LIMBAENGLEZ

NIVEL MEDIU

RodicaFlorentinaNegr u
An universitar 2014-2015

Content
Lesson 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 3
The Article........................................................................................................................................... 3
Giving/Asking for directions ............................................................................................................... 3
Places in the city .................................................................................................................................. 3
Lesson 2 .................................................................................................................................................. 3
The Noun ............................................................................................................................................. 3
Gender of Nouns ................................................................................................................................. 3
Homophones........................................................................................................................................ 3
Lesson 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Pronouns .............................................................................................................................................. 3
Expressing Your Opinion .................................................................................................................... 3
Lesson 4 .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Adjectives ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Describing people ................................................................................................................................ 3
Lesson 5 .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Verbs ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Formal & Informal English ................................................................................................................ 3
Lesson 6 .................................................................................................................................................. 3
The Simple Present Tense ................................................................................................................... 3
Asking for and giving permission: ...................................................................................................... 3
Lesson 7 .................................................................................................................................................. 3
The Simple Past Tense ........................................................................................................................ 3
Telling stories ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Lesson 8 .................................................................................................................................................. 3
The Simple Future Tense .................................................................................................................... 3
Intensions ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Lesson 9 .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Prepositions ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Conjunctions........................................................................................................................................ 3
Idioms .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Lesson 10 ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Present Continuous .............................................................................................................................. 3
Hobbies and Interests .......................................................................................................................... 3
Lesson 11 ................................................................................................................................................ 3
The Past Continuous Tense ................................................................................................................. 3
Occupations ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Lesson 12 ................................................................................................................................................ 3

Tag questions....................................................................................................................................... 3
Feelings and Emotions ........................................................................................................................ 3

Lesson 1
The Article

The article in English preceeds a noun or an adjective, depending on the context.

There are 3 types of articles in English:
Definite article
Indefinite article
Zero article
Definite Article: The
The definite article refers to a noun, either in the singular or plural. It can be used with
uncountable nouns. The refers to a specific thing or quantity. It should be placed before
the noun, or before the adjective which directly modifies the noun.

The definite article is used before:

nouns which were mentioned before

My house is by a river. Unfortunately, the river is polluted.

nouns known by both the speaker and listener

The manager wants to talk to you.

before unique nouns, such as: the sun, the moon, the Earth, etc.

The sun is brighter than yeterday.

before a noun which refers to a species of animals/plants or category of things

The Panda bear is a protected species.

before a noun in order to differentiate it from a similar one or from one with the
same name

The Monica I'm talking about is brunette.

The book I'm looking for was red with white stripes.

before proper nouns in the plural

The Millers were at the party.

before years, days, seasons, when a particular one is mentioned

The 1990's were the climax of rock music.

The month of May is my favourite of the year.

before names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountains, desserts, etc.

The Danube Delta,The Mississippi,The Black Sea,The Atlantic,The Alps,The Sahara

Dessert;

before compound nouns designating periods, events

The Stone Age,The Antiquity,The Civil War,The French Revolution;

before nouns designating musical instruments

He plays the guitar.

I play the piano.

before ordinal numbers

The first book I read was Robinson Crusoe.

before collective nouns/nouns refering to a specific category

The students come at the university in the afternoon

Indefinite Articles: A and An
The indefinite articles are used when we are referring to an unspecified thing or
quantity. We use them when we dont know (or dont care) which thing were talking
about.
A is used when the next word starts with a consonant, or before words starting
inu and eu when they sound like you. An is used when the next word starts with a
vowel (a,e,i,o,u) or with a mute h.
a cat
a dog
a university
a user
a young student
a one-eyed pirate

We use an before words which begin with a vowel sound or a soft H sound.
an egg
an hour-glass
an antique necklace
The indefinite article is used before:

singular nouns mentioned for the first time

The is a park near my house. The park is small, but well kept.

before a singular noun used as example

A lawyer would know what to do in this situation.

before singular nouns designating a profession

He wants to become a musician.

John will profess as an accountant, starting from May.

before some numerals and their equivalents

a hundred, a thousand, a million, a third, a dozen, etc.

The Zero Article

The definite /indefinite article is not used in the following situations:

when talking about plural uncountable nouns or about things in general

I'm terrified of needles.

I hate cheese.

before countries, towns, streets, languages and single mountains

I'm from China.

I've climbed Mount Everest.
She speaks French

before names

Jane is at the cinema watching the new Superman movie.

before nouns designating abstract concepts

Knowledge is power.
Time is money.
before uncountable nouns
I buy meat from the supermarket.
I like fresh bread.

before science names

I hate Mathematics, but I love Biology.

Giving/Asking for directions

Asking for directions

Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the university?
I'm not from around here. Do you know where the university is?
Is this/Are we on the right way to the university?
How can I get to the university?
How far is it? / Is it far from here?

Giving directions
It's this/that way.
Your going in the wrong/right direction.
It's not far ...
It's quite close..
It's a long way to go on foot..
It's a long way...You need to take the bus..
Go past the juction/crossroads/supermarket....
Turn right/left..
Take the first on the right/left..
Continue going straight for 500 meters../Keep going straight for 100 meters..
It's near the /next to the...
It's just around the corner.
It'll be on your right/ on your left.
It'll be straight ahead.

Places in the city

the bus station

the police station
the train station
the police
the post office
the bank
the hospital
the library
the bookstore
the supermarket
the mall
the harbour/the port

Directions exercise. True or false.

Task 1. True or false?

1. The jewelery store is behind the Italian restaurant. (true/false)
2. The bar is on Second Avenue . (true/false)
3. The police station is on the left from Fire Department . (true/false)
4. The toy store is across from the Chinese restaurant . (true/false)
5. The movie theater is opposite the Book store . (true/false)
6. The sporting goods store is behind the Furniture store . (true/false)
7. The bar is next to the Chinese restaurant. (true/false)
Task 2. Look at the map. Choose the correct name of the building!
1. Take the first street on the left. Take the next street on the right. Go straight on and cross
the road. It's on the left.
2. Take the first street on the left. Go down the street. Turn on the right. Take the next street
on the right. Go straight on and cross the road. Go straight on. It's in front of you on the
other side of the road.
3. Take the first street on the left. Take the next street on the right. Take the next street on the
right. Pass the Fire Department. It's on your left.

Lesson 2
The Noun

A noun is a part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or
action.
Types of nouns:

proper - refer to the name of a single person, place or thing (John, Joseph, London...)
common - is the name of a group of similar things (table, book, window...)

countable - have a singular and a plural form(friends, chairs, houses, boys...)

uncountable (mass) - can only be used in singular (money, bread, water, coffee...)

concrete - name something recognizable through the sense (table, dog, house...)
abstract - names an idea, event, quality, or concept (freedom, love, courage...)

simple - dog, book, ice...

compound - fruit juice, sister-in-law, football, underground, swimming pool, software,
whiteboard...

Gender of Nouns

3 types of nound gender:

Masculine - male beings (man, father, boy, uncle, husband, rooster...)

Feminine - female beings (woman, mother, girl, aunt, wife, hen...)
Neutral (person, parent, child, spouse, chicken..)

Masculine-feminine difference

through siffixes: actor -actress, prince - princess, hero - heroine

different words: husband - wife, uncle - aunt, bull - cow, cock - hen, fox - vixen

Singular and Plural of Nouns

A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.
For the plural form of most nouns, add s.

bottle bottles
cup cups
pencil pencils

desk desks
sticker stickers
window windows

For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es.

box boxes
watch watches
moss mosses
bus buses

For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.

wolf wolves
wife wives
leaf leaves
life lives

Some nouns have different plural forms.

child children
woman women
man men
mouse mice
goose geese

Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.

baby babies
toy toys
kidney kidneys
potato potatoes
memo memos
stereo stereos

A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

sheep sheep
deer deer
series series
species species

[Quiz 1.1]
Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence.
1) I have three (child, children).
2) There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women).
3) (Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys.
4) I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box.

5) A few men wear (watch, watches).

6) I saw a (mouse, mice) running by.
7) There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.

Homophones

Homophones are words that have exactly the same sound (pronunciation) but
different meanings and (usually) spelling.
For example, the following two words have the same sound, but different meanings
and spelling:

hour
our

In the next example, the two words have the same sound and spelling, but different
meanings:

bear (the animal)

bear (to carry)

Other examples:

be / bee
eye / I
hear / here
know / no
knows / nose
meat / meet
right / write
sail / sale
sea / see

son / sun
steal / steel
tail / tale
their / there
to / two
wear / where
wood / would
it's / its
they're / their

Lesson 3
Pronouns

Personal Pronouns
They take the place of nouns and are used as the subject of the verb in a sentence.
Singular
I
you
he/she/it

Plural
we
you
they

e.g.
My name is David. I am the youngest in the family.
This is my father. He is a teacher.

The following are also personal pronouns. They also take the place of nouns.These
pronouns are used as the object of the verb in a sentence.
The object of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that receives the action
shown by the verb.
Singular
me
you
Him/her/it

Plural
us
you
them

e.g
I am standing on my head. Look at me.
My mother is kind. Everybody likes her.
Reflexive pronouns
They refer to the person or animal that is the subject of the verb.
Singular
myself
yourself
himself/herself/itself

Plural
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

e.g.
I made this cake myself.
Be careful with the knife. Youll cut yourself.

Possesive pronouns
They refer to a specific person or thing belonging to a person (and sometimes
belonging to an animal/animals or thing).
Singular
my/mine
your/yours
his/her(s)/its

Plural
our/ours
your/yours
their/theirs

e.g.
This is my book.
The book is mine.
Interrogative pronouns
These pronouns are used to ask questions.
Who?
Whom?
e.g.

Whose?
What?

Which?

"Who" is a Subject Pronoun

We use "who" to ask which person does an action or which person is a certain way.
"Whom" is an Object Pronoun
"Whom" is an object pronoun like "him," "her" and "us." We use "whom" to ask which person
receives an action.
"Whose" is a Possessive Pronoun
"Whose" is a possessive pronoun like "his," "her" and "our." We use "whose" to find out
which person something belongs to.
He loves music.
The teachers like him.
His bike is broken.

Who loves music?

Whom do the teachers like?
Whose bike is broken?

Which of these bags is yours?

What is your dogs name?
Demonstrative Pronouns
They are showing words.
You use this and these when you point to things near you.
You use that and those when you point to things farther away.

Singular
this
that

Plural
these
those

e.g.
This is my house.
That is John's house.
These are my markers.
Those are his markers.

Expressing Your Opinion

Personal Point of View
We use these words and phrases to express a personal point of view:

In my experience

As far as I'm concerned

Speaking for myself

In my opinion

Personally, I think

I'd say that

I believe that

What I mean is

General Point of View

We use these words and phrases to express a point of view that is generally thought by
people:

It is thought that...

Some people say that...

It is considered...

It is generally accepted that...

Agreeing with an opinion

We use these words and phrases to agree with someone else's point of view:

Of course.

You're absolutely right.

Yes, I agree.

I think so too.

That's a good point.

Exactly.

I don't think so either.

So do I.

I'd go along with that.

That's true.

Neither do I.

I agree with you entirely.

That's just what I was thinking.

I couldn't agree more.

Disagreeing with an opinion

We use these words and phrases to disagree with someone else's point of view:

That's different.

I don't agree with you.

However

That's not entirely true.

On the contrary

I'm sorry to disagree with you, but

Yes, but don't you think

That's not the same thing at all.

I'm afraid I have to disagree.

I'm not so sure about that.

I must take issue with you on that.

It's unjustifiable to say that...

Lesson 4
Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence.

the tall professor

a solid commitment
the unhappiest/ richest man

The Order of Adjectives in a Series

Adjectives, in english, are used before the noun described.
If we use more than one adjective, they must be put in the right order, according to type.
The categories in the following table can be described as follows:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.

Observation
Beautiful
Expensive
gorgeous

Observation opinion on the noun described(beautiful, ugly, horrible...)

Size and Shape big, small, round, square...
Age young, old, new, ancient...
Color red, black, pale...
Origin source of noun (e.g., French, American, Canadian)
Material what something is made of (e.g., woolen, metallic, wooden)
Qualifier regarded as part of the noun (e.g., rocking chair, hunting cabin,
passenger car, book cover)

Size

delicious
enormous

Degrees of Adjectives
3 types:

positive
comparative
superlative

Adjective order
Shape Age
Colour Origin
Material
old
Italian
antique
silver
red
square
wooden
Thai
American

Qualifier
touring

basket

Noun
car
mirror
roses
boxes
food
players

We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for comparing
three or more things.
The word than frequently accompanies the comparative and the word the precedes the
superlative.
Suffixes: comparative - er (ier, if the adjective ends in y)
superlative

- est (iest, if the adjective ends in y)

We use more and most when an adjective has more than one syllable.
Positive

Comparative

Superlative

rich

richer

richest

lovely

lovelier

loveliest

beautiful

more beautiful

most beautiful

Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees:
Positive

Comparative

Superlative

good

better

best

bad

worse

worst

little

less

least

much
many
some

more

most

far

further

furthest

Describing people

Age:

Height:
young
middle-aged
old

Build:

well-builed
plump
fat

short
medium height
tall

slim/thin
overweight
skinny

Complexion:

pale-skinned

Face:

oval
round
square
triangle
long

small/big
turned-up
straight
hooked
long

Mouth/lips:

large/small mounth
full/thin/curved lips

Moods:

blue/brown/green/black
hazel/oval/round
big/small

Hair

Nose:

yellow-skinned
olive-skinned
dark-skinned
Eyes:

angry
calm bored
depressed
embarrassed
frustrated
happy
sad
hungry
irritated
jealous
nervous
scared
shy

short
medium-length
long
black/brown
wavy
curly
ponytail
pigtails
fair/dark
spiky
bald

tired

Other features:

beard
moustache
wrinkles
freckles
large/small ears
beautiful
ugly
handsome
pretty

Lesson 5
Verbs

A verb is an action or express word. It indicates the action or express in the present, past
and future tenses.
e.g.
to be, to have, to eat, to walk, to talk...
A verb must agree with its Subject in Number and Person. When we use a verb, we have
to saywho or what is doing the action. This who or what is the subject of the verb. The subject
and the verb agree when they match each other.
Use a singular verb if the subject is a singular noun.
e.g.
He eats an apple.
Use a plural verb if the subject is a plural noun. Do not add s, es or ies to plural verbs.
e.g.
Some people drink coffee.
The Verb gives us what people, animals or things are doing. It has six basic verb forms :
Base Form

walk

go

Present

walk / walks

go / goes

Past

walked

went

Infinitive

to walk

to go

Present
Participle

walking

going

Past Participle

Walked

gone

Present :
This refers to something that is existing or happening now or happens routinely.
e.g.
I do my homework daily
Past :
This form of a verb is used to indicate that something has already been completed.
e.g.
I did my homework
Infinitive :
The infinitive of a verb consists of to 1 its base form.
e.g.
to do, to go, to buy
Past Participle:
This is formed by regular verbs or irregular verbs. It is used with the helping verb such as has,
have or had.
e.g.
I have completed my homework.
Present Participle:
This is formed by adding -ing to the end of present verbs. It is used with forms of the verb to be,
such as am, is, are, was, or were. This expresses an ongoing action
e.g.
I am doing my homework.
Subject + verb (Simple sentence)
Horses + eat
Subject + verb + object (Complete sentence)
Horses + eat+ grass

English regular verbs change their form very little (unlike irregular verbs). The past tense and
past participle of regular verbs end in -ed, for example:
work, worked, worked
play, played, played

Irregular Verb List

Infinitive
be
begin
break
bring
buy
build
choose
come
cost
cut
do
draw
drive
eat
feel
find
get
give
go
have
hear
hold
keep
know
leave
lead
let
lie
lose
make
mean
meet
pay

Past
Past Simple Participle
was/were
been
began
begun
broke
broken
brought
brought
bought
bought
built
built
chose
chosen
came
come
cost
cost
cut
cut
did
done
drew
drawn
drove
driven
ate
eaten
felt
felt
found
found
got
got
gave
given
went
gone
had
had
heard
heard
held
held
kept
kept
knew
known
left
left
led
led
let
let
lay
lain
lost
lost
made
made
meant
meant
met
met
paid
paid

put
run
say
see
sell
send
set
sit
speak
spend
stand
take
teach
tell
think
understand
wear
win
write

put
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
set
sat
spoke
spent
stood
took
taught
told
thought
understood
wore
won
wrote

put
run
said
seen
sold
sent
set
sat
spoken
spent
stood
taken
taught
told
thought
understood
worn
won
written

Formal & Informal English

Verbs Informal & Formal
Informal

Formal

say sorry

apologize, apologise

go up

increase

go down

decrease

set up

establish

look at

examine

blow up

explode

find out

discover

put off

postpone, delay

stand for

represent

Informal

Formal

find out

discover, ascertain

leave out

omit

point out

indicate

get in touch with

contact

need to

required

think about

consider

get

obtain

put up

tolerate

deal with

handle

seem

appear

show

demonstrate, illustrate, portray

start

commence

keep

retain

get on someones nerves

bother

show up

arrive

let

permit

fill in

substitute, inform

Transitions Informal & Formal

Informal

Formal

Anyways

Nevertheless

Plus/Also

Moreover/ Furthermore

But

However

So

Therefore/Thus

Also

In addition, Additionally

Informal

Formal

Okay, OK

acceptable

In the meantime

In the interim

I think

In my opinion,

In the end,

Finally

To sum up

In conclusion,

In a nutshell/Basically

To summarize,

Anyway,

Notwithstanding

All right

Acceptable

Emphasis Words Informal & Formal

Informal

Formal

lots of/ a lot of

much, many

tons of, heaps of

large quantities of, a number of

totally

completely, strongly

really, very

definitely

Slang Informal & Formal

Informal

Formal

kids

children

bad

negative

good

positive

really big

considerable

right

correct

wrong

incorrect

smart

intelligent

cheap

inexpensive

loaded

rich

Lesson 6
The Simple Present Tense

Verbs have forms called tenses that tell you when the action happens.
If the action happens regularly, sometimes or never, use the simple present tense.

e.g.
We always wash our hands before meals.
Joe sometimes lends me his bike.
Dad jogs in the park every day.
We often go to the movies on Satrurday.
Mr. Ross takes a train to work.
The simple present tense is also used to state facts.
The sun rises every morning.
Penguins live in the Antarctica.
Dogs love playing in water.
The earth goes around the sun.
Australia is an island.
Use the simple present tense to tell the events of a story that is happening now.
e.g.
I arrive at school. I see another girl crying. I ask her why she is sad.
She says she hasnt got any friends to play with. I tell her that she
can play with me.
Use the simple present tense to talk about things that will happen in the future.
e.g.
My little sister starts school tomorrow.
The new supermarket opens this Friday.
Next week I go on holiday to Japan.
We fly to London on Sunday.
The train leaves in five minutes.
My family moves to a new house next month.
Verbs and Tenses: The Simple Present Tense

am, is and are

The words am, is and are are the simple present forms of the verb be.
Use am with the pronoun I.
Use is with singular nouns like my dad and the teacher, and with the pronouns he,
she and it.
Use are with plural nouns like my parents and Jenny and Mary, and with the
pronouns we, you and they.
e.g.
I am twelve. The children are asleep.
I am in the garden. Computers are very expensive.
My mom is very tired today. My brother and I are upstairs.
The teacher is tall. We are in our bedrooms.

She is also pretty. You are my best friend.

Our dog is black. You and David are my best friends.
There are short ways of saying and writing am, is and are with pronouns. These short
forms are called contractions.
full form
I am
you are
he is
she is
it is
we are
they are

short form
Im
youre
hes
shes
its
were
theyre

You can use these contractions to replace am, is and are when they are used with not:
full form
I am not
he is not
she is not
it is not
we are not
you are not
they are not

short form
Im not
he isnt
she isnt
it isnt
we arent
you arent
hey arent

there is and there are

Use there with is and are to say what exists or what you can have. Use there is with
singular nouns, and there are with plural nouns.
e.g.
There is a tree in our garden.
There is a girl called Farah in my class.
There is fish for dinner.
There is nothing to do when it rains.
Theres a cat sitting on the bench.
Theres a boy in my class who can walk on his hands.
There are cows in the field.
There are some very big ships in the harbor today.

The contraction for there is is theres.

Asking for and giving permission:

When you ask for permission to use something that belongs to someone else you have to do your
best to be polite. It is desirable to use the word "please."

Asking for Permission:

Can I go out, please?

May I open the window, please?
Please, can I have a look at your photo album?
Please, may I taste that hot spicy couscous dish?
Do you mind if I smoke?
Would you mind if I asked you something?
Is it okay if I sit here?
Would it be all right if I borrowed your mobile Phone?

Giving Permission:

Yes, please do.

Sure, go ahead.
Sure.
No problem.
Please feel free.

Refusing to give permission:

No, please dont.

Im sorry, but thats not possible.
I'm afraid, but you can't.

Lesson 7
The Simple Past Tense

Use of Simple Past

For irregular verbs, use the past form (2nd column). For regular verbs, just add ed.

actions in the past taking place once, never or several times

e.g.

He visited his parents every weekend.

He did his homework and went outside to play.
actions in the past taking place one after the other
e.g.
He came in, took off his coat and sat down.

actions in the past taking place in the middle of another action

e.g.
When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

something that was true for some time in the past:

e.g.
I lived abroad for ten years.
He enjoyed being a student.
She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.
we often use phrases with ago with the past tense:
e.g.
I met my wife a long time ago.

Telling stories

When you are telling a story, you provide information about something
that happened in the past.These are some of the most common ways to sequence in writing or
speaking:
Beginning:
Firstly,
First of all,
To start off with,
Initially,
Examples:
Firstly, I began my education in London.
Initially, I thought it was a bad idea, ...

Continuing:
Then,
After that,
Next,
As soon as / When + full clause,
... but then
Immediately,
Examples:
Then, I started to get worried.
After that, we knew that there would be no problem!
Interruptions / New Elements to the Story:
Suddenly,
Unexpectedly,
Examples:
Suddenly, a child burst into the room with a note for Ms. Smith.
Unexpectedly, the people in the room didn't agree with the mayor.
Events Occurring at the Same Time
While / As + full clause
During + noun (noun clause)
Examples:
While we were getting ready for the trip, Jennifer was making the reservations at the travel
agent's.
During the meeting, Jack came over and asked me a few questions.
Ending:
Finally,
In the end,
Eventually,
Lastly,
Examples:
Finally, I flew to London for my meeting with Jack.
In the end, he decided to postpone the project.

Jokes are often in the present tense:

A man walks into a bar and orders a beer.

We generally use past forms to talk about past events. If you tell your story in
chronological order, you can use the past simple:
I double checked my reservation. I packed my suitcase, and then I called a taxi.

Lesson 8
The Simple Future Tense

Structure:
Subject + will(auxiliary verb) + verb(base form)
The auxiliary verb (will) is invariable
For negative sentences we insert not between the auxiliary verb and the main verb.
For question sentences, we exchange the subject and the auxiliary verb.
Contracted form:
I will Ill

You will youll

She/he/it will shell,hell, itll
We will well
You will youll
They will theyll
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Both "will" and "be
going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
e.g.
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. We "will" when we request
that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't"
when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
e.g
I will send you the information when I get it.
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
e.g.
I will call you when I arrive.
I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
Don't worry, I'll be careful.
I won't tell anyone your secret.
Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do
something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
e.g.
She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future.
Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future.
e.g.
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.

Intensions
Social function:
To state plans or something intended to do in the future.
I would like to ......
I will ......
I want to ......
I am going to ......
I would rather ......
Im planning to
Ill make an effort to
Im thinking of
I have every intention of
I fully intend to
It is my intention to
Asking Plan, Purpose, Intention
What are you going to do?
Any plan to ?
Are you thinking of ?

Do you have any intention of ?

Is it your intention to ?
e.g.
I would like to tell about my family
I will visit museum today
I want to make a pancake
I am going to introduce my friend
I would rather stay at home than go fishing

Lesson 9
Prepositions

A preposition is a word that connects one thing with another, showing how they are related.
Some prepositions tell you about position or place.
e.g.
Jane is jumping into the pool.
The books fell off the shelf.
Dad always keeps his wallet in the drawer.
There is a long mirror on the wall.

The school is near the park.

There is an old castle on the hill.
The horse jumped over the hurdle.
A preposition is usually followed by a noun or pronoun.
Some prepositions are used to talk about time.
e.g.
Many shops close on Sundays.
Dad gets home about six in the evening.
The trees lose their leaves during winter.
We always wash our hands before meals.
We watched the World Cup game until 2:00 A.M.
We get up in the morning.
We go to bed at night.
Autumn begins in September.
Joe arrived after me.
It has not rained at all for two weeks.
Kevin and Joe have been in the same class since first grade.

Conjunctions
A conjunction is a linking word such as and, or, but.
Conjunctions are used to connect words or sentences.
e.g.
The animal is large but timid.
Its cold, wet and windy today.
Is this a sheep or a goat?
A conjunction may link two or more than two words or sentences.
The words before, after, as, when, while, until, since, are also conjunctions. They tell when
something happens, so they are called conjunctions of time.
e.g.
Maggie could play the piano before she was five.
I always brush my teeth after Ive had my breakfast.
You have grown taller since I saw you last.
Look both ways before you cross the street.
Joe listened to music while he was doing his homework.
Miss Lee was smiling as she walked into the class.
Wait here until I come back.

Take all your belongings with you when you leave the plane.

Idioms

An idiom is a phrase or a fixed expression that has a figurative, or sometimes literal, meaning.

A Drop in the Bucket:

A very small part of something big or whole.
A Piece of Cake:
A task that can be accomplished very easily.
A Taste Of Your Own Medicine:
When you are mistreated the same way you mistreat others.
Actions Speak Louder Than Words:
It's better to actually do something than just talk about it.
Add Fuel To The Fire:
Whenever something is done to make a bad situation even worse than it is.
Against The Clock:
Rushed and short on time.
All Bark And No Bite:
When someone is threatening and/or aggressive but not willing to engage in a fight.
Apple of My Eye:
Someone who is cherished above all others.
Barking Up The Wrong Tree:
A mistake made in something you are trying to achieve.
Beating Around The Bush:
Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking directly about the issue.
Bite Your Tongue:
To avoid talking.
Blue Moon:
A rare event or occurance.

Break A Leg:
A superstitious way to say 'good luck' without saying 'good luck', but rather the opposite.
Come Hell Or High Water:
Any difficult situation or obstacle.
Crack Someone Up:
To make someone laugh.
Cross Your Fingers:
To hope that something happens the way you want it to.
Curiosity Killed The Cat:
Being Inquisitive can lead you into a dangerous situation.
Cut to the Chase:
Leave out all the unnecessary details and just get to the point.
Drastic Times Call For Drastic Measures:
When you are extremely desperate you need to take extremely desperate actions.
Dropping Like Flies:
A large number of people either falling ill or dying.
Every Cloud Has A Silver Lining:
Be optomistic, even difficult times will lead to better days.
Flesh and Blood:
This idiom can mean living material of which people are made of, or it can refer to someone's
family.
From Rags To Riches:
To go from being very poor to being very wealthy.
Get Over It:
To move beyond something that is bothering you.
Get Up On The Wrong Side Of The Bed:
Someone who is having a horrible day.
Go The Extra Mile:
Going above and beyond whatever is required for the task at hand.
Great Minds Think Alike:
Intelligent people think like each other.

Gut Feeling:
A personal intuition you get, especially when feel something may not be right.
Haste Makes Waste:
Quickly doing things results in a poor ending.
Head Over Heels:
Very excited and/or joyful, especially when in love.
Hit The Books:
To study, especially for a test or exam.
Hit The Hay:
Go to bed or go to sleep.
Hit The Sack:
Go to bed or go to sleep.

Hold Your Horses:

Be patient.
Icing On The Cake:
When you already have it good and get something on top of what you already have.
In The Heat Of The Moment:
Overwhelmed by what is happening in the moment.
Keep An Eye On Him:
You should carefully watch him.
Keep your chin up:
To remain joyful in a tough situation.
Kick The Bucket:
Die.
Last but not least:
An introduction phrase to let the audience know that the last person mentioned is no less
important than those introduced before him/her.
Loose Cannon:
Someone who is unpredictable and can cause damage if not kept in check.

Mumbo Jumbo:
Nonsense or meaningless speech.
Never Bite The Hand That Feeds You:
Don't hurt anyone that helps you.
Off On The Wrong Foot:
Getting a bad start on a relationship or task.
Off The Hook:
No longer have to deal with a tough situation.
Off the Record:
Something said in confidence that the one speaking doesn't want attributed to him/her.
On The Fence:
Undecided.
Out Of The Blue:
Something that suddenly and unexpectedly occurs.
Practice Makes Perfect:
By constantly practicing, you will become better.
Rise and Shine:
Time to get out of bed and get ready for work/school.
Raining Cats and Dogs:
A very loud and noisy rain storm.
Run out of steam:
To be completely out of energy.
Rome Was Not Built In One Day:
If you want something to be completely properly, then its going to take time.
Saved By The Bell:
Saved at the last possible moment.
Scapegoat:
Someone else who takes the blame.
Smell Something Fishy:
Detecting that something isn't right and there might be a reason for it.

Spitting Image:
The exact likeness or kind.
The Ball Is In Your Court:
It is your decision this time.
Third times a charm:
After no success the first two times, the third try is a lucky one.
Tie the knot:
To get married.
To Make A Long Story Short:
Something someone would say during a long and boring story in order to keep his/her audience
from losing attention. Usually the story isn't shortened.
To Steal Someone's Thunder:
To take the credit for something someone else did.
Under the weather:
Feeling ill or sick.
Wag the Dog:
A diversion away from something of greater importance.
Water Under The Bridge:
Anything from the past that isn't significant or important anymore.
Wear Your Heart On Your Sleeve:
To openly and freely express your emotions.
When It Rains, It Pours:
Since it rarely rains, when it does it will be a huge storm.
When Pigs Fly :
Something that will never ever happen.
You Are What You Eat:
In order to stay healthy you must eat healthy foods.
You Can't Judge A Book By Its Cover:
Decisions shouldn't be made primarily on appearance.
You Can't Take it With You:
Enjoy what you have and not what you don't have, since when you die you cannot take things
(such as money) with you.

Lesson 10
Present Continuous

Form:
Subject + auxiliary verb + Verb + ing

When do you use the present continuous tense? To talk about actions in the present, or things
that are still going on or happening now.

e.g.
I am writing a letter.
The phone is ringing.
The present participle is the form of a verb ending with -ing.
e.g.
show + ing = showing
come + ing = coming
You have to double the last letter of some verbs before you add -ing.
e.g.
get + ing = getting rob + ing = robbing
nod + ing = nodding stop + ing = stopping
jog + ing = jogging swim + ing = swimming
Notice that the verbs above are all short verbs of just one syllable. They all end with a
consonant such as b, d, g, m, p, t and have only one vowel before the consonant.
If a verb ends in e, you usually have to drop the e before you add -ing.
e.g.
chase + ing = chasing
cycle + ing = cycling
drive + ing = driving
smile + ing = smiling
The present continuous is used:

to describe an action that is going on at this moment:

You are using the Internet.
You are studying English grammar.

to describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend:

Are you still working for the same company?
More and more people are becoming vegetarian.

to describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared:
We're going on holiday tomorrow.
I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight.

to describe a temporary event or situation:

He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight.
The weather forecast was good, butit's raining at the moment.

with "always, forever, constantly", to describe and emphasise a continuing series of

repeated actions:
Harry and Sally are always arguing!
You're constantly complaining about your mother-in-law!

VERBS THAT ARE NOT USUALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS FORM

The verbs in the list below are normally used in the simple form because they refer to states,
rather than actions or processes.
SENSES / PERCEPTION

to feel*
to hear
to see*
to smell
to taste

OPINION

to assume
to believe
to consider
to doubt
to feel (= to think)
to find (= to consider)
to suppose
to think*

MENTAL STATES

to forget
to imagine
to know
to mean

to notice
to recognise
to remember
to understand

EMOTIONS / DESIRES

to envy
to fear
to dislike
to hate
to hope
to like
to love
to mind
to prefer
to regret
to want
to wish

OTHERS

to look (=resemble)
to seem
to be (in most cases)
to have(when it means "to possess")*

EXCEPTIONS
Perception verbs (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) are often used with can: : I can see... These verbs
may be used in the continuous form but with a different meaning

This coat feels nice and warm. (your perception of the coat's qualities)
John's feeling much better now (his health is improving)
She has three dogs and a cat. (possession)
She's having supper. (She's eating)
I can see Anthony in the garden (perception)
I'm seeing Anthony later (We are planning to meet)

Hobbies and Interests

bowling

cooking
camping

crosswords
card games

darts
chess

eating out
cinema

gardening
computer games

pool

the Internet

puzzle games

knitting

reading

painting
sailing

playing guitar

sunbathing

travelling

watching TV

Lesson 11
The Past Continuous Tense

Use the past continuous tense to talk about actions that were going on at a certain moment in
the past.
e.g.
Miss May was cleaning the chalkboard.
Mary was waiting for the bus when Peter passed by.
You form the past progressive tense like this:
was + Verb + ing
were + Verb + ing
In the examples above, was and were are called helping verbs, or auxiliary verbs. They help to
form the past continuous tense when you join them to the present participle (the form of verbs
ending in -ing).
e.g.
Ben was doing his homework.
Peter was making a model of a bridge.

We use the past continuous to talk about the past:

for something which continued before and after another action:

The children were doing their homework when I got home.
As I was watching television the telephone rang.

This use of the past continuous is very common at the beginning of a story:
The other day I was waiting for a bus when
Last week as I was driving to work

for something that happened before and after a particular time:

It was eight oclock. I was writing a letter.

to show that something continued for some time:

My head was aching.
Everyone was shouting.

for something that was happening again and again:

I was practising every day, three times a day.
They were meeting secretly after school.
They were always quarrelling.

with verbs which show change or growth:

The children were growing up quickly.
Her English was improving.
My hair was going grey.
The town was changing quickly.

Occupations

accountant(s)

baker(s)

barber(s)

barman (barmen)

builder(s)

butcher(s)

carpenter(s)

cashier(s)

chambermaid(s)

chef(s)

cleaner(s)

dentist(s)

doctor(s)

electrician(s)

engineer(s)

fireman (firemen)

fishmonger(s)

flight attendant(s)

hairdresser(s)

judge(s)

lawyer(s)

nurse(s)

optician(s)

painter(s)

photographer(s)

plumber(s)

policeman (policemen)

porter(s)

post[wo]man
(post[wo]men)

receptionist(s)

reporter(s)

sales assistant(s)

sales representative(s)

scientist(s)

secretary (secretaries)

surgeon(s)

tailor(s)

teacher(s)

technician(s)

vet(s)

waiter(s)

welder(s)

Lesson 12
Tag questions

Question tags are the short questions that we put on the end of sentences particularly in spoken
English. There are lots of different question tags but the rules are not difficult to learn.
Positive/negative
If the main part of the sentence is positive, the question tag is negative .

Hes a doctor, isnt he?

You work in a bank, dont you?
... and if the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.

You havent met him, have you?

She isnt coming, is she?
With auxiliary verbs
The question tag uses the same verb as the main part of the sentence. If this is an auxiliary verb
(have, be) then the question tag is made with the auxiliary verb.

Theyve gone away for a few days, havent they?

They werent here, were they?
He had met him before, hadnt he?
This isnt working, is it?
Without auxiliary verbs
If the main part of the sentence doesnt have an auxiliary verb, the question tag uses an
appropriate form of do.

I said that, didnt I?

You dont recognise me, do you?
She eats meat, doesnt she?

With modal verbs

If there is a modal verb in the main part of the sentence the question tag uses the same modal
verb.
They couldnt hear me, could they?
You wont tell anyone, will you?

With I am
Be careful with question tags with sentences that start I am. The question tag for I am is
arent I?
Im the fastest, arent I?

Intonation
Question tags can either be real questions where you want to know the answer or simply asking
for agreement when we already know the answer.
If the question tag is a real question we use rising intonation. Our tone of voice rises.
If we already know the answer we use falling intonation. Our tone of voice falls.

Feelings and Emotions

Happy

Surprised

Annoyed

Sad

Astonished

Angry

Miserable

Disappointed

Furious

Worried

Enthusiastic

Livid

Depressed

Relaxed

Disgusted

Excited

Stressed

Bored

Anxious

Fed up

Tired

Pleased

Weary

Delighted

Exhausted

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Turai, Ioana Maria, Gramatica limbii engleze, Editura Corint, Bucureti, 2008
2. Chirea Ungureanu, Carmen, English Grammar Exercises and quizzes, Editura Andrei
aguna, Constana, 2006
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