LONG TERM EVOLUTION

Nagasai Panchakarla
Shourov Kumar Roy
Binoy Chemmagate
Karthik Budigere Ramakrishna

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AGENDA
 LTE Features
 3GPP Standards
 LTE Key Technologies
 LTE Network Architecture
 Protocol Architecture
 Quality of Service
 Security
 Roaming Architecture
 Connection Management
 Future of LTE and Deployments
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LTE INTRODUCTION
 All IP network
 High Data rates
 Low latency
 Reduced cost per bit
 Flat network architecture
 High performance radio interface
 Keeping up with other technologies
 Flexibility in frequency allocation
 Mobility

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3GPP
 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration of
various telecommunication associations
 Standardization body and produces Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports for 3G systems under the scope of
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 3GPP specifications are based on evolved Global System for
Mobile Communications (GSM) specifications. Covers all GSM
(including GPRS and EDGE) and W-CDMA specifications.
 Standards are structured as Releases
 TSG Structure consists of GERAN(GSM EDGE ), RAN, SA
(Service & Systems Aspects), CT (Core Network & Terminals)
 Different Working groups under each TSG
 Following a TSG meeting revised versions of 3GPP specifications
are published.
 *http://www.3gpp.org/Specifications
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STANDARD RELEASES
FDD WCDMA HSDPA/ HSPA+ LTE and
Evolution HSUPA HSPA+
. . . .
LTE
.
Advanced
TDD
TD-SCDMA TD-HSDPA TD-LTE and
Evolution TD-HSUPA
TD-HSPA+

3GPP
Release 99/4 Release 5/6 Release 7 Release 8
Release 3GPP
Study
App year of 2003/4 2005/6-HSDPA 2008/9 2009/10 Initiated
n/w rollout 2007/8-HSUPA

 The standardization process for LTE began at 3GPP Toronto workshop, 2004.
 Subsequently in December 2004, 3GPP started study to develop framework for
evolution to achieve high data rates for both uplink and downlink transmissions, low
latency
 The target was to have data rates three to four times of Release 6 HSDPA levels and
two to three times of HSUPA levels.
 In 2007, E UTRA (evolved UTRA) was approved from study stage to first technical
specifications.
 The first LTE base specifications are specified in 3GPP Release 8, December 2008.
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STANDARD RELEASES

Rel 8
First Release Standard Rel 9 Rel 10
for LTE 2nd Release 2009 LTE Advanced
Dec 2008

HSDPA HSDPA/HSUPA HSPA+ LTE

UL: 384 kbps UL: 5.76 Mbps UL: 11.5 Mbps UL: 75 Mbps
DL: 14.4 Mbps DL: 14.4 Mbps DL: 28 Mbps DL: 100 Mbps

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LTE 3GPP REL 8 OVERVIEW
 UL: SC-FDMA
 DL: OFDMA
 Bandwidth: 1.4,3,5,10,15,20 MHz
 Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM,64QAM
 Subcarrier spacing: 1.5 KHz
 Increased spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by a factor of
two to four
 Operation in both TDD and FDD modes
 Coexisting with earlier 3GPP technologies
 Optimized performance for 0-15 kmph, high performance for
upto 120 kmph and establish communication upto 350 kmph
 Simplified architecture
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 Interworking with other systems
E-UTRA OPERATING BANDS
E-UTRA Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band Duplex Mode
Operating BS receive BS transmit
Band UE transmit UE receive
FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high
1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD

2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz FDD

3 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz 1805 MHz – 1880 MHz FDD

4 1710 MHz – 1755 MHz 2110 MHz – 2155 MHz FDD

5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD

61 830 MHz – 840 MHz 875 MHz – 885 MHz FDD

7 2500 MHz – 2570 MHz 2620 MHz – 2690 MHz FDD

8 880 MHz – 915 MHz 925 MHz – 960 MHz FDD

9 1749.9 MHz – 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 MHz – 1879.9 MHz FDD

10 1710 MHz – 1770 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD

11 1427.9 MHz – 1447.9 MHz 1475.9 MHz – 1495.9 MHz FDD

12 698 MHz – 716 MHz 728 MHz – 746 MHz FDD

13 777 MHz – 787 MHz 746 MHz – 756 MHz FDD

14 788 MHz – 798 MHz 758 MHz – 768 MHz FDD

15 Reserved Reserved FDD
16 Reserved Reserved FDD
17 704 MHz – 716 MHz 734 MHz – 746 MHz FDD
18 815 MHz – 830 MHz 860 MHz – 875 MHz FDD
19 830 MHz – 845 MHz 875 MHz – 890 MHz FDD

20 832 MHz – 862 MHz 791 MHz – 821 MHz FDD

21 1447.9 MHz – 1462.9 MHz 1495.9 MHz – 1510.9 MHz FDD
...
33 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD

34 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz TDD

35 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz TDD

36 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz TDD

37 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz TDD

38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz TDD

39 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD
40 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz TDD 8
Note 1: Band 6 is not applicable

• Release 9Technical Specification 3GPP TS 36.101 V9.3.0 (2010-03)

LTE LICENSING
 First come first seerved
 Beauty contest (comparative bidding)
 Lottery
 Auction (competitive bidding)

Recomendations for LTE

 Beauty contest and auction are best suited.
 Commitments concerning coverage.
 Roll out speed.
 Financial capacity.
 Expertise.
 Resource sharing. 9

 Nature of licensing and spectrum pricing.

LTE LICENSING
 Germany’s LTE auction begins on Monday, April 12, 2010
 800MHz, 1.8GHz, 2GHz and 2.6GHz are the four different bands of
spectrum offered
 The auction has been declared as one of its kind in Europe paving way
for other such auctions in the continent.

 Source: http://wirelessfederation.com/news/24351-germany%E2%80%99s-lte-auction-begins/

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LTE KEY TECHNOLOGIES
 Radio Air Interface
 Modulation and spectrum flexibility
 MIMO
 All IP flat networking architecture

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LTE RADIO INTERFACE
 OFDMA DL and SC-FDMA UL
 OFDMA has multiple orthogonal subcarriers and
bandwidth can be adjustable per user
User 1

User 2

User 3
Frequency

User 4

 Time

 SC-FDMA is similar to OFDMA and since its more power

efficient, it can be used in hand held devices with battery
power.
 Single carrier, time space multiplexing
 Consumes less power for transmission
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 Only a contiguous set of resource blocks can be selected for a user
MODULATION AND SPECTRUM FLEXIBILITY
 For down modulation QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM are used for payload
channels (spectral efficient)
 For up modulation BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM are used
 BPSK and QPSK are used for control channels ( reliability and
coverage)
 Adaptive modulation and coding
 180 khz resource block
 All user equipments must support maximum bandwidth of 20 MHz
 Increase in wider bandwidth leads to cpmplexity and high power
consumption

Channel bandwidth BWChannel

1.4 3 5 10 15 20
[MHz]

Resource blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100

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MIMO
Tx1 Rx1

Tx2 Rx2

• Transmission is done by converting serial bit stream into

multiple parallel sub streams and sending via multiple
antennas
• Each receiver sees the output of the channel, which is a
combination of the outputs from the transmiters, separates
the sub streams from mixed signals.
• In DL: Tx and Rx Diversity
• In UL: Rx Diversity 14

• Increased complexity
ALL IP FLAT ARCHITECTURE

• Software architecture evolution

• Seamless interworking with IP based communication networks with simplified network architecture
• Multimedia and circuit calls are mainly handled through converged IMS (IP Multimedia subsystem)
core which is recently termed as VoLTE (voice over LTE)
• Supports mobility between different networks

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LTE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
 LTE encompasses the evolution of the radio
access through the E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access Network) and is
accompanied by an evolution of the non-radio
aspects under the term ‘System Architecture
Evolution’ (SAE).

 SAE includes the Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

network.

 Together LTE and SAE comprise the Evolved

Packet System (EPS) that contains fully packet-
switched core network and radio access network.
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EPS (EVOLVED PACKET SYSTEM)
 EPS= Core Network (EPC) + Access Network
(AN)

 EPS network is comprised of the Core Network

and the Access Network, where the core network
has many logical nodes and the Access Network
has one node named as the evolved NodeB
(eNodeB) which connects to the User Equipments
(UEs).

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EPS NETWORK ELEMENTS

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CONNECTIVITY LAYERS
 Internet Connectivity Layer:
UE (User Equipment), E-UTRAN and EPC (all
together the Evolved Packet System) represent the
Internet Protocol Connectivity Layer. This layer is
optimized only for IP based connectivity.

 Services Connectivity Layer:

All services will be offered on top of IP. The Services
Connectivity layer includes the operator services and
internet. IMS (Internet Multimedia Sub-System) can be
used in the Services Connectivity Layer to provide
services on top of the IP connectivity layer.

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 20
Figure: System Architecture of LTE Network
THE ACCESS NETWORK : E-UTRAN
The Access Network (E-UTRAN) simply consists
of a network of eNodeBs.

eNodeBs:
 The eNodeB is a radio base station that controls all the
radio related functions.
 Generally the eNodeBs are distributed throughout the
networks coverage area.
 The eNodeB is the termination point of all the radio
related protocols.
 It relays the data between the radio connection and the
corresponding IP based connectivity towards the EPC.
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ENODEB

Figure: Overall E-UTRAN Architecture

The eNodeBs are interconnected with each other by the interface X2.
EnodeB connects to the EPC by the interface S1. More specifically it
can be said that, EnodeB connects to the MME by means of the
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S1-MME interface and to the S-GW by means of the S1-U interface.
E-UTRAN FUNCTIONALITIES
The radio related functions for which E-UTRAN is
responsible can be summarized briefly as follows,
 Radio Resource Management: This includes all the
functions which are related to radio bearers, such as,
Radio bearer control, Radio admission control,
Radio mobility control, Scheduling and dynamic
allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and
downlink.
 Header Compression: E-UTRAN does the
compression of IP packet headers.
 Security: Encryption is done when data is sent over
the radio interface.
 Connectivity to the EPC: This includes signaling
towards the MME and the bearer path towards the
S-GW.
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THE CORE NETWORK: EPC (EVOLVED
PACKET CORE)
The core network (EPC) has the following logical
nodes:

i. Mobility Management Entity (MME)

ii. Policy and Charging Resource Function (PCRF)
iii. Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
iv. Packet Data Network Gateway ( P-GW)
v. Serving Gateway (S-GW)

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EPC: MME
i. Mobility Management Entity (MME): MME is the
control element in EPC that takes care of the signaling
part between the Core Network and UE. MME also
handles the security functions for both signaling and
user data.

The functions of MME can be categorized as follows,

 Functions related to bearer management: It

includes the establishment, maintenance and release of
the bearers.
 Functions related to connection management: The
establishment of the connection and security between
the network and UE belong to these functions.
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EPC: PCRF
ii. Policy and Charging Resource Function
(PCRF):
 It is the network element which is responsible
for policy control.
 It also controls the flow-based charging
functionalities in the PCEF (Policy Control
Enforcement Function) located in the P-GW.
 The information PCRF provides to the PCEF is
called the Policy and Charging Control (PCC)
rules.
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EPC: HSS
iii. Home Subscriber Server (HSS):

 HSS is the repository of users’

subscription data (EPS-subscribed QoS
profile and any access restrictions for
roaming etc.).
 It also contains the information about the
PDNs to which the user can connect.
 The Authentication Center(AuC) can also
be integrated with the HSS.
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EPC: P-GW
 iv. Packet Data Network Gateway ( P-GW):

 P-GW works as the mobility anchor point for the

inter-networking with non-3GPP technologies such as
CDMA 2000 and WiMAX networks.
 P-GW is also responsible for the IP address allocation
for the User Equipment (UE).
 It does the QoS enforcement for Guaranteed Bit Rate
bearers and flow based charging depending on the
PCRF (Policy Control and Charging Rules Function)
rules. It also performs the filtering based on TFTs
(Traffic Flow Templates).

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EPC: S-GW
v. Serving Gateway (S-GW):

 S-GW works as the mobility anchor for inter-

working with other 3GPP technologies such as
GPRS and UMTS.
 When an UE moves between eNodeBs, S-GW
serves as the local mobility anchor for the data
bearers.
 It performs some additional functions in the
visited network, such as, collecting information
(e.g. volume of data sent to or received from the
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user) for charging and legal interception.
EXAMPLE: S-GW

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Figure: Architecture for 3G UMTS Internetworking
PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE

Protocol stacks
User Plane Protocols
- Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
- Radio Link Control (RLC)
- Medium Access Control (MAC)

Control Plane Protocols

- Radio Resource Control (RRC)

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Figure ref- www.eventhelix.com/lte/lte-tutorials.htm
PDCP
Processes RRC msgs in Control Plane and IP pacckets in User plane

Main functions
- Header Compression
- Security functions
- Handover support
- Discard User plane data
Types of data units
- PDCP data PDU's
Used in control plane and User plane

-PDCP control PDU's

Used in feedback information in header compression and status reports in
handover

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Figure ref- www.eventhelix.com/lte/lte-tutorials.htm

PDCP FUNCTIONS(1/2))

Header Compression and decompression

- Robust Header Compression (ROHC)
Main functions
- To support VOIP service as in CS-domain
- VoIP packet is 32 bytes and Ipv4(40),IPv6(60)
- After ROHC overhead is reduced to 4-6 bytes
Security

- Ciphering and Deciphering user plane and control plane data.

- Integrity protection and verification for control plane data

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PDCP FUNCTIONS(2/2)
Handover
When UE moves from one cell to another, Two types are seamless and
lossless
 Seamless handover
Reasonable loss is tolerable but not delyay eg.VoIP
 Lossless handover
Loss is not tolerable, retransmission
Discard user plane data

 To avoid the buffer overflow.

 To prevent execessive delay.
 Timer expires in transmitter for discarding data.

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RLC
Main Functions
 Segmentation and Reassembly
 Retransmission
 Reordering (HARQ)

RLC Entities
 Transparent Mode RLC Entity
 Unacknowledged Mode RLC Entity
 Acknowledged mode RLC Entity

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Figure ref- www.eventhelix.com/lte/lte-tutorials.htm

RLC MODES(1/2)

Transparent Mode
 RRC msgs without RLC configuration
 Not used for User plane data transmission
 Unidirectional data transfer service (Receiver or Transmitter)

Unacknowledged Mode
Unidirectional, delay sensitive, point-multipoint

 Segmentation and Concatenation of SDU’s

 Reordering of PDU’s
 Duplicate detection of PDU’s
 Reassembly of SDU’s

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RLC MODES(2/2)
Acknowledged mode
Bidirectional
 Retransmission of RLC data PDU’s
 Re-segementation of retransmitted RLC data PDU’s
 Polling
 Status Report
 Status Prohibit

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MAC

 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing

 Amount of data to be transmitted
 Size of packets to be provided
 Assuring QoS

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Figure ref- www.eventhelix.com/lte/lte-tutorials.htm

MAC CHANNELS(1/2)
 Two Logical channels
 Data transfer for RLC

 Control logical channels (Control data)

 Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
 Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
 Common Control channel(CCCH)
 Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
 Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

 Traffic Channels
 Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
 Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)

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MAC CHANNELS(2/2)
Two transport channels
 Data transfer for Physical layer

Downlink Transport Channels

 Broadcast Channel (BCH)
 Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
 Paging Channel (PCH)
 Multicast Channel (MCH)

Uplink Transport Channels

 Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
 Random Access Channel (RACH)

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Figure ref- www.eventhelix.com/lte/lte-tutorials.htm

MAC FUNCTIONS

 Scheduling
 Scheduling Information Transfer
 Random Access Procedure
 Uplink Timing Alignment
 Discontinous Reception
 Multiplexing
 Channel Prioritization

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CONTROL PLANE PROTOCOLS
 Radio Resource Control (RRC)
 Transfer of Common and dedicated NAS information, Notification
of Incoming call
 Two mode of UE are RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED

 Main Functions
 System Information
 RRC connection Control
 Network Controlled inter-RAT mobility
 Measurement Configuration and Reporting
 Miscellaneous Functions (Dedicated NAS, UE Radio access
capability)

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RRC FUNCTIONS(1/2)
System Information
 Master Information Block (MIB)
 System Information Block Type 1(SIB1)
 System Information Block Type 2(SIB2)
 SIB3-SIB8

RRC connection Control

 Security Activation
 Connection establishment, modification and release
 DRB establishment, modification and release
 Mobility within LTE

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RRC FUNCTIONS(2/2)

Inter-RAT mobility
 Handover to LTE
 Mobility from LTE

Measurement Confugurations and Reporting

 Measurement configuration
 Measurement report triggering
 Measurement reporting

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SELECTION

 PLMN Selection
 Cell Selection
 Cell Reselection
 Measurement Rules
 Frequency/RAT evaluation
 Cell Ranking
 Accessiblity verification
 Speed dependent scaling
 Cell access restrictions
 Any Cell selections
 Closed subscriber Group

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QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS)

Two types of bearers

 Minimum GBR (VoIP)
 Non-GBR (Browsing ,File download)

QCI (QoS Class Identifier)

 Priority
 Packet delay budget
 Packet loss rate

ARP ( Allocation and Retenstion Priority )

 Call admission control

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SECURITY
Ciphering (both planes) and Integrity Protection (control
plane)

Key Management
 Common secret key KASME (Access Security Management Entity)
between HSS and UE
 Authetication by checksums and keys (random number+ common shared
key)

Two types of keys

 AS base Key KeNB and AS derived keys
 NULL Ciphering algorithm for emergency calls
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ROAMING ARCHITECTURE

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ROAMING ARCHITECTURE

 Roaming is one of the powerful feature which enables the

users to access the mobile network which he is not
subscribed to(Different location).
 LTE supports the roaming feature by establishing the
interface between the visited Gateway with the home PDN-
gateway. This interface is known as S8 Interface.
 The S8 interface allows users to access home operators
services even from the visited network.
 There is interface between the visited MME and the
HSS(Home Subscriber Serer) called S6a. This is used for
billing and updating the location of the user.
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CONNECTION MANAGEMENT

LTE State Transition

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INITIAL ATTACH

The Initial attach involves the following steps,

 LTE Cell Search
 Primary synchronization signal
 Secondary synchronization signal
 Random Access Procedures
 RRC Procedures
 RRC Connection Establishment
 Initial Security Activation
 RRC Connection Reconfiguration
 Bearer Establishment
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INITIAL ATTACH PROCEDURE

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PAGING PROCEDURE

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S1 BASED HANDOVER PROCEDURE

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X2 BASED HANDOVER PROCEDURE

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DEPLOYMENT
 The complete migration to LTE is expected to happen by
2015
 The best optimal way of deployment is to implement LTE
for data-only services and later extend it to voice based
services.
 The worlds first LTE deployment is made by Teliasonera
(December 2009) in Sweden and Norway. Ericsson is
providing the LTE solutions for it.
 130 operators are committed to deploy LTE by 2015.
 Some of the operators promised for LTE deployment are
AT&T, Verizon, Vodafone, DNA, Elisa KT, SKT,
NTTDocomo, ZAIN, BSNL and more ….
 LTE or Wimax … wait n watch 56
FUTURE OF LTE
 LTE revenues expected to be $70 billion pa and also over 100
million users by 2014 says the Juniper Research.
 Main markets will be North America, Europe, Far east and china.

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LTE ADVANCED
 LTE Advanced expected to fulfill the IMT advanced
requirements for the 4G technology
 LTE Advanced will be included in the 3GPP release 10.
 The features in LTE advanced are,
 Increased data rates
 Carrier aggregation
 Spatial Multiplexing in antennas
 Coordinated multiple transmitters and receivers
 Energy Efficiency
 Relay Functionality

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LTE VENDORS
 LTE Solution Providers

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LTE VENDORS
• LTE Chipset Providers

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LTE DEVICES

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62