Yue Fei

emperors of the Qing dynasty.* [9] A dating symbol in its

preface points either to the year 1684 or to 1744.* [10]
It was banned during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
There are two main versions of this novel in existence.
The original one had 80 chapters. There was an illustrated
edition of this version published in 1912.* [11] The other
version also had 80 chapters and was published during
the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (18611875). Starting in 1964 and nishing in 1995, Sir Yang Ti-liang, former Chief Justice of Hong Kong, current Chairman of
the Hong Kong Red Cross, combined the rst chapters
of these works (in an attempt to weed out the overabundance of supernatural elements) to create a 79 chapter
version with 961 pages, which he translated into English.
It is currently sold under the title General Yue Fei (ISBN
978-962-04-1279-0).

This is a Chinese name; the family name is Yue.

Yue Fei (24 March 1103 27 January 1142), courtesy

name Pengju, was a Han Chinese military general
who lived during the Southern Song dynasty. His
ancestral home was in Xiaoti, Yonghe Village, Tangyin,
Xiangzhou, Henan (in present-day Tangyin County,
Anyang, Henan). He is best known for leading Southern Song forces in the wars in the 12th century between Southern Song and the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty
in northern China before being put to death by the Southern Song government in 1142.* [1] He was granted the
posthumous name Wumu by Emperor Xiaozong in 1169,
and later granted the posthumous title King of ()
by Emperor Ningzong in 1211. Widely seen as a patriot
and national folk hero in China, since after his death, Yue
Fei has evolved into a standard epitome of loyalty in Chi- Some people mistakenly take this novel to be historical
nese culture.
fact when it is purely ction.* [12] According to Sir Yang
Ti-liang's introduction to his translation:

1
1.1

Yue Feis biographies

The work is a historical novel in form, but it

is in fact based almost mainly on legends which
were current amongst the common people for
centuries. Indeed some of the events described
there are nothing more than Qian Cai's own
imagination.* [9]

Biography of Yue Fei

A biography of Yue Fei, the Eguo Jintuo Zubian (

), was written 60 years after his death by his
grandson, the poet and historian Yue Ke () (1183post 1240).* [2]* [3]* [4] In 1346 it was incorporated into
the History of Song, a 496-chapter record of historical
events and biographies of noted Song dynasty individuals, compiled by Yuan dynasty prime minister Toqto'a
and others.* [5] Yue Fei's biography is found in the 365th
chapter of the book and is numbered biography 124.* [6]
Some later historians including Deng Guangming (1907
1998) now doubt the veracity of many of Yue Ke's claims
about his ancestor.* [7]

1.3 Chronicle of Yue, Prince of E of Song

The Song Yue E Wang Nianpu (;
; Sng Yu Wng Ninp; Chronicle of Yue,
Prince of E of Song) was written by Qian Ruwen (
) in 1924.* [11]

According to the History of Song, Yue Fei was named 2 Birth and early life
Fei, meaning to y, because at the time he was born,
a large bird like a swan landed on the roof of his house Several sources state that Yue was born into a poor tenant farmer's family in Tangyin County, Anyang prefec.* [8]
ture, Henan province.* [6]* [9]* [13]* [14] According to
the Shuo Yue Quanzhuan, the immortal Chen Tuan, dis1.2 Story of Yue Fei
guised as a wandering priest, warned Yue Fei's father,
Yue He (), to put his wife and child inside a clay
Yue Fei's second biography, a wuxia novel titled Shuo jar if the infant Yue Fei began to cry. A few days later,
Yue Quan Chuan (; ; Shu Yu Qun a young child squeezed Yue Fei's hand too hard and he
Chun;Telling the Complete Biography of Yue Fei), began to cry. Soon, it began to rain and the Yellow River
was written by Qian Cai (), who lived sometime dur- ooded, wiping out the village. Yue Fei's father held onto
ing the reigns of the Kangxi and Yongzheng (16611735) the clay jar as it was swept down the river, but eventually
1

BIRTH AND EARLY LIFE

drowned. Although the much older Biography of Yue Fei young Yue Fei later becomes the adopted son and stualso mentions the ood, it states Yue Huo survived. It dent of the Wang family's teacher, Zhou Tong, a famous
reads,
master of military skills. (Zhou Tong is not to be confused with the similarly named "Little Tyrant" in Water
Margin.) Zhou teaches Yue and his three sworn brothers After [the death of his teacher Zhou Tong],
Wang Gui (), Tang Huai () and Zhang Xian (
[Yue Fei] would oer sacrices at his tomb.
) - literary lessons on odd days and military lessons, inHis father praised him for his faithfulness and
volving archery and the eighteen weapons of war, on even
asked him, When you are employed to cope
days.
with the aairs of the time, will you then not
have to sacrice yourself for the empire and die
After years of practice, Zhou Tong enters his students
for your duty?" (
into the Tangyin County military examination, in which

Yue Fei wins rst place by shooting a succession of nine

)* [5]* [6]
arrows through the bullseye of a target 240 paces away.
Yue Fei's father used his family's plot of land for humanitarian eorts, but after it was destroyed in the ood, the
young Yue Fei was forced to help his father toil in the
elds to survive. Yue received most of his primary education from his father. In 1122 Yue joined the army,
but had to return home later that year after the death of
his father.* [5] In ancient China, a person was required
by law to temporarily resign from their job when their
parents died so they could observe the customary period
of mourning.* [15] For instance, Yue would have had to
mourn his father's death for three years, but in all actually only 27 months. During this time, he would wear
coarse mourning robes, caps, and slippers, while abstaining from silken garments.* [16] When his mother died in
1136, he retired from a decisive battle against the Jin dynasty for the mourning period, but he was forced to cut
the bereavement short because his generals begged him
to come back.* [5]

After this display of archery, Yue is asked to marry the

daughter of Li Chun (), an old friend of Zhou and
the county magistrate who presided over the military examination. However, Zhou soon dies of an illness and
Yue lives by his grave through the winter until the second
month of the new year when his sworn brothers come and
tear it down, forcing him to return home and take care of
his mother.
Yue eventually marries and later participates in the imperial military examination in the Song capital of Kaifeng.
There, he defeats all competitors and even turns down an
oer from Cai Gui (), the Prince of Liang, to be
richly rewarded if he forfeits his chance for the military
degree. This angers the prince and both agree to ght a
private duel in which Yue kills the prince and is forced
to ee the city for fear of being executed. Shortly thereafter, he joins the Song army to ght the invading armies
of the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty.* [9]
The Yue Fei Biography states,
When [Yue] was born, a Peng ew crowing
over the house, so his father named the child
Fei [( - ight)]. Before [Yue] was even
a month old, the Yellow River ooded, so his
mother got inside of the center of a clay jar
and held on to baby Yue. The violent waves
pushed the jar down river, where they landed
ashore ... Despite his family's poverty, [Yue
Fei] was studious, and particularly favored the
Zuo Zhuan edition of the Spring and Autumn
Annals and the strategies of Sun Tzu and Wu
Qi. (

-
)* [6]

Zhou Tong teaching Yue Fei archery.

Shuo Yue Quanzhuan gives a very detailed ctional account of Yue's early life. The novel states after being
swept from Henan to Hubei, Yue and his mother are saved
by the country squire Wang Ming () and are permitted to stay in Wang's manor as domestic helpers. The

According to a book by martial arts master Liang Shouyu,

"[A] Dapeng is a great bird that lived in ancient China.
Legend has it, that Dapeng was the guardian that stayed
above the head of Gautama Buddha. Dapeng could get
rid of all evil in any area. Even the Monkey King was
no match for it. During the Song dynasty the government was corrupt and foreigners were constantly invading

2.2

Yue Fei's tattoo

China. Sakyamuni sent Dapeng down to earth to protect in these sources is ji guan (Chinese: ; pinyin: j
China. Dapeng descended to Earth and was born as Yue gun; literally:conferring headdress), an ancient ChiFei.* [17]
nese term that means20 years oldwhere a young man
was able to wear a formal headdress as a social status of
adulthood.* [22]* [23] So he gained all of his martial arts
2.1 Martial training
knowledge by the time he joined the army at the age of
19.* [6]* [19]
These chronicles do not mention Yue's masters teaching
him martial arts style; just archery, spearplay and military
tactics. However non-historical or scholarly sources state,
in addition to those already mentioned, Zhou Tong taught
Yue other skills such as hand-to-hand combat and horseback riding. Yet again, these do not mention any specic martial arts style. One legend says Zhou took young
Yue to an unspecied place to meet a Buddhist hermit
who taught him the Emei Dapeng qigong (
) style. This is supposedly the source of his legendary
strength and martial arts abilities.* [13]* [17] According to
thirteenth generation lineage Tai He (Great Harmony)
Wudangquan master Fan Keping (), a collector of
rare martial arts manuals,* [24] Zhou Tong was a master
of various hard qigongexercises.* [25]* [26]

Illustration of Zhou Tong, Yue Fei's teacher

The Biography of Yue Fei states, Yue Fei possessed

supernatural power and before his adulthood, he was
able to draw a bow of 300 catties and a crossbow of
eight stone. [Yue Fei] learned archery from Zhou Tong.
He learned everything and could shoot with his left and
right hands.* [6]* [18] Shuo Yue Quanzhuan states Zhou
teaches Yue and his sworn brothers archery and all of
the eighteen weapons of war. This novel also says Yue
was Zhou's third student after Lin Chong and Lu Junyi
of the 108 outlaws in Water Margin. The Chronicle of
Yue, Prince of E of Song) says he studied the bow and
military tactics under Zhou Tong and the spear under the
spear master Chen Guang (). Before he was an adult,
Yue could draw a bow of 300 catties and a crossbow of
eight stones and could shoot a bow with either his left
or right hand.* [11]* [17]* [19] The E Wang Shi records,
When Yue Fei reached adulthood, his maternal grandfather, Yao Daweng (), hired a spear expert, Chen
Guang, to teach Yue Fei spear ghting.* [20]* [21]

Yue Fei's mother writes jin zhong bao guo on his back, as depicted in aSuzhou stylebeam decoration at the Summer Palace,
Beijing.

2.2 Yue Fei's tattoo

According to historical records and legend, Yue had the
four Chinese characters jing zhong bao guo (simplied
Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ;
pinyin: jng zhng bo gu; literally: serve the country with the utmost loyalty) tattooed across his back.
The Biography of Yue Fei says after Qin Hui sent agents
to arrest Yue and his son, he was taken before the court
and charged with treason, but
Yue ripped his jacket to reveal the four tattooed characters ofserve the country with the
utmost loyaltyon his back. This proved that
he was clearly innocent of the charges. (

)* [6]

Both the Biography of Yue Fei and E Wang Shi mention

Yue learning from Zhou and Chen at or before his adult- Later ctionalizations of Yue's biography would build
hood. The Chinese character representing adulthood upon the tattoo. For instance, one of his earliest Ming

4
era novels titled The Story of King Yue Who Restored the
Song dynasty () states that after the
Jurchen armies invaded China, young heroes in Yue's village suggest that they join the bandits in the mountains.
However, Yue objects and has one of them tattoo the
aforementioned characters on his back. Whenever others want to join the bandits, he ashes them the tattoo to
change their minds.* [27]

ADULT LIFE

The Kaifeng Jews, one of many pockets of Chinese Jews

living in ancient China, refer to this tattoo in two of their
three stele monuments created in 1489, 1512, and 1663.
The rst mention appeared in a section of the 1489 stele
referring to the Jews' Boundless loyalty to the country
and Prince.* [28] The second appeared in a section of the
1512 stele about how Jewish soldiers and ocers in the
Chinese armies wereboundlessly loyal to the country.
*
[29]

3 Adult life
3.1 Portrait

The Four Generals of Zhongxingpainted by Liu Songnian

during the Southern Song dynasty. Yue Fei is the second person
from the left. Han Shizhong is fth from the left and Zhang Jun
is fourth from the left.

Southern Song era artist Liu Songnian () (1174

1224), who was best known for his realistic works,
painted a picture, Four Generals of Zhongxing(
).* [30] The group portrait shows eight people
four generals and four attendants. Starting from the left:
attendant, Yue Fei, attendant, Zhang Jun ( ), Han
Shizhong (), attendant, Liu Guangshi (),
and attendant.* [31]

Portion of the stele mentioning the tattoo.

The common legend of Yue receiving the tattoo from his

mother rst appeared in Shuo Yue Quanzhuan. In chapter
21 titledBy a pretext Wang Zuo swore brotherhood, by
tattoos Lady Yue instructed her son, Yue denounces the
pirate chief Yang Yao () and passes on a chance to
become a general in his army. Yue Fei's mother then tells
her son,I, your mother, saw that you did not accept recruitment of the rebellious traitor, and that you willingly
endure poverty and are not tempted by wealth and status
... But I fear that after my death, there may be some unworthy creature who will entice you ... For these reason
... I want to tattoo on your back the four characters 'Utmost', 'Loyalty', 'Serve' and 'Nation' ... The Lady picked
up the brush and wrote out on his spine the four characters for 'serving the nation with the utmost loyalty' ... [So]
she bit her teeth, and started pricking. Having nished,
she painted the characters with ink mixed with vinegar so
that the colour would never fade.* [9]

According to history professor He Zongli of Zhejiang

University, the painting shows Yue was more of a
scholarly-looking general with a shorter stature and chubbier build than the statue of him currently displayed in his
tomb in Hangzhou, which portrays him as being tall and
skinny. Shen Lixin, an ocial with the Yue Fei Temple
Administration, holds the portrait of Yue Fei from the
Four Generals of Zhongxingto be the most accurate
likeness of the general in existence.* [32]

3.2 Character
In his From Myth to Myth: The Case of Yeh Fei's Biography, noted Sinologist Hellmut Wilhelm* [33] concluded
that Yue Fei purposely patterned his life after famous
Chinese heroes from dynasties past and that this ultimately led to his martyrdom.* [5] Apart from studying literature under his father Yue He (), Yue Fei loved to
read military classics. He favored the Zuo Zhuan commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals and the strategies of Sun Tzu and Wu Qi. Although his literacy afforded him the chance to become a scholar, which was

3.3

Family

5
during the early part of his military career. Yue drank
in great excess because he believed it tted the image of
heroes of old. However once he nearly killed a colleague
in a drunken rage, the emperor made him promise not to
drink any more until the Jurchen invaders had been driven
away.* [5]

3.3 Family

Calligraphy written by Yue Fei

a position held in much higher regard than the common

soldiery during the Song dynasty, Yue chose the military path because there had never been any tradition of
civil service in his family. Therefore he had no reason to
study Confucian classics in order to surpass the accomplishments of his ancestors or to raise his family's social
status to the next level. His fourth generation ancestor,
Yue Huan (), had served as a lingshi () (essentially a low-level functionary),* [34] but he was never a
full-edged member of the civil service rank.* [35] A second theory is that he joined the military in the hopes of
emulating his favorite heroes.* [5]
Scholars were always welcome in Yue Fei's camp. He
allowed them to come and tell stories and deeds of past
heroes to bolster the resolve of his men. This way he was
able to teach them about the warriors that he had constructed his own life after. He also hoped that one of
these scholars would record his own deeds so he would
become a peer amongst his idols. He is recorded in saying that he wished to be considered the equal of Guan Yu
and other such famous men from the Three Kingdoms
period. Yue succeeded in this endeavor since later ofcial mythologyplaced him on the same level as Guan
Yu.* [5]
Yue was careful to conduct himself as the ideal Confucian
gentleman at all times for fear that any misconduct would
be recorded and criticized by people of later dynasties.
However he had his faults. He had a problem with alcohol

Yue Yun (), Yue Fei's eldest son

According to Shuo Yue Quanzhuan, Yue had ve sons

and one daughter. The History of Song records that Yue
Yun () (11191142) was adopted by Yue Fei at the
age of 12* [36] whilst others claim he was his biological
son;* [21] Yue Lei (), the second, succeeded to his
father's post; Yue Ting () was the third; Yue Lin (
) was the fourth; and Yue Zhen (), the fth, was
still young at the time of his father's death. Yue Yinping
was Yue Fei's daughter. The novel states she committed suicide after her father's death and became a fairy
in heaven. However, history books do not mention her
name and therefore she should be considered a ctional
character.* [21] Yue Fei married the daughter of Magistrate Li when he was 16 years old (1119).* [9] However,

the account of his marriage is ctional.* [21]

The Biography of Yue Fei states that Yue left his ailing
mother with his rst wife while he went to ght the Jin
armies. However she left him (and his mother) and remarried.* [5] He later took a second wife and even discussedaairspertaining to his military career with her.
He truly loved her, but his aection for her was second
to his desire to rid China of the Jurchen invaders. Her
faithfulness to him and his mother was strengthened by
the fear that any indelity or lacking in her care of Lady
Yue would result in reprisal.* [5]

ADULT LIFE

China from the Jin dynasty ... [In 1140,] Yue Fei initiated
a general counterattack against the Jin armies, defeating
one enemy after another until he set up camp within range
of the Northern Song dynasty's old capital city, Kaifeng,
in preparation for the nal assault against the enemy. Yet
in the same year Qin [Hui] ordered Yue Fei to abandon
his campaign, and in 1141 Yue Fei was summoned back
to the Southern Song capital. It is believed that the emperor then ordered Yue Fei to be hanged.* [43]

Yue forbade his sons from having concubines, although

he almost took one himself. Even though she was presented by a friend, he did not accept her because she
laughed when he asked her if she could share the hardships of camp lifewith him.* [5] He knew she was liberal
and would have sex with the other soldiers.* [5]
Though not mentioned in the memoir written by Yue Battle of Zhuxianzhen near Kaifeng in Henan where Yue Fei defeated the Jin army in 1140. Painting on the Long Corridor of
Fei's grandson, some scholarly sources claim Yue had
the Summer Palace in Beijing.
a younger brother named Yue Fan ( ). He later
served in the army under his brother and died in battle
in 1132.* [21]
3.4.1 Six methods for deploying an army

3.4

Military record

See also: JinSong Wars and Battle of Yancheng

The son of an impoverished farmer from northern China,
Yue Fei joined the Song military in 1122.* [37] Yue
briey left the army when his father died in 1123, but returned in 1126.* [38] After reenlisting, he fought to suppress rebellions by local Chinese warlords responsible for
looting in northern China. Local uprisings had diverted
needed resources away from the Song's war against the
Jin.* [39] Yue participated in defending Kaifeng during
the second siege of the city by the Jin in 1127. After Kaifeng fell, he joined an army in Jiankang tasked
with defending the Yangtze. This army prevented the
Jurchens from advancing to the river in 1129.* [40] His
rising reputation as a military leader attracted the attention of the Song court. In 1133, he was made the general
of the largest army near the Central Yangtze.* [41] Between 1134 and 1135, he led a counteroensive against
Qi, a puppet state supported by the Jin, and secured territories that had been conquered by the Jurchens.* [42] He
continued to advance in rank, and to increase the size of
his army as he repeatedly led successful oensives into
northern China. Several other generals were also successful against the Jin dynasty, and their combined eorts se- Yue Fei's statue outside the Yue Fei Temple in Hangzhou
cured the survival of the Song dynasty. Yue, like most of
Yue Ke ( ) states his grandfather had six special
them, was committed to recapturing northern China.
methods for deploying an army eectively:
Stone Lake: The Poetry of Fan Chengda 1126-1193
states, "...Yue Fei ([1103]1141)...repelled the enemy
assaults in 1133 and 1134, until in 1135 the now con- Careful selection He relied more on small numbers of
well-trained soldiers than he did large masses of the
dent Song army was in a position to recover all of north

7
poorly trained variety. In this way, one superior soldier counted for as much as one hundred inferior soldiers. One example used to illustrate this was when
the armies of Han Ching and Wu Xu were transferred into Yue's camp. Most of them had never
seen battle and were generally too old or unhealthy
for sustaining prolonged troop movement and engagement of the enemy. Once Yue had ltered
out the weak soldiers and sent them home, he was
only left with a meager thousand able-bodied soldiers. However, after some months of intense training, they were ready to perform almost as well as the
soldiers who had served under Yue for years.* [5]

not enough wine to go around, he would dilute it

with water so every soldier would have a cup to drink
from.* [5]

4 Death

Careful training When his troops were not on military

campaigns to win back lost Chinese territory in the
north, Yue put his men through intense training.
Apart from troop movement and weapons drills, this
training also involved them leaping over walls and
crawling through moats in full battle garb. The intensity of the training was such that the men would
not even try to visit their families if they passed by
their homes while on movement and even trained on Front entrance to Yue Fei's tomb in Hangzhou (301515.03N
120748.64E / 30.2541750N 120.1301778E).
their days o.* [5]
Justice in rewards and punishments He rewarded his
men for their merits and punished them for their
boasting or lack of training. Yue once gave a foot
soldier his own personal belt, silver dinner ware,
and a promotion for his meritorious deeds in battle. While on the reverse, he once ordered his son
Yue Yun to be decapitated for falling o his horse
after failing to jump a moat. His son was only saved
after Yue's ocers begged his mercy. There were a
number of soldiers that were either dismissed or ex- Imperial Order to General Yue Fei (), Emperor
ecuted because they boasted of their skills or failed Gaozong of Song, National Palace Museum, Taipei
to follow orders.* [5]
In 1126, several years before Yue became a general, the
Clear orders He always delivered his orders in a simple Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty invaded northern China, forcmanner that was easy for all of his soldiers to under- ing the Song dynasty out of its capital Kaifeng and capstand. Whoever failed to follow them were severely turing Emperor Qinzong of Song, who was sent into captivity in Huining Prefecture. This marked the end of the
punished.* [5]
Northern Song dynasty, and the beginning of the SouthStrict discipline While marching about the countryside, ern Song dynasty under Emperor Gaozong.
he never let his troops destroy elds or to pillage
towns or villages. He made them pay a fair price
for goods and made sure crops remained intact. A
soldier once stole a hemp rope from a peasant so
he could tie a bale of hay with it. When Yue discovered this, he questioned the soldier and had him
executed.* [5]
Close fellowship with his men He treated all of his
men like equals. He ate the same food as they did
and slept out in the open as they did. Even when a
temporary shelter was erected for him, he made sure
several soldiers could nd room to sleep inside before he found a spot of his own. When there was

Yue fought a long campaign against the invading Jurchens

in an eort to retake northern China. Just when he was
threatening to attack and retake Kaifeng, corrupt ocials
advised Emperor Gaozong to recall Yue to the capital and
sue for peace with the Jurchens. Fearing that a defeat
at Kaifeng might cause the Jurchens to release Emperor
Qinzong, threatening his claim to the throne, Emperor
Gaozong followed their advice, sending 12 orders in the
form of 12 gold plaques to Yue Fei, recalling him back to
the capital. Knowing that a success at Kaifeng could lead
to internal strife, Yue submitted to the emperor's orders
and returned to the capital, where he was imprisoned and
where Qin Hui would eventually arrange for him to be
executed on false charges.* [9]

4 DEATH

There are conicting views on how Yue died. According to The History of China: (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) and other sources, Yue died
in prison.* [13]* [44] The Chronicle of Yue, Prince of
E of Song says he was killed in prison.* [6] Shuo Yue
Quanzhuan states he was strangled to death. It reads,
"...[Yue Fei] strode in long steps to the Pavilion of Winds
and Waves ... The warders on both sides picked up the
ropes and strangled the three men [Yue Fei, Yue Yun,
and Zhang Xian (), Yue's subordinate] without further ado ... At the time Lord Yue was 39 years of age
Statues
and the young lord Yue Yun 23. When the three men returned to Heaven, suddenly a erce wind rose up wildly of Moqi Xie ( ) and Zhang Jun () at the Yue
and all the res and lights were extinguished. Black mists Fei Temple, Hangzhou
lled the sky and sand and pebbles were blown about.
*
[9]
Shuo Yue Quanzhuan states after having Yue Fei, Yue
The Secrets of Eagle Claw Kung Fu: Ying Jow Pai com- Yun, Zhang Xian arrested under false charges, Qin Hui
ments,Finally, [Yue Fei] received the 'Twelfth Golden and his wife, Lady Wang ( ), were sitting by the
Edict' [from the emperor calling him back to the capi- eastern window, warming themselves by the re, when
tal], which if ignored meant banishment. Patriotism de- he received a letter from the people calling for the release
manded that he obey. On his way back to the capital he of Yue Fei. Qin was worried because after nearly two
stopped to rest at a pavilion. Qin Hui anticipated Yue months of torture, he could not get Yue to admit to treaFei's route and sent some men to lie in wait. When Yue son and would eventually have to let him go. However,
Fei arrived, Qin's men ambushed and murdered him. Just after a servant girl brought fresh oranges into the room,
39 years old, Yue Fei like many good men in history, Lady Wang devised a plan to execute Yue. She told Qin
had a swift, brilliant career, then died brutally while still to slip an execution notice inside the skin of an orange
and send it to the judge presiding over Yue's case. This
young.* [45]
way, Yue and his companions would be put to death beAccording to A Chinese Biographical Dictionary, "[Father
fore the emperor or Qin himself would have to rescind
and son] had not been two months in connement when
an open order of execution.* [9] This conspiracy became
Qin Hui resolved to rid himself of his enemy. He wrote
known as the East Window Plot.* [51] A novel about
out with his own hand an order for the execution of Yue
this incident, titled Dong Chuang Ji (; Tale of
Fei, which was forthwith carried into eect; whereupon
the Eastern Window), was written during the Ming dyhe immediate reported that Yue Fei had died in prison
nasty by an anonymous writer.* [52]
*
, [14] which meant that Qin Hui had Yue and his son
When asked by Han Shizhong on what crime Yue had
executed but reported they both died in captivity.
committed, Qin Hui replied, Though it isn't sure
*
*
Other sources say he was poisoned to death. [46] [47]
whether there is something that he did to betray the dyStill, a great number simply say he was executed, murnasty, maybe there is.The phrase perhaps there is
*
*
*
dered, or treacherously assassinated. [48] [49] [50]
or could be true(Chinese: ; pinyin: m x
yu, often mistranslated from Ancient to Contemporary
Chinese asyou committed no crime) has entered the
Chinese dictionary as an expression to refer to fabricated
4.1 Kneeling iron statues
charges.* [53] Decades later, his grandson, Yue Ke (
), had retrieved documentary evidence of his grandfather's achievements, and published an adulatory biography of him. Emperor Xiaozong eventually posthumously
pardoned and rehabilitated Yue. For their part in Yue's
death, iron statues of Qin Hui, Lady Wang, and two of
Qin's subordinates, Moqi Xie ( ) and Zhang Jun (
), were made to kneel before Yue Fei's tomb (located
by the West Lake, Hangzhou). For centuries, these statues have been cursed, spat and urinated upon by people.
The original castings in bronze were damaged, but later
were replaced by images cast in iron, but these were similarly damaged. However now, in modern times, these
Statues
statues are protected as historical relics.* [54]
of Lady Wang () and Qin Hui () at the Yue
There is a poem hanging on the gate surrounding the statFei Temple, Hangzhou

5.1

Martial arts

ues that reads,The green hill is fortunate to be the burial founder of t'ai chi; Xingyi's ve st attacks, which are
ground of a loyal general, the white iron was innocent to based on the Five Chinese Elements theory, are simibe cast into the statues of traitors.* [55]
lar to tai-chi's Yin-yang theory"; and both theories are
*
According to one source, In 1162 Emperor Xiaozong Taoist-based and not Buddhist. [62] The book Henan Orof Song restored his honours, and gave proper burial to thodox Xingyi Quan, written by Pei Xirong () and
his remains. A [tomb] was put up in his memory, and he Li Ying'ang (), states Xingyi master Dai Longwas designated Zhongwu (; Loyal and Martial). bang
In 1179 he was canonized as Wumu ().* [14]
According to the novel Xi You Bu, a satire of Journey to
the West, written in 1641 by the scholar Dong Ruoyu (also
known as Dong Yue, 16201686), the Monkey King enthusiastically serves in hell as the trial prosecutor of Qin
Hui. At one point, the Monkey King asks the spirit of
Yue Fei if he would like to drink Qin's blood.* [52]

5
5.1

Talents
Martial arts

See also: Military and civilian combat arts of Zhou Tong

...wrote the 'Preface to Six Harmonies

Boxing' in the 15th reign year of the Qianlong
Emperor [1750]. Inside it says, '...when [Yue
Fei] was a child, he received special instructions from Zhou Tong. He became extremely
skilled in the spear method. He used the spear
to create methods for the st. He established
a method called Yi Quan [ ]. Mysterious and unfathomable, followers of old did not
have these skills. Throughout the Jin, Yuan and
Ming dynasties few had his art. Only Ji Gong
had it. (

)* [63]* [64]

The two styles most associated with Yue are Eagle

Claw and Xingyi boxing. One book states Yue created Eagle Claw for his enlisted soldiers and Xingyi
for his ocers.* [56] Legend has it that Yue studied in
the Shaolin Monastery with a monk named Zhou Tong
and learned the elephantstyle of boxing, a set of
hand techniques with great emphasis on qinna (jointlocking).* [45]* [57]* [58] Other tales say he learned this
style elsewhere outside the temple under the same master.* [13] Yue eventually expanded elephant style to create
the Yibai Lingba Qinna ( - 108 Locking Hand Techniques) of the Ying Sao (Eagle Hands)
or Ying Kuen (Eagle Fist).* [45] After becoming a general
in the imperial army, Yue taught this style to his men and
they were very successful in battle against the armies of
the Jin dynasty.* [13] Following his wrongful execution
and the disbandment of his armies, Yue's men supposedly traveled all over China spreading the style, which
eventually ended right back in Shaolin where it began.
Later, a monk named Li Quan () combined this style
with Fanziquan, another style attributed to Yue, to create the modern day form of Northern Ying Jow Pai boxing.* [45]* [59]
According to legend, Yue combined his knowledge of
internal martial arts and spearplay learned from Zhou
Tong (in Shaolin) to create the linear st attacks of
Xingyi boxing.* [13]* [60] One book claims he studied
and synthesized Buddhism's Tendon Changing and Marrow Washing qigong systems to create Xingyi.* [61] On
the contrary, proponents of Wudangquan believe it is possible that Yue learned the style in the Wudang Mountains
that border his home province of Henan. The reasons
they cite for this conclusion are that he supposedly lived
around the same time and place as Zhang Sanfeng, the

Inside the grounds of Yue Fei's tomb and shrine in Hangzhou;

the inscriptions at the far end read Serve the country with the
utmost loyalty.

The Ji Gong mentioned above, better known as Ji Jike (

) or Ji Longfeng (), is said to have trained in
Shaolin Monastery for ten years as a young man and was
matchless with the spear.* [60] As the story goes, he later
traveled to Xongju Cave on Mount Zhongnan to receive a

10

FOLK HERO

boxing manual written by Yue Fei, from which he learned

Xingyi. However, some believe Ji actually created the
style himself and attributed it to Yue Fei because he was
ghting the Manchus, descendants of the Jurchens who
Yue had struggled against.* [65] Ji supposedly created it
after watching a battle between an eagle and a bear during the Ming dynasty.* [66] Other sources say he created
it while training in Shaolin. He was reading a book and
looked up to see two roosters ghting, which inspired him
to imitate the ghting styles of animals.* [60]* [67]* [68]
Both versions of the story (eagle / bear and roosters) state
he continued to study the actions of animals and eventually increased the cadre of animal forms.* [60]

(#13) as a master ofMandarin ducks kicking technique

.* [69] This creates a folklore connection between Yue
and Mantis boxing.

According to Shuo Yue Quanzhuan, Lin Chong and Lu

Junyi of the 108 outlaws in Water Margin were former
students of Yue's teacher Zhou Tong.* [76] One legend
states Zhou learned Chuojiao boxing from its originator
Deng Liang () and then passed it onto Yue Fei, who
is sometimes considered the progenitor of the style.* [69]
Chuojiao is also known as the Water Margin Outlaw styleand Yuanyang Tui ( - Mandarin
Duck Leg).* [77] In chapter 29 of Water Margin, titled Wu Song beats Jiang the Door God in a drunken
stupor, it mentions Wu Song, another of Zhou's ctional students, using the Jade Circle-Steps with Duck
and Drake feet.* [78] A famous folklore Praying Mantis manuscript, which describes the ctional gathering of
eighteen martial arts masters in Shaolin, lists Lin Chong

7 Folk hero

Lineage Mantis master Yuen Man Kai openly claims

Zhou Tong taught Lin Chong and Lu Junyi the same
schoolof martial arts that was later combined with the
aforementioned seventeen other schools to create Mantis st.* [79] However, he believes Mantis st was created
during the Ming dynasty, and was therefore inuenced
by these eighteen schools from the Song dynasty. He also
says Lu Junyi taught Yan Qing the same martial arts as he
learned from Zhou Tong.* [80] Yuen further comments
that Zhou Tong later taught Yue Fei the same martial
Several other martial arts have been attributed to Yue Fei, art and that Yue was the originator of the mantis move
including Yuejiaquan (Yue Family Boxing), Fanziquan Black Tiger Stealing [sic] Heart.* [80]
(Tumbling Boxing), and Chuojiao quan (Feet-Poking
Boxing), among others.* [69]* [70]* [71] TheFanzi Boxing Balladsays: Wumu has passed down the Fanz- 5.2 Poetry
iquan which has mystery in its straightforward movements.Wumu ( ) was a posthumous name given At the age of 30, Yue supposedly wrote his most celeto Yue after his death.* [14] One Chuojiao legend states brated poem, "Man Jiang Hong" (Entirely Red River
Zhou Tong learned the style from its creator, a wander- ). This poem reects the raw hatred he felt towards the
ing Taoist named Deng Liang (), and later passed it Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty, as well as the sorrow he felt
onto Yue Fei, who is considered to be the progenitor of when his eorts to recoup northern lands lost to Jin were
halted by Southern Song ocials of thePeace Faction
the style.* [69]* [72]
. However, several modern historians, including the late
Besides martial arts, Yue is also said to have studied
Princeton University Prof. James T.C. Liu, believe certraditional Chinese medicine. He understood the essence
tain phrasing in the poem dates its creation to the early
of Hua Tuo's Wu Qin Xi ( Five Animal Frolics
16th century, meaning Yue did not write it.* [81]
) and created his own form of "medical qigong
known
as the Ba Duan Jin ( Eight Pieces of Brocade). It is considered a form of Wai Dan (
External Elixir) medical qigong.* [73] He taught this 6 Descendants
qigong to his soldiers to help keep their bodies strong and
well-prepared for battle.* [74]* [75] One legend states that Among Yue Fei's descendants was Yue Shenglong
Zhou Tong took young Yue to meet a Buddhist hermit and his son the Qing dynasty ocial Yue
who taught him Emei Dapeng Qigong (). Zhongqi,* [82] who served as Minister of Defence and
His training in Dapeng Qigong was the source of his great Governor-General of Shaanxi and Gansu provinces durstrength and martial arts abilities. Modern practitioners ing the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor. Yue Zhongqi
of this style say it was passed down by Yue.* [17]
conquered Tibet for the Qing during the DzungarQing
War and attacked the Dzungars at Urumqi in Xinjiang.
Yue Zhongqi lived at the Ji Xiaolan Residence.
5.1.1 Connection to Praying Mantis boxing

Yue Fei's stature in Chinese history rose to that of a national folk hero after his execution.* [83] Qin Hui, and in
some cases Emperor Gaozong, were blamed by later historians for their supposed role in Yue Fei's execution and
conciliatory stance with the Jin dynasty.* [84] The allegations that Qin Hui conspired with the Jin to execute Yue
Fei are popular in Chinese literature, but have never been
proven.* [85] The real Yue Fei diered from the later
myths that grew from his exploits.* [86] The portrayal of
Yue as a scholar-general is only partially true. He was
a skilled general, and may have been partially literate in
Classical Chinese, but he was not an erudite Confucian

9.1

Citations

11

scholar.* [38] Contrary to traditional legends, Yue was not

the sole Chinese general engaged in the oensive against
the Jurchens. He was one of many generals that fought
against the Jin in northern China, and unlike Yue Fei,
some of his peers were genuine members of the scholarly
elite.* [41] Many of the exaggerations of Yue Fei's life can
be traced to a biography written by his grandson, Yue Ke.
Yue Fei's status as a folk hero strengthened in the Yuan
dynasty and had a large impact on Chinese culture.* [87]
Temples and shrines devoted to Yue Fei were constructed
in the Ming dynasty. A Chinese World War II anthem alludes to lyrics said to have been written by Yue Fei.* [88]

[5] Wright, Arthur F., and Denis Crispin Twitchett. Confucian Personalities. Stanford studies in the civilizations of
eastern Asia. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press,
1962 (ISBN 0-8047-0044-3)

7.1

[9] Qian, Cai. General Yue Fei. Trans. Honorable Sir T.L.
Yang. Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd. (1995) ISBN
978-962-04-1279-0

Modern references

The ROCS Yueh Fei (FFG-1106), a Cheng Kung-class

guided-missile frigate of the Republic of China Navy, is
named after Yue.

[6] History of Song - Biography of Yue Fei (

) (ISBN ?) (See also, (Chinese only))
[7] Deng (), Guangming () (2009). Biography of Yue
Fei (/) (in Chinese). ISBN 978-7-56134675-4.
[8] History of Song Chapter 365 "
.

[10] Jochen Degkwitz, Yue Fei und sein Mythos. Die Entwicklung der Yue-Fei-Saga bis zum, Shuo Yue quan zhuan,
Chinathemen 13, edited by Helmut Martin, Volker Klapsch and Martin Krott (Bochum: N Brockmeyer, 1983
(ISBN 3-88339-321-5)

The author Guy Gavriel Kay cites Yue Fei as having inspired the character Ren Daiyan in his novel River of
Stars (ISBN 978-0-670-06840-1), which is set in a fantasy world based on Song Dynasty China.
[11]
Yue Fei is one of the 32 historical gures who appear
as special characters in the video game Romance of the
Three Kingdoms XI by Koei.
[12]

See also
Media about Yue Fei
History of the Song dynasty
JinSong Wars
Timeline of the JinSong wars
Yue Fei Temple
Tomb of Yue Fei
Han Shizhong
Zhang Jun

9
9.1

References
Citations

[1] China to Commemorate Ancient Patriot Yue Fei.

Henning, Stanley E., M.A. Chinese General Yue Fei: Martial Arts Facts, Tales and Mysteries. Journal of Asian Martial Arts. Vol. 15 #4, 2006: 30-35
The Creation of Xingyi Archived September 28, 2007, at
the Wayback Machine. - Though it is presented as historical fact, the Yue Fei biography from this page is derived
solely from the ctional elements of this wuxia novel.

[13] Lian, Shou Yu and Dr. Yang, Jwing-Ming. Xingyiquan:

Theory, Applications, Fighting Tactics and Spirit. Boston:
YMAA Publication Center, 2002. (ISBN 978-0-94087141-0)
[14] Giles, Herbert Allen. A Chinese biographical dictionary =
Gu jin xing shi zu pu. Kelly & Walsh, 1939 (ISBN ?) (See
here also)
[15] Song Ci. The Washing Away of Wrongs. Trans. Brian E.
McKnight. Center for Chinese Studies, The University of
Michigan, 1981 (ISBN 0-89264-800-7)
[16] Waters, T. Essays on the Chinese Language. Shanghai:
Presbyterian Mission Press, 1889 (ISBN ?)
[17] Liang, Shou-Yu, Wen-Ching Wu, and Denise Breiter-Wu.
Qigong Empowerment: A Guide to Medical, Taoist, Buddhist, Wushu Energy Cultivation. The Way of the Dragon,
Limited, 1996 (ISBN 1-889659-02-9)
[18] "
"

[3] Yue Ke, E Guo Jintuo Xubian ()

[19] Jin, Yunting.The Xingyi Boxing Manual: Hebei Style's Five

Principles and Seven Words. Trans. John Groschwitz.
North Atlantic Books; New edition, 2004 (ISBN 155643-473-1)

[4] Newly Recovered Anecdotes from Hong Mai's (11231202) Yijian zhi (PDF). Retrieved August 23, 2010.

[20] "
"

[2] (in Chinese) Yue Ke, E Guo Jintuo Zhuibian (

)

12

[21] Kaplan, Edward Harold. Yueh Fei and the founding of

the Southern Sung. Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Iowa,
1970. Ann Arbor: University Microlms International,
1970.
[22] jgun This leads to an English-Chinese dictionary.
Type the characters in for a denition.
[23] A Study of the Gender and Religious Implications of N
Guan (See page 18)
[24] Ancient Martial Arts Manuals Appear in Nanjing
Archived May 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
[25] Wu Tang Golden Bell Archived May 27, 2007, at the
Wayback Machine. (Chinese only)
[26] Wu Tang pail builds up the Dan Tian Archived August 19,
2008, at the Wayback Machine. (Chinese only)

REFERENCES

[44] Wright, David Curtis. The History of China: (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations). Greenwood Press,
2001 (ISBN 0-313-30940-X)
[45] Leung, Shum and Jeanne Chin. The Secrets of Eagle Claw
Kung Fu: Ying Jow Pai. Tuttle Publishing; 1st edition,
2001 (ISBN 0-8048-3215-3)
[46] Lorge, Peter. War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900-1795 (Warfare and History). Routledge;
1 edition, 2005 (ISBN 0-415-31691-X-)
[47] The Tomb and Temple of Yue Fei
[48] Markam, Ian S. and Tinu Ruparell. Encountering Religion:
An Introduction to the Religions of the World. Blackwell
Publishing Professional, 200 (ISBN 0-631-20674-4)
[49] Olson, James S. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China.
Greenwood Press, 1998 (ISBN 0-313-28853-4)

[27] Chang, Shelley Hsueh-lun. History and Legend: Ideas and

Images in the Ming Historical Novels. University of Michigan Press, 1990 (ISBN 0-472-10117-X), p. 104

[50] Guy, Nancy. Peking Opera and Politics in Taiwan. University of Illinois Press, 2005 (ISBN 0-252-02973-9)

[28] Weisz, Tiberiu. The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions: The

Legacy of the Jewish Community in Ancient China. New
York: iUniverse, 2006 (ISBN 0-595-37340-2), p. 18

[51] Tang, Xianzu. The Peony Pavilion: Mudan ting, Second

Edition. Trans. Cyril Birch. Indiana University Press;
2nd edition, 2002 (ISBN 0-253-21527-7)

[29] Weisz, The Kaifeng Stone Inscriptions, p. 26

[52] Trapped Behind Walls: Ming Writing on the Wall China Heritage Quarterly.

[30] Portrait Painting in Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty

[53] Li, Y. H. & Lu, D. S., eds (1982), Chinese Idiom Dictio.
nary. Sichuan Publishing, Chengdou.
[31] Zhang Jun, Han Shizhong, and Liu Guangshi were three
of the four generals who stopped the state ocials Miao [54] Archaeologists to Excavation of Possible Tomb of Qin
Hui -- china.org.cn.
Fu () and Liu Zhengyan () from usurping the
throne from Emperor Gaozong of Song.(See here also)
[55] Yue Fei's Tomb Archived December 8, 2006, at the
Wayback Machine.
[32] Yue Fei's facelift sparks debate Archived September 29,
2007, at the Wayback Machine.
[33] Prof. Hellmut Wilhelm's biography and accomplishments
Archived February 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
[34] Kaplan: pg. 5
[35] Hammond, Kenneth James (2002). The Human Tradition
in Premodern China, Human tradition around the world,
No. 4. Scholarly Resources Inc. ISBN 0-8420-2959-1.
[36] Toqto'a et al, History of Song, Chapter 365
[37] Mote 1999, pp. 299300.
[38] Mote 1999, p. 300.
[39] Mote 1999, pp. 300301.
[40] Lorge 2005, p. 56.

[56] Frantzis, Bruce Kumar. The Power of Internal Martial

Arts: Combat Secrets of Ba Gua, Tai Chi, and Hsing-I.
North Atlantic Books, 1998 (ISBN 1-55643-253-4)
[57] Eagle Claw Fan Tsi Moon & Lau Fat Mang's History - Part
I Archived September 6, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
[58] Eagle Claw Info.
[59] Leung, Shum. Eagle claw kung-fu: Classical northern chinese st. Brendan Lai's Supply Co; 2nd ed edition, 1981
(ISBN B000718VX0)
[60] Lin, Jianhua. Form and Will Boxing: One of the Big Three
Internal Chinese Body Boxing Styles. Oxford University
Press, 1994 (ISBN 0-87040-942-5)
[61] Sun, Lutang. A Study of Taijiquan. North Atlantic Books,
2003 (ISBN 1-55643-462-6)

[42] Franke 1994, p. 232.

[62] James, Andy. The Spiritual Legacy of Shaolin Temple:

Buddhism, Daoism, and the Energetic Arts. Wisdom Publications, 2005 (ISBN 0-86171-352-4)

[43] Fan, Chengda. Stone Lake: The Poetry of Fan Chengda

1126-1193. Trans. J. D. Schmidt and Patrick Hannan.
Ed. Denis Twitchett. Cambridge University Press, 1992
(ISBN 0-521-41782-1)

[63] Pei, Xirong and Li, Yangan. Henan Orthodox Xingyi

Quan. Trans. Joseph Candrall. Pinole: Smiling Tiger
Press, 1994. See also, Xing Yi Quan (Mind-Form Boxing) Books Scroll down, 5th book from the top.

[41] Mote 1999, p. 301.

9.2

Sources

[64] Heart Chinese boxing emphasizing exibility and confusing the opponent (Chinese only)
[65] Lu, Shengli. Combat Techniques of Taiji, Xingyi, and
Bagua: Principles and Practices of Internal Martial Arts.
Trans. Zhang Yun. Blue Snake Books/Frog, Ltd., 2006
(ISBN 1-58394-145-2)
[66] Wong, Kiew Kit. Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets
of Kung Fu for Self-Defense Health and Enlightenment.
Tuttle Publishing, 2002 (ISBN 0-8048-3439-3)
[67] Ji Xing Chicken Form
[68] Ji Long Feng
[69] Chuo Jiao Fist Archived February 21, 2008, at the
Wayback Machine.
[70] Fanzi Quan (Tumbling Chuan) Archived February 4,
2007, at the Wayback Machine.
[71] Yuejia Quan (Yue-family Chuan) Archived February 3,
2007, at the Wayback Machine.
[72] HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF CHUOJIAO
Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
[73] Yang, Jwing-Ming. Qigong Massage, 2nd Edition: Fundamental Techniques for Health and Relaxation. YMAA
Publication Center; 2nd edition, 2005 (ISBN 1-59439048-7)
[74] Bisio, Tom. A Tooth from the Tiger's Mouth: How to Treat
Your Injuries with Powerful Healing Secrets of the Great
Chinese Warrior. Fireside, 2004 (ISBN 0-7432-4551-2)
[75] Yang, Jwing-Ming. Qigong Meditation: Embryonic
Breathing. YMAA Publication Center, 2003 (ISBN 1886969-73-6)
[76] Qian, Cai. General Yue Fei. Trans. Honorable Sir T.L.
Yang. Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd. (1995) ISBN
978-962-04-1279-0
[77] Chuojiao (thrusted-in feet) Archived December 16, 2007,
at the Wayback Machine.
[78] Shi, Naian and Luo Guanzhong. Outlaws of the Marsh.
Trans. Sidney Shapiro. Beijing: Foreign Language Press,
1993 (ISBN 7-119-01662-8)
[79] Yuen, Man Kai. Northern Mantis Black Tiger Intersectional Boxing. Wanchai, Hong Kong: Yih Mei Book Co.
Ltd., 1991 (ISBN 962-325-195-5), pg. 7

13

[86] Mote 1999, p. 299.

[87] Mote 1999, pp. 304305.
[88] Mote 1999, p. 305.

9.2 Sources
Franke, Herbert (1994). The Chin dynasty.
In Denis Twitchett, Denis C.; John King Fairbank.
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien
Regimes and Border States, 7101368. Cambridge
University Press. pp. 215320. ISBN 978-0-52124331-5 (hardcover).
Lorge, Peter (2005). War, Politics and Society in
Early Modern China, 9001795. Routledge. ISBN
978-0-203-96929-8.
Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China: 900
1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-67444515-5 (hardcover); ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7
(paperback).
Tao, Jing-Shen (2009).The Move to the South and
the Reign of Kao-tsung. In Paul Jakov Smith; Denis C. Twitchett. The Cambridge History of China:
Volume 5, The Sung dynasty and Its Precursors, 9071279. Cambridge University Press. pp. 556643.
ISBN 978-0-521-81248-1 (hardcover).

10 External links
Works by Yue Fei at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Yue Fei at Internet Archive
Works by Yue Fei at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
(Chinese)History of the SongChinese Wikipedia
entry
(Chinese) 470 volume version of the History of
the Song
(Chinese) "The Story of Yue Fei"

[80] Yuen: pg. 8

(Chinese)Yue Fei's Biographyfrom the History

of the Song

[81] James T.C. Liu. Yueh Fei (1103-41) and China's Heritage of Loyalty.The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 31,
No. 2 (Feb., 1972), pp. 291-297

" Utmost Loyalty to the Country, a famous chinese song related to Yue Fei

[82] http://www.dartmouth.edu/~{}qing/WEB/YUEH_
CHUNG-CH'I.html
[83] Tao 2009, p. 686.
[84] Tao 2009, pp. 686689.
[85] Tao 2009, p. 687.

14

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Yue Fei Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Fei?oldid=730828427 Contributors: Kowloonese, Ktsquare, Olivier, Mgmei, Wshun,
Jiang, Mxn, Patrick0Moran, AnonMoos, Jusjih, PuzzletChung, Phil Boswell, Mandel, Spencer195, Python eggs, Tagishsimon, Comatose51,
Confuzion, LiDaobing, Kiteinthewind, Huaiwei, Joyous!, Laca, Trevor MacInnis, Mh, Rctay, Kdammers, CanisRufus, Bobo192, Yuje,
La goutte de pluie, Anonymous Cow, Rolfmueller, Grutness, Bathrobe, Mailer diablo, TonySapphire, Gene Nygaard, Ghirlandajo, HenryLi, Pekinensis, RHaworth, CWH, Triddle, Gisling, Vuong Ngan Ha, Benjwong, Chobot, YurikBot, Wavelength, Manicsleeper, Chris
Capoccia, Chensiyuan, Rincewind42, Gaius Cornelius, Ksyrie, Medains, Howcheng, JFD, Emersoni, Sumple, Shenzhou, Nlu, Ninly,
Mike Dillon, Closedmouth, Masamura, J L C Leung, Tryptofeng, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Hanchi, Lawrencekhoo, Lds, Kintetsubualo, Took, Hmains, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Static Universe, HELLO, WORLD!, Robocoder, Neo-Jay, Sadads, Da Vynci, Blueshirts,
Jedi Vampire Lauwe Chhon, Ranmin, Hospitallier, Underbar dk, Peter17, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Ohconfucius, Ergative rlt, Master Spider,
Dragonet~enwiki, JHunterJ, Beetstra, Neddyseagoon, Hu12, DabMachine, Newone, Aherunar, Alex Shih, Dierence engine, Banedon,
Cydebot, Johnarth, Ghostexorcist, Lu Xun, Aldis90, Keyi, Thijs!bot, AgentPeppermint, Visik, M8v2, Goldenrowley, Dsp13, Jellyshing, Waacstats, Philg88, Pomte, Dakirw8, Adrian M. H., Balthazarduju, Jmcw37, Chaconne Passacaglia, VolkovBot, Rossen3, Andres
rojas22, Voorlandt, Bcody80, BotKung, Coolzgeek, VanBuren, Symane, PericlesofAthens, SieBot, Stout256, Anchor Link Bot, Geo
Plourde, Dabomb87, ImageRemovalBot, Mr. Granger, EoGuy, Meiguoren, NuclearWarfare, Engkenghan, AmosJLedge, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Shanghainese, LinkFA-Bot, ContinentalAve, Lightbot, NeoBatfreak, Zorrobot, Jarble, Middayexpress, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
Iendstupidopeople, Gongshow, DORC, DemocraticLuntz, Jim1138, XiaoZhou, Materialscientist, LilHelpa, MauritsBot, Timmyshin,
, White whirlwind, Goodmartin, Green Cardamom, FrescoBot, Shanghainese.ua, ShadowRangerRIT, DefaultsortBot, Jonesey95,
Michitaro, Reesorville, HRW in 1899, Ki Chjang, Zanhe, ZhBot, Steve03Mills, , Homunculus, Denglong, Manytexts, ClueBot NG,
Aristitleism, JesseW900, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Paulzord, InferKNOX, Taiping7, Mark Arsten, Michael Cockrell, Benjitheijneb,
Tutelary, YFdyh-bot, All Worlds, Dexbot, Rajmaan, Transphasic, Khanate General, IAmNitpicking, Choufanging, The ancient princess,
Vctrbarbieri, Filedelinkerbot, Vieque, Fonovo, Ahatsistari, HRW in the 1900, KasparBot, InternetArchiveBot and Anonymous: 108

11.2

Images

File:Battleofzhuxiancounty.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Battleofzhuxiancounty.jpg License:

Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rolf Mller (User:Rolfmueller)
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Four_Generals_of_Song.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Four_Generals_of_Song.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Modied version of en:Image:Four Generals of Song.jpg by . Modications by Time3000 Original artist: Liu
Songnian
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