Rule #1

1a) CVC = Consonant-Vowel-Constant (Consonante-Vocal-Consonante)

The vowel is SHORT. La vocal es CORTA. [99% True/Cierto]
1b) CVCC- Consonant-Vowel-Consonant-Consonant(Consonante-VocalConsonante-Consonante)
The vowel is SHORT. La vocal es CORTA [99% True/Cierto]
Examples: rat, hen, sit, not, cut
Rule #2
CVC + Silent E = Consonant-Vowel-Consonant-Silent E
(Consonante+Vocal+Consonante+E silenciosa)
The vowel is LONG. La vocal es LARGA. [99% True/Cierto]
Examples: rate, here, site, note, cute
Rule #3
3a) When c+a OR C+o OR c+U exist, then the C has the /k/ sound.
It doesnt matter if the vowel is short or long.
(Cuado c+a O c+o O C+u existen, entonces la C tiene el sonido de /k/
No importa si la vocal es corta o larga)
Example: can, cane, cone, cub, cube
3b) When c+e OR C+i OR c+y exist, then c has the /s/ sound.
It doesnt matter if the vowel is short or long.
(Cuado c+e O c+i O C+y existen, entonces la C tiene el sonido de /s/
No importa si la vocal es corta o larga)
Example: recite, cycle, circular, cells, city, center, circle
Rule #4
4a) K instead of C because c changes its sound when followed by e, i, and y.
When we need a hard c sound + e, I, y then we have to use a k.
It doesnt matter if the vowel is short of long.
(Usar K en vez de c porque c cambia de sonido cuando es seguido por e, i,
&, y. Necesitamos el sonido de C fuerte + e, i, & y, entonces utilizamos la k.
No importa si la vocal es corta o larga)
Examples: Keeps, kiss, kite,
4b) Words that have K + a,o,u are loan words from other languages.
Palabras que tienen K + a, o, u son palabras prestadas de otros idiomas.
Examples: Kangaroo (aborigen/Australia), Kung fu (chinese Word)
Rule #5
5a) Hard G: When g+a OR g+o OR g+u exist, then g had the /g/ sound.
It doesnt matter if the vowel is short or long.
(G Fuerte: Cuando g+a O g+o O g+u existen, entonces g tiene el sonido
de /g/. No importa si la vocal es corta o larga.
Examples: guy, good, gave, gallon, gas
5b) Soft G: When g+e OR g+i OR g+y esists, then g has the /j/ sound.
It doesnt matter if the vowel is short or long.
(G suave: Cuando g+e O g+i O g+y existen, entonces g tiene el sonido de

/j/. No importa si la vocal es corta o larga.

Examples: gel, gesture, ginger, gypsy
Exceptions: give, gill, geyser, girl
Rule #6
Double consonant rule: Theres a short vowel before a double consonant. (99%
true)
Examples: planner, dinner, hopping, supper
(Doble consonante: Hay una vocal corta antes de doble consonante)
Exceptions: caller, stalling, falling
Rule #7
CV: If the word ends in a vowel, it is usually long.
Si la palabra termina con una vocal, usualmente es vocal larga.
Examples: he, me, hi, no , so, flu
Exceptions: to, do
Rule #8
If the word ends with an a then it makes the schwa sound ()
Si la palabra termina con a entonces tiene el sonido schwa
Examples: pizza, America, zebra, Linda, India, Korea
Rule #9
Change the y to i and as es/er/est
9a) If there is a vowel before the y as in day, just add s (days)
(Si hay un vocal antes de una y, solamente agrega s
Examples: day-days, play-plays, way-ways, toy-toys, boy-boys
9b) If there is a consonant before the y as in try change the y to i and ad
es OR er OR est
(Si hay un consonante antes de una y, cambia la y a i & agregar es O er
O est)
Examples: try-tries, cry-cries, fly-flies, dry-dries, country-countries
happy-happier-happiest, funny-funnier-funniest, pretty, prettier, prettiest
Rule #10
If there is an f at the end of a word, we make it plural by changing the f to v
and add es
Si hay una f al final de una palabra, lo convertimos plural cambiando la f a
una v y agregando es
Examples: half-halves, wolf-wolves
Rule #11
11a) If there is a vowel before the y, just add ed or ing
Si hay una vocal antes de una y, solamente agrega ed o ing
Examples: play-played-playing, destroy-destroyed-destroying
11b) If there isnt a vowel before the y, change the y to I and add ed (but
not for ing)
Si no hay una vocal antes de la y, cambiar la y a una I y agregar ed (no
cambiar para ing)
Examples: dry-dried-drying, cry-cried-crying, try-tried-trying

Exceptions: fly-flew-flying