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Compositions (abundances)
Delta Value ()
Ratios reported relative to a standard in the delta notation
expressed as parts per thousand or permil ()
10.0, = 1.0%
R samp - R std
# 1000
R std
R samp
d ] 0 00 g = c R - 1 m # 1000
std
d ] 0 00 g =
d18 O ] 0 00 g =
16
O samp - 18O
18
O 16O std
16
O std
# 1000
For example;!
Rsamp= 18O/16Osamp= 0.0020931!
Rstd= 18O/16Osamp= 0.0020052!
2009.31 # 10-6 - 2005.20 # 10-6
# 1000
2005.20 # 10-6
d18 O ] 0 00 g = 2.05
d18 O ] 0 00 g =
If 18Oa = 15.5,
18O/16O is 1.55% > 18O/16O
a
std
If Ra < Rstd, a negative or lighter
If Da = -60,
D/Ha is 6.0% < D/H std
Isotope Fractionation!
Redistribution of isotopes of an element among
various species or compounds!
Fractionation factor ( ) - defines the fractionation
associated w/ equilibrium exchange reaction
between two substances.
A-B =
1/
3
RA
RB
For water-calcite
103 ln CaCO3-H20 = 2.78x106/T2 - 2.79
at 25C,
CaCO3-H20 = 1.02878
Conversion of to delta:
R
A= A 1 x 103 ()
RSTD
and
B= B 1 x 103 ()
RSTD
A-B =
Ra
Rb
A + 1000
B + 1000
If the 18Ol of the ocean is -1.0, and the water temperature is 25C,
assuming equilibrium, what is the 18Oc of calcite that precipitates from
this water? c-l = 1.028 at 25C
18Oc = (-1.0+103) - 103
18Oc = 27.7
Oxygen Isotopes!
16O
- 99.763%
- 0.0375
18O - 0.1995
17O
A()= (
RAsamp
RSTD
-1) x 103
at 25C
l-v = 1.0092
if 18Ol = 0.0, 18Ov = -9.2
28!
Precipitation!
Temperature dependence!
fractionation increases w/ lower T!
103 ln CaCO3-H20 = 2.78x106/T2 - 2.79
Scale bar
(100-250 m)
Oridorsalis
Pyrgo
Box Cores
Rio Grande Rise, Norwegian Greenland Sea, E. PacificRise
(Belanger et al.,1981, Palaeo3, v.33, p.205-220)
18Ov = -9.2
Condensation/Precipitation
18Ov decreases toward high latitudes!
Ice-sheet 18O= -30 to -50!
10
120
meters
Orbital/Astronomically Tuned!
11
12
Orbital Computations: !
Eccentricity 0-1 Ma!
Lask2001
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
kyr
13
Cibicidoides!
Globogerina
bulloides!
Cibicidoides!
14
15
An indirect record
of ice-volume!
16
3.0
2.5
2.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
690
689
738
744
70
60
(Ehrmann &
Mackensen , 1992)
50
% Illite
40
30
20
10
0
Increased Physical
Weathering
25
30
35
40
45
AGE (Ma)
Zachos et. al. (1999)
17
Carbon Isotopes: !
Stratigraphic Applications!
Cambrian marine sections
Carbon Isotopes!
C12 - 98.89%!
C13 - 1.11%!
13C()=
13 C 12 C samp
1 x 103
13 12
C C sta
18
Modern Benthic
Foraminifera 13C !
DIC 13C
19
2.Density stratification!
20
13C/12C
in
13CCO 2/calcite = -9
dissolved CO 2
modern 13C = -7
protist calcite
modern 13C = +2
forg
forg = 1 - fcarb
0.32
0.3
0.28
forg 0.26
forg
0.24
0.22
0.2
0
13C
carb
21
22
Paleocene-Eocene Geography
Bighorn
550
1051
Contessa
577
1262
~55 M.y.a.
690
23
24
Site 1262!
Late Cretaceous,
Cenozoic carbonate
ooze/clay!
3 APC holes
Composite (spliced)
section!
1262A,B,C!
PaleoceneEocene!
Stratigraphically
complete!
SR ~ 12-14 m/
m.y.!
Distinct lithologic
cycles (%CaCO3)!
25
Site 1262
Magnetostratigraphy!
(Bowles, 2006)!
26
Site 1262!
PETM
ETM-2
Site 1262!
ETM-2
PETM
18-19 cycles
27
28
54.0
55.0
56.0
57.0
58.0
0.20
400 kyr
13C
PETM!
0.0
Ecc.*
13C
-0.20
Laskar 04
4.0
0.20
3.0
*CIE removed
13C 2.0
0.0
13C
400ky
1.0
J
0.0
3.0
H
2.0
1.0
0.0
Age (Myr PEB)
C
-1.0
-0.20
-2.0
29