.
V2c = 0.950352 114.320 p.u.
V1a = 0.673054 p.u.; V1b = 0.929112 248.760 p.u.
V1c = 0.929112 111.2360 p.u.

108