Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Science

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Program: Mechanical Engineering/Industrial Engineering
Course Number
Course Title
Semester/Year
Instructor

MEC430
Stress Analysis
Fall 2010
Marcello Papini

Lab/Tutorial Report NO.

Report Title

Section No.
Group No.
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Name
Jinxin Wu

5
Nov 1 2012
Nov 1 2012

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Xxxx91198

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Gareth Fernandes
Charlz Cheng

Xxxx 22899

Simranjit Dhillon
Chris Misevski
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Introduction
The purpose of the experiments is to strain distribution in a beam and deflection of a
beam in different configurations. Using the experimental result and compare it with the
theoretical result.
Strain is a magnitude of deformation. Strain is equal to change in dimension of a
deformed object over the original dimension, . Strain can be related to flexural stress by
multiply by the Modulus of elasticity:
In a deflected beam, strain can be determined by the following equation:
Where: y= distance between center of curvature and the point of interest
= distance between center of curvature and the Neutral Axis
The flexural stress can be calculated in terms of moment:
where: I= centroid of the cross section
In order to determine the deflection of the beam, use the load-defection equation.

Abstract

1. Cantilever Beam
Apparatus
The apparatus consisted of a cantilever beam, with strain gauges and a precision dead
load. The beam was fixed horizontally, at an arbitrary distance above the table. 3 strain
gauges were fixed to the beam, and were connected to a strain indicator. A precision dead
load was applied to the open end of the beam.

Figure 1.1 Cross Section of Beam

y=0.125in
NA

in

1 in

Figure 1.2 Precision dead load

Figure 1.3 Strain Indicator

Procedure
1) The TA connected the strain gauges to the digital strain indicator, and fixed them to the
beam.
2) The TA balanced the strain channels.
3) The length and cross section dimensions of the beam were measured.
4) The maximum allowable load for the beam was calculated.
5) The locations of the strain gauges were measured, relative to the fixed end of the beam.
6) The maximum load was divided into 5 increments, and applied using the precision load.
7) The strain gauge indicator was read after each increment and the value was recorded.

Experimental Results
Table 1-Data Collection
Load
Increment
2
4
6
8
10

Strain Gauge 1
x10-4
2.17
3.91
5.62
7.38
9.22

Given Values
Maximum Stress = 10 000 lb/in2
Beam Length = 10 in
Beam Height = 0.25 in
Beam Width = 1 in
Modulus of Elasticity = 10.4 Msi

Sample Calculations
Location of Centroid:

Second Moment of Inertia:

Strain Gauge 2
x10-4
1.48
2.66
3.70
4.94
6.14

Strain Gauge 3
x10-4
0.91
1.43
2.08
2.62
3.15

Tip Deflection
0.065
0.123
0.180
0.230
0.299

Maximum Allowable Load:

Applied Stress at Load Increment:

Stress at the Strain Gauge:

Theoretical Deflection:

Table 2 - Results
Load
Increment
(lb)
2
4
6
8
10

Experimental
Theoretical
Applied
Stress @
Stress @
Stress @
Deflection
Stress (psi)
Gauge 1 (psi) Gauge 2 (psi) Gauge 3 (psi) (in)
1920
192
768
1344
0.492307692
3840
384
1536
2688
0.984615385
5760
576
2304
4032
1.476923077
7680
768
3072
5376
1.969230769
9600
960
3840
6720
2.461538462

Theoretical Strain:
=
=

=5.53846 x 10-5

Table 3 Theoretical Strain

Load Increment (lb)

Gauge 1
2
4
6
8
10

Gauge 2
5.53846 x 10-5
0.000110769
0.000166154
0.000221538
0.000276923

Gauge 3
1.44231 x 10-8
2.88462 x 10-8
4.32692 x 10-8
5.76923 x 10-8
7.21154E-08

Graphs
Graph 1.1 - Deflection vs. Load

Graph 1.2 Stress vs. Strain at Gauge 1

2.16346 x 10-8
4.32692 x 10-8
6.49038 x 10-8
8.65385 x 10-8
1.08173 x 10-7

Graph 1.3 Stress vs. Strain at Gauge 2

Graph 1.4 Stress vs. Strain at Gauge 3

2. Beams in Pure Bending

Apparatus
Beam
Strain gage indicator
Load
Two dial indicator

Procedure
1) The Beam length and the cross section were measured
2) Calculations were made to determine maximum allowable load using the given
information
3) The locations of the strain gauges were measured
4) Strain gauge indicator was connected and zeroed
5) Four incrementally increasing loads were applied and information was gathered from the
strain gauge indicators.

Measured Results
Beam length- 36(3/8) inches
Beam height (8/32) inches
Beam width (1) inch
Given data
Material aluminium 6061
max = 20.8 ksi
E= 10.4 Msi
v= 0.32

Experimental Results
load
0
5
10
15
20

Strain Gauge Strain Gauge

Deflection1 Deflection 2 1
2
0
0
40
44
0.111
0.76
285
273
0.222
0.155
518
495
0.337
0.236
750
722
0.441
0.307
996
936

Calculations
Stress equation
=(Fmy)/I
where
= 10000 psi , m=5in, y= (8/64) in
I = (1/12)*bh^3,
Where
h= (8/32)inch, b= 1 inch
I = 0.001302 in ^4
F=( 1000*(0.001302))/(5*(8/64))
So F= 20.83333 lb

Theoretical strain
E=10.4 Msi
Strain = /E
Theoretical
Stress(psi) Strain
2367.424242 0.000227637
4734.848485 0.000455274
7102.272727 0.000682911
9469.69697 0.000910548

Load
5
10
15
20

Theoretical deflection
Dv^2/dx^2=M/(EI)
M(x)=(-5*f)/ (EI)
V(x)=( (5*f*x)+ C))/ (EI)
v(x)=( (5*f*x^2)/2+(C*x)+ D)
Load

Stress
5
10
15
20

Graphs

2367.424
4734.848
7102.273
9469.697

/(EI)

Graph 2.1 Stress vs. Load

Graph 2.2 Deflection vs. Load

Graph 2.3 Stress vs. Strain

3. Strain Distribution on a Structural Section

Apparatus:
Aluminum T-section
Strain gauge indicator
Hydraulic loading fixture with micrometer

Procedure:
1. Measure the beam length and cross-sectional geometry
2. Based on the maximum allowable stress, calculate the maximum allowable load for this
geometry
3. Measure the location of the strain gauges and dial indicator
4. Connect the strain gauge wires to the strain indicator
5. Turn on the strain indicator and balance each channel of the strain indicator
6. Apply the load in minimum of 4 increments using precision dead loads.
7. At each increment, read the strain gauge indicator and deflection at mid span of the beam
micrometer and record these values.

Experimental Results
E=10.5Msi
Table 3.1
Load Step Mid point
(lb)
Deflection
(in)

Strain
gauge 1
(y=2in)

Strain
gauge 2
(y=1.75in)

Strain
gauge 3
(y=19/16
in)

Strain
gauge 4
(y=19/32in)

Strain
gauge 5
(y=0in)

-0.005
-0.009
-0.013
-0.017
-0.02
-0.024

-75
-123
-175
-225
-279
-326

-30
-56
-87
-117
-148
-178

20
32
44
58
72
86

98
183
270
364
453
544

136
259
384
521
646
782

Mid point
Deflection
(in)
-0.003
-0.006
-0.008
-0.011
-0.014

Strain
gauge 1

Strain
gauge 2

Strain
gauge 3

Strain
gauge 4

Strain
gauge 5

-54
-108
-163
-217
-272

-31
-63
-94
-126
-157

20
41
60.75
81
101

75
150
224
299
374

129
259
388
517
647

83
166
249
332
415
498

Calculation
Table 3.2
Load Step
(lb)
83
166
249
332
415

498

-0.017

-326

-188

122

449

Graph
Graph 3.1 : Deflection vs Load

Graph 3.2 Stress vs Measured and calculated strain

776

Graph 3.3 Strain Distribution (measured strain)

Graph 3.4 Shear Force Graph

Graph3.5 Bending Moment graph

5. Pressure Vessel
Apparatus
1. Pressure Vessel
2. Strain Indicator
3. Hydraulic Pump
4. Pressure Gauge

Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.

Turned on the strain indicator and adjusted each channel of the strain indicator.
Turned on the hydraulic pump
Set the pressure relief value to the desired value.
Flipped through channel 1 to 3 and recorded the corresponding pressure and strain
values.
5. Repeated step 3 to 4 for 5 increments till the maximum pressure of 150 psi was
reached
6. Decrease the pressure from 150 psi to 0 by 5 increments and repeated steps 3 to 4.
7. Turned off the hydraulic pump and strain indicator.

Experimental Results
Pressure
29
60
90
120
149
120
90
60
31
Given:

Table 5.1 Pressure and Strain on the Pressure Vessel

(psi)
Strain A (in)
Strain B (in)
Strain C (in)
21
53
29
41
103
52
59
151
75
77
198
99
96
246
121
78
200
99
60
153
76
40
103
52
22
56
30

=9000
=20 ksi=20000

radius of the vessel ( )=9.708 in

Thickness(t): =0.1046 in

Calculation
5.1 Maximum allowable stress

5.2 Safety factor

5.3 Poissons Ratio

Table 5.2: Poissons Ratio
Pressure (psi)

Strain A (in)

Strain B (in)

29
60
90
120
149
120
90
60
31

21
41
59
77
96
78
60
40
22

53
103
151
198
246
200
153
103
56

Poissons
Ratio(Strain A/
Strain B)
0.40
0.40
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39

=0.39

=0.29
Poissons Ratio is given as 0.29 for steel in the lab manual, but experimentally we get a
value of 0.39 by averaging the strain A divide by strain B and we will use the theoretical
value of 0.29 to calculate the rest of the result.
5.4 Hoop and Axial Stress

=672.88psi

=1345.75psi
Table 5.3: Theoretical Axial and Hoop Stress
Pressure (psi)
29
60
90
120
149
120
90
60
31

Axial Stress (psi)

672.88
1392.16
2088.24
2784.32
3457.2
2784.32
2088.24
1392.16
719.28

To find experimental values, we use the following:

=1897.90 psi

=1003.50 psi

Hoop Stress (psi)

1345.75
2784.32
4176.48
5568.64
6914.40
5568.64
4176.48
2784.32
1438.56

Table 5.4: Experimental Axial and Hoop Stresses

Strain
Strain A Strain B
Axial Stress
(in)
(in)
C (in)
(psi)
29
21
53
29
1003.50
60
41
103
52
1872.23
90
59
151
75
2694.16
120
77
198
99
3536.79
149
96
246
121
4363.078
120
78
200
99
3558.33
90
60
153
76
2735.20
60
40
103
52
1848.19
31
22
56
30
1043.77
E for Steel is given as 30.0 Msi for steel in the lab manual
Pressure (psi)

Hoop Stress
(psi)
1897.90
3648.89
5334.0
6998.42
8679.17
7061.38
5405.65
3644.77
1998.48

5.5 Direction of the principal stresses and strains

=-0.40232

Pressure
(psi)

Table 5.5: Direction of Stresses and Strains

Strain A
Strain B
Strain C

(in)
(in)
(in)

29

21

53

29

60

41

103

52

90

59

151

75

120

77

198

99

149

96

246

121

120

78

200

99

90

60

153

76

0.40232
0.44008
0.44186
0.43785
0.44551
0.44276
-0.4428

(Degrees)
-23.0511
-25.2148
-25.3165
-25.0868
-25.5259
-25.3681
-25.3706

60

40

103

52

31

22

56

30

0.43343
0.41012

Graphs
5.6 Hoop Stress vs Pressure
Graph 5.1: Theoretical Hoop Stress vs. Pressure

Graph 5.2: Experimental Hoop Stress vs. Pressure

-24.8336
-23.498

5.7 Axial Stress vs. Pressure

Graph 5.3: Theoretical Axial Stress vs. Pressure

Graph 5.4: Experimental Axial Stress vs. Pressure

5.8 Shear Stress vs. Pressure

=948.95psi
Table 5.6: Shear Stress
Hoop Stress
Shear Stress
Pressure (psi)
(psi)
(psi)
29
1897.90
948.95
60
3648.89
1824.44
90
5334.0
2667
120
6998.42
3499.21
149
8679.17
4339.58
120
7061.38
3530.69
90
5405.65
2702.82
60
3644.77
1822.38
31
1998.48
999.24

Graph 5: Shear Stress vs. Pressure

5.9 Mohrs Strain Circle

At maximum pressure 150 psi

Graph 5.6: Mohrs Strain Circle for maximum pressure

Discussion
Most of the errors made in the experiment, especially experiment 3,4 and 5, are by
subjective measurement of the location for the gauges. The locations of the gauges in
both vertical and horizontal directions are measure using a ruler. It wasnt measured with
great precision but rather approximation.
For experiment 5, the reason why we used thin wall pressure vessel is because the tensile
stress in the vessel wall varies insignificantly from the inside to the outside of the vessel
wall. Reason for using hydraulic oil is because liquid is incompressible unlike gas, which
makes pressure reading more accurate in order to prevent exceeding the maximum
pressure. Strain gauge technique is not a viable means of determining principal strain
plane, because usually the surface is stress free.

Conclusion
Based on the data from experiment 4 and 5, it clearly shows that the strains is at greatest
in compression and tensional as it approach to either end of the cross section area. The
data also shows that theres a line at the cross section where the strain changes from
positive to negative or vise versa. This is an indication of neutral axis where no strain.
With experiment 3 and 4, the data shows that the deflection is at its max at the midpoint
of the beam. The location of max deflection can be calculated using the 4th order load
deflection equation using
for both beam. But the max deflection for experiment
2 is at the end of the beam. The fourth order load deflection equation for experiment 2

shows that deflection increases toward the end of the beam since there is no boundary
condition at the end of the beam,
.

References
Craig, R. Mechanics of Materials. 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Print.
Ghaemi, H. MEC430 Experimental Methods in Stress Analysis. Toronto, ON: Ryerson
Campus Store, 2012. Print.
Appendix: