REFERENCE

CONVERSION TABLE

482

REFERENCE

SI UNIT

ELECTRICAL DATA

483

REFERENCE

COMMONLY USE PUMP FORMULAS

484

REFERENCE

CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

485

REFERENCE

CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
II CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO PUMPS
Turbo pumps are loosely grouped into the following three types.
Centrifugal Pump
Pump head caused primarily by the centrifugal force of impeller rotation.
This type pump is widely used for its high head capability.

Mixed Flow Pump

Here pump head is derived partly from rotation of the impeller, partly from
impeller lift.

Axial Flow Pump

Head produced by this pump is primarily a result of impeller action on water.
It is used extensively when a large flow with low head is required.

These three kinds of pumps are also classified according to types of casing
and impellers.

CASING
Volute Pump & Diffuser Pump
Water flows from impeller at high speed, which must be efficiently converted
into pressure. In a diffuser pump, this conversion is performed by a guide
vane installed in contact with the impeller. In a volute pump, conversation is
by a volute casing not provided with a guide vane. Because of its high
efficiency in handling a wide flow of water, simplicity of construction and
compactness, a volute pump is universally used, except for such special
use, as with a deep well.

SUCTION TYPES
Single Suction & Double Suction
When single suction is insufficient to move a large volume of water, two
impellers are used back to back, and suction occurs on both sides. This,
then, is the double suction type. Double suction improves efficiency, and the
axial thrust is, in theory, balanced. However, because of structural
complications, double suction is not used in other volute type pumps.

486

REFERENCE

CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
MULTI-STAGES
When a single impeller fails to produce the required head, several
impeller are arranged on as many stages on the principle of series
operation of pumps. Most high-head pumps are multi-stage type.

NON-SELF-PRIMING &
SELF-PRIMING PUMPS
It is necessary to prime a conventional pump prior to operation to
create a water channel from the pump through the suction piping.
A self-priming pump can be started without the need for water in
the suction pipe. Self-priming pumps works as follows:
i) Prior to operation, water is in the casing and the impeller is
immersed in water.

ii) With the start of operation, the impeller creates a vacuum in

the pump, and air in the suction pipe is gradually drawn into the
pump. On the outlet side, air alone is discharged and water
circulates within the impeller.
iii) With the complete removal of air from the suction pipe, the
pump commences regular watering.

SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS
Submersible pumps have enjoyed fast progress in recent years
because:
1) No installation space is necessary
2) Priming is not required
3) There is no worry about cavitation
Another reason for the popularity of submersible pumps is the
new reliability of submersible motors and their mechanical seals,
plus the availability of these pumps at moderate cost.

OTHER PUMPS
In addition to the various types of turbo pumps mentioned above,
there are others such as regenerative, reciprocating, rotary,
vacuum, jet and air lift pumps. These pumps, however, have
special applications. Most widely used among pumps are turbo
pumps, and particularly, centrifugal volute pumps.

487

REFERENCE

TOTAL HEAD & STATIC HEAD

SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS
The total head is obtained by the following formula

SURFACE PUMPS

Besides the static head, it is necessary to include the friction loss (head) that is generated when water flows through pipes,
bends and valves in the calculation of the total head.

In case of non-submersible pumps (mainly horizontal

pumps), it is advisable that it be installed at a place as
near as the water level of suction side, for the prevention
of cavitation.

STATIC HEAD

Has : suction actual head

Had : discharged actual head

In case the water level

(in suction tank) is above the pump:
Ha = Had Has

In case the water level

(in suction tank) is below the pump:
Ha = Had = Has
488

REFERENCE

TOTAL HEAD AND PIPE FRICTION LOSS

HEAD
The water heights that pump lift up is called head. In the case of transfer pump, the differential head Ha
between discharge water level and suction water level is called actual head which is shown in Fig.1.
The actual head consists of suction actual head, Has and discharge actual head, Had.
Pump total head H means actual head Ha plus pipe friction loss Hf (this consists of suction loss
Hfa & discharge loss Hfd)

For transfer pump

For circulating pump

Discharge
(Discharge friction loss) water level

(Discharge friction loss)

(Actual head)

(Discharge
actual head)

(Suction friction loss)

(Actual head)

(Discharge
actual head)

(Suction positive
head)

Fig.1

Fig.2

(Suction
actual
head)

(Suction friction loss)

Total head
Actual head
Pipe friction loss

Remark:

Positive head

Total head
Actual head
Pipe friction loss

H = Ha + Hf
Ha = Had - (- Has) = Had + Has
Hf = Hfs + Hfd

H = Ha + Hf
Ha = Had - Has
Hf = Hfs + Hfd

FRICTION HEAD LOSS FOR PIPE

1) Head loss for straight pipe
a. To find head loss by calculation method:
Calculate using the following equation:
Hf(m) =
L
D

:
:
:
:
:

2
. L .
D
2g

overall length of pipe (m)

diameter of pipe (m)
velocity of flow in pipe (m/s)
gravity acceleration (9.8m/s2)
value variable with fluid viscosity and flow velocity, pipe diameter and inside roughness,
being found, in the case of water, by the following formula:
1
= 0.02 +
2000D

b. To find head loss by graphical method

The head loss for a vinyl choloride pipe and that for a steel pipe (the head loss for a cast iron pipe being
1.3 times that for a steel pipe) are as shown in Fig 3 & 4. These graphs however, indicate the head loss
per meter for a new pipe, and therefore the results obtained must be translated into the length as desired.
Moreover, from a practical viewpoint, the resultant length must be multiplied by 1.5, allowing for aging.
Example:
For 100mm diameter, 80m lengths straight steel pipe and flow rate 1.2m3/min, pipe friction loss should
be calculated as follows:
New pipe loss given as 60mm (=0.06m) from fig.4, so that actual pipe loss is
Hf = 0.06m x 80 x 1.5 ( design coefficient ) = 7.2(m)

489

REFERENCE

HEAD LOSS TABLE

490

REFERENCE

HEAD LOSS FOR PIPE & FITTINGS

491

REFERENCE

PUMP SYSTEM CURVE

Fig.6 Pipe system curve & flow rate

Pump
performance curve
Pipe system curve

Total head

Hf
Hf

H
Ha

Flow rate
492

REFERENCE

PUMP SERIES & PARALLEL OPERATION

Series operation
pump performance

Fig.7

Total head

Pipe system curve

Pipe system curve

S
pe ingle
rfo p
rm um
an p
ce

Parallel operation
pump performance

Flow rate

Fig.8

Total head

Pipe system curve

S
pe ingle
rfo p
rm um
an p
ce

Parallel operation
pump performance

Flow rate

493

REFERENCE

PUMP SIZE & FLOW RATE

Discharge reducer
* Suction reducer

Fig.9

494

REFERENCE

SUCTION TOTAL HEAD

For transfer pump

For circulation pump

Discharge water level

Fig.10

Fig.11

Suction
side friction
loss head
Suction
total head

Suction head

Suction
actual
head

Suction total head

Suction side
friction
loss head

Suction total head

(Positive)

Suction total head Hs = Has Hfs

= ( Has + Hfs)

Hs = Has Hfs

Water Temperature (C)

(at R. NPSH 4m)

Fig.12

Positive suction(m)

Negative suction(m)
Suction total head
Remark: Some margin should be added to this chart for actual use.

495

REFERENCE

SUCTION CONDITION

Elbow

Fig.13
Foot valve

496

REFERENCE

CALCULATING PUMP HEAD

497

REFERENCE

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

498

REFERENCE

PRESSURE DROP TABLE

499

REFERENCE

REGULATING FLOW RATE

A. Employing a throttle valve
Gradually closing a throttle valve installed in a conduit gradually
increases frictional losses on the conduit, continuously altering its
characteristic curve as shown in the figure at left, in which a
pumps Q-H operating point is progressively displaced from B to
BIV.

B. Varying pump speed

The best method for regulating flow rate from the standpoint of
energy-conversion efficiency is varying pump speed. In the figure
at left, varying a pumps speed, n, displaces its operating point
along a curved line segment bounded by B and B II.

C. Employing impellers of differing diameters

Employing impellers of differing diameter alters the output power
(flow rate x discharge head) of centrifugal pumps for a given drive
speed. In the figure at left, altering impeller diameter, D, displaces
a pumps operating point along a curved line segment bounded
by B and B II.

500

REFERENCE

DETERMINATION OF FLOW RATES

501

REFERENCE

DETERMINATION OF FLOW RATES

502

REFERENCE

VISCOSITY CORRECTION

503

REFERENCE

VISCOSITY CORRECTION

504

REFERENCE

VISCOSITY CORRECTION

505

REFERENCE

VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER

506

REFERENCE

NOTES FOR PIPE WORK DESIGN

Fig.14

Air pocket

Fig.15

Fig.16

Shut-off valve

Fig.17

507

REFERENCE

NOTES FOR PIPE WORK DESIGN

Ball tap
Water supply
Water supply tank

Fig. 18
Foot valve

Air trap

Gate valve

Gate valve

Fig. 20

Fig. 19

Manhole

Flow entrance

Fig. 21

Lifting Chain
Guide rail

Discharge

Submersible
pump

Fig. 22

508

BASIC DATA

BASIC DATA
Unit Conversion tables [* refers to International System of Unit (SI)]
Unit of kg
Force is expressed in unit of kgf (kilogram-force),
and mass (quantity of meter) in kg; thus, since both
use kg, they are easily confused (see NOTE). As
units, however, they are completely different things.
Both have coexisted in this manner for some time now
and for the time being will continue to do so.

NOTE: In the past there was also a time when kg was used
as the unit of force.
Weight
Weight sometimes refers of force (or gravity, the force of
the earths pull on a given mass) and sometimes refers to
mass (the quantity of matter itself). The former is expressed
by either the unit kgf or n, while the latter by kg.

The unit of force, kgf, however, will eventually come

into disuse and the newton, N, will become the only
unit used to represent force in both industrial circles
and in ordinary use. The unit kg will continue to be
used as the basic unit of mass in both industrial circles
and in ordinary use.

(1) Length Conversion Table

Meters
(m)*

Centimeters
(cm)

Millimeters
(mm)

Inches
(in [])

Feet
(ft [])

Shaku
(30.3cm)

Yards
(yd)

0.01
1
0.001
0.0254
0.3048
0.30303
0.9144

1
100
0.1
2.54
30.48
30.303
91.44

10
1000
1
25.4
304.8
303.03
914.4

0.3937
39.37
0.03937
1
12
11.939
36

0.032808
3.2808
0.0032808
0.083333
1
0.9942
3

0.033
3.3
0.0033
0.08382
1.0058
1
3.0175

0.01094
1.0936
0.001094
0.02778
0.3333
0.3314
1

Miles
(mil)

Kilometers
(km)

Metric
Nautical Mile

1
0.6214
1.151

1.6093
1
1.852

0.8690
0.5400
1

(2) Area Conversion Table 1

Square Meters
(m2)*

Square
Centimeters (cm2)

Square Inches
(in2)

Square Feet
(ft2)

Tsubo
(3.31 m2)

Tan
(1,000 m2)

Cho
(2.451 acres)

0.0001
1
0.0364516
0.092903
3.3058
991.736
9917.36

1
10000
6.4516
929.03
33058
9917360
99173600

0.155
1550
1
144
5124.38
=1537314
15373140

0.0010764
10.764
0.0069444
1
35.584
10675.2
106752

0.043025
0.30250
0.03195
0.02811
1
300
3000

0.061008
0.001008
0.0665
0.04937
0.003333
1
10

0.071008
0.0001008
0.0765
0.05937
0.000333
0.1
1

NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.04937 = 0.0000937.

509

BASIC DATA

BASIC DATA
Area Conversion Table 2
Square Meters
(m2)*

Ares
(a)

Hectares
(ha)

1
100
10000

0.01
1
100

0.0001
0.01
1

(3) Volume Conversion Table

Cubic Meters
(m3)*

Cubic Decimeters
(dm3, l)

Cubic Inches
(in3)

Cubic Feet
(ft3)

English Gallons
(UK gal)

American Gallons
(US gal)

Koku
(180)

0.001
1
0.0416
0.028317
0.0045465
0.0037852
0.18039

1
1000
0.0016
28.3153
4.5465
3.7852
180.39

61.024
61024
1
1728
277.46
233.5
11009.2

0.035317
35.315
0.03579
1
0.16057
0.13368
6.3707

0.21998
219.98
0.00360
6.22786
1
0.83254
39.676

0.26418
264.19
0.00433
7.4006
1.20114
1
47.656

0.0055435
5.5435
0.0491
0.15696
0.025204
0.020983
1

NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.03579 = 0.000579.

(4) Mass Conversion Table

Kilograms
(kg)*

Metric Tons

t
UK Tons

US Tons

Grains
(gr)

Pounds
(Ib)

Kan
(3.75kg)

1
1000
1016
907.185
0.04648
0.4536
3.75

0.001
1
1.0160
0.90719
0.07648
0.034536
0.00375

0.039842
0.9842
1
0.89286
0.07638
0.034464
0.0036906

0.0011023
1.1023
1.12
1
0.07714
0.0351
0.004134

15432
15432000
1568912
13999073
1
7000
57870

2.2046
2204.6
2240
2000
0.031429
1
8.2672

0.26667
266.67
270.95
241.908
0.041728
0.12095
1

Kilograms

Kilogram-Force
Second Squared
per Meter
(kgfs2/m)
0.10197
1

(kg)*
1
9.807

NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.034464 = 0.0004464.

510

BASIC DATA

BASIC DATA
(5) Flow Conversion Table
Liters per Second
(l/s)

Cubic Meters Day

(m3/d)

Cubic Meters Hour

(m3/h)

1
0.2778
16.6667
1000
28.3152

86.4
24
1440
86400
2446.44

3.6
1
60
3600
101.934

Cubic Meters Minute Cubic Meters Second Cubic Feet Second

(m3/min)
(m3/sec)
(ft3/sec)
0.060
0.16667
1
60
1.6989

0.001
0.0002778
0.16667
1
0.02832

0.3532
0.009810
0.588608
35.3165
1

(6) Force Conversion Table

Newtons
(N)*

Kilogram-Force
(kgf)

1
9.807

0.10197
1

1N = 1kgm/s2

(7) Pressure Conversion Table

Megapascals

Pascals

Bars

Pound-Force
per Square
Centimeter
(psi, Ibf/in2)

Standard
Atmospheric

(bar)

Kilogram-Force
per Square
Centimeter
(kgf/cm2)

(MPa)*

(Pa)*

0.1
0.09807
0.006895
0.10133
0.0313332
0.009807
10-6

105
9.80665x104
6.895x103
1.01325x105
133.32
9.807x103
1

(atm)

(mm)

(m)

1
0.9807
0.06895
1.0133
0.0013332
0.09807
0.00001

1.0197
1
0.07031
1.0332
0.0013595
0.10000
0.0410197

14.50
14.22
1
14.70
0.01934
1.422
0.03145

0.9869
0.9678
0.6805
1
0.0013158
0.09678
0.059869

750.1
735.6
51.71
760
1
73.55
0.007501

10.197
10.000
0.7031
10.33
0.01360
1
0.0310197

1 Pa = N/m2, 1 mbar (millibar) = 1 hPa (hectopascal)

NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.0410197 = 0.000010197.

(8) Stress Conversion Table

Megapascals
(MPa)*
1
9.807

Newtons per Square Kilogram-Force per

Millimeter
Square Millimeter
(N/mm2)*
(kgf/mm2)*
1
9.807

0.10197
1

511

Millimeters
of Mercury

Meters of
Water

BASIC DATA

BASIC DATA
(9) Work, Energy and Quantity of Heat
Joules
(J)

Kilogram-Force
Meters

Foot-Pound-Force
(ftlbf)

Kilowatt-Hours
(kWh)

Kilocalories
(kcal)

1
9.807
1.356
3.6x106
4186

0.10197
1
0.1383
3.671x105
426.9

0.7376
7.233
1
2.655x106
3087

0.062278
0.02724
0.063766
1
0.001163

0.032389
0.02343
0.03239
860.0
1

1 J = 1 Nm
NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.032389 = 0.0002389.

(10) Power Conversion Table

Kilowatts
(kW)*

French/Metric
Horsepower
(PS)

British
Horsepower
(HP)

0.7355
0.746
1
0.009807
0.001359
4.186
1.055

1
1.0143
1.3596
0.01333
0.001843
5.691
1.434

0.9859
1
1.3405
0.1315
0.001817
5.611
1.414

Kilogram-Force
Foot-PoundMeters per Second Force per Second
(kgfm/s)
(ftlbf/s)
75
542.5
76.07
550.2
101.97
737.6
1
7.233
0.1383
1
426.9
3087
107.6
778.0

Kilocalories
per Second
(kcal/s)

British Thermal
Units per Second
(BTU/s)

0.1757
0.1782
0.2389
0.002343
0.033239
1
0.2520

0.6973
0.7072
0.9480
0.009297
0.001285
3.968
1

1 W = 1 J/s
NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.033239 = 0.0003239.

(11) Viscosity Conversion Table

Pascal-Seconds
(Pas)*
1
0.001
0.1
9.807

MillipascalSecond
(mPas)*

Poise

Centipoise

(P)

(cP)

Kilogram-ForceSeconds per Square

(kgfs/m2)

1000
1
100
9807

10
0.01
1
98.07

1000
1
100
9807

0.10197
0.0310197
0.010197
1

1 W = 1 J/s
NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example:
0.0310197 = 0.00010197.

(12) Kinematic Viscosity Conversion Table

Square Meters
per Second
(m2/s)*

Square Millimeters
per Second
(mm2/s)*

Stokes

Centistokes

(St, cm2/s)

(cSt)

1
0.000001
0.0001

1000000
1
100

10000
0.01
1

1000000
1
100

512

BASIC DATA

BASIC DATA
(13) Temperature Conversion Formulas
Kelvin (K)
Degrees Celsius

=
=
=
Degrees Fehrenheit =
=

SI Prefixes

Degrees Celsius (C) + 273.15

Kelvin (K) - 273.15
5/9 (Degrees Fahrenheit [F] - 32)
9/5 x Degrees Celsius (C) + 32
9/5 x Kelvin (K) - 459.67

Multiple

Prefix

Prefix
Abbreviation

109

Giga

Mega

10

(14) Temperature Interval Conversion Table

10

Kilo

102

hecto

10

deka

da

Kelvin
(K)*

Deg Celsius
(C)

Deg Fahrenheit
(F)

10-1

deci

-2

centi

1
0.55556

1
0.55556

1.8
1

10-3

milli

10-6

micro

10-9

nano

pico

10

NOTE: Recognize the difference between the temperature (warmth) and the
temperature interval.

10

(15) Specific Heat/

SH Capacity Conversion Table
Joules per
Gram-Kelvin
(J/[gK])*
1
4.186

Calories per
Gram-Deg
Celsius
(cal/[gC])

Kilocalories per
Kilogram-Deg
Celsius
(kcal/[kgC])

0.2389
1

0.2389
1

(16) Heat Capacity Conversion Table

Kilojoules per Kelvin
(kJ/K)*

Kilocalories per Deg

Celsius (kcal/C)

1
4.186

0.2389
1

(17) Thermal Conductivity Conversion Table

Watts per Meter-Kelvin
(W/[mK])
1
1.1628

Kilocalories per HourMeter-Deg Celsius

(kcal/[hmC])
0.86001
1

(18) Heat Transfer Coefficient Conversion Table

Watts per Square Meter-Kelvin
(W/[mK])

Kilocalories per Sq
Meter-Hour-Deg Celsius
(kcal/[m2hC])

1
1.1628

0.86001
1

513

-12

PRACTICAL DATA

PRACTICAL DATA
(1) Physical Properties of Water
Temperature

Density

t
(C)

p
(g/cm3)

Steam
Pressure
P
(MPa)

Specific
Heat
Cp
(J/[gK])

Viscosity

Kinematic
Viscosity
v=/p
(cm2/s)

Thermal
Conductivity
Ko
(W/[mK])

Thermal
Diffusivity
 = Ko/Cpp
(cm2/s)

Prandti
Number

Pr = v/

0.99987

0.000611

4.2174

(mPas)
1.789

0.01789

0.558

0.00132

13.6

10

0.99973

0.001227

4.1919

1.306

0.01307

0.577

0.00138

9.46

20

0.99823

0.002338

4.186

1.005

0.01006

0.597

0.00143

7.04

30

0.99568

0.004245

4.1782

0.8019

0.008054

0.615

0.00148

5.45

40

0.99225

0.007381

4.1783

0.6533

0.006584

0.633

0.00153

4.30

50

0.98807

0.012345

4.1804

0.5497

0.005564

0.647

0.00157

3.55

60

0.98324

0.019934

4.1841

0.4701

0.004781

0.658

0.00160

2.99

70

0.97781

0.031179

4.1893

0.4062

0.004154

0.667

0.00163

2.55

80

0.97183

0.047377

4.1961

0.3556

0.003659

0.673

0.00165

2.22

90

0.96534

0.70121

4.2048

0.3146

0.003259

0.678

0.00167

1.95

100

0.95838

0.101325

4.2099

0.2832

0.002944

0.681

0.00169

1.74

120

0.9434

0.19849

4.2312

0.232

0.00246

0.685

0.00171

1.44

140

0.9264

0.36120

4.2559

0.196

0.00212

0.684

0.00173

1.23

160

0.9075

0.61766

4.2840

0.174

0.00192

0.680

0.00175

1.10

180

0.8866

1.0019

4.3953

0.153

0.00173

0.673

0.00173

1.00

200

0.8628

1.5536

4.5000

0.136

0.00158

0.665

0.00171

0.923

220

0.837

2.3179

4.6046

0.126

0.00151

0.652

0.00169

0.894

240

0.809

3.3447

4.7302

0.117

0.00145

0.634

0.00166

0.874

260

0.785

4.6892

7.9813

0.109

0.00139

0.613

0.00157

0.885

280

0.750

6.4127

5.2325

0.101

0.00135

0.558

0.00150

0.900

300

0.714

8.5832

5.6930

0.095

0.00133

0.564

0.00139

0.957

1 MPa = 10.2 kgf/cm2

514

PRACTICAL DATA

PRACTICAL DATA
(2) Density, Modulus of Elasticity and Thermal Conductivity of Metallic Materials
Material

Density
(g/cm3)

Youngs Modulus
(GPa)

Rigidity Modulus
(GPa)

Thermal Conductivity
(W/[mK])

Cast iron (FC)

7.2 - 7.3

78 - 130

28 - 38

23 - 41

Steel casting and steel sheet (SC, SS)

7.85 - 7.9

175 - 210

70 - 84

27 - 45

18-8 chrome nickel stainless steel

7.93

195 - 202

25 - 33

13 chrome stainless steel

7.75

205 - 210

12 - 15

Bronze (BC)

8.4 - 8.7

80 - 90

28 - 30

Approx. 35

Brass bar (BsBM)

8.3 - 8.6

70 - 100

27 - 38

Approx. 60

Zinc (Zn)

7.13

80 - 130

Approx. 40

Aluminium (AI)

2.7

62 - 74

23 - 27

Chromium (Cr)

7.19

Nickel (Ni)

8.9

200 - 220

76 - 84

Mercury (Hg)

13.55

Lead (Pb)

11.34

10 - 17

Approx. 5.5

Tin (Sn)

7.30

45 - 55

Approx. 18

Tungsten (W)

19.3

NOTE 1 : 1 GPa = 1.0197 x 102kgf/mm2

NOTE 2 : 1 W/(mK) = 0.86001 kcal/(hmC)
NOTE 3 : Approximate values have been given, since such values change according to the heat treatment method, type and other factors.

(3) Density, Modulus of Elasticity of Nonmetallic Materials

Material
Sand, clay, muck

Density
(g/cm3)

Youngs Modulus
(GPa)

2 - 2.9

Material

Density
(g/cm3)

Youngs Modulus
(GPa)

Chestnut/teak

0.6

4 - 10

Lime

1.3 - 2.0

Japanese cypress/lauan

0.5

4 - 10

Limestone

2.7 - 3.0

Oak

0.9

4 - 10

Diatomite

1.92 - 2.17

Paper

0.52 - 0.8

2.7 - 3.2

Hemp

1.5

Cotton

1.5

Wool

1.3

Cement
Concrete

2-3

Approx. 20

2.2 - 4.3

48 - 90

Anthracite

1.5

Leather

0.53 - 1.3

Sulfur

2.07

Rubber

0.9 - 1.5

2.5 - 6.0

Ceramics

2.7 - 6

200 - 400

Glass

Ore (copper/iron)
Bauxite

2.5

Phenol resin

1.25 - 1.5

0.08 - 0.15

Salt

2.16

Silicon resin

1.3 - 1.8

0.11 - 0.18

Wax

Acrylic resin

0.96 - 1.0

Japanese cedar

0.4

4 - 10

Teflon

Japanese red/black pine

0.6

4 - 10

Polyethylene

1.19

0.03

2.1 - 2.3

0.004 - 0.006

0.92 - 0.93

0.003

NOTE 1 : 1 GPa = 1.0197 x 102kgf/mm2

NOTE 2 : Approximate values have been given, since such values change according to the temperature, humidity, place of production, manufacturing method,
sample size, deterioration and other factors.

515

PRACTICAL DATA

PRACTICAL DATA
(4) Fluid Density
Density (g/cm3)

Fluid
Air

0.001293
(0C, 760 mmHg)

Liquid oxygen

1.14

Gasoline

0.65 - 0.75

Light oil

0.83 - 0.88

Heavy oil

0.90 - 0.98

Lube oil

Approx. 0.9

Vegetable oil

0.9 - 0.97

Animal oil

0.86 - 0.94

Water

1.0

Seawater

1.025

10% solution of salt

1.07

20% solution of salt

1.15

(5) Specific Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Various Solids and Liquids J/(gK)
Metal

Various Solids

Liquid

Aluminium

0.92

Wood (ordinary)

- 13

Ammonia

4.2

Copper

0.50

Polythylene

1.3 - 1.8

Seawater

3.93

1.1 - 2.0

Iron

0.48

Rubber

Volatile oil

2.93

Nickel

0.46

Silt (includingmoisture)

1.89

Hydrochloric acid

2.51

Constantan

- 0.4

Ebonite

1.38

Alcohol

2.43

Phosphor bronze

0.40

Lime

1.30

Ether

2.26

Nickel silver

0.40

Concrete

- 0.84

Paraffin oil

2.13

Zinc

0.39

Earthenware

1.09

Acetic acid

2.13

Brass

0.39

Marble

- 0.9

Petroleum

2.09

Solder

0.19

Brick

0.88

Nitrogen (liquid)

1.80

Tin

0.23

Asbestos

- 0.84

Turpentine

1.76

Antimony

0.21

Charcoal

0.84

Aniline

1.67

White alloy

0.17

Coke

0.84

Olive oil

1.97

Mercury

0.19

Granite

0.80 - 0.84

Benzol

1.67

Stainless steel
(18Cr/8Ni)

0.47

Graphite
Gypsum

0.84
0.84

Machine oil
Oxygen (liquid)

1.67
1.47

Stainless steel
(18Cr/12Ni)

0.47

Glass

- 0.67

Sulfuric acid

1.42

Stainless steel
(24Cr/20Ni)

0.46

Sulfur

0.75

Mercury

0.14

516

PRACTICAL DATA

PRACTICAL DATA
(6) Constant-Pressure Specific Heat
Capacity of Gas J/(gK)

(8) Coefficient of Linear Expansion of

Miscellaneous Solids (Avg within 0-100C)

Temperature (C)

Cp

Air (dry)

20

1.006

Rubber

Oxygen

16

0.922

Ebonite

0.64 - 0.77

Nitrogen

16

1.034

Concrete

0.10 - 0.14

16

1.034

Slate

0.104

100

1.038

Glass

0.088

14.191

100

14.358

Granite

0.083

400

14.777

Gas

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Metal

Brick

16

0.837

Methane

15

2.210

Nitrogen oxide (NO)

13 - 172

0.971

Marble

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

15

0.636

Earthenware

0.04 - 0.07
0.035 - 0.044
0.036

(9) Coefficient of Linear Expansion of

Liquids (At Normal Temperature)

 x 10-4

Zinc

0.263 - 0.528

Lead

0.08 - 0.05
0.055

Building stone

(7) Coefficient of Linear Expansion of

Metals (Avg within 0-100C)
Metal

0.77

Wood (perpendicular to fiber)

Carbon dioxide

 x 10-4

Metal

 x 10-4

Ether

16.0

0.276

Pentane

15.9

White alloy

0.25

Chloroform

12.6

Cast aluminium

0.222

Benzine

12.5

Tin

0.214

Carbon tetrachloride

12.3

Aluminium

0.207

Methanol

12.2

Brass bar

0.193

Alcohol

11.0

0.19

Acetic acid

10.7

Silver

0.188

Petroleum

10.0

Cast brass

0.187

Turpentine

10.0

Copper

0.167

Aniline

8.5

Gold

0.139

Paraffin oil

7.6

Nickel

0.128

Olive oil

7.2

Wrought iron

0.119

Coal tar

6.0

Antimony

0.110

Sulfuric acid

5.5

Steel

Glycerin

5.0

Cast iron

0.102

Water

1.8

Platinum

0.089

Mercury

1.8

18-8 chrome nickel stainless steel

0.171

13 chrome stainless steel

0.105 - 0.110

(10) Coefficient of Linear Expansion of

Gases

0.09 - 0.1

A uniform coefficient of

517

1 applies to all gases.

273

PRACTICAL DATA

PRACTICAL DATA
(11) Contraction of Casting Compared to Mold (%)
Casing Material

Contraction (%)

Zinc

Casing Material

1.60

Aluminium
Aluminium bronze
Antimony

Lead

1.7 - 1.8

Bismuth + 0.12% tin

1.65

White alloy

0.3 - 0.7

Molten steel

Brass

1.54

Gray cast iron

Tin (sand mold)

0.225

Chilled cast iron

Tin (chilled)

0.695

Bronze + 10% zinc

Contraction (%)
1.1
0.3 - 0.4
0.55
1.60
1 - 1.1
1.5
1.5

Cast steel

0.77

(12) Industrial Viscosity Diagram

Note : The density is found by reading the viscosity at the same temperature.

518

0.8 - 2.0