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NEBOSH IGCPaper 1 Health & Safety Foundations

After reading this chapter, you student should be able to:

Outline the scope and nature of occupational health and safety

Explain briefly the moral social and economic reasons for maintaining and
promoting good standardsof health and safety in the workplace.

Outline the role of national governments and international bodies in formulating a

framework for theregulation of health and safety

Identify the nature and key sources of health and safety information

Outline the key elements of a health and safety management system.

Q1.

Explain
using an example in
EACH
case, the meaning of the following terms;
(i)
Hazard
(ii)
Risk
Answer:
(i)
A hazard is the potential of a substance, person, activity or process to cause harm.
Hazards takemany forms including, for example chemicals, electricity and working
from a ladder.
(ii)
A risk is the likelihood of a substance, person, activity or process to cause harm and
its resulting severity.
Q2.Outline
the sources of published information that may be consulted when dealing with
health and safety problem at work.
Answer:
The internal and external sources of information may be consulted when dealing
with health and safety problem at work are as follows;
Internal Sources

Accident and ill-health records and investigation reports;

Absence records

Inspection and audit reports taken by the organization and by external

organizations such as HSE

Maintenance, risk assessment and training records

Documents which provide information to the workers

Any equipment examination or tests reports.

External Sources are;

Health and safety legislation

European and British standards

International Labor Organization (ILO)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA);

European Agency for Safety and Health

Work Safe (Western Australia);

Health and Safety magazines and journals;

Specialist Technical and legal Publications;


Information and data from manufacturers and suppliers and;

The internet and encyclopedias.

Q3.
An organization has had an increase in the number of manual handling accidents
and associated ill-health.
Identify
sources of information that may be available to help reduce the risks to the workers.
Answer:
Sources of information that may be available to an organization to reduce the
number of manual handling accidents include International agencies such as the
ILO;

national enforcement agencies

such as
1

the Health and Safety Executive, EHS, Dubai Municipality guidelines;

employers organizations and TradeUnions
;
national and international standards
such as ISO;
information from manufacturers, professional health and safety bodies

such as IOSH

; and
consultation with the workers
.
Q4.(i) Explain
the purpose of employer liability insurance.
(ii) Outline SIX
costs of a workplace accident that might be uninsured.
Answer:
(i)
The purpose of Employers liability insurance will enable employees to meet the
cost of compensation for your employees injuries or illness whether they are
caused on or off site.
(ii)
Six costs of the workplace accident might be uninsured as follows;

Product and material damage

Legal costs

Emergency supplies

Cleaning of site

Production Delays

Temporary labor

Lost orders

Investigation time

Fines

Loss of expertise etc

Q5.
An organization has been found to have inadequate standards of workplace health
and safety.
Identify
the costs that the organization may incur as a result.
Answer:
The direct costs include loss of production; plant damage, replacement and cleanup
activities; sick pay, recruitment and/or rehabilitation costs; enforcement actions
and fines, civil claims from the injured parties and higher insurance premiums.
There are also indirect costs related to poor staff morale and high staff turnover and
the damage to the organizations reputation, loss of orders, production delays, time
spent for subsequent investigations; and a subsequent decrease in its profitability.
Q6.Identify FOUR
possible direct and
FOUR
possible indirect costs to an organization following a seriousaccident at work.
Answer:
(i)
These are the four possible direct costs when a serious accident occurs in an
organization.

payment for work not performed;


medical and compensation payments;

repair or replacement of damaged machinery and equipment;

reduction or a temporary halt in production;

increased training expenses and administration costs;

possible reduction in the quality of work;

Negative effect on morale in other workers.

Claims on employer and public liability insurance;

Damage of buildings, equipment or vehicles

The absence of employees

Any attributable production / or general business loss;

(ii)
These are the four possible indirect costs when a serious accident occurs in an
organization.

the injured/ill worker has to be replaced;

a new worker has to be trained and given time to adjust;


it takes time before the new worker is producing at the rate of the original worker;
2

time must be devoted to obligatory investigations, to the writing of reports and

filling out of forms;

accidents often arouse the concern of fellow workers and influence labour relations
in anegative way;

poor health and safety conditions in the workplace can also result in poor public
relations
.

A cumulative business loss;

Product or process liability claims;

Recruitment or replacement of staff.

Loss of goodwill and a poor corporate image;

Production delays

Extra overtime payments;

Q7.(i) Identify

the possible consequences of an accident to:

(a)
The injured worker
(b)
The employer
(ii) Identify
the direct and indirect costs to the employer of accidents at work.
(iii)

Outline
the actions an enforcement agency may take the following an accident at work.
Answer:
(i)(a)

The possible consequences of an accident to the injured worker are

;

the pain and suffering of the injury or illness

the loss of income;

the possible loss of a job;

Health-care costs.

Loss of salary


Loss of overtime payments

Medical, travel or other expense

Compensation received

Lost savings

Retraining costs

Pay differences from any new employer

(i)(b)

The possible consequences of an accident to the employers are;

Lost business opportunities

Productivity losses

Salary of the absent injured employee

Expenses reimbursed to the injured employee

Repair, rental or replacement costs

Insurance premium changes and legal costs

Additional training or supervisory costs

(ii)
The direct and indirect costs to the employer of accidents at work are:
Direct costs
are:

payment for work not performed;

medical and compensation payments;

repair or replacement of damaged machinery and equipment;

reduction or a temporary halt in production;

increased training expenses and administration costs;

possible reduction in the quality of work;

Negative effect on morale in other workers.

3

Indirect costs

for employers are:

the injured/ill worker has to be replaced;

a new worker has to be trained and given time to adjust;

it takes time before the new worker is producing at the rate of the original worker;

time must be devoted to obligatory investigations, to the writing of reports and

filling out of forms;

accidents often arouse the concern of fellow workers and influence labor relations in
anegative way;

poor health and safety conditions in the workplace can also result in poor public
relation

(iii)

The enforcement agency may take the following actions while an accident at work
are as follows;

Acts

Mandatory regulations

Codes of practices


National and International Standards
Q8.
Replacement and repair of damaged equipment is a cost that an organization may
incur followingaccident at work.
Identify EIGHT
possible costs to the organization following a workplace accident.
Answer:
Eight possible costs such as associated with are as follows;

Loss of production

Staff absence

Sick pay

Repair of damaged plant and equipment

Damage to products

Investigation and remedial actions

additional administration incurred,

an increase in insurance premiums,

fines and compensation awarded,


and court and other legal representation.

Also relevant are the intangible costs arising from a loss of business image and
thedetrimental effect on worker morale resulting in reduced productivity.
Q9.Identify EIGHT
possible costs to an organization when employees are absent due to work related illhealth.
Answer:
Eight possible costs of an organization when employees are absent due to work
related ill-healthare as follows;

Internal Audit

Decrease of the production

Quality losses

Training of new staff

Technical disturbance

Organizational difficulties

Increased of production costs

Increased of Insurance premium

Q10.Outline
reasons for maintaining good standards of health and safety within an organization.
Answer:
4

There are three reasons for promoting and maintaining Good safety

standards in work place.1- Moral2- Legal3- Financial

1. M

oral

:-Its moral obligation of theemployer to provide a safe Environment to

theEmployees where they can enjoy their work and feel happy while returning
home. Injury and accident leads to pain and suffering not only to victim but to
familyandfriends. Everyone who goes out for work is because of economic necessity
and not consents with injury and accident.2. Legal

:-Its also legal

obligation by

the countrys law that employer should provideanenvironment that is totally safe for
working just like HASAWA (Health and safety atwork etc. Act) 1974. Non-compliance
to the legal binding can result in penalties,fines and even prohibition of thework.3. F

inancial

:-A work place without good safety working standards can lead toaccidentswhich
have direct and indirect financial impacts. Accident cause a great deal of

money specially when we add damage caused by some accidents.Direct costs

include fines, compensation payouts, medical costs and sick pay etc.Indirect costs
incl

ude production delay, personal

allocated

to investigatethe accidents, damage to equipment, loss of reputation and loss of

good will.So maintaining a good and safer working environment is more cheaper in
longer terms
.
The reasons for promoting and maintaining good standards of health and safety in
the workplace are themoral, legal and financial.

The moral reason includes the responsibility of the employer to protect workers,
others and neighbors, from occupational hazards and risks.

The legal reasons are focused on to protect employees and others, by issuing
prohibitions and fines.

The financial reasons include the financial losses incurred with accidents and their
investigations; such as production loss, employee absence, and high insurance
premiums.
Q11.(i) Explain

reasons for maintaining and promoting good standards of health and safety in
theworkplace.
(ii) Identify
sources of information that an organization may use to help maintain and promote
goodstandards of health and safety in the workplace.
(iii) Outline
possible reason why good standards of health and safety in the workplace may not
beachieved.
Answer:
(i)
Q12.(i) Draw
a flowchart to show the relationships between the six elements of the health and
safetymanagement model in HSEs
successful health and safety management
(HSG65).(ii)
Outline
the part that each element of the HSG65 model plays within the health and
safetymanagement system.
Answer:
A hazard is the potential of a substance
Q13. (i) Draw
a flowchart to identify the main components of the health and safety management
systemdescribe in the HSE publication
Successful Health and Safety Management
(HSG65).
(ii) Outline TWO
components of the health and safety management system.
Answer:
(i)

The flowchart
(ii)
The components are:

Setting policy:
to show commitment of management of health and safety and to set clear aimsand
objectives.
5

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