Lecture 2

Introduction to Cells and Diversity

Lecture 2

Introduction to Cells and Diversity

1) Prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
2) Diversity and Model
Systems
3) Origins
4) Introduction to Nucleic
Acids

Readings:
Alberts - MBoC,
Chapter 1

Chapter 2
Pgs 116-117
2

Guide to note taking

1)

Write a definition, concept, key point, or

procedure next to each number in
parentheses
Fill in blank lines with a word or phrase to
complete a definition, concept, key point,
or procedure
Annotate your notes with the content from
the lecture

Tree of Life

Alberts, Figure 1-21

Two main types of cells:

1) Prokaryotic cells

Eubacteria, and archaea

2) Eukaryotic cells

Plants, fungi, animals, humans

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Prokaryotic Cell

Alberts, Figure 1-18a

Eukaryotic Cell
Alberts, Figure 1-30

Origins of mitochondria

Anaerobic
ancestor

mitochondrion

Alberts, Figure 1-34

A carnivorous, single-celled
eukaryote

Alberts, Figure 1-32

Model Organisms
General Attributes of Model Organisms
Rapid development with short life cycles
Small adult (reproductive) size
Readily available (collections or widespread)
Tractability ease of manipulation or
modification
Understandable Genetics

Model System Examples

Prokaryote
E. coli, a heterotrophic eubacterium found in the
human gut
Synechocystis, a free living phototrophic
cyanobacterium (also a eubacterium)

Model System Examples

Eukaryote
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), a minimal
eukaryotic model
Arabidopsis a model flowering plant species
Model Animal species
Caenorhabditis elegans a nematode worm
(with 959 body cells!!)
And also Drosophila, Mouse and now Humans

The Central Dogma

Information flow in the cell
Transcription

DNA

Translation

RNA

Protein

Overview
DNA, RNA and proteins
are all:

Info in nucleic acid

sequence is translated
into an AA sequence via
a genetic code which is
essentially universal
among all species
Alberts, Figure 6-2

14

The genetic code

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What are Nucleic Acids?

1) The genetic material in a cell

2) DNA =
3) RNA =

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Three Parts of a Nucleic Acid:

1. Pentose sugar

2. Nitrogenous base

3. Phosphate group

Alberts, Panel 2-6

17

Bases

Alberts, Panel 2-6

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What are the differences

between DNA and RNA?
DNA:

RNA:

Alberts, Figure 6-4b

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Nucleic Acid Nomenclature

1)

2)

Nucleoside
monophosphate:

Nucleoside
diphosphate:

3) Nucleoside triphosphate:

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Central Dogma - refined

DNA
mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

translation

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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Our Expanded Central Dogma

Genome

Transcriptome

Transcription

DNA

Proteome

Translation

RNA

Organization

Protein
Interactome

Replication

Metabolome
Phenome

The End

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