Pavement Workshop - AASHTO 2002 Pavement Design Guide PDF

Pavement Workshop - AASHTO
2002 Pavement Design Guide

Pavement Modeling
Dr. Geoffrey M. Rowe
Abatech Inc.
Todays talk
Largely on asphalt pavements model

Consider climatic effects
Analysis of inputs
Consideration of aging
Analysis of existing condition
Calculation of
Abatech Inc.
Fatigue
Deformation
Thermal cracking
AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling
Acknowledgments
The AASHTO 2002 Team
Matt Witczak
Chuck Schwartz
and many others
Design Guide Web Page

http://www.2002designguide.com/home.html
Today is a beginning a large amount of
work is needed by the states
Abatech Inc.
2002 Design Procedure Performance

Models for Asphalt Concrete Pavements
OUTPUTS:
INPUTS
2002
Pavement
Design
Guide
Performance prediction
Permanent Deformation
Surface-Down Cracking
Bottom-Up Cracking
Thermal Fracture
IRI
Traffic, Materials and

Climatic Models
Thermal cracking model
Pavement response model
Damage prediction
Reliability
Distress prediction models
Abatech Inc.
Design Inputs
A hierarchical approach for
determining the design inputs.
Input
Level
Determination of Input
Values
Knowledge of Input
Parameter
Project/Segment Specific
Measurements
Correlations/Regression
equations, Regional values
Fair
Defaults, Educated Guess
Poor
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Good
2002 Design Guide:

An Analysis Method
An Iterative Design Method
The answer is:
The amount of distress over time.
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Predicted Distresses
IRI
Fatigue
Cracking
Thermal
Cracking
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Longitudinal
Cracking
Rutting
Design Process Overview

Traffic
Foundation
Climate
Material
Properties
Inputs
Modify
Strategy
Trial Design Strategy
No
Meet
Performance
Criteria?
Pavement Analysis Models

Damage
Accumulation
Analysis
Distress Prediction Models
Yes
Constructability
Issues
Viable Alternatives
Select Strategy
Life Cycle Cost

Analysis
Strategy Selection
Traffic
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Traffic
Number of axles by:
Axle type
Truck type
Axle load interval
Number of axles within:
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Each year
Season within a year
Each hour
10
Foundation
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11
Foundation Data
S u b g ra d e S o il
C a te g o ry
New Pavements
M r (k s i)
Subsurface exploration
Horizontal & vertical soil profile
Resilient modulus tests
Physical testing of soils
Ground water
Poor
1 .5
R - V a lu e
Nondestructive testing
Cores/Borings
Layer thickness & material type
Laboratory material tests
Ground water
Existing distress & damage levels
Abatech Inc.
10
G ood
15
10
15
10
15
E x c e lle n t
20
30
40
20
30
20
40
40
50
60
80 100
A -1 -a
A -2 -4
A -2 -5
A -2 -6
A -2 -7
A -3
A -4
A -5
A A S H T O S o il
C la s s ific a tio n
A -6
A -7 -5
A -7 -6
CH
MH
CL
ML
SW
U n ifie d S o il
C la s s ific a tio n
SP
SW - SC
SW - SM
SP - SC
SP - SM
SC
Unbound MR Level 3
(New/Rehab) use chart
Other levels have enhanced
testing such as resilient
modulus and FWD
60
60 80 100
A -1 -b
Rehab. of HMA & PCC Pavts.
C B R (% )
M e d iu m
SM
GW
GP
GW - GC
GW - GM
GP - GC
GP - GM
GC
GM
12
AC Damage from NDT

log E = +
*
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1 + e+ log tr
13
Climate
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14
Environmental Effects Model
Climate Data
All Input Levels:
Avg. daily max., min., mean monthly temps.

Avg. daily rainfall or snow
Avg. wind speed
Solar radiation
Cloud cover
Parameter
Input Level 1
Automated
Weather Data
Geographical
Location
Area Specific
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Input Level 2
Input Level 3
Virtual Weather
Data
Virtual Weather
Data
16
Environmental Effects
Temperature on AC material properties

Temperature on AC layer behavior (thermal
cracking)
Temperature gradients on PCC slab behavior
Moisture on unbound material properties
Frost on unbound material properties
Used in both Flexible and Rigid designs!

Abatech Inc.
17
Enhanced Integrated Climate Model

EICM is an enhanced version of the FHWA
Integrated Climate Model (ICM)
EICM sub-models:
Precipitation
Infiltration and drainage
Climate-materials-structure
Frost heave and thaw settlement
Additional validation currently underway in

NCHRP 9-23
Abatech Inc.
18
Inputs Adjustments from EICM

EICM Module predicts:
Temperature profiles through bound layers

Pavement Response Modules (Flexible/Rigid)
AC Thermal Cracking Module
Environmental effects adjustment factors for unbound MR
Pavement Response Modules (Flexible/Rigid)
Temperature Frequency Distribution at mid-depth of bound
sublayers
AC Fatigue/Permanent Deformation Modules
Average moisture content for unbound materials
Unbound Permanent Deformation Module
Abatech Inc.
19
Hourly Temperature Profile for AC Layers

50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
6/15/94
6/15/95
6/14/96
6/14/97
6/14/98
6/14/99
T IM E
D epth = 0 in.
Abatech Inc.
D epth = 3 in.
D epth = 6 in.
20
Materials Properties
Abatech Inc.
21
Empirical Relation for |E*|
(Levels 2, 3)
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log E = +
*
1 + e+ log tr
22
Age Effects
Master Curve:
log E = +
Reduced Time:
log tr = log t c ( log log Tr )
1+ e
+ log tr
Shift expressed as a function of

binder viscosity (stiffness) to include
both temperature and age effects
Abatech Inc.
23
Pavement Analysis
Abatech Inc.
24
Stress analysis
Stress analysis
makes use of
stiffness and
thickness
information
combined with
climatic and other
information
Abatech Inc.
25
Pavement Analysis
Loading magnitudes traffic spectrum

Temperature climatic effects model
Loading time
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AC Stiffness dependent on all of above
26
Load Frequency
t=
Leff
17.6 vs
1
f =
t
Where
t
Leff
vs
f
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= time of load (sec)

= effective length (inch)
= operating speed (mph)
= frequency (Hz)
27
Effective Length
ac
Leff
AC Layer
Leff
Granular
Layer
Subgrade Layer
Abatech Inc.
28
Critical Response Values
t at surface + bottom of all bound layers (cracking)

c at midthickness of all layers + top of subgrade (rutting)
Abatech Inc.
29
Critical Response Locations

C
L
B1 B2 B3 B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
A1 A2 A3 A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
Sy
Sx
Abatech Inc.
4 in 4 in
8 in
8 in
8 in
30
Computation Methodology
1.
2.
Define sub-layers
Adjust layer properties using
EICM output
o
o
3.
4.
Temperature/aging of HMA
Frost/moisture in unbound
materials
Simulate traffic loads

Compute pavement critical
responses
o MLET
o FEA
5. Calculate incremental damage for
each traffic load & time period
6. Cumulate damage over time
7. Calculate distress over time
Abatech Inc.
0.5"
Asphalt Surface
Concrete
Asphalt Concrete
Base
Unbound Base
Unbound Sub-base
Compacted Subgrade
Natural Subgrade
hAC = hAC 0.5"

h
No Sub-Layering
2"{if hB 6}
nB = int ( hB 2) for hB > 6"

4
nSB = int SB for hSB 8"

4
nCSG = int CSG for hCSG > 12"

12
nSG = int hSG for hSG > 12"

12
Bedrock
31
Damage Methodology
ni
DI =
N
k =1 i =1
( t )i k
Fracture:
Distortion:
RD = [ P (d ) (hd )]k ,i
m
k = load level
i = time/season
d = sublayer
Abatech Inc.
k =1 i =1 d =1
32
Methodology
Results in very large number of

calculations
Need to estimate material properties for
a wide range of conditions for
stress/strain analysis
Makes use of master curve of E*
Abatech Inc.
33
Rutting
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34
Basic Rutting Equation

Captures stress level effect
Field calibration factors
p
a
a
= a11 N T
r
2 2
R2
= 0.73
Se
= 0.309
Se/Sy = 0.522
Ntests = 3476
(>300 mixes)
Abatech Inc.
3 3
Similar
treatment for
HMA and
unbound
material
permanent
deformation
Function of material characteristics,

but these less important than N and T
35
Accumulation of Rutting
Load, P
Sub-layer
p from pred. Eq.
AC Layer
See Fig. A.
Fig. A
Base Layer
Subgrade
N sub-layers
ip h i
PD =
i =1
Similar treatment for permanent deformation of unbound layers

Abatech Inc.
36
AC Fatigue Cracking General Model Form
1
N f = f 1 k 1
t
f1 ; f 2 ; f 3
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k2 f 2
1

E
k3 f 3
Adjustment Factors
37
Fatigue
Abatech Inc.
38
Level A Special Analysis
Fatigue Beam Tests

Lab Tests with Shift
1
N f = f 1 k1
t
k1, k2, k3
f1
-----
k2 f2
1

E
k3 f3
from lab fatigue
-------- selected from user experience
f2 = f3 = 1
Abatech Inc.
39
Level B National Calibration

After 1-37A National Calibration
k1 ' = k1 f1
k2 '= k2 f 2
k3 '= k3 f 3
f1 ; f 2 ; f 3
become National Calibration Factors

Abatech Inc.
40
Actual LTPP Field Performance
National Field Calibration
Line of Equality
P p = g 1(x 1,x 2,..x n)

Pf = n P p
n = National Calibration
Factor (LTPP)
P f = n [g 1(x 1,x 2,..x n)]
Predicted Performance
Abatech Inc.
41
Distribution of Test Sections Used in Calibration and

Validation of New Flexible 2002 Design Guide Model
Abatech Inc.
42
Thermal cracking
Abatech Inc.
43
Thermal cracking
Uses SHRP Thermal Fracture Model
Roque, Hiltunen, and Buttlar
Improvements Since SHRP
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Recalibrated Using Approximately 30

Sections in NCHRP Project 9-19
44
Low Temperature Cracking

low temperature cracks on surface
tensile
stress
tensile
stress
Low Temperature
Crack Growth in HMA
Abatech Inc.
45
Level 1 based on IDT test
Abatech Inc.
46
Summary
Analysis procedures introduced

significantly more complex than 1993
Makes use of mechanistic analysis
Will make use of local materials
information and calibrations
This is just a start !!
-
Abatech Inc.
Improvements will come over following years

47
Beautiful asphalt highways.

Thank you
Thank you for your

attention.
http://www.2002designguide.com/home.html
Abatech Inc.
48

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Pavement Workshop - AASHTO

2002 Pavement Design Guide

Largely on asphalt pavements model

Design Guide Web Page

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

2002 Design Procedure Performance

Traffic, Materials and

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Defaults, Educated Guess

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

2002 Design Guide:

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Design Process Overview

Trial Design Strategy

Pavement Analysis Models

Distress Prediction Models

Life Cycle Cost

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Number of axles within:

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Rehab. of HMA & PCC Pavts.

AC Damage from NDT

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Environmental Effects Model

Avg. daily max., min., mean monthly temps.

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Temperature on AC material properties

Temperature gradients on PCC slab behavior

Moisture on unbound material properties

Frost on unbound material properties

Used in both Flexible and Rigid designs!

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Enhanced Integrated Climate Model

Additional validation currently underway in

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Inputs Adjustments from EICM

Temperature profiles through bound layers

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Hourly Temperature Profile for AC Layers

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Empirical Relation for |E*|

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

log tr = log t c ( log log Tr )

Shift expressed as a function of

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Loading magnitudes traffic spectrum

AC Stiffness dependent on all of above

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

= time of load (sec)

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Critical Response Values

t at surface + bottom of all bound layers (cracking)

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Critical Response Locations

AASHTO 2002 Pavement Modeling

Simulate traffic loads